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/^^sOVU/^ ^c^-^^^^ 



DICTIONARY 

OF 



NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY 



BOTTOMLEY BROWELL 



DICTIONARY 



OF 



NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY 

/ 

f 

I 



1 



EDITED BY 



LESLIE STEPHEN 



VOL. VI. 
BOTTOMLEY BrOWELL 



f 

' MACMILLANANDCO. 

t LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 

' , 1886 

\ 



■J u 



§^ 



'Wmiio 



^ 






r 




LIST OF WBITEES 



IN THE SIXTH VOLUME. 



O.A 


OSICUKD AlBT. 


A. J. A. . , 


Sib a. J. Arbuthnot, K.C.S.I. 


T.A.A. .. 


T. A. Archeb. 


J. A. ... 


John Ashton. 


E. C. A. A 


. E. C. A. Axon. 


W.E.A.A, W.KA.AXON. 


O.F.R.B 


G. F. RussRLL Babkeb. 


R. B 


The Rev. Ronald Batne. 


O. T. B. . 


G. T. Bettant. 


w. a. B. 


The Rev. Pbofessob Blaikie, D.D. 


0. B-T. .. 


The late Octavian Blbwitt. 


G. C. B. . 


. G. C. Boask, 


G. G. B. . 


The Veby Rev. G. G. Bbadley, D.D., 






H. B. . . . 


. Henby Bbadlet. 


J. B. . . . 


Jahks Bbitten. 


R. H. B. . 


. R. H. Bbodib. 


R. C. B. . 


. R. C. Bbownt 


A. H. B. 


. A. H. Bdllhn/;'v 


G. W. B. 


. G. W. BUBKETT. 


M. B. . . . 


. Pbofessob Montagu Bubrows. 


H. M. C. 


. H. Mannbbs Chichestbb. 


A. M. C. 


. Miss A. M. Clbbke. 


T. C 


. Thompson Coopbb, F.S.A. 


C. H. C. . 


. C. H. COOTE. 


W. P. C. 


. W. P. CJoubtnet. 


H. C 


. Henbt Cbaik, LL.D. 


M. C. . . . 


. The Rev. Pbofessob Cbbiohton. 



R. W. D. . The Rev. Canon Dixon. 
A. D Austin Dobson. 

F. E Francis Esfinasse. 

L. F Louis Faoan. 

C. H. F. . . C. H. FiBTH. 

J. G James Gairdneb. 

R. G RicHABD Gabnett, LL.D. 

J. W.-G. . . J. Wbstby-Gibson, LL.D. 
J. T. G. . . J. T. GiLBEBT, F.S.A. 
A. G-K. . . Alfbed Goodwin. 

G. G GoBDON Goodwin. 

A. G The Rev. Alxxandeb Gobdon. 

E. G Edmund Gosse. 

A. H. G. . . A. H. Gbant. 

N. G Newcomen Gboves. 

J. A. H. . . J. A. Hamilton. 
R. H. ... RoBEBT Habbison. 
T. F. H. . . T. F. Hendbbson. 
W. H-H. . . Walthh Hepworth. 

J. H Miss Jbnnbtt Humphbets. 

R. H-T. . . . Robert Hunt, F.R.S. 
W. H. ... The Rev. Willl/lm Hunt. 

B. D. J. . . B. D. Jacison. 

A. J The Rev. Augustus Jessopf, D.D. 

C. K Charlks Kent. 

J. K Joseph Knight. 

J. K. L. . . J. K. Lauohton. 
S. L. L. . . S. L. Lee. 



VI 



List of Writers. 



W. D. M. 


. The Rbv. W. D. Maceat, F.S.A. 


B. C. S. . 


. B. C. Skottowe. 


F. W. M. 


. F. W. Maitland. 


E. S. ... 


. Edward Smith. 


W. M. . . 


. WE8TLAND MaBSTON. 


G. B. S. . 


. G. Barnbtt Smith. 


C. T. M. . 


. C. Trict Mahtin. 


W. B. S. . 


. W. Barclay Squire. 


J. M 


. JamimMbw. 


L. S 




A. M. . . . 


. Arthur Miller. 


H. M. S. . 


. H. M. Stephens. 


CM.... 


. Cosmo MointHousB. 


W.R.W.S 


. The Rev. W. R. W. Stephens. 


N. M. . . . 


. NoBicAN Moore, M J). 


C. W. S. . 


C. W. Sutton. 


H. F. M. 


. H. Forster Morlet, D.Sc. 


R. E. T. . 


. R. E. Thompson, M.D. 


T. 0. . . . 


. The Rev. Thomas Olden. 


J. H. T. . 


J. H, Thorpe. 


J. H. 0. . 


. The Ret. Canon Oyerton. 


T.F. T. . 


. Professor T. F. Tout. 


J.F.P. . 


. J. F. Payne, M.T). 


E. V 


. The Rev. Canon Venables. 


R. L. P. . 


. R. L. Poole. 


C. W 


. The late Cornelius Walford. 


S.L.-P. . 


. Stanley Lane-Poole. 


A. W. W. 


. Professor A. W. Ward, LL.D. 


E. R. . . . 


. Ernest Radford. 


M. G. W. 


The Rev. M. G. Watkins. 


J. M. R. . 


. J. M. RiGO. 


F. W-T. . 


Francis Watt. 


C. J. R. . 


. The Rey. C. J. Robinson. 


T. W-R. . 


. Thomas Whittakrr. 


J. H. R. . 


. J. H. Round. 


H. T. W. 


. H. Trueman Wood. 


J. M. S. . 


. J. M, Scott. 


W. W. . . 


. Warwick Wroth. 


E.S.S. . 


. E. S. Shuckburoh. 







DICTIONARY 



OF 



NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY 



Bottomley 



Bouch 



age 
wnej 

I of Si 
Ofti 
attL 
with 



BOTTOMLEY, JOSEPH (^. 18i^0)» 
u.«ician, wo* bom at Halifax in Yorkshire 
1786. His parentage is not r^orded^ but 
\ miiaical education waa begtm at a very 
early age; when only seven years old lie 
played a violin concerto in public. At the 
Affe of twelve he was sent to Manchester, 
wnere he studied under Orimshaw, oiyanist 
of St. John's Church, and Watt^, the leader 
of the concerts. Under \Vatta\<i direction he 
St the same time carried on his violin studies 
with Yaniewicz, then resident in Man- 
diester. In 1601 Bottomley was articled 
to LawtOQ, the organist of St. Peter*B, Leeds* 
and on the expiration of his term removed 
ito London to study the pianoforte under 
ToBlfl. In 1807 Bottomley returned to his 
tive county, and obtained the appoints 
of orgauist to the parish church of 
rd, but he made Halifax his home, 
he had a large teaching connection. 
1820 he was api^ointed organifit of Shef- 
d parish church, which post he held for 
oe considerable time. The date of his 
ftth is uncertain, Bottomley published 
ral original works, including * Six Exer- 
1 for Pianoforte/ twelve sonatinas for 
«&me instrument, two divertissements 
th flute accompaniment, twelve valaes, 
_ht rondos, ten airs vftri6s, a duo for two 
lianos, and a small diet innary of music (Bvo )y 
bUfihed in London In 1816. 

[Grove's Dictiouary of Music and Mufiiciaus; 
■^ Watt's BibL Brit, pt. i. 138<7.] E. H. 

BOtrCH, SiH THOMAS (1822-1880), 
bcivil engineer, the third .*on of William Bouch, 
■A captain in the mercantile marine, was born 
lln tfic village of Thursley, Cumberland, on 
1 22 Feb. 1822. A lecture by his first teacher, 
f Mr. Joeeph Hannah, of T^ursby, * On the 
^ Bailing of Water in Ancient and Modem 

TOL, n* 



Times/ made so great an impre^^ion on his 
mind that he at once commenced reading 
books on mechaiiica. His first entrance into 
business was in a mechanical engineering 
establishment at Liverpool. At the age of 
seventeen he engaged himself to Mr, Larmer, 
civil engineer, who was then constructing the 
Lancaster and CarUsle railway. Here he 
remained four years. In November 1844 he 
jgroceeded to Leeds, where he was employed 
for a short time under Mr. George Leather, 
M. Inst, C.E, Subsequently he was for four 
years one of the resident engineers on the 
btockton and Darlington railway. In Janu- 
ary lH49 he left Darlington and assumed 
the position of manager and enginet/r of the 
Edinburgh and Northern railway. This en- 
gagement fii^t brought to his notice the in- 
convenient breaks in railway communication 
caused by the wide e.'ituaries of the Forth 
and the Tay, the etlbrt^ to remedy which 
afterwards occupied so much of his attention. 
His proposal was to cross the estuarit-s by 
convenient steam ferries, and he prepared 
and carried into eflect plans for a * lloating 
railway ' — a system for shipping goods trains 
which has ever since been in operation. 
Soon aft^T completing this work Bouch left 
the service of the ISiorthem railway and 
engaged in general engineering business. 
He designed and carried out nearly three 
hundred miles of railways in the north of 
England and Scotland, the chief of these 
being the South Durham and Lancashire 
Union, fifty miles long, and the Peebles, ten 
miles long, the latter bt^ing considered the 
pattern of a cheaply constructed line. Lhi 
the introduction of the tramway system he 
was extensively engaged in laying out lines, 

I including some of the Loudon tramways, 
the Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dundee tram- 

{ ways, and many others. In the course of his 



professional work Bouch constructed a niun- 
ber of remarkable bridp^s^ cliiefly in connec- 
tion witb mil way*. At Ntiwcustle-on^Tyne be 
designetl the Itedbeugh viaduct^a compoutid 
or fitiffened-eiiii!?pension bridge of four Bpans, 
two of 1*60 fe^^'t and two of 240 feet eacb. 
His principal niihva)^ bridges^ indepentWut 
of tbn Tiiy bridge, were the Deepdale and 
Beelali vinduct on the South Durham and 
Lanc^ishin- railway, the BiUtoii Rum bridge 
on the Edinlmrghy Loanheiid^ and Rasliu 
line, and a bridg^e over the Esk near Mont- 
rose, In all these brides the lattice girder 
was UHed, Ixjcause of its simplicity and its 
slight rei^istance to the wind t-ncountered at 
such high elevations. 

In l^H'i tb« Jir6l: proposals fora Tay bridg^e 
were made jjublic, but th^ act of parliani*?tit 
was not obtained until 1 870. The Tay bridge, 
which cros.*>?d the estuary from Newport in 
Fife to the town of Dundee, wfts within a 
few yards of two niiles long. It consisted of 
eighty-five spans — eeventy-two in the shuU 
low w*ftter, and thirteen over the fairway 
channel, two of thesi? being 227 feet, and 
eleven 245 tWt wide. The system of wrought- 
iron lattice girders was adopted throughout. 
After many delays the line was completed 
from shore to shore on 22 Sept. 1^77. The 
inspection of the work by Major-General Coote 
Synge Ilutchinson, R.E., on behalf of the 
boai'd of trade, occupied three days, and on 
81 Mny lf:^78 the bridge was opened with 
much ceremfjny. The engineer wa-^s then 

f resented with the freedom of the town of 
)undee,and on 26 June 1879 he was knighted. 
The triiftie wa^ continued uninterrupteclly till 
the evening of Sunday, 28 Dec, 1879, when 
durinpf a violent hurricane the central portion 
of the bridge fell into the river Tay, carrjiii^ 
with it an entire train and its load of about 
seventy pnssi^ngers, all of whom lost their 
lives. Under the shock and dis^tress of mind 
caused by ibis eata.'*tropbe Boucb's health 
rapidly gave wav, and he died at Moffat on 
30 Oct. 1880. the rebuilding of the Forth 
bridge wa-^ begun in 1882. Bouch became 
an associate of the Institution of Civil En- 
gineers on o Dec. 1850, and wii8 advanced 
to the clats of member on 11 May 1858. 
He married, July 18,^3, Miss Margaret Ada 
Nelson, who survived him with one son and 
two daughters. His hrother, Mr. WilUam 
Bouch. was long connected with the locomo- 
tive department of the Stockton and Darling- 
ton and North Eastern lines. 

pdinutes of Proceedings of th© Institutiou of 
Civil EnjjineerH, bciii. 301-8(1881); Illustrated 
London News, with portrait, lixvii. 468 (1880); 
Times, 29, 30, and 31 Dec. 1879 ; Ht^port of the 
Court of loquiry and Report of Mr. Eothery 



npofi the Fall of a portion f)f this Tay Bridg«, in 
Parlhimentary Papers (188a)» C 2616 uiid C 
2616-i.] a. C. B. 

BOUCHEB, JOIIX (1777-1818), divine, 
wtis bom in 1777. He wa.H entered at St. 
JnhnV, Oxford; proceeded B.A. on 23 May 
17fHI (CaL Grod. O.ton, p. 71); was elected 
ffllow of Magdalen lit the samt" time (Preface 
to his iSermomf P- I) ; ^'^^ admitted to holy 
orders in 1801 (lA. p. 5), and proceeded MA. 
on 29 April 1802. At this time lie became 
rector of Shaft esburv', and in iHOt vicar of 
Kirk Newton,near Wooler, Nortlmuiberland. 
He mnrried and had sevenil children. He 
preached not only in hia own parish, but in 
t he neighbtiuriug district. (Joe of Ids sermona 
was delivered at Benvick-on-Tweed in 1810, 
and another at ISelford in I81t3. He died on 
12 Nov, 1818, at Kirk Newton. There m a 
tablet tf> his memory on the north wall of 
the church where he was buried (^Wii^on, 
C/iTirchej* of LuiffiMfnnif^ p. 73). Aft^r Ms 
I dfMith a 12mo voIiubm of hia * Sermons* wa* 
pri 1 1 1 ed , dedicat ed to Sh u t e Barri n gt on , bishop 
of Durham. The volume reached a s«>cona 
edition in 1821. 

[Prefiice to Sermona by the lat^ Rev. John 
I Boucher, M.A. pp. i, v, vi, vii ; private tnforma- 
I tioa.] J, H. 

' BOUCHER, JOHN {1819-1878), divine, 
I bom ill 18U»^ was the son of a ti'n ant-farmer 
in Jloneyrea, North Ireland, Intended for 
the unitariiin ministry { in accordance with the 
tlieolo|Tieal view;* of hia parents), he woscare- 
' fully educated, and in 1837 wa8 gent to the 
I Belfa-st Academy, then under Drs, Mont- 
Cromery and .J. Scott Porter. Leaving the 
academy in 1842, Boucher became minister at 
Southport ; next at Glasgow ; and tmnlh% in 
j 1848, at the New Gravel Pit Chapel, HW'k- 
' ney, where for five years his fervour and elo- 
qu«rvee drew full congregfation^ from all parts 
j of the metrojwlis. In 18o0 Boucher pub- 
I lislied a sermon on * The Prei^ent Religious 
Crisis/ and the * Inquirer* speaks of another 
of the same year on * Papal Aggression,' 
About this time Boucher adopted rationalistic 
views ; but he soon afterwanls changed his 
opinions again, resigned his pulpit in 1853, 
and entered himself at St, John's, Cambridge, 
to read for Anglican orders. He proceeded 
B.A. in 1857 (LtrARD, Grad. Cant, p, 46), 
and it was hoped that he would have a bril- 
liant career in the establishment; but his 
health failed ; he led Cambridge, and leading 
the life of a thorough invalid in t he neighhour- 
hoodj at Chesterton^ for many yearS|lie died 
12 March 1878, aged 59. He was one of the 
tnistees of Dr. \Villiams*a library, till Ms con- 






caiis€!d him to resign : aud be was a 
It of the pTesbyterian board » vifiitiiig 
Ctanarfhen Colle^«\ He married Louise, a 
diiuffht^r of Ebenezer Johnston, of StBtnfortI 
iff, London, who survived him a yean Ho 
no tasue« 

[The Inquirer, 23 March 1878, p. 190 ; Lunrd b 
Gnui- Caot, p. 46 ; private information. J J, H. 

BOUCHER, JONATHAN (1738-1804), 
divine and philologer, the son of a Cumber- 
land * tttatesman,' was bom at Blemwo, a 
small hamlet in the parish of Bromliela, be» 
tnreen Wigton and AUonby, on 12 March 
1738, and was educated at Wigton grammar 
school. When about sixteen years old he 
went Xg America to act as private tutor in 
a Virsnriian family, and remained engaged 
in tuition for some years, the stepson of 
George Washington being numbered among 
his pupils. Having re9i)lved upon taking 
oidera he returned to England, and was 
ordained by the Bishop of tifmdon in 1762. 
For many years be bud charge, in tunu of 
Beyeral ecclesia^ti^al parishes in America. 
I He wa« rector of Hanuver, in King Giyirge's 
■County, in 1765 ; then of St. Mary'**, in Caro- 
' lina; and la'^tly, in 1770, of Sf, Anne's, in 
Annapf^lis. Whilst resident in the new 
c*>iintry he livtMl in intimate friendship with 
Waahiiigton. Thev often dined together, and 
spent many hour* m talk ; but the time soon 
c&me when they * stood apart.* Boucher'i? 
loyaltv wa* uncompromising, and when the 
American war broke out he denounced from 
the pulpit the doctrines which were popular 
iin the colonies, * His last sermon, preached 
Xh. piatols on his pulp it -cushion, concluded 
•with the following words : " As long as I 
live^ yea. while I have my beings will I pro- 
elaim God save the king,*' ' Washington 
shored in the dentmciations of Boucher ; but 
when the loyal divine puhli.shed tbedy^ourses 
' ich he had preaebt*d in North America be- 
tween 176Ii and 1775 be dedicated the col- 
lection to the great American general, as * a 
tender of renewed amity/ Some time in the 
autiimn of 177o he returned to England, and 
aoon after his struggles in opposition to the 
advancement of the cause of the colonies 
were rewarded by a government pension. In 
January" 1785 he was instituted to the vicar- 
age of K[»M<»m, on the presentiition of the 
Kev. Jolm Parkhurst, the editor of the Greek 
and Hebrew lexicons. This living he re- 
tained until his death, which happened on 
27 April 1804. lyncher was considered one 
of the best preachers of his time, and was a 
member of the distinguished clericai club, 
etill in existence (1S86), under the fantastic 
title of 'Nobody's Club/ He was thrice 




sDor 
^H whe 
■wiu< 
■twet 

I^Blecti 



married. His first wife, whom he married 
in June 1772, was of the same family as 
Joseph Addison ; the se4>0Dd, Mary Elizabeth, 
daughter of Charles Foreman, was mnrried 
on 15 Jan, 1787, and died on 14 Sept. 17HH; 
by his thini wift;, widow of the Kev, Mr, 
James, rector of Art buret, and mnrried to 
Boucher at Carlisle in Dctober 17H9, be left 
e ight chil dren [see B o uc H i e R, B A rton ] . St^me 
portions of Bouchers autohiogrsvphy were 
printeil in ^ Notes and Queries,' 5th ser. i. 
103^, V. 501-3, vi, 21, 81, 141, 16L 

Boucher was a man of wide^spread tastes 
and of intense afiectiem for his native county 
of Cumberland, His anonymous tract, con- 
taining pro|K)sals for its malenal iidvance- 
ment, including the establishment of a county 
b«ink, was signed *A Cumberland Man^ 
Wliitehaven, Dec. 1792/ and was n^printed 
in Sir F, M, Eden's * State of the Poor/ iii. 
^Vpp. 387^K}L To William Hutchinson's 
* Cumberland ' he contributed t!ie accounts 
of the parishes of Bromfield, Caldbeck, and 
I Sebergham, and the lives included in the 
I section entitled *Biographia Cumbreusis/ 
Tlie edition of Helph's poetical works which 
appeared in 1797 was dedicated to Boucher, 
I and among the * Original Poems' of San- 
derson (ISCMjj is an epistle to Boucher on 
' his return from America, He published 
several single sermons and addresses t^ his 
I parishioners, and issued in 1797, under the 
I title of * A View of the Causes and Cona©- 
I quences of the Ajn erica n Revolution/ thirteen 
of his tliscourses, 176*3-1775. His * Glossary 
of Archaic and Provincial WopIs/ intended 
as a supplement to Johnson's Dictionary, to 
which he devoted fourteen years, was left 
I uncompleted. Proposals for pu blicat ion under 
the direction of Sir F, M. Eden were i><8ued 
shortly before his death, and the part, in- 
cluding letter A was published in 18(J'7, but 
; did not obtain sufficient encouragement to 
justify the continuance of the work. A 
second attempt at publication was made in 
1832, when the Rev. Joseph Hunter and 
I Joseph Stevenson brought out the Intro- 
! duct ion to the whole work and the Glossary 
I as far as Blade. The attempt was again un- 
Buoc^ssful ; and it is understood that most of 
the miiterialB passed into the hands of the 
proprietors of Dr. Webster's English Dic- 
tionary, A certain J. Odell, JI,A., an Epsom 
schoolmaster, published in I8()6au * Essay on 
the Elements of the English Language/ 
which was intended as an introduction to 
Boucher's work. 

[Gent, Mag. (1804), pt, ii. 591. by Sir F. M. 
Eden (1831), 450; Nichols's Illust, of Lit. v, 
63tu41 ; Sir J. A. Park's W. Stevens (1869 ed,), 
131-9, 169; Notes and Quferies, 3id ser. ix. 

b2 



• 



i 



7fi-6, 282-4, 5tb ^er. iJt. 60, 68. 89, 311, 37) ; 
Uaxmitig and Bray's Surrey, ii. 620, 626 ; Albn * 
Amencan Biog, Diet- (3rd ed.), 105-6 ; Hawts's 
Ecclejj. Hiat. of the United States, il 269.] 

W. P. C. 

BOUOHERY, WEYMAN (1683-1712), 
Latin poet, Bon of Arnold Boucbery, one of 
the ministers of the Walloon con^t'^nition at 
Cflnterburv, waa bom in tbat city in 1683, 
and educated in the Kihe^'s School ihere and 
at Jesns CoHej^e, Canibri(]gf3 (II. A, 1702, 
M.A. 17(>6). It id said tbat at the time ho 
gTftdimted M,A, he had migfrated to Em- 
tnnniiel College, but the circumstance is not 
recorded in the * Cftntabrigienses Gruduati.' 
He became r**ctor of Little Blakenbam in 
8uifblk in I TOO, and died at Ipswich on 
24 March 1712. A mural tablet to his me- 
mory was erected in the church of 8t, George, 
Canterbury, bv bis son, Gilbert Iioucbery% 
vicar of Swallbam, Norfolk. He published 
im elegant Latin poem^ — * Hymn us Sacer : 
sive Paraphra«i8 in Beborffi et Barac.i Canti- 
ctun, Alcaico carmiue expreasa* e libri Judi- 
cum cap. v./ Cambridge, i^pis acadmnicift^ 
1706, 4to. 

[Addit, Ma 5864, f. 96, 19084, ff, 113, 114^ \ 
Cantabrigienses Qraduati (1787)i 46; HiiBted'd 
Kent, IT. 469 ».] T. C. 

BOUCHIEE, BARTON (1794-1866), re- 
ligious writer, born in 1794, was a younger 
son of tbii vicar of Epsom, Surrey, the Rev. 
Jonathan Boucher [q. v.] Barton changed 
bis ujirae from Boucher to Bouchier after 
1822, He \\m educated at Balliol Col- 
lege, Oxford. In 1816 he married Mary, 
daughter of the Rev. Nathaniel Thorn bury, 
of Avening, Gloucestershire {Gent. Mag. 
1866, pp. 4^31-2). He proceeded B.A. in 
1822, and M.A. in 1827. Bouchier at Urst 
read for the l>nr. But bo afterwards took 
holy order-sand became curate at Monmouth. 
A sermon preached bv him at Usk in 1822 for 
the Christian Knowledge Society was pub- 
liabed by request, Bouchier held curacies 
later at bid, North am ptonsbire (Gent. Mag, 
supra), and (before 1834) at Cheam, Surrey, 
from which place be issued an edition of 
Bisbon Audrewes's ^ Pravers,* In 1836 be 
publianed *IVophtK:v and Fulfilment,' a little 
book of corresuonding texts; and in 1845 
'Thomas Bradley,' a slory of a poor pa* 
riabioner, and the firnt of a series of eimilar 
pompbletn describing clerical experiences, 
collected and published in various editions as 
' My Parish,' and ' The Country Pastor,' from 
1856 to 1860, 

In 1862 Bouchier commenced the publica- 
tion of his * Manna in the House/ being ex- 



positions of the go^pfds iind the Acts, lasting, 
with intervals, down to 18o8; in 1854 he 
wrote his * The Ark in the House," being 
family prayers for a month ; and in 1855 he 
wrote his * Munna in t he Heart,* being com* 
ments on the Psalms. In 1853 he wrote a 
'Letter' to the prime minister (Lord Aber- 
deen) against opening the Crystal Palace on 
Sundays, following up this ap^ieal in 1854 hy 
' The Poor Man's Pidace/ &c., a pamphlet ad- 
dressetl to the Cr>^8tal Palace directors. In 
1856 be publiehetf ' Solace in Sickness,' a col- 
lection of hymns, and in the same vear was 
made rector of Font hill Bishop, "VViltsbire. 
He published his * Farewell Sermon' to bia 
Cheam flock, having prencJied it on 28 Sept, 
In 1864 be publit^hed * The Hi.'^tory of Isaac* 
He died at the rt*cto]220 Dec. 1865, aged 71. 
The editorship of *tjie Vision,* a humorous 
illustrated poem on Jonathan Bouchers phi- 
lological studies, written by Sir F. M. Eden, 
bart.,and publisibed in 18:i0,has been wrongly 
attributed to Bouchier. 

[Gent. Mag. 4th ser 1866, i. 431-2; Brit, 
MuB. Cat.] J. H. 

BOUCHIER or BOURCHIEB, 

GEORGE id. 1645), royalist, wns a wealthy 
merchant of Bristol. He entered into a plot 
with Robert Yeomans, who hud been one of 
the sberitrs of Bristol, and several others, to 
deliver tbat city, on 7 March 1642-^3, to Prince 
Rupert, for the service of King- (Tharles I ; but 
the scheme Iwing discovere<l and frustrated, 
be was, with Yeomans, after eleven weeks' im- 
prisonment, brought to trial before a council 
of war. They were both found guilty and 
hanged in Wine Street, Bristol, on 30 May 
1643. In his speech to the populace at the 
place of execution Bouchier exhorted all 
those who had set their hand^ to the plough 
(meaning the defence of the royal cause) not 
to be terrified by his and his fellow-prisoner's 
sufferings into withdrawing their exertions in 
the king's .service. There is a small portrait 
of Bouchier in the preface to Winstaiiley*8 
* Loyall Martyr ologT,' 1665. 

[Clarendon's Hist, of the Rebellion (1843), 
389; Lloyd's Meraoires (1677), 565; Winstan- 
ley's Loyall Martyrology, 5 ; Granger's Biog. 
H'ifit. of Englaml''(!824), iiL 110; Barretts 
Hist, of Bristol, 227, 228.] T, C, 

BOUGH, SAMUEL (1822^1878), land- 
scape painter, third child of a shoemaker, 
originally from Sijmersetsh ire, was bom at 
Carlisle on 8 Jan. lHi!2, and when a boy 
assisted at bis father's craft. Later ho was 
for a short time engaged in the office of the 
town clerk of Carlisle; but, while atill young, 
abandoned the prospects ojf a law career^ imd 



Boughen 

wandered about the country, making sketches 
in water colour, and associating with gipsies. 
In the course of his wanderings he visited 
London several times; first in 1888, when 
he made some copies in the National Gallery. 
He was never at any school of art. In 1845 
he obtained emplovment as a scene-painter 
at Manchester, and was thence taken by the 
manager, Glover, to Glasgow, where he mar- 
ried £abella Taylor, a singer at the theatre. 

His abilities were recognised by Sir D. 
Macnee, P.R.S.A., who persuaded him to 
give up his work at the theatre for land- 
scape painting. He began in 1849 a more 
earnest study of nature, working at Hamil- 
ton, in the neighbouring Cadzow Forest, 
and at Port Glasgow, where he painted his 
'Shipbuilding at Dumbarton.' Among his 
principal works may be mentioned : * Canty 
bay,' 'The Rocket Cart,' 'St. Monan's,' 
'London from Shooter's Hill,' 'Kirkwall,' 
'Borrowdale' (engraved in 'Art Journal,* 
187 1\ ' March of the Avenging Army,' * Ban- 
nockoum and the Carse of Stirling,' ' Guild- 
ford Bridge.' He supplied landscape illustra- 
tions for books published by Messrs. Blackie 
& Co. and by other publishers ; produced a 
few etchings of no great merit ; painted seve- 
ral panoramas ; and never entirely gave up 
the practice of scene-painting. 

In 1866 he became an associate of the 
Royal Scottish Academv, and on 10 Feb. 
1876 a full member. For the last twenty 
years of his life his abode was fixed at Eklin- 
burgh, where he died 19 Nov. 1878. 

Although Bough at times painted in oil, 
the majority of his works, and among them 
his best, are in water colour. His style was 
much influenced by his practice as a scene- 
painter, and is characterised by great breadth, 
nreedom, and boldness of execution, with 
power over atmospheric effects, but with at 
times some deficiency in the quality of colour. 
A thorough Bohemian, he concealed under a 
rough exterior, and an abrupt and sometimes 
sarcastic manner, a warm neart and a mind 
cultivated by loving knowledge of some 
branches of older English literature. He was 
a great amateur of music, a fair violinist, and 
the possessor of a fine bass voice. A collection 
of his works was exhibited at the Glasgow 
Institute in 1880, and another at Edinburgh 
in 1884. 

[Edinburgh Courant, November 1878; Scots- 
man, November 1878; Mr. R. L. Stevenson in 
Academy, 30 Nov. 1878 ; Academy, 6 July 1884 ; 
Art Journal, January 1879.] W. H-h. 

BOUGHEN, EDWARD, D.D. (1587- 
1660 ?), royalist divine, was a native of Buck- 
inghamshire, and received his education at 



Boughen 



Westminster School, whence he was elected 
to a scholarship at Christ Church, Oxford 
(B.A. 1609, M.A. 1612). He was appointed 
chaplain to Dr. Howson, bishop of Oxford ; 
he afterwards held a cure at Bray in Berk- 
shire; and on 13 April 1633 was collated 
to the rectory of Woodchurch in Kent. The 
presbjrterian inhabitants of Woodchurch pe- 
titioned against him in 1640 for having acted 
as a justice of the peace, and he was ejected 
from both his livings. Thereupon he retired 
to Oxford, where he was created D.D. on 
1 July 1646, shortly before the surrender of 
the garrison to the parliamentary forces; 
he afterwards resided at Chartham in Kent. 
Wood says : * This Dr. Boughen, as I have 
been informed, lived to see nis majesty re- 
stored, and what before he had lost, he did 
obtain ;' and Baker also states that ' Boughen 
died soon after the Restoration, aged 74, plus 
minus.' It is not improbable that he is 
identical with the Edward Boughen, pre- 
bendary of Marden in the church of Chiches- 
ter, whose death occurred between 29 May 
and 11 Aug. 1660 (Walkeb, Sufferings of 
the Clergy, ed 1714, ii. 13). 

Boughen was a learned man and a staunch 
defender of the church of England. He 
published: 1. Several sermons, including 
* Unanimity in Jud^ent and Affection, ne- 
cessary to Unity of Doctrine and Uniformity 
in Discipline. A Sermon preached at Can- 
terbury at the Visitation of the Lord Arch- 
bishop s Peculiars. In St. Margaret's Church, 
April 14, 1636,' Lond. 1635, 8vo; reprinted in 
1714, 'with a preface by Tho. Brett, LL.D., 
rector of Betteshanger in Kent. Giving some 
account of the author, also vindicating him 
and the preachers, who flourished under King 
James I and King Charles I, from t he reflec- 
tions cast upon them in a late preface before 
a sermon oi Abp. Whitgift's.' 2. ' An Ac- 
count of the Church Catholick : where it was 
before the Reformation, and whether Rome 
were or bee the Church Catholick. In answer 
to two letters' signed T. B., Lond. 1653, 4to. 
A reply by R. T., printed, it is said, at Paris, 
appeared in 1654. ' By which R. T. is meant, 
as I have been informed by some Rom. Catho- 
lics, Thomas Read, LL.D., sometimes fellow 
of New Coll. in Oxon.' (Wood, Athena Oxon. 
ed. Bliss, iii. 390). 3. * Observations upon 
the Ordinance of the Lords and Commons at 
Westminster. After Advice had with their 
Assembly of Divines, for the Ordination of 
Ministers pro Tempore, according to their 
Directory for Ordination, and Rules for Ex- 
amination therein expressed,' Oxford, 1645. 
4. * Principles of Religion ; or, a short Expo- 
sition of the Catechism of the Church of Eng- 
land,' Oxford, 1646; London, 1663, 1668, 



Boughton 



Boultbee 



167L The later editions bear this title: *A I 
gbort Exposition of tlie C&techifim of the ! 
Church ot Englaiul, with the Church Cate- 
chigni it self^ and Order of Confirmation, in 
Englit*h and Latin for the la&e of Scholars,' 
Lond. 1671, 12mo. Somy of the prayers an- 
nexed are very siugnhir. That frjr the king 
implorea *that our sovereign King Charles 
may be siren jart he ned witli the faith of Abra- 
ham, <endued with the mildness of Moses , 
armed with the magnanimity of Joshua, 
[exalted with the humility of Davidj beauti- 
fied with the wiadom of Solomon;* for the 
queen : * That our most gracioufl qoeen Catha- 
rine may be holy and devout as Hest her, loving 
I to the king u» Rachel^ fruitful aa Leah, v;\fm 
' oa Rebecea, faithful and obedient tm Sarah/ 
&c. 5. * Mr. Geree's Cas** of Conscience 
Bifted; wherein is enquired whether the king 
(considering bis oath at coronation to protect 
the clergy and their priviledges) can with a 
safe Conscience con.sent to the Abrogation of 
Episcopacy/ I^md. lfJ48, lfh%\ 4to. Geree 
published a reply under the t itleof Sivwppayiat 
the Sifter*s Sieve broken." 6. Poems in the 
imiversity collections on King Jameses visit 
to Christ Cliurtdi in HM)'i^ and on the mar- 
riage of the Princess Elizabeth in 1613, 

pVood'B Athenie Oion. (Bliss), iii. 388-90, 
Fasti, 1. 333, 347. ii. 100; Addit. M.S. 6863. 
f. 21 5 fr ; Hasted's Kent, iii. Ill; KennDtt/s Ee* 
gi^ter and Chronide, 5&7. 842, 843, 861 ; 
Welch's Alumni W*5Htmon, (Phillimore), 73.1 

T. d 

BOUGHTON, JOAN (d. 1494), martyr, 
was an old widow* of eighty years or more, 
who held certain of Wycli^'8 opinions* She 
waa i!>aid to be the mother of a lady named 
Young, who was euapected of the like 
doctrines. She was burnt at Smithheld 
28 April 1404. 

[Pubyan, p. 085, ed, Ellis; Foxes Acta and 
MonumenfB, iii. 704, iv. 7, e4. 1846.] W. H. 

BOULT, SWINTON (1809-1870), secre- 
tarv and director of the Liverj)ool, London, 
and Globe Insurance Company, commenced 
life in Liverpool as local agent for ins^urance 
offices. In 1830 he founded the Liverpool 
Fire Office^ which, after struggling with many 
dilbcuhies, became, through Boult^a energj', 
the largest fire insurance office in the world. 
After the great tires in LiveqH>oI of 1842-3 
Boult offered to thi* merchants of Li\^er|iool 
opportuniiies of insuring their merchandise 
affainj^t fire in the various parts of the world 
wnere it wa« lying awaiting tranfisbipment. 
Agencie^i which pravi3<l very sncceesful, were 
gradually oj>eued in various parts of America 
and Canada, in the Balticj in the Medlter- 



rtttienn. and afterwards in the Ea^st generalljg 
and in Aimtralia. About 1848 the comp&D.^ 
on account of the number of its London clients,* 
became knovsTi as the Liveq>ool and Ij^jndon; 
afterward!?, on abgnrbing the biLsiness of the 
Globe Insurance Coinpany^ under the autho- 
rity of parliament the pre.^ent title of Liver- 
pool, London, and Glooe was assumed. The 
company now trnnsaci s a large business in all 
the lending mercantile countries of the world, 
its ]>renLiums from fire insurance alone con- 
siderably exceeding one million fier annum, 

Rfiult was the principal me-aus of intro- 
ducing ' tar iti" rating' as Applied to cotton millB^ 
whereby real improvements in construction 
are taken into account in determining the pre- 
miums ; he originati d th« Liverpool Salvage 
Committee, did much to secure the pamng of 
the Liver|>ool Fire Prevention Act, and de- 
vised a uniform ptdicy for the tar iff fire offices, 
lie made the circuit of the globe in order to 
render himf^elf familiar with the real nature 
of the fire ri.^k.s which his company, in com- 
mon with other tire offices, was called upon 
to accept ; became managing director of hifi 
company, and gave e\ idence lie fore various 
parliami^nturv^ commit tees on points affecting 
the practice of fire insurance, especially before 
that on fire protection which sat in 1807» He 
died in 1876, aged 67. 

[Wftlford'a Xnsarance Cydopsedia.] C. W. 

BOULTBEE. THOMAS POWXALL, 

LL.IK ( 181S-18K1 1, divine, the ehlest son of 
Thomas Boultbee, for forty-seven years vicar 
of BidJord, Warw icksbire, was l>om on 7 Aug* 
1818. He was sent to Ippintrham school in 
183.% which he left with an exhibition to St. 
John's CoUege, Cainltriilge^ He took tho de- 
gree of B.A. in 1841, as fifth wrangler. In 
Si arch 1842 he was elect e<l fellow of his col- 
lege, and proceeded M.A. in 1844, He took 
orders immediately ; and niter holding one or 
two curacies, and taking pupils, he beciime 
curate to the Rev. Francis Close, of Chelten- 
ham , u f ter\v a rds tl i ' im oi C'arl i sle. F rom 1 852 
to iHi^he was tiie<ilogical tutor and chaplain 
of Cheltenham CoHege, In 1803 be assumed 
the principalship of the newly in*?tituted Lon- 
don College of Divinity, at tirst located in a 
private housi* at Kilburn, where th« principal 
entered upon his task with a single student. 
Two years aftenvards it was moved to St, 
.Johns I Tall, Hi|rhbur\', and the number of 
pupils rose to tiftv ar sixty. In 1884 the 
number of students in residence was sixty- 
eight* Boultbee took the degree of LL.D. in 
1H7'2. and in October lf^K3 received from the 
Bishop of London, Ur. Jackson, the preben- 
i dal stall of Eadland in St. Paul's Cathedral, 
I Dr. Boultbee died at Bournemouth on 30 Jan. 



Boulter 



Boulter 



, and was buried at ChesbaiHi Bucking- 

ftuTV, of which hia youngest sou was vicar. 

Besides a few sermons and occasional 

[paners, Dr. Boultbee publisbed: 1. * Tlie 

AlJeg^ Moral Dilficullies of the Old Te#- 

jtament^ a Lecture delivered iu couuection 

[ with the Christian Evidence Society/ 28 June 

1872 ; 8vo, London, 1872. 2. * The Annual 

Address of the Victoria luMitute, or Philoiko- 

Tbical 8<iciety of Great Britain/ 8vo, London, 
Hja, 3. * A Commentar}^ on the Tbirty-nine 
Articles, forming an Introduction to the 
Theology of the Church of England/ 8vo, 
Lomdon, 1871^ and other edit ions, 4. * A 
HbtoiT of the Church of England Pre-Ke- 
I fonnatton Period/ 8vo, London, 1879. 

[Graduati CantabrigieDS€«, 1873 ; Crocldbrd'§ 

Clerical Directory; Titiips, I Feb. 1884; Rey. 

C, H, Waller, St, John's Hall, Highbury, in the 

(Hock, 8 Feb. 1884; Record, 1, 8, and 15 Feb. 

1884. vher« appear a funeral nermou b^^ Biahop 

"" ' , and commimicationjs from G^. C.» A. P.* and 

ieT,Thoina«Lewthwaite, Nerwaonip Vicaruge, 

dersficld.] A. H. G. 

BOULTER, HUGH (1072-1742), arcb- 
I bifchop of Annagh, born in London 4 Jan. 
[ 1671-2, was detscended from a *reputiible and 
rcst«l«d family/ His father was John Boulter 
[ ef Str Katharine Cree. He entered Merchant 
Taylore' Schocd 11 Sept. 1685, matriculated 
I at Christ Church, Oxford, 1686-7. He was 
an aaeoeiate of Addison, and was subse- 
quently made fellow of Magdalen College 
\{HJl. 1690, M.A. If593, RD. 1708), In 
1700 he received the appointment of chaplain 
ijSir Charles Hedges, secretary of state, 
1 afterwards acted in the same capacity to 
cl ' ' r-'uison. Through the. patronage 
of < n ce r, earl of S uiide rl imd , B o ul- 

ter v^ns jpiJMiuted to St. 01ave*s, Southwark 
[17CJ8), nnd archdeacon of Surrey (1715-16). 
ith Ambroeie Philipf*, Zacban,^ Pierce, 
"^ of Kocheiiter, and others, Boulter 
ilributed to a periodical established in 
1718, tind entitled 'The Free ThinJcer/ In 
17l!:> Boulter attended George I as cbapbiin 
to Hanover, and wai» employed to inblruct 
• l*rijice Frederick in the English Itingunge. 
I The li'ig in the same year appointed him 
, biihop 0? Bristol and dean of Clirist Church, 
tOxfonL Five years subsequently George 
Iticuaiiiated Boulter to the iirimiicy of the 
'protectant church In Ireland, then vacant, 
which he for a time hesitated to accept. The 
; king's letter for his translation from the see of 
» Bristol to that of Armagh was dated 31 Aug. 
. 1724. In November of that year he arrived 
j in Ireland, and Ambrose Philips iiccompanied 
Jbirn ii« bia secretary. As a member of the 
I'priTy cotmcil and lord justice in Ireland 



Boulter devoted himself with much assiduity 
to governmental busine*?s, aa well as to the 
affairs of the protestant church. He Approved 
of the withdrawal of Wood's pitt^mt for cop- 
per coinage. On other poi uts be differed both 
with William King, archbishop of Dublin, 
and with Swift. One oi' Swifts last public 
acts wad hia condemnation of th*.' measure 
promoted by Boulter for diniiniabbig the value 
of gold coin and increasing the quantity of 
silver currency, which it was lipprebended 
would, by causing an advance in the rent of 
land, increase the absentee drain from Ire- 
land. Swift, in some sat iri cid verges, ridi- 
culed Boulter's ahihties. Through Sir Robert 
Walpole and his connections in England 
Boulter acquired a predominating inHuence 
in administration and in the parhnment at 
Dublin, where be considered uiniBelf to be 
the head of the * English interest.* Boidter'a 
Btate policy, to secuiv what he styh^d * a good 
footing * for the * English interest ' in Ireland, 
was to confer important posts in church and 
state there on h'\6 own countrymen^ to repress 
eiForta of the protestants iu Ireland towards 
constitutional inde]>endence,aud to leave tht> 
Roman catholics subjected to pentil legisla- 
tion. By a statute enacted through Jio inter's 
influence the Roman catholics were excluded 
from the legal profession, and disqualified 
from holding of ices connected with the ad- 
ministration ofluw. Under another act passed 
through Roulter*s exertions they were de- 
prived of the right of voting at elections for 
members of parliament or mngistrates — the 
sole constitutional right which they bad been 
allowed to exercise. Bo ul ter forwarded w it h 
great energj' the scheme for protest ant cluirter 
f^cbool)*, with a view to eitrengtbeu the * Eng- 
lish interest,' by bringing over the Irish to 
the church of England. He gave rauny liberal 
contributions to protest ant churches, and for 
the relief of the jrftor in p+^riods of distress in 
Irtdftud. As a memorifll nf bis cluirity, in 
1741 a full-leugth portrait of him by Francis 
Bindou was placed in ilie hull of the poor 
bouse, Dublin, Boulter n^'peatt^dly held of- 
fice as lord justice in Ireland during the ab- 
sence of the viceroy^ Carteret, and his suc- 
cessors, the Dukes of Dorset and De'^'onsbire. 
The death of Boulter occurred at London on 
27 Sept. 1742. He wii?t interred in the north 
tn*nsept of Westminster Abbey» where a 
marble monument and bust were placed over 
his remains. * Sermon a,' and * A Churge at 
his Primary Visitation in Ireland in 1725/ 
are his only published productions, witii the 
exception of a portion of hia correspondence. 
A selection of fiis letters was printed in two 
volume.^ at Oxford in 1769, under the super- 
intf ndence of Ambrose Philips, who had acted 



Boulton 



8 



Boulton 



Qfl hh Bccretary in Ireland. Tliis series con- 
sisU of letters from November 1724 to De- 
cember 1738, to atatt? offieiala and eminent 
eburcbmen in Englnnd. They were repul>* 
ILjlied at Dublin in 1770 by George Fanlknery 
who, in his intnjduction to them, observetl 
tlnil Boulter, with all his virtues, * was too 
partiidly favourable to the people of England 
tind too much prejudiced against the natives 
Qf Ireland/ In 1745 Dr. Samuel Madden 
published at London * Igniter's Monument, 
a panegjrrical poem.' This production, dedi- 
cated to Frederick, prince of Wales, was re- 
tiaed by Samuel Johnson, and quoted by liim 
in his dictionary. A fnll-length portrait 
of Boulter is preserved in Magdalen Colleffej 
and a bust of him is in the library nf Christ 
Church, Oxford. 

[Letters of Hugh Boulter, DX>., 1769-70; 
Biogniphia Britaimica, 1780; O'Conor'a Eist. of 
Iriiih Catholit'st, 1813 ; Stmirta Hist. Memoirs of 
Armjigh, 1819 ; Works of Swift, ed. Sir W. Scott, 
1824 ; Works of Sstmuel JohotiOD, 1825; Hunt's 
HiKt. of Church of Ireland, 1840 ; Bos well's Life 
of Johnson, ed. Nnpier, 1884 ; C. J, Robinson 'e 
Begiistera of Merchant TayIoi-s' School, i. 315.1 

J, T. a, 

BOULTON, MATl^HEW (1728^1809), 
en^neer, was born in Birmingham 3 Sept. 
17^8, where his father, JIatthew Boulton tlie 
elder, had long lieeu Citrrviug on the trade, ac- 
cording to l>r. Smih'fly of a silver stamp*;T and 
piercer. The Boultons were a Xorthami>- 
tonshire family, but John^ the gnindfathi.r 
of the younger MattliLnv, .'settled in Lich- 
field, and ilatthew the elder was sent to 
Birmingham to enter into business^ in con* 
sequenee of the reducp^tl fortuuMS of the 
family. The younger Boulton t-ntfred his 
father*g busine«is early, and soon set liim.^f'lf 
to extend it. This he hud succeeded in doing 
to a considerable extent, when in 17o9 his 
father died. In the following yt'ar he mar- 
ried A one Kohinson of Lichfield, with 
Tvhom he received a considerable dower 
Being thufi able to command additional 
capital, he deterniined to enlarge hia oj>era- 
tiona still further, and with this view he 
founded the famous Soho works. About the ' 
84^,,rt? time he also entered into pnrtnership 
■with Mr, Fothergill. The works were opened 
in 1762, and snrui obtained a reputation for 
work of a higher character than it was then 
usual to associate with the name of Birming- 
ham. Boulton laid himself out to improve 
not only the workmanship, but the artistic | 
merit of his wares, and for this purpose em- 
ployed agents to prcxiure for him the finest 
examples of art -work not only in metal, but 
in pottery and other materials, which he 



employed a^ models for his own produc- 
tions. 

The growth of the factory, and the con- 
setiuent increased need for motive power 
more ahundant than the water-power with 
which Soho was but scantily furnished, led 
Boulton to direct his thoughts to the steam 
engine, then only used for piunping. He 
himself made experimenta, and constructed 
a model of an improved engine, but nothing 
came of it. Watt was then in partnership 
with Roebuck, endeavouring unsucceBsfimy 
to perfect his engine. Roebuck was a Mend 
of Boulton J and told him of Watt and his 
experiments. Two visits paid by Watt to 
Soho in 1767 and 17t5H made him anxious 
to secure the help of Boulton and to avail 
himself of the resources in Soho in perfect- 
ing the engine, while Boulton was on his 
side desirous of getting Watts aid in the 
construction of an engine for the works, 
I For some time negotiations as to a partner- 
ship between the two went on, but they 
came to nothing until Roebuck's failure in 
17 7 L* . As a set-off agai nst a claim of 1 ,200/,, 
Boidton then accepted Roebuck's share in 
the engine patent, and entered into partner- 
ship with Watt, In consetjuence of Boul- 
ton B advice the act of parliament was pro- 
cured by which the patent rights were 
extended for a period of twenty-four years 
(with the six expired years of the original 
patent, thirty years in all). The history 
of the dilhculties which were vanquished 
' by the mechanical skill of one partner and 
by the energ)' of the other will more fitly be 
related in the account of Watt [see Watt, 
James], but it may be -^aid here that if the 
com pie I ion of the steam engine was due 
to Watt, its introduction at that time 
was due to Boulton. He devoted to the 
enterprise not only all the capital he pos- 
sessed, but all he could raise from 
isource whatever, and indeed he broi 
himself to the verge of bankruptcy bel 
the work was completed and the engine a 
commercial success. He kept up the droop- 
ing spirits of his partner, and w^ould never 
allow htm to despond, when he was almost 
' inclined to despair of his own invention. 
Of course at last he had hi a reward, but it 
was not until after six or seven years' labour 
and anxiety, and when he ha J passed his 
sLxtieth year. Dr. Smiles gives 1/87 as the 
year when Watt began to realise a profit 
from the engine, but the greater outlay for 
wliieh Boulton Iiad been responsible made 
it some time later before he got clear from 
his liiibilities and began to maie a profit. 

The reform of the copper coinage was an- 
other important: movement with which 



pos- 



Boulton 



Bouquet 



Boulton was connected in the latter part of 
his life. In 1788 he set up several coining 
presses at Soho to be worned by steam (he 
patented his press in 1790), and aiter making 
large quantities of coins for the East India 
Company, for foreign govemments, and for 
some of the colonies, he in 1797 undertook 
the production of a new copner coinage for 
Great Britain. He also supplied machinery 
to the new mint on Tower Hill, commenced 
in 1805, and until (juite lately part at least 
of our money was coined by the old machinery 
constructed by Boulton and Watt. It was 
not until the reorganisation of the mint ma- 
chinery in 1882 that Boulton's press was 
finally abandoned. 

In the scientific society of his time Boul- 
ton held a prominent place. Among his 
intimates were Franklin, Priestley, Darwin, 
. Wedgwood, and Edgeworth ; he was a fellow 
of the Royal Society and a member of the 
Lunar Society, a provincial scientific society 
of note. His house at Soho was the meeting- 
place for all scientific men, both Eiu^lish and 
foreign. He died there 18 Aug. Ib09. 

[Smile8*8 Lives of Boulton and Watt (founded 
on original papers), London, 1865 ; Muirhead's 
life of Watt, London, 1868 ; Gent. Mag. 1809, 
780, 883, 979.] H. T. W. 

BOULTON, RICHARD (Jl, 1697-1724), 
physician, educated at Brasenose College, Ox- 
ford, and for some time settled at Chester, was 
the author of a number of works on the medical 
and kindred sciences, including : 1. ' Reason 
of Muscular Motion,' 1697. 2. ' Treatise con- 
cerning the Heat of the Blood,' 1698. 3. < An 
Examination of Mr. John Colbatche's Books,* 

1699. 4. * Letter to Dr. Goodal occasioned by 
his Letter to Dr. Lei^h,' 1699. 6. ' System of 
Rational and Practical Chirurfferv,' 1699; 
2nd edition, 1713. 6. 'The Works of the 
Hon. Robert Boyle epitomised,' 3 vols. 1699- 

1700. 7. * Phvsico-Chirurgical Treatises of 
the Gout, the King's Evil, and the Lues Ve- 
nerea,' 1714. 8. * Essay on External Reme- 
dies,' 1716. 9. ' Essay on the Plague,' 1721. 
10. * Vindication of the Compleat History of 
Magic,' 1722. 11. 'Thoughts concerning the 
Unusual Qualities of the Air,' 1724. Though 
apparently learned in the science of his pro- 
fession, he was seemingly not successful in 
his practice, for in a letter to Sir Hans Sloane 
he states that he undertook to write an 
abridgment of Mr. Boyle's works on account 
of * misfortunes still attending him ; ' and in 
another letter he mentions that successive 
misfortunes had made him the object of his 
compassion, and be^ him to effect something 
towards putting him in a way to live. In 
the preface to the ' Vindication of the His- 



tory of Magic ' he states that he had been for 
some time out of England. 

[Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Brit. Mus. Catalogue ; 
Sloane MS. 4038.] 

BOUND, NICHOLAS (rf. 1613). [See 

BOWNDB.] 

BOUQUET, HENRY (1719-176o), gene- 
ral, bom at RoUe, in the canton of Berne, 
Switzerland, was in 1736 received as a cadet 
in the regiment of Constant in the service of 
the States-General of Holland,and in 1738 was 
made ensign in the same regiment. Thence he 
I passed into the service of the king of Sardinia, 
: and distinguished himself in the wars against 
France and Spain. The accounts he sent to 
I Holland of these campaigns having attracted 
; the attention of the Prince of Orange, he was 
engaged by him in the service of the republic. 
' As captain-commandant, with the rank of 
' lieutenant-colonel in the re^ment of Swiss 
guards newly formed in the Hague in 1748, 
I he was sent to the Low Countries to receive 
I from the French the places they were about 
( to evacuate. A few months ailerwards he 
i accompanied Lord Middleton in his travels 
I in France and Italy. On the outbreak of the 
I war between the French and English settlers 
in America in 1754 he was ap])ointed lieu- 
tenant-colonel of the Royal American regi- 
ment which was then raised in three bat- 
talions, and by his integrity and capacity 
gained great credit, (especially in Pennsyl- 
vania and Virginia. In 1763 he was sent 
by General Anmerst from Canada with mili- 
tary stores and provisions for the relief of 
Fort Pitt, and on 6 Aug. was attacked by a 
powerful body of the Indians near the defile 
of Turtle Creek, but so completely defeated 
them that they gave up their designs against 
Fort Pitt and retreated to their remote set- 
tlements. In the following year he was sent 
from Canada against the Ohio Indians, and 
succeeded in reducing a body of Shawanese, 
Delaware, and other tribes to make terms of 
peace. At the conclusion of the peace with 
the Indians he was made brigadier-general 
and commandant of all troops in the south- 
em colonies of British America. He died in 
the autumn of 176o at Pensacola, from an 
epidemic then prevalent among the tru ^s. 

[The account of General Bouquet's Expedition 
against the Ohio Indians in 1764 was published 
at Philadelphia in 1765 and reprinted in London 
in the following year. The work has been as- 
cribed to Thomas Hutchins, geographer of the 
United States, who supplied the map, but pro- 
perly belongs to Dr. \Villiam Smith, provost of 
the College of Philadelphia. An edition in 
French by C. G-. F. Dumas, with an histori- 
cal sketch of General Bouquet, was issued at 



I 
I 



I 



Am*teidftm in 17<S9. An Engliah trauflbition of 
this life h mldetl to an edition of the work pub* 
lished at Cineinnftti in 1808, and forming vol. i. 
of the Ohio HiBtoricjil Buries. Tho letters and 
docnmant* formerly belonging to Bouquet, and 
relating to military events in America, 1757- 
1765, occupy thirty rolumc^s of mnnuiicripta in 
iJieBntiish MuHt^um, Add. MSS. 21631-21660. 
In Add. MS. 21660 there is a copy of the inven- 
tory of hifl property and of his will.] 



tenant-geiteral in 1-J40, and in 1443 wiisca|>- 
tatn of Crotoy in Piaardy. 11*^ was !*ummoii**d 
to parliameiit qs Viscount Jiourchier in 1440. 
He married leabel^ dauj^hter of Ilifliard, «arl 
of Cambridg^e, and aunt of Edward IV. In 
1451 lie fserved on the commission of oytT and 
terminer for Kent and Sussex. The but tie of 
St. Albans made the Duke of York and his 
party the master^* of tlie king, and on 29 May 
I Amy Henry appointed Bourchier^ the dukes 
brotker-in-law, treasurer of the kingdom. 
Hourchier held offict^ until 5 Oct. 1456, and 
was then succeeded bv tlie Earl of ShrewsbiurT 



T, F, H. 
BOUQITETT, ririLlP, D.D. (ivm- 

174H)^ Ilel^revv professor, was educated at 

WeMminisrer School, whence he woa elected ' —a cbang-e that * iierhaps indicates that the 
in 1689 to a sckolar.sbip at Trinity College^ I mediating policy ol tlie liuke of Euckintcbam 
Cambridge, lie Ijecame B.A» 105)2, M.A. | was exchanged for a more determined one* 
1696, B. IX 170(i,D,D. 1711. When a vacancy [ (Stubbs, Comf. IlUi. iii. 176) ; for up to this 
occurred in the professorship of Hebrew in time the Ifourchiers, In spite of their cloae 
1704» which it was thought desirable to con- I conned ion with the hon.se of York /held a kind 
fer on Sike, Bouquett was tcmpornrily a|>- of middle place W ween the two jkurties, and, 
pointed to it in the absence of Sike, the | though the queen's narty came into ]wwer in 
famous oriental scholar, for whom the post February, continueu to hold office in what 
wftfl reserAed. Sike was definitely elected in ' may be called the l^neaatrian government. 
August 1705, but cm the professorahip billing His and bia brother's sudden discharge from 
vacant again sci'en years later, Bout^uett was office was put doi^^ni to the queen^s intluence 
elected to fill it pennsuiently. He died senior {Pmimi Letters, i. 408). In 14tK) Bourcluer 



n 



fellow of Trinity on 12 Ft-b. 1747-8, aged 79. 
Cole describes him as * t>urn in France, an old 
mistTly refugee, who died rich in college, and 
left his money annmg the French refugees. 
He was a meagre, thin man^ l>ent partly 
double, and for bis oddities and way of living 
was much ridiculed,* He refused to sign the 
pet i t ion aga i n s t Dr. Be n t ley . Bo uq net t con- 
tributed a copy of elegiacs to tbe university 



was with the Furls of March and Warwick 
at the battle of Northampton, and was there- 
fore by that time a declnreil partisan of the 
duke, (hi the accession of his nephew, Ed- 
ward IV, he was creat ed earl of Ei**ex (30 Jime 
1461 ) ; be was made treasurer for the second 
time, and held office for a year. lie received 
from the king the caetle' of Werk mid the 
honour of Tindall, in Northumberland, to- 



collect ion of poems on the death of George I I gether with many other estates in diU'erent 

comities. In 1471 the earl was again made 
treasurer, and retained bis office during the 
rest tif his life. When, on 28 May 1473, John 
de Vere, etirl of Oxford, landed at St* <Jsyth*s, 
Es^ex and others rode against him and com- 
pelled him to re-embark ( Paattm Letters, iii. 
92). In this year also he was for aUiut ii 
month keeper of tbe great seal duriug the 
vacancy ut the chancellorship. EpS4'X died 
4 April 148?1, and wm buried at Bylejrh, He 
had a large family. Hie eldest son, William, 



and accession of George 11 in 1727. 

(VVelch's Ab West. 211 ; fient. Mag. x\uL 02 ; 
Cole's M8S. iXJtiii, 274, xlv, 244, 334; Monk's 
Life of Bentley, I 186, 329-30.] J. M. 

BOURCHIEE, GEORGE, [See Botr- 

CHItiR.] 

BOURCHIER, IIENBY, Eakl of Esskx 

(d, 1483), wai^ tlie hoii of Sir \\'illinm Bonr- 
chier, earl of Ewe or En, and of Anne, 
daughter of Thomas of ^V'oodstock, duke of 



Gloucester, and widow of Edmund, earl of | whoraarned Anne Woodville, died during his 



StaMbrd. He was t herefore great-grandson of 
Robert Bourchier [q. v.], chancellor to Ed- 
ward III, brother of Thomas [^.v.j, archbishop 
of Canterbury, and of Anne, wife of John, 
duke of N orfolk, and balf-'bn>thGr of Ilumfrey , 
duke of Buckingbiim, Early in the reign of 
Henrv A^I he served in the French war, going 
to Calais in 1430 with the king and the Duke 
of York. He succeeded bis father as earl of 
Ewe, and was once summoned to parliament 
by that title. In 1435 he succeeded to the 
barony of Bourchier. He served in France 
under tbe Duke of York, was appointed lieu- 



lifetime^ and he was therefore succeeded by 
his grundson, Ilenn- [q. v.] His second son. 
Sir Henry Bourelii^^r, married the djuigbter 
and heiress of Lord Scales; the tliird son, 
Ilumfrey, Lord tVorawell, died in the battle 
of Bamet ; the f{>urtb t>on, Sir John» married 
the niece and heiress of Lord Ferrers of 
Groby, He bad four other children. 

[Polydore Vergifs Hist. Angl. 1299, ed. 1603 ; 
PdBtou" Letters, etl. Gairdner; WilL Worcester j 
I>ngdal(?« Baromvge, ii. 129; Stubbss Const itu- 
tional History, iii, 170; Fosm'h Judges of Eng- 
land^ IT. 423;] W. H. 



Bourchier 



II 



Bourchier 



BOURCHIER, HENRY, second Eael 
OF Essex (d. 1639), was the son of William 
Bourcliier and the grandson of Henry Bour- 
chier, first earl [q. v.] His mother was Anne 
WoodviUe, sister of the queen of Edward IV. 
He succeeded his grandfather in 1483. He was I 
a member of the privy coimcil of Henry VH. | 
In 1492 he was present at the siege of Bou- ' 
logne. At the Knighthood of Henry, duke 
of York (Henry VIII), the earl took a pro- i 
minent part in the ceremonies, and was one | 
of the challengers at the jousts held in honour . 
of the event. In 1497 he commanded a de- ; 
tachment against the rebels at Blackheath. { 
He accompanied the king and queen when i 
they crossed to Calais in 1600, to nold an in- j 
terview with the Duke of Burgundy. The ' 
next year he was one of those appointed to I 
meet Catherine of Arragon. On the aoces- | 
sion of Henry VIII he was made captain of 
the new bodyguard. During the early years 
of the king's reign he took a prominent part 
in the revels in which Henry delighted. 
Constant references may be found in the 
State Papers to the earFs share in these en- 
tertainments. For example, in 1610 he and 
others, the king among the number, dressed 
themselves as Kobin Hood*s men in a revel 
given for the queen's delectation. He was also I 
constantly employed in state ceremonies, such 
as meeting papal envoys, as in 1614, when 
the pope sent Henry a cap and sword; in 
1616, when he met the prothonotaiy who 
brought over the cardinal's hat for Wolsey ; 
and in 1624, when Dr. Hanyball came over 
with the golden rose for the king. These 
and such like engagements necessarily put 
him to great expense. He received some 
grants from Henry, and appears both as a 
pensioner and a debtor of the crown. On 
one occasion his tailor seems to have had 
some diflBculty in getting his bill settled. 
He 8er\'ed at the sieges of Terouenne and 
Toumay as ' lieutenant-general of the spears ' 
(Herbebt) in 1613, and the next year was 
made chief captain of the king's forces. When 
the king's sister Margaret,' widow of James 
IV and wife of the Earl of Angus, sought 
refuge in England, the Earl of Essex, in 
company with the king, Suifolk, and Sir G. 
Carew, held the lists in the jousts given in 
her honour. In 1620 he attended the king 
at the celebrated meeting held at Guisnes. 
He sat as one of the judges of the Duke of 
Buckingham, and received the manor of Bed- 
minster as his share of the duke's estates. 
In 1526, when engaged in raising money for 
the crown from the men of Essex, he wrote 
to Wolsey, pointing out the danger of an in- 
surrection, and by the king's command took 
a company to the borders of Essex and Suf- 



folk to overawe the malcontents. On a di- 
vision being made of the council in 1626 for 
purposes of business, his name was placed 
with those who were to treat of matters of 
law. He joined in the letter sent by a num- 
ber of English nobles to Clement VII in 
1630, wammg him that unless he hastened 
the king's divorce, his supremacy would be 
endangered. While riding a young horse, in 
1639, he was thrown and broke his neck. 
As he had no male issue by his wife Mary, 
his earldom (of Essex) and viscounty (Bour- 
chier) became extinct at his death. His 
barony descended to his daughter Anne, who 
married William Parr, afterwards Earl of 
Essex. 

[Hall's Chron. (Hen. Vni), f. 6, 8, 26, 63, ed. 
1648; Stew's Annals; Polydoro Vergil's Historia 
Anglica, 1437, 1621, ed. 1603 ; Letters, Bic. Ill 
and Hen. VII, Kolls Series ; Herbert's Life and 
Beign of Henry VIU, 34 ; Cal. of State Papers, 
Hen. VIII, ed. Brewer, passim ; Dugdale's Baron- 
age, ii. 130.] W. H. 

BOURCHIER or BOUSSIER, JOHN 

DE (d, 1330 ?), judge, is first mentioned as 
deputed by Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, 
to represent him in the parliament summoned 
in 1300 for the purpose of granting an aid on 
the occasion of the Prince of Wales receiving 
knighthood. In 1312 he was permitted to 
postpone the assumption of the same rank 
for three years in consideration of paying a 
fine of 100*. In 1314-16 he appears as one 
of the justices of assize for the counties of 
Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, and his name ap- 
pears in various commissions for the years 
1317, 1319, and 1320. In 1321 (15 May) he 
was summoned to parliament at Westminster, 
apparently for the first time, as a justice, and 
on the 31st of the same month was appointed 
a justice of the common bench. Next year 
he was engaged in trying certain persons 
charged with making forcible entry upon the 
manors of Hugh le liespenser, in Glamorgan- 
shire, Brecknock, and elsewhere, and in in- 
vestigating a charge of malversation against 
certain commissioners of forfeited estates in 
Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, and trying cases 
of extortion by sheriff's, commissioners of 
array, and other officers in Essex, Hertford, 
and Middlesex. In the same year he sat on 
a special commission for the trial of persons 
accused of complicity in the fabrication of 
miracles in the neighbourhood of the gallows 
on which Henry de Mont fort and Henry de 
Wylyngton hau been hanged at Bristol. In 
Feoruary 1325-6 he was placed at the head 
of a commission to try a charge of poaching 
brought by the Bishop of London and the 
dean and chapter of St. Paul's against a 



Bourchier 



II 



Bourchier 



number of persons alleged to have taken a 
lari^e tish, * qui dicitiir cete/from the manor 
of Waltnn, in violation of a eh arte r i»f 
Henry III, by which the obapter claimed tliw 
i?xcUi8ive right lo all large fisJi found on 
their estates, the tongoie only bein^ reserved 
to the kinp. In the same year he wii^ en- 
g-agt^d in tryiiig^ CH.*es of t\\ tort ion by legal 
officiali? in Suffolk, Nottififfh am shire, and 
Derbyshire, and persons indicted before the 
conf**^rvittors of the peace in Lincolnshire- 
In December of this yenr he was summoned 
to parliament for the Imt time. He was p&- 
appointetf justice of the common bench 
shortly after the accessioti of Kdward III, 
the patent being" dated 2^ Mart'b 132l$-7. 
The last lint^ was* levied before him on Ascen- 
sion day l*3i*l:l lie died bhortlv aflen\'ard8, 
as we know from the fact that ni the follow* 
ing year lii.s heir, Robert, wii^ put in posse?*- 
sion of his eHtate.s by the king. By his mar- 
ringe wirh Helen, daughter antl heir of 
Walter of Colchester, he acquired the manor 
of StauBtead, in Ilubtead, Evsstex, atljoiuing 
an estate which he bruJ purchujied in I31:i. 
He was buried in Stanstead Church, 

[Pari Writs, i. 164, im, ii. Div. ii. pt. i. 139- 
140,236,351, 41&, pt. li. llO^ll, 119, lU-5, 
139, U8-9, 161, 153-4, 188. ltJ3, 230-2, 237, 
241, 283. 288; Rot. Pari. i. 449 ^^ ; Dugdale's 
Orig. 45; Rot, Orig. Ahbrev, ii. 44 ; Cub Rot. 
Pat. 89 m. 6, 99 m, 10; Hymf^r's Foedera (wl. 
Clurlto), ii. 619 ; Morant'i Esaex, ih 253 ; Foas*» 
Lives of thi? Judges,] J, M, R. 

BOURCHIER, JOHN, second Bakok 
Bebitebs ( 1467'15'33), sitatesman and author, 
WBi the son of Huniphrey Bourchier, by • 
Elijeabeth, daughter of 8ir Frederick Tilney, i 
and widow ot Sir Thomas Howard. His 
father w^as slain at tlie battle of Bamet 
(14 April 1471) lighting in belialf of Ed- 
ward IV, and was buried in \\'estiiiinst«r 
Abh«y <^\'eev Ell's Fmi frail Monumf^nUf 
laSlVp. 48:31. His grandfather, John, the 
youngest sfon of ^\'iUiam Boureliier, earl of 
Ewe, was* created Baron Bemer^ in 1455, and 
died in 1474, Ileni-r Bourchier [q. v,i the 
Earl of Ewe's elde.^t i*on and the ffecondXiord 
Deniers*8 gninduncle, bocaine Enrl of Er^Hex in 
146 L Another granduncle, Thomas Bour- 
chier [q, v.], was archbishop of Canterbury 
from 1454 to 1486, 

In 1474 John Bourchier succeeded his 
grandfatlier its Bnron Beraers, He isb^jlieved 
to have studied for some years at Oxford, and 
\Yood conjectures that he was of Balliol Col- 
lege, But little is known of lii.'^ career till 
after the accession of Henry VII. In 149ii 
he entered into a contract * to serue the king in 
liis warres beyond see on hole yeere with two 



speres* (Rtmer, Fasdera^ xii. 479), In 1497 
he heb>ed to reprees the Cornish relwllion in 
behaK of Perkin Warbtfck, It is fairly cer- 
tain that he and Henrv VHI were acquainted 
as youths, and the latter show^ed Bemers 
much favour in the opening years of his reigiu j 
In 1513 he travelled in the king's retinue td] 
Calais, and wa.^ pres<jnt at the capture of^ 
Terou«n ne. Later m the same year he was mar- 
shal of the Earl of Surrey '.s army in Scotland. 
When the Princess Mary married LonisXIl 
(9 Oct, 1514), Bemers w^as sent with her ta I 
France as her chamberlain. But he did not 
remain abroad. Un 18 May 1514 be had 
been granted the reversion to the otfice of 
chancellor of the exchequer, and on 28 Maj 
1516 he apj>fc'ars tohttve succeeded to the post. 
In 1518 Berners waa sent with John Kite, 
archbishopof Armagh, on a special miasion to 
Spain to form an alliance between Henry VIII . 
and Charles of Spain. The letters of tha I 
envoys represent Beraers as suffering from 
severe gout. He sent the king accounts of 
the bull-bait ing and other sports that took 
place at the Spanish court. The negotiations 
dragged on fi-om April to December, and the 
irregularity with which money was sent to 
the envoys fmm home caused them much 
embarrassment (cf Bernersto Wolfiey,26 July| 
1518j in Bhewer's Letters Sfc, of Hmr 
VII F). Early in 1519 Berners was agaii^l 
in England, and he, with his wife, attended 
Henry VHI at the Field of the Cloth of 
Gold in the next yt^ar. The privy council 
thanked him (2 July 1520) for the account of 
the ceremonial which lie forwarded to them. 
Throughout this period Bemers, when in 
England* regularly attended parliament, and 
was in all the commissions of the peace 
iasued for lleiifordshire and Surrey, But 
hia pecuniary resources were failing him. 
He had entered upon several harassing law- 
suits touching property in Staffordshire, 
Wiltshire, axid eUewber*?, Aa early as 1511 
he had borrowed 350/. of the king, and the 
loan was frequently repeated. In Decem- 
ber 1520 he left England to become deputy 
of Calais, during pleasure, with 100/. yearly 
aa salary and 104/. aa * spyall money,* His 
letters to Wolsey and other officers of state 
prove him to have been busily engnged in suc- 
ceeding years in strengthening the fortifica- 
tions of Calais and in watching the armies of 
France and the Low Countries in the neigh- 
bourhood. In 1522 he received Charles V. 
In 1528 he obtained grants of manors iHg 
Surrey, ^Vilt^ hi re, Hampshire, and Oxford- 
shire, In 152Si and 1531 he sent Henry VIII 
gifts of hawks (Prity Purse Kvpt^n^eA^ pp. 54, 
231). But his pecuniary trouble-j^ w^ere in- 
creasing, and his debts to the crown remained 



tmpoid. Early in 1532-3» while Bprnere was 
vm' ill, Henry VI 11 direct^^d his ageuta in 
Calais to watch over the deputy's jwrgoaal 
effect* in the interests of his crt'<litor9. On 
16 March 1532-3 Bemera died, and he waa 
buried in the parish charch of Calais by his 
special direction. All his goods were placed 
under arrest and an inventory taken, which 
is Btill at the Record Office, and proves 
Bemers to have lived in no little state. 
Eighty books and four pictures are men- 
tioned among his household furniture. By 
his will (3 March 1532-3 ) he left his chief 
property in Calais to Francis Hastings, his 
executor, who became earl of lIimtiDgdon in 
1544 {Chronicle of Calaig, Camd. Soc. p. ItU). 
Bemers married Catherine, daughter of John 
Howard, duke of Norfolk, by wliom he had a 
danghUT, Joan or Jane, the wife of Edmiind 
Knyvet of Aahwellthorp in Norfolk, who suc- 
ceeded to her fathers estates in England. 
Small legacies were also lefl to his illegiti- 
matf sons^ Humphrey, James, and Georffe. 

The barony oi Bemers was long in aoey- 
ance. Lord Berners's daughter and heiress 
died in 1561, and her grandson, Sir Thomas 
Knyvett, petitioned the crown to grant him 
the barony, but died in 161b before his claim 
could be ratified. In 1 720 Elizabeth, a greats 
granddaughter of Sir Thomas, was connrmed 
m the barony and bore the title of Baroness 
BernerSj but she died without issue in 1743, 
and the barony fell Mgain into abeyance. A 
cousin of this lady in the third degree married 
in 1720 Henry \\ ilson of DidUngion, Norfolk, 
and their grandn^on, Robert Wilson , claimed 
and secure/! the barony in 1832. The barony 
ift now lield by a niece of Henry William 
WilMin { 1797^1871), the third Warer of the 
rwtored title. 

While at Cataij? Bemers devoted all his 
I«i£tire to literary pursuits. History, whether 
real or fictitious* always interested him, and 
in 1523 he published the first vohime of his fa- 
mous translation of (I ) Froissr.rt^s Chrotiicles. 
Tlie N?coud volume followed in 1 525. Richard 
Pynson was the printer. This work was un- 
dertaken at the suggestion of Henry Vlll 
and was dedicated to him. Its style is re- 
markably vivid and clear, and although a few 
French words are introduced, Ik^niers has 
adhered so closely to the English idiom as 
to give the book the character of an original 
English work. It inaugurated the taste for 
historical reading and composition by which 
the later literature of the century is* charac- 
terised. Fabian, llali, and Holinshed were 
all indebted to it. E. V. Utterson issued a 
reprint of liemers's translation in 1812, and 
_^ although Col. Johnes's translation of Froissart 
H (1803-5) hoa now very generally superseded 



I 



that of Bemers, the later version is wanting 
in the literary flavour which still gives 
Bemers's kn^k an important place in Eng- 
lish liternture* But cbivalric romance had 
even a greater attraction for Berners than 
chivalric history, and four lengthy transla- 
tions from the French or Spanish were com- 
pleted by him. The tirst was doubtless 
(2) * Huon of Burdeux,* translated from the 
great prose French Charlema^e romance, 
abfiut 1530, but not appart?iitly published 
till after Lord Bemers's death. It is pro- 
bable that Wynkyn de Worde printed it in 
15ti4 under the direction of Lord George 
Ha.-^tings, earl of Huntiny^don, who had urged 
Berners to undertake it. Lord Crawford 
1ms a unique copy of this book. A second 
edit ion, apparently issued by Robert Copland 
In I570j is wholly lost. Two copies of n third 
revised ediliou, dated 1601, are extant, of 
which one is in the British Museum and the 
other in the Bodleian. The tirat edition was 
reprinted by the Early English Text Society 
1883-5. ( 3 ) » The Caitell of Love ' (by D. de 
San Pedro) was translated fnim the Spanish 

* at the Lustaimce of Lady Elizabeth Carew, 
late wyfe to Syr Nicholas Carewe, knight.' 
llie first edition was printed by Robert Wyer 
about 1640, and a second came from the pres.'j 
of John Kynge abo ii t th e sam e t i m e. ( 4) * Tlio 
golden boke of Marcus Aurelius, emperour 
and eloquent oratour,' was a translation of a 
French version of Guevara's *El redox de 
Priocipes,* It was completed only six days 
before Bemers's death, and was under- 
taken at the desire of his nephew, Sir Francis 
Bryan [q. v.] It was first published in 1534, 
and republished in 1539, 1542, 1553^ 1557, 
and 1559. A very detinite interest attaches 
to this book. It haa been proved that English 

* Euphuism' is an adaptation of the style of 
the Spanish Guevara. I^vly^s * Eaphues * was 
mainly founded on Sir Thomas North^s *Dial 
of Princes '(1558 and 1567), and the *I)ial 
of Princes* is a translation of an enlarged 
edition of Guevara*s ' El liedux,' which was 
first translated into English by Berners. The 
marked popularity of Bemers's original trans- 
lation clearly points to him as the founder of 
•Guevar ism' or so-called Euphuism in England 
(Landmajtn's Euphuhmus^ Giessen, 1881). 

Bemers also translated from the French 
(5) 'The History of the moost noble and 
valyaunt knight, Art hear of Ly tell Brytaine.' 
The book was reprinted by Utterson in 1812. 
Wood, following Bale, attributes to Bemers 
a Latin comedy, (6) ^ Ite ad \ ineam,* which 
he says was often acted after vespers at 
Calais, and a tract on (7) * The Dutiea of the 
Inhabitants of Calais.* Nothing is known 
now of the former work ; but the latter may 




not improbably be identified with the elabo- 
rate *■ Ordiniinces for watch and ward of 
Calais* in Cbtton MS. (Faust. E. vii. 89- 
102 A). These ordinances wer<; apparently 
drawn up before 15.*i2, and have been printed 
at length in the * Chronicle of Calais ' pub- 
li»h*?d by the Camden SrK: iety, pp, 140-62, 
Warton states, on the authority of Oldys, 
that Henry f lord Berners, translated some of 
Petrarch^s sonnets, bat the statement is pro- 
bably wholly erroneous ( Hist, EhqL Poet. 
ill. r>8). 

Holbein painted a portrait of Bemers in 
hiB robes a« chancellor of the exchequer 
(WiLFOLE, Aiwcdofe^ of Pamtinif, ed. Wor- 
num, i. 8*2). The picture is now at K^y- 
thorpe Hall, Leice.ster**htrt% hi the posses?- 
flion of the Hon. H. Tyrwhitt Wilson. It 
wa« engraved for the Early English Text 
Society *8 reprint of * Haon of ilurdeux^ 
(1884). 

[l>a^dale*s Baroniige» li. 132-3; Marsh all'a 
Ofloealogijft's Onide ; Burke's Peerage ; Foeter's 
Peerage; Bale's Cent, Script, ix. 1 ; Wood's 
Athens Oxon» (Blito), i, 72 ; Brewrer's Letters 
and Papere of Henry VIII. 1509-1534 ; Uttcr- 
soo'ft Memoir of B<?mf*rs in his reprint of t!ie 
FroiMart (1812); Walpole's Royal iind Noble 
Authors, i. 239-46 : Fuller s Worthiua ; Intra- 
ducMir.m to the Early English Text Society's 
reprint of H«oi>of Burdeus, ed. S. L. Leo.] 

S. L. L. 

BOTJRCHIER, 8ik JOHN <>f 1660), 
regicide* graiidHon iind hf*ir of Sir Ralph 
Bourchit?r, of H**nnini;lM>rough, Yorkshire^ 
apiKuirs in 1020 Ln the list of [idventurers 
for Virginia as Hubscribinpr ti7/. Uh, In the 
following yeju", havinj^ complained of the lord- 
keeper for giving judgment against him in a 
lAWSuitf he was censured and obliged to 
make a humble submission (Lordt' JoutrmUf 
iii* 17^^2). Ht? i<ut!Vred more severely in 
a ectntefit with Srratl'ord concerning the eti- 
closure of certain lands in the forest of Galtre^ 
near York, Sir John attempted to assert his 
claims by fmllinj? down the f^-nce^, for which 
' ^ was lined and imprisoned- Din^ctly the 
ong parliament met ho petitioned, and his 
eatment was one of the minor ehorges 
ainst Strafford ( RusirvroRTH, Strnffbrffs 
Priai. p. 146; «ee al^i Straf. Corr. I bti-Sa, 
il. 59), His name alfo appears among tho^e 
who fiifrned the different lorkshire petitions 
in favour of the parliament, and a letter from 
him describing the pn^sentation of the peti- 
tion of 3 June 104:3 on Hey worth Moor, and 
a quarrel between himself and Lord Savile 
on that occasion, was printetl by order of 
the House of Commonj4 (Omimom' JouniaU, 
1 June 1642). Ele entered the Long parlia- 



ment amongut the * recruiters * as member 
for Ripon ( l<Uo ), In December 1648 he was 
appointed one of theking*i judcres, and signed 
the death-warrant. In February 1651, and 
agB.in in November I65i'. he was elected a 
member of the council of state, and finally 
succeeded in obtaininsf a grant of 6,000/. out 
of the estate of the Earl of Strafford, but it 
is not evident what satisfaction he actually 
obtained (ihmmmi^* Jounvtl^^^l July 1651). 
At the Kest oration he was, with the other 
regicides, summoned to give himself up* and 
the speaker acquainted the House of Com- 
mons with his surrender on 18 June 1660 
{JoumaUt). While the two houses were 
quarrelling over the exceptions to be made 
to the act of indemnity, Bourchier died, as- 
serting to the laM the ju-^tice of the king's 
condemnation. * I tell you it was a just act ; 
God and all good men will own it' ( Ludlow's 
Memoirs^ ed. 17ol, p. 358). Sir John's son, 
Harrington Bourchier, having aided in the 
Restoration, obtained a grant of his father's 
estate {CaL of State Papers^ Dom., 1661, 
p. 557). 

[Noble's Regicide* and House of Cromwell, 
ii. 36 ; th<^ Fairfax Correspoadeoce (Civil Wara), 
i. 338* containt a lotter ffum ,Sir John Bouivhier 
to Lord Fairfax on the want of ministera in 
Yorkshire.] C, H. R 

BOUBCHIER or BOFSSIER, RO- 
BERT (rf, 1349), chancelhir, the elde.st son 
of John Bourchier f q, v»], a jud^ of common 
pleas, began life in the jirofession of arma. 
He WM retiime<l f^ a member for the county 
of Essex in 13:^0. 133*2, 1:338, and 1339, In 
1334 he was chief justice of the king*fl bench 
in Ireland. He was present at the battle of 
Cadsant in 1337. He Rat in the parliament 
of 1340 (JhlUo/Parlmmmt, u. 113). ^\alen 
on his return to England the king displaced 
his ministers^ he committed the grejit seal, 
which had long- been held by Archbishop 
Stratford and hifl brother, the Bishop of Chi- 
chester, alternately, to Bourchier, who thus 
became, on 14 Dec. 1340, the first lay chan- 
cellor. His salary was fixed at 500/., besides 
the usual fees. In the struggle between the 
king and the archbishop, Bourchier withheld 
the writ of summons to the ex -chance 11 or, in- 
terrupted his address to the his bops in the 
Painted Chamber, and on 27 April 1341 urged 
him to fiubmit to the king. When the parlia- 
ment of 1 341 extorted fpinn the king hij* assent 
to their j>ef itions that I he account of the royal 
officers should be audited, and that the chan- 
cellor and other great officers should be 
nominated in parliament, and should swejir 
to obey the laws, Bourchier declared that he 
bad not Asseated to tlieee articlee^ and would 



J 



Bourchier 



IS 



Bourchier 






not be bound by rbem» as tbey were conttftry 
to hb oath and to tho laws of the realm. 
He nevertheless exemplified the statute, and 
^ Ihered it to parliament. He resimed his 
iin 29 Oct, He was Aummoned to par- 
liament as a peer in 16 Edward IIL In 
1346 he ajccompanted the king on his expedi- i 
tion to France. He was in command of a 
large body of troope, and fought at Crecy in I 
the lirst Siviuion of the army- He married j 
Slargaret, daiifrhter and heire^^ of Sir Thomas 
Preyer^, lie founded a college at Halstead 
for eijzht priests ; but it probalbly never con- 
tained ao many, as its revenues were very 
smalL The king granted him the rig:ht of 
foe© warren, and license to crenellate his 
bouse. He died of the plague in 1349, and 
buried at Halatead, 




[Rolbof Parliament, ii, 113, 127, 131 ; R«tuni 
of Htmbers, l. 89--] 26; Murimuth, III, Eng. 
HiacSoc.; Froissart, L 161, 163 (Johaes); Fob8*s 
JwSigm of EDglaod, in. 399-402 ; Campbell^ 
Utwm df the Chancellor*, i. 234^41 ; StubUs 
€oi»titational Hii^tory, ii. 387, 391; Dugdules 
Ikronji^ti, iL 128; Logdale's Monasticon. vi. 
14^3.) W. H. 

BQtTRCHIER, THOMAS (1404?-14a6), 
cardinalf w^i* the third son of Williflm 
Bourchier, earl of Ewe, by the Lady Anne 
PlantAgenet, second daughter of Tliomas of 
Wood^lock^ duke of Gloucester, youngest 
son of Edward UI. His father had won the 
title he bore by his achievements under [ 
Henry V in France, and transmitted it to ' 
bia eliiest son^ Tlenrv [q- v»], who afterwards 
was created earl of tssex. A second son, by 
right of hh wife, was summoned to parlia- 
ment as Lord Fit atwarren* The thi rd, Thomas, 
the ftubjt'ct of this article, was horn about 
1404 or 1405, and was but a child at the death 
of his lather. A fourth, John Bourchier, wtis i 
ennobled ayi Lord Bemers [ftee Boukchike, 
JoH3ff], A daiighti.^r Eleanor married John | 
Mowbray, third duke of Norfolk of that sur- 
tuunef and the fourth duke, his son, eonse- 
cjuentlr speaks of the cardinal as his uncle 
(Fastvn LetUrs, il 382). 

ThomiL«i Bourchier was sent at an early 
ap** u* Otford, and took up his abode at 
NeTillV Ian, one of five halls or inns which 
occupied the site of what b now C4irpu8 
Christi College, In 14:^4 he obtained the 

•bend of Colwick, in Lichfield Cathe<iral, 
before 14-7 he was made dean of St. 
-*= 1 -Grand, Ijondon. He also received 
tli 1 of West Thurrock^ in the free 

ch;;j . :lasting8. In 14.*J3, though not vet 
of full canonical age, he was recommended 
for the see of Worcester, then vacant by the 
death of Thom&a PoltoiL But Polton had 




died at Basle while attending the general 
Ciiuncil, and thej)»ipe had already nomirmted 
as his successor Thomas Brouns, dean of Salis- 
bury. On the other hand the commons in 
parliament addressed the king in favour of 
Boiu*chier, p\itting forward, according to the 
royal letters, the *nighness of blood that our 
well-beloved master Thomas attaineth unto 
us and the cunning and virtues that re^t in 
his person/ Accordingly Brouns was trans- 
lated to Rochester, flnrl the pope cancelled his 
previous nomination to Worcester by an ante- 
dated bull in tavour of Bourchier, whose no- 
mination therefore bears date 9 March 1434, 
Tlie temixjralities of the see were restored to 
him on 15 Ajiril 14*i5, 

Meanwhile, in I4i54, Bourchier was made 
chancellor of the university of Oxfonl, a po- 
sition which he held for three years, and which 
implies at least that he t<3ok some interest 
in scholarship, though we have no evidence 
that he himself was a distingidshed scholar. 
Wood says that he took part in a convocation 
of the university as early as 1428, But w«* 
may reasonably surmii^e that his subseauent 
promotions were as much owing to high birth 
as to great abilities. He had not remained 
long in the see of Worcester wlien, in 1435, 
the bishopric of Ely fel I vacant. The chapter, 
at the instigation of John Tiptofl, the prior, 
agreed to postulate Bourchier, who sent mes- 
sengers to Rome to procure bulb for bis 
translation. The bulls came, but as the 
government refused to ratify his election, 
Bourchier feared to receive them. The king's 
ministers wished to reward Cardiniil Louis 
de Luxembourg, archbishop of Houen (chan- 
cellor of France iintler the English king \ with 
the revenues of the bishopric of Ely, So by 
an arrangement with the pope, notwithstand- 
ing the oppf^sition of Archbishop Chichele, 
the bishopric was not fiUed up, but the arch- 
bishop of Rouen was appointed administrator 
of the see. But when he d'ml in 1443, there 
was no further ditBeulty in the way of Bour- 
c hier*8 proni o t ion . H e w as n om i nat ed by the 
king, elected by the cbapter, and having re- 
ceived a bull for his iranjslation, dated ifO t)ec- 
1443, he was confirmed and had the tempo- 
ralities restored to him on 27 Feb. 1444. 

There is little known of bis life at this 
time beyond the story of his promotions, and 
what we hear of his conduct m bishop is 
from a very adverse critic, the historian of 
the monastery of Ely, who says that lie was 
severe and exacting towards the tenants, and 
that he would never celebrate mass in his 
own cathedral except on the day of his in* 
stallatiou, which he put off till two years 
after his appointment. It appears that in 1438 
there waa an intention of sending Bourchier, 



Bourchier 



z6 



Bourchier 



then bbtop of Worcester, with others to the ' as chancellor. His brother Henry, viscount 
council of basle ; but it does not appear tliat Bourchier, was at the same time appointed 
he actually went (Nicolas, Ptitn/ Council lord treasurer. The parliament was soon pn> 
Frocesdinffjtf v, 92, 99), That he was often rogned to November. Before it met again 
called to the king's councils at Westminster , tbe king had fallen a second time into the 
there is ample evidence to show. I same melancholy state of imbecility, and for 

In March 1454 Kemp, the archbishop of i a second time it was neGessarrto make York 
Canterbury^ died. A deputation of the lords | protector. The archbishop resigned the great 
rode to Windsor to convey the intelligence to , seal in October 14^^^>, when the quet^n had ob- 
theking,and to gignify to him, if possible, that tained a clear advantage over the Duke of 



a new chancellor^ a new primate, and a new 
council required to be appointed. But Henry's 
intellectual prostration was complete, and ne 
gave no ^ign that he understood the ffimplest 
inquiry. The lords accordtugly appointed the 
Duke of York pn^tector, and on 30 March the 
council, in compliance with a petition from 
the commons, reeommended the Bishop of 
Ely's promotion to the see of Canterbury * for 
liis great merits, virtues, and great blood that 
he is of ' (HoiU of Pari w 4r>0). Bourchier 
was trani«lnted on 22 April following ; and we 
may prt^^ume that he owed his promotion to 
the Duke o( York's influence. On 6 Sept. in 
the same year William Paston writes fr*>m 
London to his brother : * My lord of Canter- 
bury hath received his cross, and I was with 
him in the king's chamber when he made his 
homage ^ {Paston Letters^ i, 303) . Apparently 
he paid a conventional reverence to the poor 
unconscious king ; he was enthroned in Fe- 
bruary fo LI owing. 

On 7 March 1455 Bourchier was appointed 
lord chancellor, and received the seals at 
Greenwich from the king himsell*, who had 
recorered from hi-s illness at the new year, 
Hm ap|K)int ment, in fact, was one consequence 
of the king's recovery, as the Earl of Salis- 
bury (the chancellor, and brother-in-law of the 
Duke of York) could not have been acceptable 
to the queen. Bi>urcliier apparently had to 
I some extent the good- will of both parties, 
&nd was exi>ected to preserve the balance be- 
tween them in ]>eculi!irly trying times. Lit tie 
more than two months after hiH appoint men t^ 
when tlie Duke of York aud his friends took 



York, and got the king, who had been long 
separated from her, down to Coventry, where 
a great council was held. These changes 
raised misgivings, even in worae who were 
not of Yorkist leanings. The Duke of Buck- 
ingham, who was a son of the same mot her as 
the two Bourchiers, was ill-plesj?£*fl at seeing 
hia brothers discharged from high oflfices of 
state, and it was'said that he had inttrposed to 
protect the Duke of York himself from unfair 
treatment at the council (Paston Letter$^ i. 
408). But t he archbishop was a peacemaker ; 
and the temporary PBConciliation of parties m 
the spring ol 1458 appears to have be^grea|fy 
owing to him. He and Waynflete drew^ip 
the terras of the agreement between the lords 
on both «ides, which was sealed on 24 March, 
the dav before the general procession at St. 
Paul's.' 

Shortly before this, in the latter part of 
the year 1457, the archbishop had been called 
u]>on to deprive Pecock, bishop of Chiehestex, 
as a heretic. The case was a remarkable one, 
for Pecock was anything but a Lollard. He 
was first turned out of the king*a council^ the 
archbishop aa the chief peraon there ordering 
his expulsion, and then required to appear be- 
fore the archbishop at Lambeth. His uTit ings 
were e3camiiied by three other bii«hops and 
condemned as unsound. Then the archbishop, 
as his judge, briefly pointed out to him that 
high authorities were against him in several 
points, and told him to choose between re- 
cant at ion and burning. The poor man^s spirit 
wiis quite broken, and he preferred recanta- 
tion. Nevertheless he was imprisoned by the 



up arms and marclied southwards, they ad- archtiiahop for some time at Canterbury and 



dressed a letter to Bourchier as chancellor 
dechiring that their intentions were peace- 
able and that they came to do the king service 
and to vindicate their loyalty. Tkmrchier 
sent a special messenger to the king at Kil- 
bum, but the man was not allowed to come 
into the royal presence, and neither the letter 
to the archbishop nor an addreaa sent by the 
lords actually reached the king {BoUaofPari. 



Maidstone, and afterwards committed bv him 
to the custody of the abbot of Thomey' 

In April 1459 Bourchier brought before 
the council a rw|uest from Pius 11 that the 
king would send an amba.i^ador to a council 
at Mantua, where measures were to be con- 
certed for the union of Christendom against 
the Turks (Nicolas, Pnt^ Councii Pt'oreed- 
imp, vi. 298). Coppini, the pope's nunciOj 



V. ^80-1), The result was the first battle of I after remaining nearly a year and a half in 



St. Albans, which was the commencement of 
the wars of the Hoses. 
A parliament was summoned for 9 July fol- 
k lowing, which Bourchier opened by a speech 



England, gave up his mission as hopeless and 
recrossed the Cliannel. But at Calais the Earl 
of Warwick, who was governor there, won 
him over to the cause of the Duke of York 



Bourchier 



Bourchier 



^the 



IIpi recroAsed the Clianiiel with the Earla of 

Warwick, Murcb^and SaliBbury* giving^ their 

' ' * ■-^^'■-'^ the sanction of the church. Bour- 

ihem at Simdwich with his cross 

rethena, AstMemcntofthe Yorkbt 

' hatllM'en forwardtxi to him hy the 

r»* their cominj^, and apparently he 

!)is bt*^t to publish it. Accompanied 

mult itude, the earb, the legate, and 

* |NiA^«d on U\ Ijfjndon, which 

- to them on 2 July U60. Next 

diiv there wrtK n convocation of the clergy at 

St J Paul's, at which the earb presented them- 

selve* liefore the archbifihop, declared their 

^eraiic^*, and ^wore upon the cross of St. 

Thomas of Ciinterbury that thev liad no de^ 

ivi^» n4nLinJ5t the king. The political situation 

wft^di,sciisj*c*d by the Ibishops and clfrg-v^and it 

wii* rv^dvtHl that the Hrchbishop and five of 

h- ^^- - Imuldgfjwith the earh to the 

I I Upton and ujmj their etforti for 

i, ^n n. ' -•" - ■ i i'^ment. Eii^^ht day^ later was 

foui^ht the battle of Northampton, at which 

Henry was taken prisoner. TUe archbishop, 

MA agreed apon in convocation, accnmjwnied 

the eurU upon their march from London, and 

t a bishop to the kima^ to explain their 

attitude; but the bishop (of wlioae name we 

e not informed) acted in a totally ditferent 

irit and eficourageil theking*f!j>arty to tight. 

Wlien thy Duke of York came over from 

Ireland later in the year and challenged the 

WM in parliament, the archbishop came up 

him and oisked if he would not first come 

pay his respect? to the king. * I do not 

il^meioV»er/ he replied, * that there is any one 

tf '■ ' >m who ought not rather to 

n lii* r«ftpectji to me,* Ilourchier 

tTnint<jriii»'L> u ithdrew to report this answer 

in Henry. When, after the ^et^ond Imttle of 

Albiijis, the queen was threiitening Ij^^u- 

,on^ tht? archbifihop had betaken himself to 

'niif( rliiirv awaiting l>etter Tiews with the 

f Exeter, G«xirge Nevill, whom 

I lid apixjinted loi^i chancellor. 

uri'hier^ though he Imd sho^ii in the 

of peers that he did not favour York*8 

iation of allegiaJice, could not possibly 

^ thtse with the disturbance of a imrlia- 

lentary settlement and the renewal ot strife 
;id tumult. Fmm this time, at all events, 
e wa** a decided Yorkist ; and when the Duke 
York\ elde?*l mn came up to London and 
eallc^l a ouncil at hijs residence of Baymird'a 
^a»»ile on 3 March, he was among the lords 
att*rnde<i and agreed that Edward was 
rightful king. On 28 June he set the 

, n upon Edward's head. Four years later, 

on Stinaay aft**r ABcenaion day (26 May) 
1-166, he ahio crowaed his qtuseiip Klixabeto 
Wood vi IK 

VOL, VI, 



i^^ 




FoT some years nothing more in known of 
the archbiHliop's life except rhat Edward IV 

Setitioneii Pope l*ftul II to make bim a car- 
iaal in 146o, and it appenr.-^ that he was 
actually named by that pope accordingly on 
Friday, 1 8 Sept . 1 467, But i<ome years elapmMl 
before the red hat wm^ !*f*nt and his title of 
cardinal was uclmowledged in England. In 
1489 the pojHi* ^vrote to the king pnimising" 
that it should be sent very shottly ; but the 
unsettled state of the country, and the new 
revolution which for half a year reston*d 
Henry VI as king in 1470, no doubt delayed 
its transmiisaion still further, and it was only 
sent by the succeeding pope, 8ixtus IV, in 
1473. It arrived at Lambeth on 31 May. 

By thi^ time the archbishop bad given 
further proofs of his devotion to lidward, 
I He and his brother, whom the king luid 
I created earl of Es-sex after hi.^ coronation, 
not only raised troc»jJS for his restoration in 
1471^ hut were meaiiitor^ with the Duke of 
Clarence before hia arrival in England, and 
succeeded in winning him over again to his 
j brother's cause. After the king was again 
! peacefully settled on his throne he went on 
pilgrimage to Canterbury at Micliftelmaa,ap* 
piirently to attend tbe jubilee of Si. ThomaA 
a Beeket, whii-h, but for the state of the 
country, would have been held in the pre- 
ceding year. Edward had viaite<l Canter* 
bury oefore, soon after the corouation of hiH 
queen, and bestowed on tbe cjithedral a 
I window reprei^enting Becket's martyrdom, 
! of which, notwitliKturiditig its destruction in 
I the days of Heury VHl, some fragments tiny 
j still visible. 

I Bourcliier was hospitable after the fashion 
I of his time. In 1468 he entertained at Can- 
terbury' an ea.«^teni patriarch, who is belfev"! 
to have been Peter II of .\ntitx*h. In 
1455 — the year after he became archbishop 
— he had purclumed of Lord Save and *Ma 
the manor of Knowle, in Sevenoaks, whi<!h 
he converted into a ca-stellated mansion and 
bequeatbi*d to the see of Canterbury. It re- 
mained as ft residence for future archbishop** 
till Cranmer gave it up to IIenr\' VI H* 
Here liourchier entertained nmeh company, 
among^ whom men of letters Uke Botoner and 
p«tn3n8 of learning like Tiptoft, earl of Wor- 
cester, were not unfrequent ; also musicians 
like Hambois, Tavemer, and others. That 
he was a promoter of the introduction of 
printing into England, even before the data 
of Caxton'.H first work, rest^n only on the evi- 
dence of a literary forgery published in the 
seventeenth century. 

In 1475 Bourchier was one of the fiiur 
arbitrators to whom the differences between 
EnglaM<1 und Franco were referred by iht- 





Bourchier 



i8 



Bourchier 



|i •itco of AmiiMis (UvMKR.xii. U\). In 1480, 
t'l'iOiii^ tiio oHihMs ot'nps he H|)]MiiiittHl as his 
NiiilViipiii Williiim West kams titular bishop 
of Siilon. In 1 4S:i, al>er the death of Ed- 
wiird IV, he wn-** npiin calleil on to take 

I III It in piihlie a Hairs m a way that mui^x have 
iiH«ii niueh to hi.** own diHOomfort. He went 
at the head of a d<>|uitation fn^n the council 
ii» !!»e qiieen-*lowap»r in sanetuarv at West- 
iniM4ti>r, and iH»r«tuided her to deliver up her 
NOt-nnd mm liiehard. duke of Vi>rk, to the 
lii*''pin^ of liis uneh», ilie pniftvtor. ti> keep 
•■•Hiiiiany with his brother, Kdwanl V, then 
hiilihn^ stale as so\en»i»ru in the Tower. The 
luidinal phMlvftnl his own honour sit str^nv:ly 
I'l-r ihe \ounir duke's Mvuriiy that the queen 
ai h»si oonsiMittMl. Within fimt* wtvk<.>f the 
iMUi* that he tliu> pltsla^si liinis<'lf l*>r the 
k;.» »d faith ^^l' the pr^^Jeoior he was oallrxl .m 
to ottieiate at the eonM»ati*Mi of Kiohard 111 ! 
rimt he sliould ha\e ihus lem V.ims<>lfa> 
sui n.strument to the u-iuqvrmus: Ap^varall 
\ ii- !Uon» n»elatu*holy w!it»u we ^'^nsixier :V.a? 
\'.\ \\7\ he \\:\k\ taken the *f»a.i a:u vViT 'he 
I' ITS of l't\»;;anJ ^as Iv;:;^ :'::e rrs: s-.;b'ev*t 
\'\ ;!xe nN'i'.nO '.n s\\«\iriv.*: a'.*.-\i:-.An»>» Tv"^ 
! .:«ar\l. pi".M**t' ef W,-4*t*s, as '::t ;r :/• :::e 
' 'ue \l\i .' /»*."«. \ •.. -S4' IV;: :vr:;.v.vi 



'Urt\ *»\»*r\"»:'.:v..r«' 



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:: :• \\ . A % V. :' SS -. V. \ • . V :\1 

". i; Kn'. w a:*.: "s : . : ' :' w a5 
v.: * '.v. • ". : *- A ; vj: a .: t 



W 



\\. 



\ • ^ . \ 



• Koglish Chronicle, etl. Davies (Camden Soeietr); 

j Rej^istrum Johannis AVhethamstcde (Rolls ed.); 

' llvame's Fra^rment, Fleetwood, and Warkwoith 

j (three authorities which m«y be conrenientlf 
coDHutted together in one rolame, though reryUl 
i\lite«L entitled ' Chronicles of the AVhite Rose*); 
IVton Letters* ; Polvdore Vergil ; Hall ; ?ii 
Secundi Commentarii a Gobellino composita, 
161 (ed. 1584): Rolls of Parliament; More'i 
Hist, of Richard 111: Loci e Libro Veritatom 
(<riisci>i^e) (hI. Roiimrs; J^bingtons Introdoe- 
tion to Pecock's Repressor; Brown's Venetian 
Calenilir. i. 90, 91. A valuable modem life of 
B«>urchier will be found in Hook's Lives of the 
Arvhhi>hop> of Canterbury, vol. v.] J. G. 

BOURCHIER, THOMAS (A ir>86?), 
was a friar of the Obser>aut order of the Fran- 
oi>i^n<. He was pn^bably educated at Mag- 
dalen Hall. Oxfoni. but there is no record of 
his bavin*: vrraduated in that university. 
When Qutvn Man* attempted to re-esta- 
blish the friar? in England, Bourchier be- 
c:i:::e a member of the new convent at Green- 
wich : but a: that qut-^-n's death he left the 
o • ::: : r\\ A f: er < jvndi ng some years in Paris, 
wh-:v :he :h<>-»l.?irioal faculty of the Sor- 
•> •.:>.■ ,^:::Vrred .^n him thedeinve of doctor, 
V. ■ : ri \ V ". '. •-.: • - ^ K. inn*. He at first j oined the 
o-".:vt::: of :::■:* li-f.>rmrnl Franciscans at the 
oh VTV'h : S. Maria di Ana C;eli, and subse- 
:.;-;""Iv Kwiir:- j-!:::H:i:iary in the church of 
S. li '\Ar.:;i in LvT-raii \ whtre John Pits, 
:.-> r. "-jTti: Lrr. sjviks .*f having somettmes 

11: ^r "- <<rvrril b'^ s*. bnt the only one 
•';.;.■ -:r. .'.T* is :'::r* • Hij.toria Ecclej«iastica 
;■ M*r-vr. ' FrAT -.m '.Viinis Divi Francisci 
i. ;■ — .-.- i- •.•':rkrrAr.-:A. i'.dpanim in An^ia 
i\ i^-^. partim in Belgio 
r.i.-^:. u*.r:m et in Hybemia 
■:..v >cr.aE::> Regin;e. idque 
'. '• : .>; .- r-ir.* r.^Tnim pnesen- 
-vj '. *«M .-.»!*<!* .v:i- .' The preface i« 
.- ':L^:.r/!^. • ■ \ : ^r.vrn:a n'>stro,' 1 Jan. 
i": ■ :• • x lis vrTT j^^pular among 
^ LT '. -'l-.t •'{.''. -ziy wt-re brought 
-c >■ *. ".' -- *. "tSS ir. : 1^>4. Paris in 
. I- / ^.T .:: >'.:?'i. An. >i her of 
> -ft •-- t - > i" :?r T T. - > \r'.\ ' t>ra: io doc- 
■ ' "T .'i-. ^ ~ i I. i Friiioi*oum (lon- 
-i ."". T..S ziLr.isT.im is-neralem 
'. >. 1 i T.1 T*r;r..liTi Micnj Conven- 
< -^ - T - • -r^i.- Pirs," l.>>-2. This 
• -V •■! ..-r-J.-.T -:,r ::*:::r -^f Thomas 
" "1-so" -.T.. ■»">. ;1 iT-."rirsi TO have 



r-.S 









. ,: -if :. >- ■ r.i^ : : >. •= Fracciwans, 

1. ? I-5S >_ri:iiri:--*iry volume, 

L?. >•...'•: r.>rc .vti* !,>> Iju^. '-q Ter:» An- 

*.j-.i.s Iat. Ls. 1-:! L^ri?, Iralis 

>:v,-»r: Lz. a..:-r:u.:,\r f.^rm of 



Bourdieu 



19 



Bourgeois 



Beccajo), and elsewhere expresses himself con- 
vinced of the identity of Lancton and Bour- 
chier. It is but fair to say that Francis a S. 
Clara and Parkinson, the author of * Collec- 
tanea Anglo-Minoritica/ consider them two 
distinct persons, who both took their dejpree 
of D.D. at Paris about 1580. These writers 
are, however, of no better authority than 
Waddinjf. Another treatise by Bourchier, 
* De judicio relipfiosorum, in quo demonstratur 
quod a saocularibus judicari non debeant,* is 
mentioned by Wadding as in his possession, 
but only in manuscript ; this was written at 
Paris in 1582. In 1584 he edited and anno- 
tated the ^Censura Orientalis EcclesiflB de 
prsBcipuis Hsereticorum dogmatibus,* which 
was published by Stanislaus Scoluvi. Bour- 
chier died, according to Pits, at Rome about 
1686. 

[Pits, De Angli»Scriptoribus, 789; Wadding's 
Scriptores Ordinis Minorum, pp. 219, 221 ; Suppl. 
ad Scripiores triam Ordinum, 671 ; Wood's 
Athens Oxon. i. 525 ; Joannes a S. Antonio ; 
Bibliotheca Univ. Franciscana, iii. 116; Fran- 
ciftCQs a 8. Clara, Hist. Min. Provin. Angl. Frat. 
Min. 48-55.] C. T. M. 

BOURDIEU, ISAAC du. [See Du 

BOTJKDIBU.] 

BOURDIEU, JEAN du. [See Du 

BOUKDIEU.] 

BOURDILLON, JAMES DEWAR 
(1811-1883), Madras civil ser\'ant, was the 
second son of the Rev. Thomas Bourdillon, 
vicar of Fenstanton and Hilton, Huntingdon- 
shire. He was educated partly by his father, 
and partly at a school at Ramsgate; having 
been nominated to an Indian writership, he 
proceeded to Huileybury College in 1828, 
and in the following year to Madras. After 
serving in various subordinate ttp])ointment8 
in the provinces, he was appointed secretary 
to the board of revenue, and eventually in 
1854 secretary to government in the depart- 
ments of revenue and public works, liour- 
dillon had previously been employed upon an 
important commission a])pointed under in- 
structions of the late court of directors to 
report upon the system ofpublic works in the 
Madras presidency, his colleagues being Major 
(now Major-general) F. C. Cotton, C.S.I., of 
the Madras engineers, and Major (now Lieu- 
tenant-general) Sir George Balfour, K.C.B., 
of the Madras artillery. The report of the 
commission, which was ^^Tittenby Bourdillon, 
enforces in clear and vigorous language the 
enormous importance of works of irrigation, 
and of improved communications for the pre- 
vention 01 famines and the development of 
the country. The writer's accurate know- 
ledge of details and breadth of view render 



the report one of the most valuable stAte 
papers ever issued by an Indian government, 

Bourdillon was also the author of a treatise 
on the ryotwar svstem of land revenue, which 
exposed a considerable amount of prevalent 
misapprehension as to the principles and 
practical working of that system. Working 
in concert with his friend and colleague, Sir 
Thomas Pvcroft, he was instrumental in ef- 
fecting rearms in the transaction of public 
business, both in the provinces and at the 
presidency. He especially helped to improve 
the method of reporting the proceedings of 
the local government to the government of 
India and to the secretary of state, which for 
some years put Madras at the head of all the 
Indian governments in respect of the thorough- 
ness with which its business was conducted 
and placed before the higher authorities. 

Bourdillon's health failed in 1861, and he 
was compelled to leave India, and to retire 
from the public service at a time when the 
reputation which he had achieved would in 
all x)robability have secured his advancement 
to one of the highest posts in the Indian 
service. To the last he devoted much time 
and attention to Indian questions, occasion- 
ally contributing to the * Calcutta Review,' 
and interesting himself among other matters 
I in the questions of provincial finance and of 
I the Indian currency. He revised for the 
late Colonel J. T. Smith, R.E., all his later 

Samphlets on a gold currency for India. He 
ied suddenlv at Tunbridge Wells on 21 May. 
; 1883. 

' [Madras Civil List; Report of the Madras 
' Public Work8 Commissioners, Madras Church 
I of Scotland Mission Press, 1866 ; family papers 
, and personal knowledge.] A. f. A. 

I BOURGEOIS, Sir PETER FRANCIS 
' n75(5-1811), painter, is said to have been 
I descended from a family of some importance 
in Switzerland. His father Avas a watch- 
maker, residing in London at the time of his 
birth. He was intended for the army, and 
I^rd Heathfield offered to procure him a 
commission, but he preferred to be an artist, 
and was encouraged in his choice of profes- 
sion by lieynolcis and Gainsborough. De 
l^utherbourg was his master, and he early 
acquired a reputation as a landscape-painter. 
In 1776 he set out on a tour through France, 
Holland, and Italy. Between 1779 and 1 810, 
the year before his death, he exhibited 103 
pictures at the Royal Academy and five at 
the British Institution. In 1787 he was 
elected an associate, and in 1793 a full mem- 
ber of the Royal Academy. In the follow- 
ing year he was appointed landscape-painter 
to George III. 

c2 



Bourke 



Bourke 



Bourgeois i-»we<l ITt.^ kntiflitlinrHl to Sfftnj!*- 
kus^ kin^ of i\4ninl, \vhi> in 17^*1 ap]ioioted 
him lii^ pniiiter mid eonfprretl nn him \\w 
lionour of n knifiht rif tlit* ordfr of Mi^rit, 
and liis title wa^ con tinned by Gi'orge III. 
Altliouj:h be appenrs tfi hnve bwn succe**fiil 
as Q pniiit^^T. \u' owed tiiucli o^f liis ^tw^l for- 
tune to .TtNHpb Ui'sinifaiis, a picturt+Kleab'r, 
who was eniploved by StanisLiiis to collect 
works of art, wliich ultimjitt^y remiiined on 
bb liamls. Tlourgeoii*, wbo lived witb Deseii- 
ffttiR, assist tnl bim in bis pnrfluitH*»^, and nt his 
death inlierite*! what, with Nuue pictiireH 
lidded by himself, is nnw k^n\^^| ns tlie Diil- 
wich Giilh*rv. II*' died fnun « fall from liis 
horse on S Jan. IKH, imd w»h buried in (he 
chapel of Dnhvieh Collepje. He l>e(|iieatliHl 
."JTl pictures to Diilwicb College, with 10/KXJ/. 
to provide tTor the maintenanee of the collec- 
tion ^ n n d '2 ,f >(X>/. to re pa i r a i id bea n t i fy the 
west win^ and gidlery of the ctdle^e. The 
members of tbet'olle^e, however, determined 
to erect a ne>v pillwr^, mid thny «nd Mn*, 
Desenfans coDtriburinl (S,OUO/. apiece for this 
pur]K>s e , a n d em p I < i y e d Mr. ( a 1 > e r wa r dw S i r ) 
John Soune ti^ the iircbitect of the pre^^ent 
buiblin^j*, which were caiomenced in tfie year 
of the death of Hourgeois, and include a maii- 
snleum tor his remains and those of Mn and 
Mn*, iK'siMifans, 

Alt hou^di Bourgeois g*enerrdly painted land- 
scape?, he attempted history' and {mrtrait, 
Amonffst bis pictnres were*Hunrin^a Tiger/ : 
Mr. Kemble as * ('oriolanu,s,' and * A Detach* 
ment of Horse, cost ume of CliarleB I .* Twenty- 
two of bis tnvn works were included in his 
bequest to Dulwich College, where, beiiides 
landsoa|ies, may nnw Ix* seen * A Friar kneel- 
ing before a Cross/ *Tobit and the Andrei/ 
and a portrait of himself. Though an artist 
of taMe and versatility, his works tail tn si^s- 
lain the reivnttiHon which thev earned for 



epitta 
alive. 



liim when 

[RrdgraveV Diet, of Artists, 1S78 ; Bryan's 
Diet, f Graves) ; Aniiala of the Pine Arts, 1818 ; 
Warner » Cat. Balwich Ct>ll. MSS.] C. M. 

BOURKE, ?^iR RICHARD (1777-185.1), I 
colonial governor, was the only Bon of John | 
Bourke of Dronisally, a relation of Edmund 
Burke, and was born in Dnldin on 4 May 
1777. He was originally educated for the 
bar, and was more than twenty-one when • 
he was gaxetted an ensign in the 1st or I 
Grenndier guards on 22 Xov. 179*'^. He 
served in the expedition to the H elder, when 
be wa« shot throngh the jaws at the battle 
of Bergen, and was pronroted lieutenant and 
captain on lloNov. 17f^9. As quartermaster- 
general he sen'ed with Anchm nty^s force at 
Moutti Video, ami on the conclusion of the 



campaign was put on half-pay. In 1808 he 
was posted to the stalf' of the army^ in Por- 
tugal ab assistant quartermaster-general, 
I on account of his knowledge of Spanish 
; sent by Sir Arthur Wellesley to the helJP 
j quarters of l>on GregoriVj Cuesta, the com- 
' roander-in-ciiief of the Spanish army. From 
m ftfay to 28 June 1809 he fullilledl his diffi- 
cult mission to^Vellesley's entire satisfaction, 
and then for some unexplained reason resigned 
bis post on t be stall' and retunietl to England. 
He was again seut^ on account of bis know- 
ledge of Spanish, on a detaclied mission to 
G alicia in 1 8 1 2. He w*as giizett etl an assistant 
, quarteruiflster-general, and stationeil at Co* 
rnnna, whence he sent np proyisiona and 
ammunition to the front, and acted in general 
as military resident in Galicia. At the con* 
elusion of the war he was promoted colonel 
and made a C*B. He was promoted major- 
getieral in 1821, and was lieutenant-governor 
' of the eastern dietrict of the Cape of Good 
! Hope from 1825 to ISliS, wlu^n be returned 
I to England. In 1829 be edited, witb Lord 
Fitzwilliam, the ^Correspondence' of Ed- 
mund Burke, whom he bad often visited at 
Reaconsfield in bis own younger days. In 
1831 be was appointed governor of New 
iSouth Wales in snccession l4> General Dar^ 
ling. 

\\ hen Bourke arrived he fonud the colony 
divided into two parties. The emancipists, or 
; freed convicts, had Ix^en encouraged by General 
Macquarie to believe that the colony existed 
for them alone ; while, on the other hand, Rris* 
bane and Darling hud been entirely governed 
by the wealthy emigTants and poor adven- 
turers, and given dU power to the party of the 
exclmjivistsorpure merinos. Genenil Darlitig 
bad behaved injudiciously, and had got into 
much trouble. Bourke at once took up a posi- 
tion of alisolute impartialily to both parties. 
He freed t he press at once from all rest rictions ; 
and though himself foully abused, he would 
not use his position to interfere. Still more 
important was bis encouragement of emigra* 
tif>u. Under his influence a regular scheme 
of emipatiou waa established, evidence was 
taken m Australia and issued in England 
by tbi' lirst Emigration Society, which was 
established in London in 1833, and means 
were provided for bringing over emigrants 
by selling the land in the colony at a mini- 
mum price. He sncci^ded in carr\nng what 
is known aa Sir Kichnrd Bourke's Church 
Act. Bourke's impartiality made him popular, 
and lie became still more so by his travels 
througbont the inhabited part of his vice* 
kingdom. He wa« made a K.C.B. in 1835, 
He resigned hh govemorship on 6 Dt*€. 1837, 
after six years of office, on lieing reprimanded 



1^ the secretarv of state on accouMt 
^ismiflAal of a Mr, Riddell from the executive 
<y>uncil. The sorrow at his depart upe was 
gienuiiie, and money wa& at once raised to 
a gt^tue to him. 'He was the most 
Molar gx.»Teraor who ever presided over t h« 
f«©foiiial iitlaira* (BraIU, History af Xew 
South UmIp^, i, 275), 

On returning home to Ireland Bourke 

"* Dt nearly twenty years at his country 

^antf Thornfield, near Limerick. He wns 

promoted lieutenant-g-eiieral, and appointed 

colonel of the 641 h reg^init?nt in 1837* h<^rved 

[the office of high sheritl* of the county t»f 



of !i!8 of it (*SU Petersburg and Moscow: A Visit 
to the Court of the Czar, by Richard South- 
well Bourke, Esq./ 2 vols.» Henry Co lb urn, 
1846)» which gpave evidence of acute observa- 
tion, and met witii considerable success^ In 
1847 he took »n active part tu the relief of 
the Buftererg from the Iri^li famine. At the 
general election in the same year he was 
elected to parliument aa one of the memljera 
for the county "f Kildare. In the folh>wiugf 
year be married iliss Blanche Wyudbom, 
daughter of the Hrst Lord Leconfiebb In 
1849 bii* grand uncle died, and hin fat her sue* 
ceedingto the earldorat 'i® assumed the cour- 



Limerick in l^-'lOf and was promoted genera! tesy title of Lord Maiis. In lH5if he was 
in l86L He died Buddenly. at the age of ai*]>ointetl chief !*eci*et4ir\" for Ireliuid in Lord 
rentj-eight,at Tliomtield/on 13 Aug. 1H65. 

Mag, 18.>5. p. 428; Royal Military 

', For hiis Aiistmlian govenimeat cod- 

suit Bmint'i History of Xew South Walt*, 

fioin iu Settleaieat to the Close of 1844, 2 voli. 

, 184^ ; ling's Historiad aad Stati?«tical Accouat 

Ijif the Colony of New South \Vttl«5», from the 

* at ion of the Colony to the Present Dav, 

I, 1837. 1852, 1875; Fhimigaa's History of 

r 8o«ih Wales, 2 vols, 1862.] H. M. S, 

BOITKKE, RICHAUD SOl'THWELL, 
itxth Earl of Mayo (182:3-1872), viceroy 
lid governor-general of India, was the eldest 
* Robert Bourke, fifth earl of MMyo, who 
ded his uncle, the fourth earl, in 1 KMI. 
he esrh of Mayo, like the earls and mar- 
|uiaea of Clanric^rde, are said to have di> 
ended from William Fitzadelm de lk>rgo, 
r ho succeeded Strougbow in the goveninient 
f Ireland in 1066. Kichanl, the eldest of 
fen brothers and sisters, was born in Ihiblin , 
21 Feb. 1822, and spejit his earlier years j 
^t Hayes, a country lmui*e belonp^ing to the 
%mily in the county of Meatb. lie wa.s edu- 
11 ted at home, and in 1841 entered Trinity I 
Dtibtin, where, without going into | 
Bce^ he took an ordinary degree. His ' 



Derby '(* administration, and held the same 
oIKce during the aiihset|nent conservative ad- 
I nnnistrations which came into power in 1858 
and 18titj, retaining it on the lodt OOCtision 
until Iiis appointment as viceroy and gover- 
nor-general of India shortly belore the fnll of 
Mr. Disraeli's goveniraeut. He succeeded to 
the Insh earldom on the death of Ills f other 
in 1867. 

During all these years Lord Mayo bad a 
sent in the House of Commons, serving an 
memh^^r for Kildiire county from 1847 to 
18o2^ for the Irish borough of t'oleraine from 
1852 to lHo7^ and for the English borough of 
Cockermouth during tlie remainder of Km 
parliumentiiry life. His politics were those 
of a moderate consenative. Jlis policy waa 
eminently conciliate »ry, combined with un- 
flinching firmness in repressing sedition and 
crime. While ojiposed to any measure for 
disestablishing the protest a lit church in 
Ireland, he was in favour of granting public 
money to other inst itutions, whether catholic 
or protest ant, without rcspt*ct of creed, * esta- 
blished for the education, relief, or succour of 
bis fellow-couutrvmen/ His view whk that 



no school, hospital, or asylum should hinguisb 
^ - because of the rt4igiou8 teaching it fitlfmled, or 

wm a strong evangelieaL His mother, i i,ecavise of the religion of those who suiiported 
Icw^^lvn, a granddaughter of the fii-st . i^ n^^ opinions on these rpustions and on 
arl of K<xlen, wa.s a woman of considerable ^he lend oue.^tiou were very fullv stated in a 
lulMire, of d«ep religious teehngs, and of |^|^^„ ^j,.i|;^,j^i j^jj^^he House of Commons 
nroDg common sen.-je. Hrought up amidst „n ^j y^^^^i^ Ih68, in which lie propounded a 
be ^KiTts of ciiuntry life he became a clever .^^y^.^, ^^^i^j^.y y^^ b^^.„ ^ft^j, described as the 
hot-, an accomoluHhed rider, and a goo<l i j,,^.,;!^,^^,^,^., ...jUcY/involviug theestablish- 
wrimner. \Mid« an undergraduate he swnt j^^^^^ ,^^^ llomun catholic university, and such 
ftnch ol his time at Palmerstown and in . . - . 

t>ndonwith his granduncle,tbe fourth Eurl 
^ Mayo, whom IVattd described as 
A court ier of the nobler sort, 

A cbrijftiaa of the purer schoolj 
Tory when whigs an* jrrt'ftt at court, 
And protest ant when paptsls nila. 



changes in eeelesiastical matters a* would 
meet the just claims of the Roman cat In die 
portion of the community* He was in favour 
of securing for tenants compi»nsation for im- 
provements etlected by themselves, of pro- 
viding for increased jiowers of improvement 
by limited owners, and of written contracts iu 

he made a tour in Russia^ and after i supersession of the i^ystem of parole tenancies. 

to England published an account Lord Mayo s views on all these matters met 



3 



with full support frnm his politicttl chief^ Mr. I 
l)i,«imeli, whoj whpii uiinouncing to the Back- , 
inghamekire electorp the appointment of his j 
friend to the othce of viceroy and governor- 
general of India, declared thui * a state of 
affairs »o dflngerous was never encountered 
with greater firmnesai but at the same time 
with greater magnanimity.' * l^poii that no- ; 
bleiniin, for hie sagacity for his judgment, 
fine temper^ and knowledge of menT her ma- 
jiiBty has been pleased to conftT the oflice of 
viceroy of Iiidin, and as viceroy of India I 
believe he will earn n reputntion that liis 
CO un t ry w i 11 honour. * Tl i e res i gim 1 1 on of the 
ministry had actuidly taken place before the 
governor-genenilship becimie vncant ; but the I 
appointment wns not interfered with by Mr, 
Oladatone'!* goveniment, and Lord JInyo was 
Bwom in as governor-general at Calcutta on 
12 Jan, 1861), 

Under Sir John Lawrence the attention of 
the government of India and of the subordi- 
nate government!* bad been mainly devoted 
to internal adnjiuistrittive iniproveroenti*! and 
to the develnpnient of the resources of the 
country. "With the exception of the Orissa 
famine no serions crisis bad tnxed the ener- 

fies or the reBources of the state, and Tjord 
1 ay received thegovernnienl in a condition 
of admirable ediciency, with no arrears of 
curren t w or k t S i r Jo ii n St r a< ' t r ti y *s Mtn */ fe 
on the AflmimHtrafion nf the Ear! af Mayo, 
30 April 187l*). Jlut cleijr (ls the official file 
was, imd trnnouil as was the condition of the 
empire, several questions of iirst-rate impor- 
tance speedily engaged the consideration of 
the new viceroy. (>f these the most important 
were the relatit>ns of the government of India 
with the foreigii cttiites on its bortlera, and 
effp<?cially with Afghnnistnn, and tlie con- 
dition of the finances, which, notwithstanding 
the vigilant 8ui>ervij?ion of the !ate viceroy, 
was not altogether satisfactoiy. 

The condition of Afghanij^tan from the 
time of the death of the aniir^Bost Muhum' 
mad Khan» in 18(>^, up to a few mnnthH 
before Lord Mityos aceet^j4ion to office^ had 
been one of constant intestine war, three of 
the sons of the late amir dir^piiting the suc- 
ceesiou in a series of satiguinary struggles 
which had lajited for five ycMinn. Sir John 
Lawrence had frnm the first declined to aid 
any one of the combatants in this internecine 
Btnfe, adhering' to the policy of recoimising 
the dfi farto ruler, m\A at one time two ih 
facio rulers, when one of the brothers had 
made himself master of Cabul atid Candahar, 
und I h e ot h er h e Id Ilera t , At 1 e n gt h , i n t he 
unttimn of WiH, Shir AH Khan having mm- 
ceeded in establishing his supremacy, was 
ofEcially recognised by the governor-general 



US sovereign of the whole of Afghanistan, 
and was presented with a cift of 20,000/., 
accompanied hy a promise ot 100,0(Xi/. more* 
It was also arranged that the amir should 
visit India, and should be received by the 
viceroy with the honours due to the niier of 
AJghanistan. This position of affairs bad 
been brouglit to the notice of Lord Mayo 
before liis departure fnmi England. While 
fully realising the tlilhculties by which the 
whole question was encompassed, he appeara 
to have entertained som« doubts as to the 
TX)!icy which so long had tolerated anarchy 
in Afghanistan, but cordially approving of 
the final decision to aid the re-establishment 
of settled government in that country, he loet 
no time on bis arrival in giving effect to the 
promises of his predecessor. A meeting with 
the amir look place at Amballa in March 
\&&t). The amir had como to India hent 
upm obtaining a fixed annual subsidy, a 
treaty laying upon the British government 
an obligation to support the Afghan govern- 
ment in any emergency* and the recognition 
by the government of India of his younger 
8on, Abdulla Jan, as his successor, to the 
exclusion of his eldest son, Yakub Khan. 
None of these retiuests wen' complied with. 
Hut the amir received from Lord Mavo 
emphatic assurances of the desire of the 
goveniment of India for the speedy consoli- 
dation of his power, and of its determination 
to respect the indepemlence of Afghanistan, 
He wns encouraged to communicate fre- 

?uently and fully Tsath the government of 
ndia and its officers. Public opinion dif- 
fered a 8 to the success of the meeting. The 
intimation that the government of India 
' would trt^at with displeasure any attempt of 
the amir*:? rivals to rekindle civil war wa* 
b}' some regarded as going too far» and by 
others as not going far enough ; but the pr^ 
valent view was that good had been done, 
and that Shir Ali had n^turned to Cabul 
' well satisfied with the result of bis visit. 

On the general f|uestion of the attitude of 

I t h e 1 trit t t^h gov eriim en 1 1 o wa rcl s t h e adjoinin g 

foreign states, Lord Miiyo held that while 

j British interests and inllueiice in Asia were 

I best secured by a ptdicy of non-interference 

I in the affairs of such states, we could not 

' safely maintain 'a Thibet i an pdiey* in the 

1 East^ but must endeavour to exercise over 

I our neighbours Hhat moral infiuence which 

is inseparable from the true interests of the 

I strongest power in Asia.* Regarding Kussin^ 

' he considered that she was not *sufiiciently 

aware of our power; that we are established» 

compact, and strong, whilst she is exactly thfr 

reverse, and that it is the very feeling of oiir 

enonnous power that justifies us iu assumiog^ 




Bourke 



23 



Bourke 



that passive policy which, though it ma^ he 
carried occasionally too far, is perhaps right 
in principle.' But while entertaining these 
views, he hy no means agreed with the ex- 
treme supporters of the ' masterly inactivity ' 
policy. Writing on this suhject little more 
than a month hefore his death, he said : * I 
have frequently laid down what I helieve 
to he the cardinal points of Anglo-Indian 
policy. They may be sumnted up in a few 
words. We should establish with our fron- 
tier states of Khelat, Afj^hanistan, Yarkand, 
Nipal, and Burma, intimate relations of 
friendship ; we should make them feel that 
though we are all-powerful, we desire to sup- 
port their nationality; that when necessity 
arises, we might assist them with money, 
arms, and even perhaps, in certain eventuali- 
ties, with men. We could thus create in 
them outworks of our empire, and, assuring 
them that the days of annexation are past, 
make them know that they have everything 
to gain and nothing to lose by endeavouring 
to deserve our favour and support. Further, 
we should strenuously oppose any attempt 
to neutralise those territories in the European 
sense, or to sanction or invite the interference 
of any European power in their affairs.' 

Another point upon which Lord Mayo felt 
very strongly was the necessity of checking 
the tendency to aggression on tne part of the 
Persian government. He consiaered that 
'the establishment by Persia of a frontier 
conterminous with that of the British empire 
in India would be an event most deeply to be 
deplored,' and,with aview to the more effectual 
prevention of any such designs, he urged in 
a despatch to the secretary of state, which 
was dratted just before his death, that the 
British mission at Teheran should be trans- 
ferred to the control of the secretary of state , 
for India. It may here be mentioned that the 
appointment, with the consent of the govern- ' 
ments of Persia and Afghanistan, of a com- 1 
mission, to delimitate the boundary between 
Persia and the Afghan province of Seistan, 
which prevented war between the two coun- ' 
tries, was one of the latest of Lord Mayo's 
acts. i 

Another question which engaged much of 
the viceroy's attention was that of punitory ! 
expeditions against the savage tribes inhabit- I 
ing various tracts on the frontier. To such 
expeditions Lord Mayo was extremely averse, I 
except under circumstances of absolute ne- 
cessity. The Lushai expedition, which took 
place in the last year of nis government, was 
rendered necessary by the repeated inroads 
of the tribe of that name upon the Cachar 
teaplantations. 

With the feudatory states within the 



borders of India Lord Mayo's relations were 
of the happiest kind. Scrupulously abstain- 
ing from needless interference, but never 
tolerating oppression or misgovemment, he 
laboured to convince the princes of India 
that it was the sifacere desire of the British 
government to enable them to govern their 
states in such a manner as to secure the 
prosperity of their people and to maintain 
their own just rights. With this view he 
encouraged the establishment of colleges for 
the education of the sons of the chiefs and 
nobles in the native states. The Mayo Col- 
lege at Ajmir and the Rajkum&r College in 
Kathiawar were the result of his eftorts. 
Another measure which he contemplated 
was the amalgamation, many years Wore 
advocated by Sir John Malcolm, of the 
Central India and Rajputana agencies under 
a high officer of the crown, with the status 
of a lieutenant-governor. 

When Lord Mayo took charge of the go- 
vernment of India, the condition of the 
finances was not satisfactory. Lord Mayo 
dealt vigorously with the situation. By re- 
ductions of expenditure on public works and 
other branches of the civil administration, 
by increasing the salt duties in Madras and 
Bombay, and by raising the income-tax in the 
middle of the financial year, he converted 
the anticipated deficit into a small surplus, 
and by otner measures he so improved the 
position, that the three following years pre- 
sented an aggregate surplus of nearly six 
millions. Among the measures last referred 
to were the reduction of the military expen- 
diture by nearly half a million without any 
diminution in the numerical strength of the 
army, and the transfer to the local govern- 
ments of financial responsibility for certain 
civil departments, with a slightly reduced 
allotment from imperial funds, and with 
power to transfer certain items of charge to 
local taxation. For many years over-cen- 
tralisation had been one of the difficulties 
of Indian administration. The relations of 
the supreme government and some of the 
local governments were altogether inhar- 
monious, and there was no stimulus to avoid 
waste or to develope the public revenues in 
order to increase the local means of improve- 
ment. This policy, commonly described as 
the * decentralisation policy,' has been tho- 
roughly successful, and has since been ex- 
tended by Lord Mayo's successors. 

Another financial reform suggested by 
Lawrence, and carried into effect by Mayo, 
was that of constructing extensions of the 
railway system by means of funds borrowed 
by the government, in supersession of the 
plan of entrusting such works to private 



companies with interest ^uiiranteed by the 
atftte. A further economy under this head, 
for which Mflyc/s gt>vRnim<nit was solely re- 
sponsible, was effect^sd by adopting^ a narrow 
I gauge of three feet three inches for the new 
|«tAt« reilwayt*. To public works g-enerally 
Mayo devoted a considerable portion of hia 
time. He took charge pergouully of the 
public works dciiartmenl of the government 
in addition to the forei^i department. He 
etfeettid larg^e ^avinjLj^s in the construction of 
I bnrracke^ and eudenvoured to economisie the 
expenditure on irri^iition by enforcing pro- 
vincial and hx-fil respoosibilitv. The ques- 
tion of providrng adequate defences for ihe 
principal Indian ports engaged his early and 
nnxious attention. He took great infere*<t 
in ligricnilfural reform, constituting a new 
depart ment of the secretariat for ogricu I ture, 
revenue* and commerce. He pBssed a land- 
improvement act, and an act In facilitate by 
means of govern men t loans wtirks of puidic 
utility in towns, nie decision that the per- 
manent settlement of the land revenue U]K>n 
the {*yttteni established by Lord Cornwallis in 
Bengal should not Ix? e.\ tended to other pro- 
vinces was miiiidy due to him. While not 
opposed to a perm mi en t settlement of the 
land TOTenue, he considered that it should l^e 
upon the basis, nctt of a fixed money payment, 
but of an as^e^^sniMiit fixed with reference to 
the produce of the land. Although under 
the stress of tinancial difficulties he tempo- 
rarilv rained the income-tax in his first year 
of ol^ce, the result of his inquiries wus that 
lie discarded it as a tax uusuited to India. 
The equalisation of the salt duties through- 
out India, and the abolition of the iiihmd 
preventive line^ were measures which lie had 
much at lieart* He advocated the develop- 
ment of primary education, and .«.ug^este<;l 
special measures for promoting the edui-ation 
of the Muhammadan papulation. During 
the three years of his VM>'rovalty lie saw 
more of the lerritory under his rule than 
had been seen by nny of his predecessors. 
The distiincea which he traveEed over in his 
official capacity during this period exceeded 
20,CX)0 miles. ^ 

In the midst f>f these uaeful and devoted 
liibours Lord Mayo was suddenly struck 
do-nil by tile hand of an assa.Hsiii on *he occ^i- 
fiion of a vi.^it of otlicial ins|}ection to the 
nenal settlemenf of Port Hhiir on H Feb. 
\H7*2. The intelligence of his death was re- 
ceived with the dee]R^st sorrow by all classes 
throughout India nnd in England, The queen 
bore testimony in langunge of touching sym- 
pathy to the extent of the calamity which had 
' so suddenly dejtrtved all classes of her sub- 
jects in Iml'm of the able, vigilant, and impar- 



tial rule of one who so faithfully represented 
her as viceroy of her Ea.sfern empire/ The 
»ecTet«ry of state, in an official despatch ad* 
dreased to the government of India, described 
the late governor-general as a statesman whose 
exertions * to promote the interests of her ma- 
jesty's Indian subjects,* and to * conduct with 
justice and consideration the relations of the 
queen's goveniment with the native princes 
and states,' had be<m 'marked with great 
success,' and had not been surjmssed by the 
most zealous laliours of Emy of his most dis- 
tinguished predecessors at the head of the 
government of India .' Lord Mayo had nearly 
completed his fiftieth year at the time of Im 
deatb. He left a widow, foursonsj and two 
daughters. 

[HunterV Life of the Earl of Mjiyo, L(.mdoD« 
1875; a Mimito by Sir John Strachey on the 
admin istrjititm of the Eiirl of Mayo ujt Viceroy 
and Goveraor-Jientfral of India, dated 3') April 
1872 ; Eeeordn. of the India Office; Th« Fintuices 
and Public Works of India, 1869-81, by Sir J, 
Stracliey, *T.C.S.Lt and Lieiitenant-geueral K. 
Stmi'hey, F.R.S,, London, 1882; private papers; 
per,Hoiial rt^ewUections.] A. J. A. 

BOURMAN, ROBERT. [See Bore- 
man.] 

BOUBI^^, NICHOLAS, [See BuKJTB.] 

I 

BOURN, SAMUEL, the elder (lf54S- 
17MM» dissenting minimi er, was born in 1648 
at Herby, where his father and j^udfather, 
wlio were clothiers, had sbowii some public 
spirit ill providiiijii^ the town with a water sup- 
pi v. Hisraotlier*sbrotherwt!s Robert Seddon^ 
who, haviTi|r reeeive<'l pre.sbyteri an ordination 
on 14 June U!o4, Wcam*' minister at Gorton, 
Lancashire, and then at Lan^'^ley, Derby shire, 
where he was sileneetl in 160:3. Seddon sent 
JViurn toKnimanneH-olIefie^ whieh helet>in 

I Ui72, Histutorw as Samuel Rieiiardfwjn, who 
taught him that there is no distinction between 
grace and moral right eonsnes^s^ and that swlva- 

I tion is dependent njion the mo nil state. It 

; does not aispfar thsit he areepted this view ; 
hia tht^olop- was always ("alvinistic, und he 

I lamented the detlect ions from thiit system in 
his time, thoiifrh he was no heresy-hunter. 
Leaving Cambridge wirliout a degree, being 
unwilling to suWcrilie, lloum taught in ti 
school at Herby. He then becu me chaplain 
to Lady Hatton. Going to live with an aunt 
I^mni in I^rndfw»he was ordained there. In 
1679 l>r, Sniiiuel Annesley*s intliience gained 
him the pastoral charge of the ] Presbyterian 
congregation at Calne, Wiltsiiire, which be 
held for sixteen yearw, declining overtures 
from Ihith, Durham, and Lincoln, Seddon ♦ 
who^ after 1688, preached at Rolton, Lanca- 



'" ' 



^ 



akire, on his death-bed in 1695Teconunended 
Bo um as b i» *« I icc^i«i8or tbere. Bourn removed 
thither in lti95, and though at first not well 
received by the whole congrepatictii, he de- 
clined the inducement of u larger ^jilury offered 
bj the Calne people to tempt him back, and 
graduiilly won the love of hU bis liolton flock. 
For him the new met-t ing-hou.se I licensed 
3iJSept. 1696) wDui bnilt on the ground given 
br his uncle. He originated, and after a time 
entirely supjiorted, a charity school for twenty 
px>r chddren. Hi?* sti})end was very meiigre, 
though when plewding for the wants of others 
be wo^ knoTs-n as * the best beggar in Bolton.* 
By will he left 20/, a« an additionjil endow- 
ment \o the Monday lecture, IIijs (Mmstitu- 
tion broke «ome time before hiw death » which 
occwm?don 4 March 1719. On hits deathbed, 
in answer to Lis frien<l Jeremiuh Aldred 
(d. I729)t min lifter of Manton» he erophati- 
eallv eJtpreseed hiet j^itisfact inn with the non- 
jst position he had adopted. Ilis fune- 
, wai* preached (from 2 Kinffs ii. 3) 
by Ws son Samuel [^ee below], who bad al- 
ready Ijeen appointed to pre^ich a funeral ser- 
mnti (or 11 raemVx^r of his father s flock, and 
d-iw^hari^ed the double duty, Rrown married 
the daughter of Getirge Scort'WTeth, ejected 
from St. Peter*8, Lincoln, and had ?even 
children. Hia eldest son Joseph died on 
17 June 1701 in his twenty-Hrr^t your; his 
Toun^efit sons, Daniel and Abraham^ had 
died rn infancy in April 1701 ; hie Avidow 
aurvived him several years. Ijoiuti j»rinte<l 
notiiing, but hi* son Samuel ]iiiWisihed: 
* Severnl Sermon* preachetl by the late liev, 
Mr* Samuel Bourn of Bolton, Lane.,' 1722, 
i<yo (two seta of sermons from 1 John iii. 2, 3, 
'On * The transforming vision of Christ in the 
fntureBtate/ &c.), adding' the funeral sermon, 
And a brief memoir by ^\'iUiam Tf>nf*; (Y>, 1 15452, 
<i,21 March 1727), and dedicating the volume 
to a relative, Madam Hacker of Duffield. 
He jpeaka of his !>ither «,s a jri^eat preacher, 
a gt)«-)d pa,stor, a |food etcholar, and an honest, 
upright man. A portrait jirefixed to the 
volume ghows a .strong countenance; Bouni 
wears gown and bnndii, and his flowing hair 
is confined by a akuU-cap, 

[PulmerB Xooconf, Memorial (1802), i. 411 ; 
^ ^Toulmin'a Mem. of Bev, .Samuel lk»um, 1808 
(au <L»fldly arrangrd ffl4jpcboti»e of tliBi*cDting 
^bJMgmphy); March'*' Hist. Pretbyt, aod Gen. i 
, Char^hes in Vk\st of Eni?l. (18 35), pp. 56, [ 
linker ti Jfonconformity in Boltua, 1854.] 

A. G. 

^BOURN. SAMUEL, the younger (im9- 
1754), dj$«enting minister^ second son of 
^ ttuel Bourn the elder [q. vj^ was bi>rn in 
^ at Calne, Wiltshire. He was taught 



clas*tic»at Bolton, and trained for the minietrj 
in the Muuchesteracademy of John Chorlton 
and James Uoniugham, M. A. His first settle- 
ment wiis at Crook» near Kendal, in 171 1, 
I where he E'ave him^^elf to study. He carried 
' with htm nis fatlier*s theologj-, but seems to 
have attained at Manchester the latest de- 
velopment of the nonsubscribing idea, for at 
his ordination be declined subncription, not 
from particular frcruples, but on general prin- 
I ciples; hence many of the neighbouring mi- 
nisters refused 1o concur in ordaining him, 
j Toulmin snys *the received standard of or- 
, thodoxy ' which wan proflered to him waa the 
assembly s catechit^m. In 1719, when the 
Sa Iters' Hall conference had made the Trini- 
tarian contni\ersy a burning tiue,«ftion among 
dissenters, Bourn, hitherto* aprofeftsed Atha- 
nasiau/ addressed himself to the perusal of 
Clarke and Water! and, and accepted the 
Clarkean scheme. While at CrooK, Bourn 
dedicated a child (probably of baptist pa- 
rentage) without buptism, according to a 
form piven by T'Uilmm. In 17:fO Bourn suc- 
ceeded Henr>- Winder (rf, 9 Aug. 175*2) at 
Tnnh^y, near Wigan. He declined in 1725 
a call to the neighbouring congregation of 
Bark I^ne, but accepted a coll (dated 29 Dec. 
1727) to the *new chapel at Chorley.' On 
7 May 1731 Bourn wa.H chosen one of the 
Monday lecturers at Bolton, a poht which he 
held along with his Chorley pastorale. On 
19 A]>nl \7Z2 Bourn preached the opening 
sermon at the Xi^w Meeting, which replaced 
the l^iwer Meeting, Birmingham, and on 21 
and 2fi April he wascalled to be colleague with 
Thomas Picliard in the joint charge of this 
congregation and a larger one at Coaeley, 
where he was to rej^ide. He began this minis- 
try oji 2o June. He was harassed by .Fohn 
^^^^rd, J.R, of StHlgley Park {MJ\ f.Vr New- 
can (blunder- Lyne, aftejTvards sixtli Baron 
Ward, iiiid first Viscount Ihidley and Ward), 
wlio sought to comjiel liim to tal<e and 
maintain a jjarish apiprenttce. Bourn twice 
appealed to the t|uarter sessions, and jdeaded 
his own caus*^' succ^'*tKfully. Sub8ei|uently„ 
on lo Dec. 17*38, Ward and anotlur justice 
tried to remove him frtiui 8edgley pariah 
to his last legal settlement, <jn the pretext 
that he was likely to l>ecome chargeable. 
Toulmin prints liis veiy spirited reply* After 
Pickard's death, bis colL'a^'ue was Samuel 
Blyth, M.D. Bouni had a warm temper, and 
wai« not avei-fte to controversy ; was in hia ele- 
ment in reix'lling a field-pi'eacher, or attack- 
ing f|uakers in tiieir own meeting-house, and 
with ditliculty was held back by his friend 
(Jrtnn from replying on the spot to the doc- 
trinal confession of a young indepentlent 
minister, who was being' ordained at the New 



3 



Bourn 



Bourn. 



Meeting, lent for tbe occasion. He engaged in 
corresjjoiulonce on t he * Logos * ( 1 740-:^ ) with 
Doddndpe (printed in Thmti, Itepoj^, voL i.) ; 
on Bti Inscription (174^) with the Kidder- 
minster disi*enter8 ; on dissent (1746) with 
Groom e, vietir of Sedg-lev. In his catecheti- 
cal insf ructions^ fourified on rJie n^senibly's 
catechism, he nsed thut mamia! rather vl^ a 
point of departure than as a model of doc- 
trine. Although he had a gn-^at name for 
heterodoxy, his preaching was seldom no- 
llemieal, bnt full of unetirm, as were his 
prayers. In 1751 lloiim declined a caU to 
Biicceed John Buck (d. H July 1750) in his 
father g congregation at B<jltoii. He died nt 
Coseley of paralysis on 22 March 1754, His 
person was smali, slight, and active; his 
rfilance keen ; in dress be was somewliat neg- 
'Iigent. He married while at Crook (ahoiit 
171:^) Hannah Harrison {d, I7ti8)» of a good 
family near Kendal. Sho hore him nine 
children : 1. Joseph, honi 171*i; educated at 
Glasgow; minister fet nt Congleton, then 
at Hindley (I74*i); miirried (174H) Mibs 
Famwurtb (//, 17H5); dird 17 hVh. 17ti5 ; his 
eldest daughter Margiiret married Samuel 
Jones (//. 17 March 18 19 1, the Manchester 
banker, uncle of the first J^>rd (herstone. 
2. Bamuel [see behjwi. »1 Ahraham, surgeon at 
Market Harborough, Leicest*.T, and Liverfiool; 
author of pamphlets (* Free and Candid Con- 
si dem (ions/ Jtc, 177)5, and 'A Review of the 
Argainent/&c.. 175ti) in r+^ply to Peter Whit- 
field, a leiinied Liverpool printer antl sugar- 
refu\er^ wiio left the dissenters and vigorously 
attacked their orthodoxy. 4, Benjamin, a 
-Xondon bookseller, author of 'A Sure Guide to 
^Hell^ (anon. K 175<J,and Buppieim-nt ; h*_* pulj- 
lishefl some of his fathers pieces. 5. Daniel, 
^'ho built at Leominster wlmt is said to have 
l>een the first cotton mill erected in Enghind, 
an enteq>riae wrecked by a hre. ti. Miles, a 
mercer at Dndlev, 7, John ; died under age. 
Two others died young. lk)uni's publica- 
tions were : I . ' The Young Chri.stian's Prayer 
Book,' &c., 173*^ ; 1?ik1 ed. I hi hi in, with preface 
by John Leland,IKl). : 3rd ed. enlarged, 1742; 
4th and be.st edition, 1748. 2, *An Intrn- 
dnctionto the History of the Inquisition,' ttc* 
(anon.), 1735. 3, * Popery a Cratt, and Popiah 
Priests the chief t>rftftsmen/ 1735, 8vo (ii 
Fifth of November sermon on Acts xix. 25, re- 
printed in * A Cordial for Low Spirits* edited 
by Thomas Gordon, L'nd ed. 17(>^i, edite<l 
by Hev. Kichiird Baron. 4, * An Addresis 
to Protestant l>i '^sent ers ; or an Inquiry into 
the grounds of their attachment to the As- 
aembly*s Catechism . . , being a calm examina- 
tion of the sixth answer . , . by a Prot. Dis- 
senter* (iinon.), I73tl 5. * A Dialogue hetw. 
a Baj^tist and a Churchman ; occasioned by 



the Baptists opening a new Meeting-Hou 
for reviving old Calvim^tical doctrine* 
f^prending Antinomian and other errors, at' 
Birmingham,' *)tc. Part I. by *a consistejit 
I Protestant ' (anon.), 1737; Part XL by 'ac?on- 
sistent Christian' (anon/), 1739. 6* 'The 
Chri-Hiian Family Prayer Hook,' &c,, with a 
recommendation by Isaac Watt^, D.D., 17*^ 
j (frequently reprinted with additions. A pre- 
I fixed * Address to Heads of Families on Family 
I Religion' was rey>ri nted by Rev. John Kentish. 
I 1803), 7. * Address to the Congregation of 
Prot. Dissenters . . . at the Castle Grate in 
Xottingham,'&c., by n Prot. Dissenter (anon.), 
17i38 ( in vindication of No. 4, which had been 
at tricked by Kev. James Sloss, of Notting- 
I ham). 8. *■ Lectures to Children and Young 
People . , . consisting of Three Catechism* 
' . . . with a prt-face,' \:c., 1738 (prefixed is a 
recommendation by Revs. John Motters- 
I head, Jos i ah Rogerson, Henry Grove ^Tliomaa 
Amorv, D.D. [q. v.], Snmiiel Chandler, D.D,^ 
and George Benson, D.D. \q. y.\ whom lioarn 
describes as his intimate triend ; apjiended is 
the revisinn of the »u4seml»ly'a catechism, by 
James Strong, minii^terat Ilminster; 2nded. 
1739 ; 3rd ed. 1 74H ( wit h title, • Religious Edn- 
I cjition,' &c.); the third catechism of the set 
was re-edited bv Job iJrton as * A Siinimnry 
' of Doctrinal and Practical Religion.* 9. *Tht* 
True Christian Way of Striving for the Faith 
of the lios]>el,* 1738, 8vo {sermon, on Phil, i, 
27, 2H, ftt the Dudley double lecture, i3 May ). 
nX * Remarks on a pretendetl Answer* to the 
last pi*»ce (anon,), 17^iti>- IL * The Christian 
Catechism,* ^c. (anon.), 1744 tintendetl us a 
1 preaenative against l>eism). 1:?. * Address ' 
i in services nt ortlination of Job lh"ton on 
I 18 Sept. 1745 at Shrewsburv' (a charge, from 
I 1 The^s. ii. 10). 13. ' ThelVoteMaut Cate- 
I ehism,' &c. (anon.), 1746. 14. ^The Protes- 
tant Dissenters* Catechism . . . by a lover of 
I truth and liberty' (anon.), 1747. 15. * An 
I Answer to the Remarks of an unknown 
, Clergyman * on the foregoing (anon.), 174^ 
(annexed is a letter from a l^nidon dissenter 
on kneeling at the Lord*s ISiipjjer). 16, *A 
new Call to the Cnennverted* (anon.) 1754, 
H\o (four sermons on Ezek. xxxiii. if). 
17» (]>ostbumous) * Twenty Sermons on tb» 
most serious and practical subjects of the 
Christian Religion,* 1755, 8vo; :?nd ed, 1757. 
Tiuilmiu prints selections from his cateche* 
tical lectures on scripture historj% and de- 
scriV>es the manuwript of a projected work 
' on 'The Scriptures «>f the tiT, digested under 
proper heads . . . nccorcling to the method of 
br. (TJistrell, bishop of Chester,* &c. 

[Blyth's Fun. Serin, for Rev. S, Roara, 1754 ; 

Touhuin's Jkni. of Kev. .Samuel Bourn, 18t»8; 

J Turner's Lires of Eniment I'uitariaas, ?oh ii» 



Bourn 



27 



Bourn 



1843 ; TwamleVs Hist, of Dudley Castle (1867), 
p. 53; Pickards Brief Hist, of Congleton Uni- 
tfiriaD Chspel, 1883; Baker's Memorials of a 
Dissenting Chapel (Cross Street, Manchester), 
1884.1 A. G. 

BOURN, SAMUEL (1714-1796), dis- 
senting minister, second son of Samuel 
Bourn the younger^q. v.], was bom in 1714 at 
Crook near Kendal, and educated at Stand 
grammar school and Glasgow University, 
where he studied under Hutcheson and Sim- 
son. In 1742 he settled in the ministry at 
Rivington, Lancashire,- where he enjoyed 
the friendship of Hugh, fifteenth Lord Wil- 
loughby of Parham, who lived at Shaw Place, 
near Rivington, and was the representative 
of the last of the presbyterian noble families. 
Bourn was not oraained till some years after 
his settlement. He then made a lengthy 
declaration (printed by Toulmin) deling 
with the duties of the ministry and allowing 
no doctrine or duty except those taught in 
the New Testament. Bourn lived partly at 
Leicester Mills, a wooded vale near Riving- 
ton, and partly at Bolton. He does not seem 
to have taken very kindly to Rivington at 
the outset, for his father writes to his son 
Abraham at Chowbent on 13 Feb. 1742-43, 
* I am afraid your brother Samuel is too im- 
patient under his lot, and would have ad- 
vancement before God sees he is fit for it, or 
it for him.' In 1762 the publication of his 
first sermon led to overtures from the presby- 
terian congregation at Norwich, and in 1754, 
apparently after the death of the senior mini- 
ster, Peter Finch ( 1 66 1 - 1754), Bourn became 
the colleague of John Taylor. The Norwich 
presbyterians had laid tlie first stone of a 
new meeting-house on 25 Feb. 1754. When 
Bourn came to them they were worshipping 
in Little St. Marj-'s, an ancient edifice, then 
and still held by trustees for the Walloon or 
French protestants. On 12 May 1756 was 
opened the new building, the Octagon Chapel, 
described in the following year by John 
Wesley {Joufnals^ iii. 315). Not long after 
Bourn' lost 1,(XX)/., which he had risked in 
his brother Daniel's cotton mill, and in 1758 
he travelled about to obtain subscriptions 
for two volumes of sermons. He placed the 
manuscript in the hands of Samuel Chand- 
ler, D.D., of the Old Jewry. In one of these 
sermons Bourn had espoused the doctrine of 
the annihilation of the wicked, but being in 
London in 1759, he heard Chandler charac- 
terise in a sermon the annihilation doctrine 
as 'utterly inconsistent with the christian 
scheme.' Deeming this a personal attack, 
he vainly sought to draw Chandler into a 
controversy by a published letter. His ser- 



mons, when published, produced a contro* 
versy with John Mason (1706-1763). The 
point in discussion was the resurrection of the 
flesh. Mason's (affirmative) part in the con- 
troversy will be found in his 'Christian 
Morals,' 2 vols. 1761. Bourn's opposite view 
is defended in an appetidix to ms sermons- 
on the Parables. Bourn's reputation as a 
preacher was due to the force, and sometimes 
the solemn pathos, of his written style, and 
to the strength of his argumentative matter. 
Amon^ those brought up under his ministry 
was Sir James Eawara Smith, founder of 
the Linnean Society. Like his fkther. Bourn 
rested in the Christology of Dr. Clarke. He 
was no optimist ; he devoted a powerful dis- 
course to the theme that no g^at improve- 
ment in the moral state of mankind is prac- 
ticable by any means whatsoever (vol. i. 1760, 
No. 14). W^hen, in 1757, Dr. Tajrlor left Nor- 
wich to fill the divinity chair in Warring- 
ton Academy, Bourn obtained as colleaffues 
first John Hoyle, and afterwards Robert 
Alderson, subsequently a lawyer, and father 
of Sir E. H. Alderson [q. v.], who, when 
Bourn became incapable of work, had to- 
discharge the whole duty, and was accord- 
ingly ordained on 13 Sept. 1775. Bourn 
was a favourite with the local clergy of the 
establishment. Samuel Parr took him to 
Cambridge, and speaks of him as 'a mas- 
terly writer, a profound thinker, and the 
intimate friend of Dr. Parr at Norwich' 
{Bibl Parr, p. 704). When his health failed, 
and he was retiring to Thorpe on a pro- 
perty of 60/. a year, it is said by Toulmin. 
(ana repeated by Field) that Dr. Mann, 
bishop of Cork, who was visiting Norwich,, 
offered him a sinecure preferment of 300/. a. 
year if he chose to conform. He declined, 
to the admiration of Parr, who did his best 

Srivately to assist his * noncon. friend.' Bourn 
ied in Norwich on 24 Sept. 179(3, and was 
buried (27 Sept.) in the graveyard of the 
Octagon Chapel. Late in life he married, 
but left no family. He published: 1. * The 
Rise, Progress, Corruption, and Declension 
of the Christian Religion,' &c. (anon.), 1752, 
4to (sermon fn)m Mark iv. 80, before the Lan- 
cashire provincial assembly at Manchester, 
12 May 1752). 2. *A Letter to the Kev. 
Samuel Chandler, D.D., concerning the 
Christian Doctrine of Future Punishment,^ 
1759, 8vo (afterwards added to the second 
edition of his sermons, and reprinted by Ri- 
chard Baron [q. v.] in ' The Pillars of Priest- 
craft and Ortnodoxy shaken,' 1768, vol. iii.) 
3. * A Series of Discourses on the Principles 
and Evidences of Natural Religion and the 
Christian Revelation,' &c. 1760, 2 vols. 8va 
(the 2nd vol. has a different title-page). 



Bourn 



Bourne 



4. 'Diucourses on the P&rablea of our Saviour/ 
1764, 2 vols, 8vo. 5. * Fifty Sermons on 
various Subjects, Criticnlj Pliilosophieal, and 
Moral,* Xorwicli, 1777, -' vols, 8vo, Toulmin 
mentions a manuscript ' History of the lle- 
bTews/ which Uotini hfid partly prepared for 
the pr»?ss, 

[Toulmiti** Mem. of Rev. Sjvmoel Bourn, 1808 ; 
V'wUU Meiii. of Parr, 1828, i, ! 39-141 ; Tiijlor 8 
Hist, of OcUigorj Chapel, Norwich, 1848; tomli- 
stone Jit Norwich.] A, G. 

BOXTBN, THOMAS (1771-1832), c^m- 
piler^ was btim in Hackney on 19 April 1771, 
and in conjunction with his fatlier-in-law^ 
Mn Williiun liutler, I lie author of various 
works fyf the iiiKtructinn of the young, he 
became a teiicht'r of wriling und g^eo^raphy 
in ladies* schiwls. His death iX'CurrecJ at his 
ltoiu»f in Mare Stre*?t^ Ilnckney^ on iKJ Aug. 
1 83i\ 1 1 e ]H I bl i sih»M I *■ A I Vmc Ise Gale 1 1 eer of 
the mast It^^mjirkable Places in the World; 
with referericew to the priucipal hititorical 
events aud lunst celehmted jiersonsconnectcHi 
with them/ London, 1807, 8vo, iJrd edit. 
1822. I 

[Gpot. Uf^, di. 207: Riog. Diet, of Living \ 
Authot-H{ 181fl),34; Wtttr'- Bibl Brit.; E. Evaui's 
Cat of Eiigmvud Port raits, laoOo.] T, C. 

BOURN, WILLIAM (JL 1 562-1 5S2), 
[See Bocit}*!:,] 

BOURNE, GILUEKT (d. 156t)), hlshop I 
of iJathand Well-*, the wm o{ Pliilip I^>urue 
of Wor^egtersliire, entered tlie univer?*itv 
of Oxfurd in 1524, and was a lelinw uf All 
Soula* College in 1531, *and in the yt*Ar \ 
after he proceeded in art.-*, being tben e^ 
teeni€*d a good orator and diK|uitaut * ( Wuoii'a 
Atheme Clmn. (Bli^s), ii. Wi*j). In hVH he 
WHH made ruie of the prebendaries of the 
kings new fouudatinn at ^^■o^ce.ste^i in 1545 
Lo reeeived a prebend rd" St. PaulV Catlie- 
dral, and took rtnntlier preljcnd in its jdace 
in 1548; in 1547 lie wns i>ructor lor therlergy 
of the diocej*e of Londou ; nnd in 1549 he 
became reotor of IFigh *>ngar in Essex, and 
artdideacon of Bedford. lie is described, 
probably in error, by Foxe and Wood an 
Hrchdeacon of Eswex and Middlesex, and by 
Godwin as arcdidencnn of Ljndou. He be- 
came chaplain to Bi^bojn Bonner in the reign 
of Henry VllI, and p ren eh ed against heretics 
(Wood and Foxe). His ]>re ferments prove 
thill he ID list have com])lied with the roll- 

fioiis eiianges of the reign of I>dward VI. 
n spite, however, of this eomphtince, he did 
not desert his patron,fr>r he stofnl by Bonner 
during the hearing of his appeal in 1549. 
On the aece:ssion of Miiry he acted as one of , 
the delegates for Don nerV restitution, and on 



13 Aug. of the same year 0553) iireached ft J 
sermon at Paul** Croaa jtistifying the conduc 
of the hisliop, and enlarging on his suflerin 
in the Marsfialsea. His heurers, enraged j 
the tone of his discourse, niised a hubbubJ 
and a dagger was thr<jT^Ti at the nreachet-i 
The weajwm mis.sed its aim, and Bradford 
and Rogers, who were j>opular with the Lon- 
doners, led him out of t lie tumult, and put 
him in safety within the door of the gnim-1 
mar school. Three days after this Bradlord 
wtis arrested. On being brought to trial the 
next year, Bradford was accused of having 
exciteil the pefiple to make this disturbance. 
He pleadtHl the help he had given to Bourne, 
but that was not allowed to profit him 
(FoxE, Act«, ^c; HBrLiN, Hl»(. Jif/orm.; 
Btrnkt, IftJit, Reform.) As Bourne's uncle, 
Sir John Bourne, was princiiMil secretary of 
stiite, his advancement in t!ie church was cer-^ 
tain. Accorthngly he was electetl bishop < 
Bath and Wells on 2fl March 1554 in the 
phice of Burlow, who w»is deprived of his 
otfire. Ill* was conserrated on 1 April along 
with five others, and received the temjxirali-] 
ties of his see on 20 April. He received] 
from the queen the officje of warden of tho] 
Welsh marches. As bishop he was zealoua ' 
in restoring the old order of the church. Im- 
metliately after his consecration he coramis- 
sioued Cottrel, his viciir-genenil, to deprive 
and punish * all in lioly orders keeping in 
adulterous embraees women upon show of 
feigned and pretensed matrimony : * and * mar- 
ried laics who in tiretence and under colour 
of priestly orders had rashly and unlawfully 
mingled themsehes in ecclesiastical rights, 
and bad obtained ^f<"yflfr^ojMirisli churches, to 
deprive and remove from the said churches and 
dignities, and those so convicted to .separate 
anti divorce from their women or their wives, 
or rather concubines, and to enjoin salutary 
and wortliy jxenancos, as well to the same 
clerks as to the women for such crimes* 
{STKYrE, Eccl. Mem, iii. i.) Accordingly 
no les.^ than eighty-two cases of deprivation, 
and an unusually large numljer of resigna- 
tions, appear in tlie Register of this Viishop. 
Bourne was much emploved in the proceeu- 
inga taken against heretics. In April 1554 
he took part in the disputation held with 
Crunnier, Latimer, and Ridley at Oxford, 
and at dilTerent dates acted on commissions 
for the trial o( Bishop Hooper, Dr. Taylor, 
Tomkins, and Philpot. In these procee^lings, 
however, he always did what he could for the 
prisoners, clieckiiig Bonner's violence, and 
earnestly exhorting them to save themselves 
by recantation. Proofs of this unwilling- 
ness to allow men to suffer may be found in 
Foxe, wiio records the repeated endeavours 



Bourne 



29 



Bourne 



he DUftde to induce Mantel (1554) to save 
himself, the api>Bal he made to TomkLiis 
(1556), and the interruplion he made when 
Bonner wiis about to pass sentence on Phil- 
pot eomewhat eagerly (1555)* In hi* own 
diocese it doee uot appear that any one waa 
put to death for religions o|)inioiis. The im- 
prisonment of two derka m uoticeil in hia 
Kegiater under 11 April 1554, and in 1656 
a certain Ricliard Lufth waa condemned and 
sentenced to be committed to the sheriSs. A 
certificate of this condemnation was sent by 
the bisho^) to the king and queen, but as not 
even Foxe has been able to find any record 
of Lush's martyrdom {Acts and Mon, viii. 
378), it may be taken for granted that he was 
not put to death. Zealous then as he was 
for his own religion, Bourne saved Somerset 
from any share in the Marian persecution. 
He did all that lay in his power to regain 
some of the possessions of which his church 
had been robbed in the late reign, and suc- 
ceeded in obtaining such as had fallen into 
the hands of the crown. Banwell was re- 
gained for the bishopric, and Long Sutton 
and Dulverton for the chapter of Wells. He 
sent his proxy to the first parliament of Eliza- 
beth in 1658. The next year he and other 
disaffected bishops were summoned to appear 
before the queen, possibly in convocation, and 
were bidden to drive all Romish worship out 
of their dioceses. He was one of the bishops 
appointed by the queen for the consecration 
of Matthew Parker; but the commission 
failed, probably through the unwillingness of 
those nominated to carry it out. Bourne re- 
fused to take the oathis of supremacy and 
allegiance, and with six other bishops was 
committ^ to the Tower. The recusant 
bishops were treated with indulgence, and 
allowed to eat together at two tables. AV^hen 
the plague visited London in 1562, they were 
removeS from the Tower for fear of infection. 
Bourne was committed to the keeping of Bul- 
lingham, bishop of Lincoln, and dwelt with 
him as a kind of involuntary guest. He was 
an inmate of his household in 1565, and in 
that year seems to have stayed for a while in 
London. He was also kept by Dean Carey 
of Exeter. He died at Silverton in Devon- 
shire on 10 Sept. 1569, and was buried there 
on the south side of the altar. Such pro- 
perty as he had he left to his brother, Richard 
Bourne of Wiveliscombe. ' He was,' Fuller 
says, * a zealous papist, yet of a good nature, 
well deserving of his cathedral.' 

[Strype's Annals, i. i. 82, 211, 220, 248, 11. ii. 
51 ; EccleBiastical Memorials, iii. i. 180, 286, 
827, 362 ; Memorials of Abp. Cranmer, 469 ; Life 
of Abp. Parker, i. 106, 172. 282 (8vo ed.) ; Foxe's 
Acts and Monuments, ▼, vi, vii, viii passim (ed. 



1846); Hoylin'* Hist, of B^furmntioti, 286 (ed. 
1674) ; FuUei-'B Church Hiatorj. iL 449, it. ISO. 
367 (ed. Brewer) ; Burnet'* Hist, of Eeforraa- 
tion ; Kichols*Ji Nan^tivf^a of the Reformn^tion, 
142, 28 7t Oamden Society; Wood s AtheniBOxon. 
(ed, Blifis), 11. 80d ; Lb Keve's Fnnti ; Godwio. 
Be Pf^psaUkm f 1742), p. S8S ; CasA^n'^ Lives of 
the Binhops of Bath and Wfllla, i. 462 ; Btmrne** 
Kegister, MS. Wells.] W, H. 

BOUBNE, HENRY (16116-17^1), anti* 
quary, was bom at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 
1696. He was the son of Thomas Bourne, a 
tailor, and was intended for the calling of a 
glazier. His talents, however, attracted the- 
attention of some friends, through whose of- 
fices he was released from his apprenticeship 
and sent to resume his education at the New- 
castle grammar school. He was admitted a 
sizar of Christ College, Cambridge, in 1717,. 
under the tuition of tne Rev. Thomas Ather- 
ton, a fellow-townsman. He graduated B.A. 
in 1720 and M.A. in 1724, and received the 
appointment of curate of All Hallows Church, 
Newcastle, where he remained until his death 
, on 16 Feb. 1733. 

In 1725 he published * Antiquitates Vul- 
gares, or the Antiquities of the Common 
I Feople, giving an account of their opinions 
, and ceremonies.' This was republished, with 
j additions by Brand, in 1777 m his * Popular 
I Antiquities,' and forms the groundwork of the 
later labours of Sir Henry Ellis and W. C. 
I Hazlitt. In 1727 he issued ' The Harmony 
j and Agreement of the Collects, Epistles, ana 
I Gospels, as they stand in the Book of Com- 
mon Prayer for the Sundays throughout the 
Year.* He also wrote a history of his native 
' town, which was left in an unfinished state 
at his death, but was afterwards published 
1 by his widow and children in a folio volume 
in 1736, under the title of < The History of 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, or the Ancient and 
Present State of that Town.' 

[Adamson's Scholae Novocastrensis Alumni > 
I p. 13 ; Brand's Hist, of Newcastle, 1789, preface; 
I Allibone's Dictionnry.] C. W. S. 

BOURNE, HUGH (1772-1852), founder 

I of the primitive methodists, son of Joseph 

. Bourne, farmer and wheelwright, by his wife 

j Ellen, daughter of Mr. Steele, was bom at 

1 Fordhays Farm, in the parish of Stoke-upon- 

I Trent, 3 April 1772, and, after some educa- 

; tion at Werrin^on and Bucknall, worked 

with his father in his business. The family 

' removed to Bemersley, in the parish of Nor- 

; ton-in-the-Moors, in 1788, and Bourne then 

took employment under his uncle, William 

Sharratt, a millwright and engineer at Milton. 

He had so far been carefully brought up by 

a pious mother, and in June 1799 joined the 



Bourne 



Bourne 



Weiiley^i methodists^ soon after becjime a 
local pri^Qclier, and in 1802 biiilr, ehietiy at 
his own expense, a chtipt'l ut Ilarrisehead. 
In imitaticm of tlie ramp meetings for preach- 
mg and ftllowshin, which had been tlie means 
Lof njviving relij^ion in Americii, Bonnie, in 
' •company with bis Vfrotber James, William 
Clowes [q. v.], and others, held a camp 
meeting oo the mountain at Mowcop, near 
Harrisehead^ on Snnduy, 31 May 1?^7, Tbe 
meetinjtr commenced at six in tbe morning, 
and prayer, praise, and preaching were con- 
tinued Vint if eight at night. This success- 
ful revival was ilie first of many held in 
that part of tbe country. The >\'esleyan 
methodi^t conference at the meeting at Li- 
verpo<d on 27 July 1807 passed a resolution 
proteBtingagainstsncli gatheringH^ Tlie camp 
meetings were, however, continued, and on 
27 June 1808 Bourne was, in what seems to 
have beeTi an illegal manner, exjjelled from 
tbe Wesleyan Methodist Society by ibe 
Burslem circuit '.s quarterly meeting?; but be 
shll continued to raise societies here and 
there, recommending them to join the Wes- 
leyan circuits, and im yet entertained no idea 
of organising n L^eparate community. But t be 
Wesleyanaiilbontiefl remained hostile^ and a 
I-disrupt ion was the consequence. On 1 4 March 
18 10 tbe first class of the new community was 
formed a t Standley , nearBemerKley. Quarterly 
tickets were intrwluced in tbe following year, 
and tbe first general meeting of tlie society was 
held at l\in stall on 2ii J uly I ^ 1 1 . The name 
Primitive Methodist » implying a desire to 
restore met hod ism to its primitive simplicity, 
was finjilly adopted ou l*i Feb. 1812, but the 
opponents of tbe movement often called tbe 
people by the name of rantern. The first 
annua! conference was held at Hull in May 
1820j and adetnl noil of the primitive luetho- 
dist^ vtruA enrolled in the court of chancery 
on 10 Feb* Ih;^0. Bonnie and his brother 
purcbased bind imd built the first chapel of 
the iww connexion at l^nnstall in 1811. 
After the foundation iiiul settlement of the 
society Bourne made many journeys to Scot- 
land and Ireland, for the purpose of enrolling 
recruits in the new sect. During 1844-fi he 
tm veiled in the United States of America, 
where he obtained large congregations. He 
lived to 6ee primitive metbodism with 1,400 
Sunday schools, 5,300 chapels, and 1 lO.CKX) 
(^enrolled members, and died from a mortil3- 
ntion of his foot ut Bemersleyi Staffordshire, 
on 11 Oct, 1852, aged 80 years and six montlis^ 
and was bui'ied at Enjrlesea Brook, Cheshire. 
He wai*, in common with many preacliers and 
members of tbe primitive methodist church, 
n rigid absitainer. For tbe greater part of his 
life he worked aa a cai^nter and builderj ao 



as not to become chargeable to the denomi- 
nation, and it was not until he had reached 
his seventieth year that he was placed on the 
superannuation fund. He was the author 
of: 1. * Observations nn Camp Meetings, 
with an Account of a Cinip Meeting held at 
Mow, near Harrisehead,' 1807. 2. 'The 
Great Scripture Cat ecbis^m, compiled for Nor- 
ton and Harrisebead Sunday Schools,' 1807. 
S. ' Remark B on tbe Ministry of Women/ 
1808. 4. * A Cieneral Collection of Hymns 
and Spiritual Songs for Camp Meetings and 
Revivals,' 1809. 5, * History of the Primi- 
tive Methodist; 1823. 6. *'a Treatise on 
Baptism,' 1823. 7. * Large Hymn Book for 
the u«e of the Primitive Methodists,' 1825. 
8, * The Primitive Metbodistt Magazine,' 
1824, which he edited for about twenty 
years. 

[Walford^s Memotre of H. Bourne, 1855, with 
portrait; PeUy's Primitive Methodist Connexion, 
\SQ4, with portriiit ; Antbfl's Funenil Semion on 
H. Boiime, 1852; Simpson's lie collect ions* of 
U. Bourne, 1859.] G. C. B. 

BOUKNE, TMMAM EL (ir,P0-1673). 
divine, burn on 27 l>ec. lolilO, \\'as the eldest 
son of the Rev. Henry Bourne, -who was 
vicar of Ea.st Had don » Northamptonsihire, 
from \ri9t} till his death in BJ49 (jlKinflES^s 
Narfhmnptoijjihire/i. 506), He wm educated 
at Cbrii^t Chureb, (Jxford, and proceedfxl 
B.A. 21* Jiuk lull -li* and M.A. 12 June 
1616. Stjou itfterwartla he ^as appointed 
preacher at St. Cbri-stoplter's Church, I^n- 
don, by the rt*otor^ Dr. Willium Piera^ a 
canon of Christ Church. Bourne found a 
I patron in Sir Samuel Trv'on, an inhabitant 
of the ]>urish of St. Chri.sropber,and he dates 
one of his Bermimn — ^Tbe True Way of a 
Christian '—'from my 8tudy at Sir Samuel 
Tryon's in the ptiri^h of St. Christophers, 
-Vpril 1022,' In 1U22 be received the living 
of Ashhover, Derbysbiri^, where he exlxibited 
Htrong sym[>atby with the puritans. In 
1642, on t!ie outbresik of the civil war» his 
njK^n part ifian.s hip with tbe presbvteriana 
compeHed him to leave Atihhover tor Ixin- 
don. There he w^as appointed preacher at 
St, SepidchreV Church, and about l^ioO he 
became rector of ^\'altharaH:>n-tlie-AVnlds, 
Leicestershire, wliere be engiiged in eontnv 
vetfiy with the miakers and anabaptists. He 
(Hmfonned at the Ueiftorutinn, andon 12 March 
HWiiUrO wUvS nominated to tlie rectory of 
Aylestone, Leicestershire^ where he died on 
27 Dec. 1679. He \vas buried in the chancel 
of the church. 

Ikmme^s w^orks were; 1. * The Hainbow, 
Sermon nt St. Panrs Cross, 10 June ltil7, 
on Gen. ix. 13/ London, 1017 ; dedicated to 



Bourne 



Rob*rt> first BiiroiiSpenc«r of Wormleij^hton* 
2. * The Of^Uv Man's Guide^ on James iv. 13/ 
London, 1620. S. * Tbe True Way of a 
C^ri^ian to the New Jf ruAulem ... on 2 Cor. 
\\ 17,' lj<5ndon» 1622. 4. * Anatomy of Con- 
acienc^/ AsgLze Sermon at Derbv^ on Rev, 
XX. 11. London, 1023. 5, *A Lijc^ht from 
Ohri?*t leading itnto CJhrist, br the Star of 
Hi* Word : or, a Divine DirLH?torv for S<?lf- 
examinrttton and Prt^priration for the Jjord's 
Supper,' L*»ndon* llU»i» 8vo. An edition, 
with a shtrbtly altered title-pag<>, ftp|Mr^ared 
ID ItMU. li, * Defend* of Scriptures/ to which 
wa§ aild*^ a * Vindication of the Honour 
due to the Ma^i?trate«» Ministers, and 
others/ London, 16o(5. This work daacribea 
a di^pwtatjon betwe<?n clerprmen and Jam«g 
Nayler, the quaker. Bourne's argument 
iM^inst th<? qnaker wim answered by George 
Fox in 'The Great Mvsterv of tliw Great 
Whore unfolded/ 1659, 7, * Defence and Jus- 
t ideation of Ministers" Maintenance by Tithes, 
and of Infant Baptism, Humane Leaminp, 
and llie Sword of the Magistrate, in a reply 
to a p*p**r by aome Anabaptists ^ent to Ini, 
Bourne,' to which was added ^ Animnd ver- 
sions upon iln th. Peritwms [Pttrsi^nsl great 
caae of tithe*/ London, 1059. R. ' A <^5ld 
Chain of Directions with 20 Gold Link.^ of 
Lovi* to preserve Love firm iK^ween Hns- 
[Ijand antJ Wife/ bmdon, 1669. Only the 
I "Worki^ markrd 1, 3, and 4 in this list are in 
the British Museum Library. 

t^^^oods Athftue f^xotn (Bli^). iii. 977-d ; 
' ' i. 842, 366 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.] 

S. L. L. 

BOUBNE. XEHEMIAH (J, lfS49^ 
1662), admiral, in hi* earlier days appa- 
T>?ntly a mercliant and 8hi|K>wner, served in 
th« Jl«rliamentar^' army during the civil 
war, and on tlie remodelling of the deet after 
^Slfttlen'K *ece.HKion, having then the rank nf 
or, was appointed to the com m find of the 
aker, a ship of the second rate. As cap- 
tain of the Speaker he wa^^ for two veara 
LCOiatnandcr-in-chief on thecoairt of Scotland, 
, in 8eptemJ>er 1651 carried the Scottish 
rd^. n^2iilia, and insignia taken in Stir^ 
London, for which Kervice.* he 
»"ived a gold medal of the value 
^diU, lii liio2 he wui« captain of tlie An- 
I drew, and in May was senior olticer in the 
T><>wn?«, wearing a Hag by special authoritv 
from Klake, when, on the I8th, the Diitcli 
under Trf>mp anchored off Dover. It 
I thu« Bourne who etent, both to the coun- 
! of state and to Blake, the intimiition of 
Tromp'i* pre*4enco on the cou^^t* and who 
eommande<J that divinioa of the fleet which 
Itad 80 import imt a tibare in the action of 



19 May [see Blake, Hobert]. Without 
knowletlge of the battle, the council had 
alreaily on the 19th appointed Bourne rear- 
admiral of the fleet, a rank which lie held 
during the whole of that year, and com- 
mimded in the third post in the Ijiiirln near 
the Kentish Knock on 28 Se]»t. Hot iifter 
the rude check sustained bv Blake off 
Dungene^s on 30 Nov., it was found nece^ 
sarv' to have e^ime well-skilled and trust- 
worthy man a» commissioner on **hore to 
sujierinttmd and pu«h for^vard the t*quipmeiit 
and manning of the fle*^t8. To this of Bee 
Bourne wa* ftppointed, and he continued to 
hold and exercii+e it not only during the rest 
of the Dutch wiir» hut to the end of the pro- 
tectorate. In tluK work he was indrfuTtgable, 
and in a memorial to the admimlty, 1 8 Sept. 
1653, claimed, by his ei>ecial knowledge, to 
have saved hundreds of pf>undtt in buving 
maj$ts and deala ; frnrn which we may ptrrhaps 
ftRrttime that he hud formerly been engai^ed in 
the Baltic trade. Nor wa^s he biickward in 
representing bin merits to the admiralty ; and 
iilthouph he wrote on 13 Oct. B1j3, that hi» 
modei*ty did not suit the present a^r, it did 
not prevent him iVom quaintly nr^on^ hia 
claims both to jxicuniar^' rt»vvard ami to 
honourable distinct inn. Tins hisl , he t*ay8^ 
I 13 April l<1o3, Mvould give som*' counte- 
nance and quirken the work. I ask for the 
sake of the Kervice* for I am pa^^t such toys 
as to be tickled with a fejither.' 

After the ltei*toration, being unwilling to 
accept the new order of things, be emigrated 
to America ; the la.st that is known of him is 
the pa^ i*ermitting him Mo transport him- 
self and family into any of tlie phtntations ' 
(May 16*12). 'On 3 April imi} the secretary 
of the admiralty wrote to a Major Bourne in 
Abchuivh Lane, dei^irjng him to attend the 
boani, who wished * to diwourse him al>out 
some biwineas rt*lating to their majestieH' 
service ; ' and on 28 .lime 16tH) i% Xt^hemiah 
Bourne was appointed captain of the Mon- 
mont b ( Arfm iralty MttniteH ). If t his wruj the 
old puritan, he must lta\'e lieen of a very ad- 
vanced a^e : it may more jirobatdy have been 
a son. In either cii^ie be apparently ret^iised 
to take up the ii]*pointment, for on 9 July 
another captain was appointed in his stead. 

[Calendars of Sut« PaparR, Dom. l(J51-62.] 

J.K.L. 

BOURNE, REUBEN (/. 1692), dra- 
matist, i>elon^ed to the Middle Temple, and 
left behind him n solitary and fe*dj!e comedy 
which hiis never been acted. The title of 
this is 'The Contented Cuckold, or Woman'a 
Advocate/ 4to, 1692. Its scene is Ivlmonton, 
and the principal eharacter,SirPeterLovejoy, 



: 



i 



Bourne 



3^ 



Bourne 



contends that u cuckold is one of the scarceat 
of created beings. 

[Geneit's History of the Stage; Baker, Roed, 
and Jono»'ii Biograpbia Dramatica,] J. K, 

BOURNE, FvOliEFlT, M.D. (17(n-18:!9), 
professor of medicine, wii^ l)orn iit Sliniwley, 
Worcestersliire, and educated at liroiHsgTOv«.% 
wlience he was electa scholar of Worc«i*ter 
College, Oxffird, tmd became a fellow of that 
lociety. He praceeded B.A. in 1781, M,A. 
in 1784, M.lt, in \7HH, and in 17H7 took the 
degree of M.D. and waa elected physician to 
the Radcliffe Infirmary at Oxford. In 1790 
he hecam^i a ft4low of the lioyal Collej^e of 
Phy<*icii*ns> la 1794 he wns appointed 
rfjader of chemiJitry at Oxford, in l80-i pro- 
fessor of physic, and in I8::f4 of clinical mty- 
dicine. He died at Oxfonl on 1>S Dee. 1829. 
A inonunai<^nt was erected to him in the chapel 
of his college. His published works are: 
1. * An Introductory Lectum to a Course of 
Chemis^try,' 1797. 2. 'Cases of Pulmonary 
Consumption treated with Uva ursi,' 1805. 

[Muak'i Coll of Phys. (1878). n. 401.] 

BOURNE, VIXCENT( 1095 -1747), Latin 
poet, 6011 of Andivw Bourne, was born in 
1095, and admitted on the foundiition of 
Westminster School in 1 7 1 0. I le wais elected 
to a schokrahiii at Trinity College, Cam- 
bridge^ on 27 May 1714, proceeded B.A. in 
1717, became a fellow of his college in 1720, 
and commenced M.A. in 1721. Un Addi- 
son's recovery in 1717 from an attack of ill- 
ness^ Bonrne addre.^sed to liim a i!opy of 
congnituhitory Latin verses. In 1721 he 
edited a collection of ^ Carmina Comitiatia/ 
which contains, amon*^ the * Miacellauea' at 
the end, some verses of his own. On h aving 
Cambridge he became a master at W^^st min- 
ster School, and continued to hold tins a|)- 
{^oint meat unt i I his death. In 1 7 34 he p u b- 
ished his * Poeniata, Latine partiin reddita, 
partim script a,* with a dedication to the 
tluke of Newcastle, and in Xovember of the 
same year he was appointed houBekeeper and 
deputy sergeant-at-arma to the House of 
Commons. A second edition of his poema 
appeared in 1735, and a third iHiition, with 
an appendix of 112 pages, in 1743. Cowper, 
who was a pupil of Bourne*8at Westminster, 
and who translated several of his pieces into 
English verse, says (in a letter to the Rev. 
John Newton dated 10 May 1781) : * I love 
the memory of Vinny Buurne. I think him 
better Latin poet than Tibullns, Proper- 
tius, Ausonius, or any of the writers in his 
way except Ovid, and not at all inferior to 
him.' Landor remarks on this judgment ol' 
Cowpar'a: *Mirnm nt perijeram, ne dicam 



8tolide,judicavertt poet a ptene inter summon 
uomiaandus * (Pt'^wirt/rt t^t LiMcription&i, ed, 
1847, p. 3tM3). Charles Lamb wa^^ a warm 
admirer of Fiourne. In hla 'Complaint of 
the i^ecay of Beggars' he inserted a trans- 
lation of the ' Epitaphinm in Canem,' together 
with the Latin original ; and in one of hi^ 
letters to Wordsworth, written in 1815, there^ 
is a charming criticism of Bourne's poem«, 
which he had then been reading for the first 
time : * What a sweet, unpretending, pretty- 
mannered, matffrful creat are ! Sucking from 
every tlower, making a tiower of everything t 
His diction all Latin, and his thoughts all 
English I' A special favourite with Lamb 
waa * Cantatrice,H,' a copy of verses on the 
ballad-singers of the Seven Dials. Among 
Lamb's miscellaneous poems are nine trans- 
lations from the Latin of Vincent Bourne. 
The charm of RHHime';. poems lies not ao 
much in the elegance of hlw Latinity (though 
that isconsiderable) as in his genial f^ptimism 
and homely touches of t^uiet pathos. He 
had quick sympathy for his fellow-men^ and 
loving tenderness towards all domestic ani* 
mals. His epitaphs, particularly the * Epi- 
taphinm in septem nnnorum puellulam/ are 
models of simplicity and grace. Bourne a 
little volume of Latin verst's wOl keep hia 
memory fragrant and his fame secure when 
many whose claims were more pretentious 
are forgotten. He was a man of peaceful 
temperament, content to pa.'ss his life in in- 
dolent repose. As a teacher he wanted 
energy, and he was a very lax disciplinarian. 
Cowper, in one of his letters to Roae (dated 
30 Nov. 1 788), says that he was &o inatten- 
tive to his pupils, and so inditlerent whether 
they brought him good or bad exercise*, that 
*he seemed determined, as he was the bent, 
so to be the last, Latin poet of the West^ 
minster line.* In another letter Cowper 
writes: * I lost mor*» than I got by him; for 
lie made me as idle a.s himself/ He was 
particularly noted for the slovenliness of his 
attire. Cowper relates tbnt he remembered 
seeing the Duke of Richmond * set fire to hi* 
greasy locks, and box hi» ears to put it out 
again.^ It is said that the Duke of New- 
castle offered him valuable ecclesiastical pre- 
ferment, and that he declined the offer from 
conscientious motives. In a letter to his 
wife, written shortly before his death, he 
says: *I own and declare that the import- 
ance of so great charge [i.e. entering into 
holy orders], joined with a mistrust of my 
own sulliciency, made me fearfid of nnder- 
taking it : if I have not in that capacity 
assisted in the .salvation of souls, I have not 
been the means of losing any ; if I have not 
brought reputation to the limction by any 



Bourr 



33 



Bourne 




naent of mine, I hiiTe the comfort of this 
Tvdection — I have given no acandftl to it by 
my meanness und tin worthiness/ Bourne 
died on 2 Dec, 1747^ imd was buried at 
Fulham, He had written his own epitaph : 
'Pietatifi ginceras eummfleque humilitatiw^ 
nee Dei tiaqaam immemor nee sui, in silen- 
tinm cruod amavit descendit V. B/ From 
his win we le&m that he had a son who w^a^i 
A Ueutctnant in the marines. A careful edi- 
^^tion of Boume^e pocans, with a memoir by 
^Htlie Her. John Mjtmrd^ was published in 1840. 

^V [Soathey'A Life and Worlts of Cowper, iii, 220, 
^MT. 97-8, ru 201 ; Welch's Alumni Weittnionaj»- 
VierianMo, ed. 1852, jpp. 252, 264 ; NichoU's 
literary Ane<?dotw» yiii, 428 n, ; KichoWs Lite- 
I mirj Hittsttationi, vii. 656-7; Aikin's Ltfe of 
^■^^■pofi^ ii. 214; Bourne's PoematA, ed. Mit- 
^^^1840.] A. H. B. 

V BOURNE or BOURN, WILLIAM (A 
^^ 15S3), mathemat ician, was t he 6on of William 
Boitnie of Gmve9«?nd, who died 15<X). Tlie 
t mention of tbe mathematician is in 
t charter of incorporation of Gravesend, 
ed :iif July 15*32, where he appears on the 
>f jurats of the town. His name i^ also 
.ted in the same capacity in the second 
sr, mnted 5 June 1568. It is worthy of 
•k Uiftt the only records of the meaiiureis 
taken for the regulation of the tradt^s of the 
town under the authority of the second charter 
are in the handwriting of Bourne. In one of 
the presentments of a jury, touching- the olfiee 
of clerk of the market, drawn up by him in 
a tabular form, 15 March 1571, he records his 
own name as Mr. Bourne, port re ve, one of 
fourteen of the * Innholders and Tiplers that 
were amerced for selling Beer and .fVle in 
Pot« of Stone and Cans not being quarts full 
measure* (Cruden, p. 208). The fine in- 
flicted upon Bourne wns * vi**.' This Ber\^es 
to show that, according to the practice of the 
he engaged in businegs as an inu- 
per. In * A note of all the inhabitants, 
eaat [i.e. resident] and dwelling in the 
WrialiMof Gravesena and Milton the 20th 
oept< 1572-3; his name appears once more as 
on© of thejurata, and aa naving paid tor his 
* iWlom oi the Merc*: rs* Com pun)- (Cbltdek, 
'~K In the dedicatinu of bis * Treasure 
T Trareilers ' to Sir William Winter, he 
rit«d: *I have most largely tasted of your 
towards me being as a /toore 
nng under your worlliines«/ In 
lu. cap. 9 of the? same work he describes 
himnelf as b«;ing * neither Naujieger or Shij)- 
GaqM*nter^ neither usuall Seaman/ From 
theae paasagea it is clear that he was not a 
i^aman by profession ; as the offices of his 
ptttfDn werte of a general nature, not to be dis- 

TOL, TI. 





charged at sea, it may he that Bourne served 
under him on shore, perhaps as one of the 
gunners of Gravesend oulwark, which he ha6 
delineated and rti furred to in more thim one 
of his works. The*e, from internal evidence, 
appear to have been written iit Gravesend, 
his native town- He wrote : L ' An Alma-* 
nacke and prognostication for lii yeres, with 
serten Rules of na-vigation,' 1567 (AjasER, u 
336). 2. * An Almanacke and prognostica- 
tion for iii years , . . now newly added vnto 
my late rules of navigation that was printed 
iiii years past. Practised at Gravesend, for 
the meridian of London by William Bourne, 
student of the mathematical sciences/ T, 
Purfoot, imp. 1571 (Ajies, 99*5). 3. * An 
Almanacke for ten yeares bt'ginning at the 
yeare 1581, with certaine neces^arie Rules,' 
R Watkius with J. Roberts, imp* 1580 
(Ames, 1025). 4. ' A Regiment of the Sea : 
conteyning . . , Rules, Mathematical experi- 
ences, and perfect Knowledge of Navigntion 
for all Coastes and Count revs: most need full 
and necessarie for 4ill Seafaring Men and 
Travellers, as Pilots, Mariner!^, MerchiintH, 
v*tc./ T. Dawson and T. Gardyner lor lohn 
Wi^ht, imp. [1573]. It is dedicated to the 
Earl of Lmcoln, lord high admiral, whose 
arms are given in his flag flying at the maintop 
of a large ship-of-waron the title-ptige. This 
work^ by which Bourne is best known, passed 
through several editions, viz., 1580, pos- 
thumous 1584, 1587, 1592 (corrected by T. 
Hood), L59*3, and 1(343. 5. ' \ b«x>ke called 
the Treasure for Traveilers, divided into five 
Bookes or partes, conte}TJ3^ng very necessary 
matters, for all aortes of Travail ers, eyther by 
Sea or Lande,* Thomas Woodcocke, imp. 
1578. It is dedicated to *Syr William Win- 
ter, knight, Mai ster of the Queenes Maiesties 
Ordinaunce by Sea, Survaiorof her highnesse 
marine causes,* whose arms and crest are 
gi\'en on verso of the title-page, 0. Another 
edition, under the title of ' A Mate for Mari- 
ners," 1641 (Ckuden, p, 201>K 7. ' The Arte 
of Sliooting in great Ordnance, conteyning 
very necessary matters for all t^ortes ot Ser- 
vitoures, eyther by Sea or by Lande,* Thos. 
Woodcocke, imp. 1 587. It is dedicated to * Lord 
Ambrose Dudley, Earle of Warwick . , . 
Genenill of the Queen*8 Maiesti^s Ordnance 
within her highnesst? Real me and Dominions/ 
Other editions, 15tKJ (Crltden) and lt>43. 
That 1587 is not the date of its composition 
I is certain, as the license for printing was 
I granted to H. Bynnemann 22 July 1578 
(Ames, 9i)2 ; Aeber, 2, 150) ; moreover it la 
referred to in Bourne's next work : 8, * In- 
I ventions or Devises; Very necessary for all 
Generalles and Captaines, or Leaders of men, 
as wel by Sea OS by Land,' Thos. Woodcocke, 



I 



i 



imp, 1578. This is dedicated to * Lorde 
Gliarlefi Ilowiird of Effingham/ Some of 
these deviw^a are of peculiar interest, as they 
flnticipated by nior<^ thiin eighty venrs thf 

* Century of tnventions* by the fiiartjiiis of 
Worcesti^r. No. 21 h «ivippo8ed to be the 
earlit^st mention in our language of a f^hipV 
log and line^ the deviser of which was Hum- 
prey Cole, of the Jlint in the Towt^r. No. 75 
18 a night sipinl or teh^graph, aften^'ards used 
by Captain John 8 m it lit and for which he o\}- 
tftined snch renown. Xo. 110 seems to l>e a 
ciirions anticipation of the tele*icop, ap]>fl- 
rently tjorrowed from the Pantometria by 
Digges (157l),whik some have been brought 
forward as new discoveries at Gravesend 
within the pr»*i*ent century. 

Of Bonme*8 nianuBpript^ three are ex- 
tant : L 'The Property or Qualytyes of 
G laces [ghuHseg]^ Acordyng ^Tito ye Fie vera II 
mackyng pollvchvngie & gryndyng of them' 
(Brit. MuK 'LaiW./ 121 (13k printed by 
HftUiwell-PhillippjiV 2. * A dy-^conrse as 
tochying ye Q. maejiwties Shvpes.^ Brit Mus. 

* Lansd.';21* (20). All doubt as to the author- 
ship is obviated by a reference to h\» * Inven- 
tioni? and devisee * to l>e found in it. 3. A 
manuacript in thrive parts (1) M)f Certayne 
principal! matters belonging vnto great tirtl- 
nance ; ■ (2 ) * Certayne conclusion!* of the ekale 
of the backMJde of the Afitrolahef (3) 'A title 
briefe note howe for to measure plattforraes 
and hr>dyes and bo foorth ^ (Brit. 51 a**. 

* Sloane/ 3<i51 ). Dedicated to I^ird Bijrleigh, 
The .Hubstance of thi*? raaiuiscript m to be 
found in * Shooting in Great Ordnance ^ and 

* Treasure for Traveilerti;' it, however, con- 
tain,s two unpublij^hed drafts in lioume*;^ 
hand : a small one of the Thames and Med- 
way, and another on a larger scale of the 
Thames near Gravesend, with ' plattforme;* ' 
for the defence of the river. A short study 
of his writings serves to show that Bourne 
WM a self-taught genius, who, although he 
had mastered mathematics as then under- 
stond in oil its branches, did not always suc- 
ceed in setting forth his acquired knowledge 
in fairly good Engliish. Km sentiments, as 
expresi-sed in his several addresses to *ye 
gent ell reader,* are as pious as they are pa- 
triotic, tlie litth' incident of the fine not- 
vvithst anding, which aroKe doubtless from the 
negligence of his sen-ants or from preoccu- 
pation. He died 22 March 1582-3, leaving 
B widow and four sons, 

[Tivnner's liibl. Brit., 1748 ; Ames's Typogr. 
Antiq.^ 1785; Hut ton. Math, imd Phi la«*. Diet., 
1815, l 244; Halliwoll-Fhillippa s Kara Mathe- 
maticUp 1 839, p. 32 ; Cnidea'sHist, of (irovesfml, 
1843, pp. 207-12 ; Arbers E^giiter of Companj 
of Stationers, 1875, 4to.] C» H. C* 



iTom 

M 

1 tK<» ' 



I BOUBNE, miJJAM STirRGES- 
(17*39-1840), politician, the only son of the 
I Rev. John SturgeSi D.D., chancellor of the 
I diocese of Winchester, by Judith, daughter 
I of Richard Bourne, of Acton Hall. Worcester, 
I was horn on 7 Nov, 1709. After having 
I been at a private school near Winchester, 
' where he made the acquaintance of Conning, 
he entered the college where he remained as 
a commoner until 1786. In the Michaelmas 
I term of that year he matriculated at ChrLst 
Church, Oxford; and as Carming was at 
the eame house, their fnendehip was re- 
newed and never interrupted. His degrees 
were B.A. 26 June 17SM), M.A. 28 June 
1793, and D.C.L. 15 June 183L He was 
called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn on 23 Nov. 
17r>.3, and entert?d into public life ns member 
for Hastings on 3 Jnly 1798, During his 
parliamentary career he repre^nted many 
const it uencies in turn i Christ church from 
IHJ2 to 1812 and from 1818 to 1826, Bani 
1815-18, Ashburton 182t>-30, and MUbi 
Port 1K3(3-L On the death in 1803 of 
inicle, Francis Bounie, w^ho had asRUjned the 
name of Page, the? bulk of his wealth came 
to Sturge^, coupled with the condition that 
he should assume the name of Bourne. He 
refused the post of under-secret aiy of the 
home department in 1801, hut acted as joint- 
secretary of the treasury from 1804 to 1806, 
and as a lord of the treasnn^ from 1807 to 
1809, when he resigned with Canning. In 
1814 he was created an unpaid commiasioneT 
for Indian affairs, was raised to the privy 
coimcil, and from 1818 to 1822 serv^ed aa a 
salaried commissioner. St urges-Bo u me had 
more than once refused higher office m the 
state; hut on the formation, in April 1827, 
of Canning^a administration he consented to 
hold the seals of the home department. He 
onl^' retained this place until July in the same 
year. When he resigned the home depart- 
niefit in favour of Lonl Lanstlowne, he ac- 
cepted the post of commissioner of woods 
and forests, and retained his seat in the ca- 
binet. In January 1828 he resigned all his 
offices with the exception of the post of lord 
warden of the New Forest, and in Februaiy 
1 83 1 h e ret i red from pa rl iamen t . H is n ame 
is commemoratt*d by an act for the regulation 
of vestries passed in 1818 (rS Geo. Ill, c. 69), 
which is still in force, and is usually called 
after him St urges-Ron rne^s Act. He died at 
Test wood House, near Southampton^ on 1 Feb* 
1845, and was buried at Winchester Cathe- 
dml lie married, on 2 Feb, 1808, Anne, 
third daughter of Oldfield Bowles of North 
Aston, Oxford. His manner was not imprea- 
sive, and his speech was ineffective ; but he 
had much knowledge of public affairs^ and hh 



J 



Boutel 



35 



Boutell 




I 
I 



at were highly valued in the House of 
ons. 

[Genu Mag- (1808). 169, (I84o) pt. i. 433^4. 
) 561 : StAplMon's Canning, iii, 343, 426 ; Return 
I ©I M«nb«r» of Parliameut.} W. P. C, 

BOUTEL, Mbs, (jr. 166a~1696)» actress, 
joltie*!^ c< Hui aft»»r \x^ formation, the compAny at 
Uie Theatre Royal, {aubsequently Drur>' Lane, 
and wai nccortlingly one of tbt* Hrst woirn-n 
to appear on the stage. Her ertfl iesi recorded 
appeanuiee took place preaumjiblv in 16QS or 
10&L, &8 Esttfknia tn < Ktite a Wife and Have 
a Wife/ She remained on the ^ta^e until 
1^>» 'crentinjE:/ among other characters, 
MeUntha in * Marrijige k hi Mode/ Mr^, 
I*inchwife in Wycherley'ii * Country Wife/ 
Fidelia in 'The' Plain Dealer/ Statira in 
/a 'Rival Queens/ Cleopatra in Dry- 
tV ' AU for Love/ and Mrs. Termagant m 
'weire * Squire of Al^atia/ Cibber 
aomewhat ctirioii&ly omits from his * Apology * 
all mention of her name. In the ' History 
of the Bfape * which l)ears the name of Bet- 
tertonf Mrs. Boutel i^ described as a * very 
ooosiderahle actress,' low of stature, witk 
TOT agreeable features, a good complexion, 
a ciiildish look, and a voice which, though 
weak, wns verj- mellow. 'She generally 
acted,* «iayg the ^ame authority, *the young 
innocent lady whom all the heroes are mad 
in love with,' and was a great favourite with 
the town. A well-known atory concerning 
her is thnt^ having in the character of Sta- 
tira obtained from the property-man a veil 
to which Mr«. Barry, the rejire«ientative 
of RoJUina, thought hen^elf entitled, much 
heat of puttfrion wo^ engendered between the 
two actreiiee^, and Mi^. Barry dealt so for- 
cible a blow with a dagger as to pierce 
through Mrs, Boutel's stays, and inflict a 
wound a quarter of an inch in length, 
I)avie<> in his * Dramatic Miscellanies,* vol 
ii, p. 404. ^peaki* of 3lrs. Boutel as * celebra- 
ted f Titler parts in tnigedy such as 
As^K '*Maid*s Tragedy. *"* After the 
union uf lb*,' companies, lt)82, her recorded 
appeaziwces are few. The last took place in 
1696, aa Thomyrii? in 'Cyrus the Great/ 
She appears to have lived in oomfort for 
some years suhsequently. 

fO*tT<*«t « BTisUjry of the Stage ; Domtd's Ilo»- 
^^JU1U9 ; Daries s Dramatic MiMellanies ; 
^ History of the English Stage (ed, 
cuTij^i. 1 741.] J. K. 

BOUTELL, CHARLES (1813-1877), 
arch«ralogifft, bom at St. Mary Pulham, Nor- 
folk, on 1 Aug. 1812, was the son of the 
K-v, Charle.^ Boutell, afterwards rector of 
ligyham. He was B^« 



of St. John's, Cambridge, 18^,- incorporated 
at Trinity College, Oxford, and M,A., 1836 j 
took priest's orders, 1839; and was after- 
wards curate of Hemshy> Norfolk; Sand- 
ridge, Hertfordshire; Hampton, Middle.*ex; 
ana Litcham, Norfolk ; rector of Djwnham 
Market and yicar of St. Mary Magdalen, 
Wiggenshall, Norfolk; and rector of Nor- 
wood, Surrey- His works on archsBology 
and mediseval heraldry are numerous. He 
was secretary of the St. Albans Archite<jtural 
Society, and one of the founders, in 1865, 
of the London and Middlesex Archaeological 
Society, of which he was honorary secretary 
for a few months in 1857, but was dismissed 
under very painful circumstances (iMndon 
and Middlesex Arch, Soc. Trans, \. 209, 
316). His life was one of continuous trouble, 
and at length, after two years of declining 
health, he died of a ruptured heart on 
11 Aug. 1877. 

His antiquarian works are: 1. Descriptive 
and Historical Notices to * lUustrationa of 
the Early Domestic Architecture of Eng^ 
land,^ drawn and arranged by John Britton, 
F.S.A., &c., London, 1840. ' Tliis book is a 
small octavOt with a folding plate nine times 
its size. 2. ' Monumental Brasses and Slabs 
. . . of the Middle Ages, with numerous il- 
lustrations,^ London, 1847, 8vo, pp. 238. 
Consisting of papers read to the St. Albans 
Architectural Society, with lUustrationa. 
3. * Monumental Brasses of England,' de- 
scriptive notices iEustrative of a series of 
wood engravings hj R. B. Utting, London, 
1 849, 8vo. 4. * Christian Monument s in Eng- 
land and Wales from the Era of the Norman 
Conquest,* with numerous illustrations, Lon- 
don, 1849. 5. * A Manual of British Arc ha?o- 
logy,* illustrated by Orlando Je wit t, London, 
1858, 4to, pp. ;i84. 6. * A Manual of He- 
raldry, Historical and Popular,* with 700 
illustrations, London, 1863, 8vo. A second 
edition was called for in two mouths, and 
published as: 7. 'Heraldry, Historical and 
Popular,* with 850 illui^trations, London, 

1863. 8. The third edition, revised and en- 
larged, same title, 976 illustrations, London, 

1864. 9. *The Enamelled Heraldic Shield 
of Wm.de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, 1296, 
from . . . Westminster Ahbey, drawn hy 
Luke Bcrrington^ with descriptive notice by 
Charles Bouttdl, MA./ London, 1864, lar^ 
folio. 10. * English Heraldry,* illustrated, 
London, 1867, 8vo. This is a cheaper ar- 
rangement of his larger work, for the use of 
architects, sculptors, painters, and engravers; 
a fourth edition of it appeared in 1879. 
11. *Arms and Armour In Antiquity and 
the Middle Ages, Also a descriptive notice 
of Modem Weapons, Translated from the 

n2 



Boutflower 



Bouvene 



French of M» P, Lacombe/ iUuatrated^ Lon- 
don, 1874, 8va — preface, notes^ and a chapter 
on English Arms and Armour br BouielL 
12. *AtU and the Artistic Jlanufiiettire# of 
Denmark/ iUuBtrat^^d, London, 1874, large 
4to. 13. * Gold-working ' in * British Manu- 
facturing Industries/ edited bj G. P, Be van, 
F.G.S,, London, 1B76, 8vo, Besides the^e 
antioaarian works he published * The Hero 
and nis Example/ a sermon on the Duke 
of Wellingtons deaths preached at Litchom 
when curate under his in t her, London, 1852, 
8vo; *An Address to District Viaitors/ 
&c,, London, 1854, 8vo ; * A Bible Diction- 
ary . . . Holy Scriptures and Apocrrpha,' 
London, 1871", thick Hvo; mnce republished 
as * Hsvdn'fl BibJe Dictionary,' London^ 1879, 
A work written by hia daughter, Mary E. C. 
Boutell, * Picture Natural Histonr, including 
Zoology, Fosailfi, and Botany,* with upwards 
of 600 illuatrations, London [18439], 4lo, has 
a preface and introduction by him. In the 
* Gentleman's Magfirine,' 1866, he wnrote a 
aeries of articles on * Our Early National 
Portraits/ and many papers of bis on church 
monunienta, beraldrT, &c,, will be found in 
the journals of the AiclMBological Institute 
and ABMJciation. 

[Houteire Works; Lond. and Mid. ArchieoL 
Soc, Trans. voL i. ; Athen»uro, II Aug. 1877.] 

J W.-G. 

BOUTFLOWER, HENRY CRE^YE 

{17941-18(15), Hulj?eiin essayist, wa» the son 
of Jnbn Boutiiower, Hurgvoti, of Salford, and 
waa bom 25 Oct, 1796, He was educated at 
the Manchester grammar school, and in 1815 
entered St. John's CoUege, Cambndge. In 
1816 he jfifained the Hulsean theological prize. 
The degrees of B.A. wnd M, A. were conferred 
on him in 1819 and \&2'2, and lie wiis ordained 
in 1821, when be hi^'ame cunitM at Elmdon 
near Birmingham /ha vintr previouely acted as 
Assistant-master at the Mwuchester grammar 
school. In 1823 he wa^ elected to tlie bead- 
masterahip of the Bury school, Lancashire, 
and in 1832 was presented to the perpetual 
curacy of St. Johu^s Church in that town. 
He was highly respected there as an ahle 
and conscientious clerg^'man and a good 
preacher. The rectory of Elmdon , where he 
first exercised his miuisitrj^ was offered to and 
accepted by him in 1857, and he held it until 
his death, which took place 4 June 1863, while 
on a yisit at We^t Ft^Uon vicarage, Salop. 
He was buried at ElmdoTi. He collected raa- 
terials for a history of Bur}% w!iich be left in 
manuscript. His HiiLseMi prijEe essay, which 
was published in 1817 at Cambridge, was en- 
titled ' The Doctrine of the Atonement agree- 
able to Heason.' He also published a sermon 



on the death of William IV, 1837, and other 
sermons. 

[Manchester School Begister, published by the 
Chatham Societj, iii. ia-15]. W. 0. S. 

BOUVERIE, Sib HENRY FREDE- 
RICK (1783-1852), general, was the third 
son of the Hon. Edward Ik>uverie, of Delapr6 
Abbey, near Northampton, M.P. for Salisbury 
from 1761 to 1775, and for Northampton from 
1790 to 1807, who was the second eon of Sir 
Jacob Bonverie, first Viscount Folke«tone, 
and brotbeT of the first Earl of Radnor. Hen^ 
Frederick was bom on 11 July I7S3. He 
was gazetted an ensign in the 2nd or Cold* 
stream guards on 23 Oct. 1799, and served 
with the brigade of guards under Sir Ralph 
AbercTomby in Egypt. In 1807 he acted aa 
aide-de-camp to the feurl of Ro&slyn at Copen- 
hagen, and in 1809 accompanie<I Sir Arthur 
Wellesley to Portugal in the same capacity, 
and was present at the Douro and at Talayera. 
He acted for a short time as military secretaiy, 
but on bi'ing promoted captain and lieuteaant- 
colonel in June 1810 he gave up his post on 
Lord Wellington's personal staflT, and was 
appointed to tne staff of the army as assistant 
adjutant -general to the fourth diyision. He 
was present at the battles of Salamanca, 
Vittoria, the Niye, and Orthes, and at the 
storming of Son Sebastian, and was PMti- 
cularly mentioned in both Sir Rowland Mill- 8 
and tlie Marfjuis of Wellington's despatches 
for liif* services at the battle of the Niye. 
On the conclusion of thn war he was made an 
extra aide-de-c^imp to the king and a colonel 
in the army in June 1814, and a K»C.B, in 
January 1815. He was promoted majoiv 
genera] in 1825, and was appointed governor 
and coniBiander-in-chjef of the island of Malta 
I on 1 Oct. 1836. His governorship, which he 
retained till June 184Ii, was uneventful, and 
at its clo^»;e be was made a G.C.M.G. He had 
been pronioted lieutenant-general in 16S6, 
appointed colonel of the 97th re^ment in 
1H43, and made a G.C.B, on 6 April 1852. 
Jost as be w&^ preparing to leave liis country 
seat, Woolbi'ding House, near Midhurst in 
Sussex, to attt-nd the funeral of his old com- 
mand yi^ in-chief, the Duke of Wellington, 
apparently in bi^j Ustual health, he suddenly 
fell ill from excitement and Borrow^aiid died 
on U Nov. 1852, 

[Royal Military Calendar; Times, Obituaiy 
Notice. 17 Nov. I8&2.] H. M. a 

BDITVEBIE, WILLL\M PLEYDELL- 
(1779-1809), third Ejlrl Raditob, a distin- 
guished whig politician, wii^^ born in London 
on 11 May 1779, descernled from a Iluguenol 
family which settled in Canterbury in thesiift* 



Bouvef 



37 



Bovey 




centary. He was p&rtly educated in 
, Whea quite a boy be was presented 
XiOuU XVI and Qui:^u Marie Antoinette, 
and he suWqnently witnessed the early 
eoeiies of the French revolut ion. He returned 
to England a staunch advocate of popular 
righto, and entered parliament m 1801 ba 
r^iroaentative for the family borough of 
DowntoOy and boldly ventured into the front 
ranks of opposition. In 1802 he woa re- 
turned for Salisbury, and Mat for that hirough 
Viacount Folkestone until he succeeded to 
e title of Radnor in the year 1828. During 
is lone period he uniformly advocated ad- 
iced liberal principles. He took a leading 
I in the ioapeachment of Lord Melville, 
m proposed mqulry into Welle^ley's al- 
legBd abuse of power in India^ and W ardle'a 
cfaaxgcs againat the Duke of York ; he was 
an active auallant of corporal puniBltment in 
the army, exisetaive uae of ejxfficio informa- 
tion against the pre^s^ attempt «i to exclude 
strsagers from the Houi«e of Commons, en- 
deavoursi to coerce the people in times of 
distreaa, and any process %vhich aimed at 
iting public freedom. He opposed the 
,ty of Amienj*T and the propi:^al to pay Mr. 
,'« debts. He warmly rei<isted the im- 
ition of the com laws in 1815, and in 
the arbitrary coercive measures of Lord 
,£tlereagh. Upon hi* removal to the upper 
Radnor continued his active support 
measures bearing on social ameliora- 
He made two vtgorou.^ but uiiBuecefisful 
vours to promote university reform ^ the 
in 1835, by the introduction of a bill for 
aubseription to the Thirty-nine 
secondly, two years later, with a 
for revisinff the statutes of Oxford and 
.bridge univer»itie«. One of his later par- 
efforts (1845) was to enter a lorda' 
against an Allotment Bill^ which 
itained would strike at the indepen- 
ofthe agricultural labourer and have a 
to lower wages. Radnor offered 
»ugh of Downton to Robert Southey 
^ ^iibsequentlv to Mr. Shaw-Le- 
iig on each occasion that the 
U. .. .^...i vote for its disfranchisement. 
lerer held office. 
RjulnriT LTiijlually withdrew from the scene 
of Li career, and devoted himself 

ai^r I pursuits and to the duties 

I country ^ntleman. He was long as- 
.ated^both m iKjlitical views and on terms 
if private friend^nip, with William Cobbett, 
has been said that he was the only man 
whom Cobbett never quarrelleA Ho 
not prt^tend to be an orator, but be waa 
"^ " ntivelv listened to* Some of his 
Lj £till be read in ^Hanaard^ with 




j considerable interest, notably that of March 

1836 in supptjrt of his proposal to abolish 

i subscription. He died 9 April 1809, at the 

I a^fe of ninety, leaving behind him a name 

I distinguished by unwearied generosity and 

devotion t^ the wtfUare of his countrymen, 

I Radnor marri(*d in IHOO Lady Catherine 

Pelham Clinton, who died in 1804; and 

secondly, in 1814, Judith, daughter of Sir 

Henry Mildmay. 

[Bandom HecoHections of the House of Lords, 
pp. 290-4; Swindon Advertiser, April 12 and 19; 
SalisbuTy and Winchester JournaU April 17; 
Wilts CouDty Miritir, April U ; Times, April 12, 
1869; Cobbett'fi Register, passim; Journal of 
Thomas Kaikes, Esq.. ii, 169, iii. 159; EoroiU/s 
Memoirs, ii. 380, iii. 329; Southey'ti Life and 
Correspondence, v. 261 ; William Cobbett. a 
Biography (1878). ii. 23, 49. 97, 112, 231, 264. 
277.] E. S. 

BOUTER, REYNOLD GIDEON (df. 
1826), archdeacon of Northumberland, was 
educated at Jesus College, Cambridge (LL.I1 
1769); collated to the prebend of Preston 
in the chureb of Sarum, 178o; obtained the 
rectory of Howick and the vicarage of North 
Allertonj with the chapelries of Drorapton 
and Dighton, all in the diocese of Durham; 
was? collated to the archdeaconry of Northmn- 
berlandp 9 Mav 181*2 ; and died, *J0 Jan. 
1826, He published two occasional dis- 
courses, but 18 remembered for the parochial 
libraries wliieh he established at his own 
ex]>ense in Hvery parii^h in Northiimberland. 
They contained upwards of 30,0CKJ volumes, 
which cost him about 1,400/., although he 
was supplied witli them by the Sixiiety for 
the Promotion of Christian Knowledge at 
40 per cent, imder prime cost. These useful 
libraries were placed under the care of the 
parochial mimstei^, and the books were lent 
gpratuitously to the parishioners. 

[Funeral Sermon by W. N. Darnell, B.D., 
Durham. 1826 ; Richardson's Loc»il Hiistorian's 
Tiible Bo<jk (Hist. Div,), iii. 323 ; Graduati 
Cantab. (1866), 43; Lc Neve's Fasti (Hardy), 
ii. 678. iii. 308.] T, C, 

BOVEY or BOEVEY, CATHARINA 

(10tJ9-17:^tV)i charitable lady, was born in 
London in 1689, her father Ijeing John Riches, 
a very wealthy merchant there (Wii^fohd, 
MemorimU of Eminent Persofu^ p. 746, Epi- 
taph), originally of Amsterdam, and her 
mother being a daughter of Sir Bernard de 
Gomme, ako of Holland, surveyor of ortinanoe 
to Charles II, and delineator of the maps of 
Noseby, &c. {NoteA and Caries, 2nd ser. 
ix. 221-2). Cat harina was a great beauty. In 
* The New Atlantis ' of 17aCJ (iii. 208 ct sen. ), 
where she is called Portia, she is describetf as 



J 



* one of those lofty, black, and laatuig beftut ies 
that Btjrike with reverence and yet delight/ 
and in 1684 she w&g married to Wmiiim Bo vej 
or Bo«vey, of Flajdey Ha.ll, Gloucestershire. 
He was given to * excesses, hoth in debauch 
and ill-humour/ brinpn|f much suffering to 
his wife ; she never complained, however, but 
supported it ail * like a martyr, cheerful under 
her very sufferinga' i^^-)' In 1091, when 
Mrs, Bovejr was only twenty-two, Mr. Borey 
died, leaving her mistress of hia estate of 
FlAxley (Mafffut Britannia^ 1720, ii. 6S4); 
and as ahe wa8 also the sole heireas to her 
wealthy father (Ballam), BHtUh Ladies, p. 
4d9),8he waa at once the centre of a crowd of 
wooers. Mrs. l^svey would listen t4> none. 
About 10845 she had formed a strong friend- 
ship with ft Mrs. Mary Pope ; and aeeinff ample 
scop** for a life of active benefactions, me asso- 
ciated Mrs. Fope with her in her good works. 
She di8tribut.ea to the poor, reBered prisoners, 
and taught the children of her neighbours. 
Her gift*!, which included the purchase of an es- 
tate to augment the income of Flaxley Church 
(FoeOBOES, GhucfsterMr€,\i. 177 et fieq.),a 
legacy to Bermuda, and beq uest* to t wo sclicwls 
at Westminster, ore duly enumerated in her 
epitaph at Flaxley. Piirt iculars of her habits, 
and of how she dispensed her charities, ap- 
pear in H. G, Nicholls^s * Forest of Dean,' pp. 
186 et seq. 

In 1702 Dr. Hickes, in iJie preface (p. xlvii) 
to' Linguarum Sept entrionalium Thesaurus/ 
calls Mrs, Bovey *AnglicB nostne Hyjiatia 
Christ iana.- In 1714, Steele prefixed an 
' Epistle Dedicatory ' to her to the second 
volume of the * Ladies' Library/ * Do not 
believe that I have many such as Portia to 
speak of,* said the writer of * Thts New At- 
lantis' (p. 212); and the repute of her happy 
ways imd generous deeds had not died out in 
1807, when Foshroke ( Olouceittrshirejp. 179) 
wrote of her as * a very learned, most exem- 
plarj;, and excellent woman/ She died at 
Flailvy Hall on Saturday, 18 Jan. 1720^ and 
was buried * in a most private manner,* accor- 
ding to her own directions {Gent. Mag, Ixii. 
pty.703). 

A monument was erected to Mrs. Bovey 
in Westminster Abbey, by her friend Mrs. 
Fope, fihortly after her d^atb ; and it was 
there certainly as late as 1750. Ballard, 
who calls it *a l^eautifid honorary marble 
monument/ writes to a friend asking him to 
copy the inscription for him, telling him it 
is on the north side (Nichols, Lit. Illustr. iv. 
22S). It is copied in Balliird^s * Ladies * and 
in Wilford*6 'Memoriak/ there is no men- 
tion of Mrs. Bovey or the moiniinent, how- 
ev€ir, either in Watcott'g * Memorials of West- 
minster/ 1851, or in Stanley's * Westminster 



' he was 
purm^ 
lepd^H 
ar. H^V 



Abbey,' fifth edition, 1882. Mrs. Bovey was 
by some thought to be the widow who was 
inexorable to Sir Roger de Coverley in * The 
Spectator' (6'eiif. Mag. Ixii. pt. iL"703). 

[Wilford's Memorials of Eminent Peraons, 
pp» 745. 746 ; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser, ix. 
22 U2; NicboUs'a Forest of Dean. pp. 185 et 
seq. ; The New Atlantis, ed. 1736, iii. 208 et seq. ; 
Fofibroke's Gloueeetershirf!', 1S07. ii. 177 et seq.; 
Ballard's British Ladies, 437 et seq. ; St«ele'e 
ladies* Library, Preface, 1714 ^ Gent. Mag. 1792, 
Ixii. pL il. 703.1 J. H. 

BOVILL, Sib WILLIAM (1814^1873), 
judge, was a vounger son of Mr. Benjamin Bo- 
vill of Dmm/ord Lod^, Wimbledon* and was 
bom at Allhallows, Barking, on 26 May 1814. 
He waa not a member of any imivereity, but 
be^n his legal career by accepting articles 
with a firm of solicitors in the city of London. 
•At an early age/ says a fellow-pupil, * he wa» 
remarkable fi.>r the xeal with which he pui 
his legal studies/ For a short time he i 
tised as a special pleader below the bar. 
became a member of the Middle Temple, and 
w^aa called to the bar in 184L He joined the 
home circuit, and at a peculiarly favourable 
time. Piatt had already gone, and Serjeants 
Shee and Cbannell, and Bramwell and Luah, 
the then leaders, were all ruised to the bench 
within a few years. Bovill owed something 
to his early connection with solicitors. He 
was also connected with a firm of manufac- 
turers in the eajet end of London, and so be- 
came familiar with the details of engineering* 
Hence lie in time acouired a considerable, 
though far from an exeWsive, patent practice^ 
and was largely engaged in commercial cases. 
Still it wus somewhat remarkable that, almost 
alooe among large city lirma, Messrs. Hol« 
lams, one of the largest, never were clients 
of his. He became a Q.C. in ISoo, and, 
being very popular in his circuit towiL*?, was 
elected M',P, for Guildford in 1857. In poli- 
tics he was a conservative, but did not take 
any leading part in the House of Commons 
for some years. He wa*, however, sealous in 
legal reforms, and two u>eful acts, the Pe- 
tition of Eight Act, 2?j k 1!4 Vict., and the 
Partnership Law Amendment Act, 28 & 
29 Vict., bear his name. In 1865, too, he 
urged the concentration of all the lawcourta 
into one building, and in 18t>6 pressed for more 
convenient and suitable provision for the li- 
brary of the Patent Otiice, On 6 July 1866, 
when Sir Fitzroy Kelly waei made lord chief 
baron, Bovill was apjH)inted solicitor-general 
in Lord I^erby s last ur] ministration ; but he 
held otBce only for five months, and in No- 
vember of the same year succeeded Sir Wil- 
liam Erie as chief justice of the common pleas. 




A few montiis prevtoualy be had been elected 
of the Middle Temple^ but on being 
raiaed to the bench he resigned that office. In 
1870 he was made honorary D.C.L. of Oxford, 
and he was also F.RS. He became moat 
familiar to the public diirinjaf the first Tich- 
bame tri&l, which took place before him. At 
its conclusion he ordere<] the plaintiff to be 
indicted for perjury^ admitting him to burl in 
6,000/, for hmiself and two sureties of 2,500/. 
^h- In January 1873 he was appointed a 
member of the judicature commi8.-*ion ; but 

ling the midland circuit in March he ditl not 
act upon it. For some weeks before hia 
h he was in ill-health, but was thoitght to 
boreoovering when,on 1 Nov.^ he died at noon 
mt hia leaidence, Coombe House, Kingston, 
Survey, for which county he was many years 
a miigifttrate. He was of the best type of the 
ncin*tmiversity judge ; very few were more 
learned, though some might be more ehxjuent ; 
but in advocacy no one at the common law 
bar 9urp&96ed him. At nisi priuii he dii*played 
great force and energy, a great grasp of fiUJt«, 
and a rery acute perception of the true point 
of a cafie. In argument before a court in banc 
he was logical, skilful^ and authoritative. His 
memory and industry were alike great, and 
he was scrupulou.s in attending to all cases 
that he undertook, often returning briefs in 
preference to neglecting them. If not one , 
of the great judges whose tradition is handed 
down for generations, he was unsurpassed in 
liia practical mastery of commercial law. His 
i»iicc««8or, the attorney-general, Sir John Cole- 
ridg»:% »aid of him : * Not a single day parses 
that I do not long for some portion of his great i 
axid \ngorous capacity, and for his remarkable i 
d of the whole field of our great pro- | 
His defect as a judge was a too great , 
dbnfidence tbat he hnd apprt?hendod the i>oint 
and tbe merits of a case at nisi prius before 
hearing the evidence out» but with time he ! 
got rid of it. jVlways pat lyut, courteous, and | 
genial, and very kiutf to junior counsel, he . 
was much lameute<l by the profession. He , 
married in 1844 Maria, eldeat daughter of 
Mr. John Henry B<»lton,of Lee Park, Black- 
heath, by whom he had a large family. Une 
of hia sons he appointed in 1868 clerk of a&- 
alae of the western circuit. 

[Timea, 1 Not. 1873 ; Law Journal, viii. 657, 
tx. %$6 ; Law Biagazine, 2nd ser. xjcii. 362, 3rd 
B*^, ii, 79, 368, iii, 28; Annual Rt^gisler, 1873; 
Hansard, 10 Feb, 1865, » April 1866 ; Qoarterly 
Jicrivw, T. 139, i04, 409.] J. A. H. 

BOVILLirS. [See Buixocx, Heitrt.] 

BOWACK, JOHN (J. 1737), topogra- 
pher» w*as for many years a writing-master 
ftt Westminster SchooL In 1705-0, when 




living in Church Lane, Chelsea, he began to 
publL'^h, in folio numbers, * The Antiquities 
of Middlesex, being a collection of the aeveral 
church monuments in that county : also au 
historical account of each church and parish, 
with the seat!*, vjlla^t's, and name* of the 
most eminent inhabitant's/ Of this work two 
parts appeared, comprising tlie parishes of 
Chelsea, lieiLsington^ FaLhtim, Hammersmith, 
Chiswick, and Acton. A third part wasprcH 
mised, which would have extended through 
Ealing, New Brentford, Isleworth, and Han- 
w^ell ; but from want of encouragement Bo- 
w*ttck proceetled no further. A beautiful 
specimen of his skiU in ornamental liand- 
writing is to be seen in HaHeian MS. 1809, 
a thin vellum book, containing two neat 
drawings in Indian ink, and various kinds of 
English tejct and print hands, which waa 
sent to Lord Oxford in December 1712, witJi 
a letter, wherein the author expre^sses the 
hope that his little work may find a place in 
hia lordi^hip's library. Bowack was appointed 
in July 1732 clerk to the commisstouers of 
the turnpike roads, and in 1737 assistant- 
secretary to the Westminster Bridge com- 
missioners, with & salary of 100/. a year. 
The date of his death appears t^ be un- 
known. 

[Gough's Brit. Topography, i. 337-8 ; Faalk- 
Der*s Cboljlea, i, 161; Gent. Mag. ii, 877, ni, 
615.] G. G. 

BOWATEB, Sir EDWARD 0787- 
1861), lieutenant-general and colonel 40th 
foot, was descended from a respectable Co- 
ventry family t members of which were esta- 
bhshed *in London and at Woolwich during 
the last century. From one of the latter, a 
landowner of considerablt* wealth* t he govern- 
ment purchased most of the free!u)ld sites 
aince occupied by the artillery and other 
barracks, the military r«,*poi^itory grounds, &c*, 
at W^oolwich. Sir Edward "wusilie only son 
of Admiral Edward Bowat*ir, of Hampton 
Court, by his wife Louisa, daughter of Thomas 
Lane and widow of G. E, Hawkins, sergeaut- 
surgeon to King George IIL He was bom 
in St James's Palace on 13 July 1787, edu- 
cated at Harrow, and entered the army in 
1804 as ensign in the 3rd foot guards, with 
which he served in the Peninsula from De- 
cember 1808 to November 1800, in the Penin- 
sula and south of France from December 1811 
to the end of the war, and in tlie WaterlcKi 
campaign. He was pres»3nt nt thi^ passage of 
the Douro, the capture of Oporto, the battles 
of Talavera, Salamanca, and 'N'itioria, the 
sieges of Burgos and Ban Sebastian, the pas- 
sage of the Bidassoa, and the battles of 
Quatre Braa and Waterloo, and was wounded 



; 



Bou'den 



Bovrden 



l^. 'hut -S:-.'> r -^hIj* ziai^ if-* 'i^rrj- 
tLr^ T*jir*' -'Trii^^ 'ux*rkz^ :c. fr:<&jci:t t > 

^/s^^'-js^ M.P. f.;r *^ *rrjf» dSsafr^aecijei 

pr/fi*^ Li* -^i^iTrT. ftzi-i in 1S4»5 b«i fc«ca=>^ 
^T'r^'iE: in w^yia^g in r/riizLijT to the ikiikc 
In l^;l. i- t-ici dfiSJhd ?h*t the Iar*l>ik* 
of Al^A&T. ti^ra A cLIld «izh: T-Ar«cl<L §b:cl-i 
w:ff?r is a w4J3WT cliauticr. it wsi* amc^^id 
tL^r b^ f^AiA prri«:iE««i with Sir Edvmrd aod 
LaHt BowfctrT Mcd tbirir daazhter to the «i:>ata 

of PnUM»r. IMlil'r tbrPr Bowmt^T. wh«e 

h^.*.h had bif:*rn fjalinz. <ii«d At C^uzneiK in 
hi* vrvenry^ourth j-ear, on 14I>ec la61,tke 
d*v of th^^ pnnee con^jrt'd (kftth. 

[Mi^cfcl. G*L- « HenL. new teti*^ ii. 177-S 
Tpe'iisTee; : Hx^rt's Annr lisu , Ann. Bes. 16€2 : 
Oer.t/3lA;r. i*j«2, i. 1»>9; M&Twin's Life of Prince 
Coniort, T. 405, 417.] H. M. C. 

BOWDEX, JOHN (d. 17oOK presbrteriAn 

minUt<;r, i* identified, in AV^ter AVilson's 
mAnuMTipt liat of di««enting icmdemies, with 
the IVjwden who studied under Henry Grove 
at Taunton : but thif is apparently an error. 
Bowden wha nettled at Frome, Someisetshire, 
before 1 700. hb awiftant to Hmnphrey Phil- 
lip«, M.A. (Miencedat Sherborne, iloraetshiie, 
Um, died JT 3Iarch 1707). He became sole 
minister on Philliiifi s death, and the present 
m*Ating-hoa-^ in Rook Lane was built for 
him in 1707. According to Dr. Evans's list 
he had a thoiiAand hearers in 1717. Among 
them wa8 Klizabeth Rowe, the dissenting 
iK>ete«8 and friend of Bishop Ken, whose 
funeral sermon Bowden preached in 1737. 
During the last nine years of his long mi- 
nistrj' IVjwden was assisted successiTely bv 
Alexander Houston (1741), Samuel Blytk 
(1742, r*-moved to Birmingham 1746; see 
BiiCKX, Samuel, 1 689-1754), Samuel Perrott, 
and Jrisiah Corrie (1750), who became his suc- 
cewK»r. There is a tablet to Bowden*s memory 
out.sidethe front of his meeting-house, whicK 
sayH that he died in 1750, and that he was' a 
leam<td man, an eloquent preacher, and a 
considerable poet.' Four lines which follow, 
Ixjginning — 

Tlioagh Mtormft about the good man rise, 
Yet injured virtue mounts the skies, 

are thought by Walter Wilson to indicate 
that he was not Cf^mfortable in his later 
yearn. PerhapH, since liowden is classed with 
the libijral dissenters of the day, the allusion 
may Ix; explained by T. S. James's reference 
to a trinitarian secession from his ministry. 



A wTZ>s IK *Xoce» aod Qnoies* (Srdser. 
IT. 4;SI • f^peafe csf kaving in his po flBenm on 
a lixx^ fpiuL Asjot YerboTy of Bndford, to 
KrwSaa'i w^>w. dated Jantuzr 1749, and 
f :rvaz<C2;r * An Easar towards ye character 
•jf Ey znizij eeceoned Friend, the Bev. Mr. 
B:w iin.' whseh cnntains some rather fulsome 
vrne« in nisrance to his poetical powers. 
TLi« U r«o-.ceiIaUe with the date on the 
=eXEr:naI tahLet. if we asemne the letter- 
wTit.rr :o hav? i«cazned the old style. Samuel 
B>w i«i- M.D^ kn ?wn as ' the poet of Frome,* 
w^a? prc^Uy his bnxher. John Bowden 
&>» nfX ieem to havepnblished any separate 
T-'L^isie ci p>KrT. He is the author of a 
• Hyicn to :!ic Bed«ienier of the World ' (84 
ftanias i. and a ' Dialogue berween a Good 
Spirl: and the Anils' (U pages), contained 
in * Divine Hymn« and Poems on several 
On:a5Mfi5w ice. by Philomela and several other 
in^«ii'>us {4»»»5w* 1704. Svo. (The volume 
is dedicated to Sir Richard Blackmore, and 
the preiace, which is unsigned, is probably 
by Bowden. ' Philomela * is Elizabeth Rowe ; 
&iie had already published under this nom de 
pltnne in 1096.) He is the author also of a 
few sermons: 1. 'Sermon (1 Hm. iv. 16) at 
Taunton before an Assembly of Ministers,* 
1714, Svo. 2. ' Sermon (EccL x. 16, 17) at 
Frome, on 20 Jan. 171i-o,' 1715, 8vo (thanks- 
giving sermon for accession of G^eoige I), 
a * Exhortation/ 1717, 8vo, 3rd ed. 1719, 
Svo ( i.e. charge at the ordination of Thomas 
Morgan at Frome, 6 Sept. 1716, published 
with the ordination sermon, 'The Conduct 
of Ministers, &c./ bv Nicholas Billingsleyy 
minister at .\shwici[ from 1710 to 17^. 
Morgan, who was independent minister at 
Bruton, Somersetshire, and afterwards at 
Mariborough (1715-26), became M.D., and 
was the author of * The Moral Philosopher,* 
1738. The fact that Morgan, an independent 
at Marlborough, went to Frome for presby- 
terian ordination, is curious, and has been 
treated as an early indication of the theo- 
logical divergences of the two bodies, but 
Morgan 6 ' Confession of Faith ' on the occa- 
sion shows no doctrinal laxity; it isstronfly 
trinitarian and Calvinistic). 4. * The Vanity 
of all Human Dependance, Sermon (PL 
cxlvi. 3, 4) at Frome, 18 June, on the death 
of (Jeoiye I,* &C., 1727, Svo (dedicated to 
Benjamin Averv, LXi,D., to whom Bowden 
was under ' particular obligations '). Bowden 
was perhaps the grandfather of Joseph Bow- 
den, * bom at or near Bristol,' entered Da ventry 
academy imder Ashworth in 1769, minister 
at Call Lane, Leeds, for over forty years, from 
about 1778, and author of (1) * Sermons de- 
livered to the Protestant Dissenters at Leeds,' 
1804, Svo ; (2) ' Prayers and Discourses for 



sowaen 



4r 



Bowdich 



QAe of Fumilied, in two parts,' 1816, 

[Wilsoij's MBS, m I>r. Williamss Library; 
Cbriiftian's MsgaxiDej 1763^ P> S31 sq. : JatDet^'s 
Pnsk ChapeU aod Charities, 1867* pp. fl76» 
693. 996; Mon. Rop. 1822, p. 196; Wicksteed^H 
MamoTj of the Just, 2iMi ed. 1849, p. lU ; Notes 
aod Qaenee, 3rd sar. ir, 431, 504 ; infomintioQ 
from Ber. J. E. KeUy. From©.] A. G, 

BOWDEN, JOHN WILLL^31 (1708^ 
1844), eccl**8iaat ical writer, was bom in 
, liondon on 21 Peb. 1798. He was the eldest 
^n of John Bowden, of Fullmm and Gros- 
renor Pljice» In 1812 he went to Harrow, 
and in 1817 waa entered as a commoner at 
Trinity College, Oxford, Bimultaneously with i 
tlw! deaiest o? his friends, John Heury New- 
uah. In 1820 Bowden obtaim^d m£Lthe- 
matical honours, and on 24 Nov. took his 
degree of B.A. In collaboration with New- 
fl, in the fallowing year, he wrot« a fierr 
*" in two cantos on * St. Bartholomew^^ 
On 4 June 1823 Bowden took his degree 
qf M^ Three years later, in the autumn of 
1826, he waa api>ointed a commissioner of 
stantpa. That office he held for fourteen 
▼eftre, reeigning it only on account of ill- 
nealth in 1840. Nearly two years after its 
^tance he was married, on 6 June 1828, 
ftbcthf Youngest daughter of Sir John 
1 Swinonme. From 1833 he zealously 
took part in the tractarian movement. To 
^Hugh Roe^'8 '• British Magazine' he contri- 
''but«Ml ail of the 178 hymns aiterwards, in 
|8i36, collected into a volume aa the *- Lyra 
ipostolica/ Hia contributions are signed a. 
liaal Newman iaid Bowden * was one of 
the earliest assistants and ^iipportB of a 
friend ^(meaning himself) * who at that time 
ommenced the ** Tracts for the Times.'" 
For the ' British Critic ' Bowden supplied 
[^ important contributions. These were: 
'1836, • Rise of the Papal Tower;' April ^ 

^ * On Gothic Architecture ; * Januair | 

1839, *On British Ass^ciotion ; ' July 1841, 
FOn the Church in the Mediterranean.' The 
Hi two were published under Newnum's 
orehip. In the spring of 1839 Bowden 
jfir*t attacked by the malady which five 
i afterwards proved fataL In the au- 
tumn of 1839 he went abroad with hi a 
fiunily. The winter of that year he passed in ' 
MAlto. In the spring of 1840 he published | 
his * Life of Gregory the Seventh.* Tliis work 
h^d been first suggested to him, at the in- 
fitaoce of llurrell iroude, by Newman, For 
some years it had been gradually growing I 
under his hands. Cardinal Newman com- 
mends the * pc*wer and liveliness of Bowden 'a 
narrative,* He proposed to write, but never 



\l 



' Life of St. Boniface,' which iu 
84 iinounced as in preparation. 

Bowdtus only publication in 1843 was* A 
few Hemarks on Pews/ How completely 
at one Newman and Bowden were through- 
out the whole of the Oxford movement i» 
clearly shown in almost every page of New- 
man's 'Apologia/ During the summer of 
1843 Bowden*8 complaint returned with in- 
creased severity, and he died at his fa therms 
house in Grosvenor Place, on 15 Sept. 1844. 
Cardinal Newman attests emphatically that 
he passed away * in un doubting communion 
with the church of Andrewes and Laud,' 
adding, with rttference to his interment at 
Fidham, * he still lives here, the light and 
comfort of many hearts, who ask no htippier, 
holier end than his/ A posthumous work 
from Bowden's hand was published in 1845, 
* Thoughts on the Work of the Six Bays of 
Creation.' The key to his argument was 
the motto on the title-page, * Novum Testa- 
mentum in Veteri velabatur, Vetus Testa- 
mentum in Novo revelatur/ 

[Preface by J. H. N. (Cardinal Newman) to 
Bawden's Thougbts on the Work of the Six 
Days of Creation, 1845, pp. v-viii ; Newman's 
Apologia, passim ; Mosley^s Reminiscences, 1882, 
ii. 4.] C K. 

BOWDEN, SAMUEL (fl. 1733-1761), 
a physician ut Frome, Sonuirsetshire, was 
author of two volumes of poems published 
1733-^. Neither the date of hia birth nor 
that of his death has been a.scertaLiied, though 
it appears from the * Gentleman's Magazine,* 
to which be was an occasional contributor, 
that he was living in 17t>l, while a pnasing 
mention of him in 1778 is in the past tense. 
The writer adLls that be was a friend of 
Mrs. Kowe [see Rowfi, Euzaeetk, p:ietes8], 
and belonged to the same communion, liow- 
den was therefore a nonconformist^ and not 
improbably a relative of the Ilev. John Bow- 
den [see Bowden, John] who preached Mrs. 
Rowe's funeral sermon. 

[Gent. Mag. xxxi. 424, xlviii. 486; Lif« of 
Mrs. BoTre prefixed lo her works, 1739.] 

J. M. 8. 

BOWDICH, THOMAS EDWAIID 
(1791-1^^24), African traveUer, was boni at 
Bristol 20 June 1791. His father, Thomas 
Bowdich, was a hat manufactui^r and mer- 
chant there, and his motlier was one of the 
Vaugbana of Payne*8 Castle, Wales. He 
was educated at the Bristol grammar school, 
and when nine years old removed to a well- 
known school at Gorsham, W^iltahire, where, 
being fond of classics, he soon became bead 
boy, but what he knew of mathematics he 




)wdich 



Bowc 



was * flogged througk' In his youth he wfts ' 
riott»d for his clever jeux-d^esprit in maga- 
zinefif and his skill us a rider, Ori^natly | 
intended for the bar, it was much agamst hia 
wishes that his father jiut liim to his own j 
trade, and for one year, 1 8 1 3 ^ he wn« Partner in 
the firm of Bowdich, Son, & Luce. The same ' 
year he married a lady (Saroh^ daughter of Mr. , 
John Eghngton Wallis^ of Colchester) nearly 
of hia own age, and entered liimsielf at Oxfor<!^ 
but never matriculat et]. His uncle, 51 r. Hope 
Smith, govemor-iii-chitif of the settlements 
belonging tothe Africau Company, obtained 
for him a writerahip in the servicet and he 
proceeded to Cape Coast Castle in 1814 ; his 
wife, whose name h thenceforward so closely 
linke<l with his^ following him, but on her 
arrival she found li« had ret urned to England 
fop a time. In 1815 the African Company 
planned ft miss ion to Ashantee,and appointed 
Bowdich the conductor. On reaching Cape 
Coast Castle tlie second time, the council, con- 
Bidering him too young, appointed Mr. James 
(governor of Fort Accra) principal. Events 
at CouniQ>4f<iie, however, soon comfjelled Bow- 
dich to supersede hin chief (a bold gstep after- 
wards sanctioned by the autlioritie8),aud'by 
diplomatic skill and intrepidity, when the 
fate of himself and comrades hung on a 
thrend, he succeeded in a most dilHcult nego- 
tiation, and formed a treaty with the king 
of A ^ ban tee, which promised peace to the 
Brif i«h settb'meutrt ou the Gold Coast. He 
was therefore thelir!*t whose labours accom- 
plished the object of penetrating to the in- 
terior of Africa* In 1818 he returned home 
with impaired health, and in 1819 published 
the interesting and valuable detiiils of his 
expedition, * A Mission from Cape Coast 
Cajstle to Ashantee,' &c,, London, 4to. Tliis 
work, the moht imjxjrtiiUt after Brucc's, ex- 
cited great interest, as an almost incredible 
etory (recalling 'The Arabian Nights ') of a 
land iind lu-ople of warlike and barbaric ] 
splendour bit liert o unknown. Bowdich pre- 
sent ed to the British Museum his African col- 
lection of works of art and manufacture, and 
epecimens of reptiles and insects. The inde- 
pendent spirit of the young traveller soon 
came into collision with the African Com- 
pany. His writings and letters continually 
Bpeak of unmerited disjippointment ; the net 
reward for his great mission amounted to 
only StX)/., and it cost him a moiety of this 
to return home^ while another gentleman, 
Mr. Dupui»| was appointed consul at Coo- 
massie with 600/* a year. In the same year 
he published * The African Committee, by 
T, E, Bowdich, conductor of the Mission to 
Ashanteej'in wJiich be attacked the African 
Company, and wade such an exposure of 



the management of their poBsessions that 
the government was compelled to t^ke them 
into its own hands. I'eeltng deficient in 
seveml of the requisites of a scientific tra- 
veller, he proceeded to P&ris to perfect him- 
self in mathematics, physical science, and 
natural history, and such wa$ his progre» 
that he soon alter gained the Cambridge prise 
of 1,000/. for a discovery which was depen- 
dent on mathematics. Humboldt, Cuvier, 
Denon, Biot, and other savants, gave the 
famous traveller a generous reception in 
Paris, and a public ilo^c was pronounced 
upon him at the Institute. Not only was 
* the brilliant society of the Hotel Cuvier * 
open to him and his accomplished wife, but 
for three years the extensive library and 
splendid collections of that great scholar were 
to them as their own. The French govern- 
ment made him an advantageous offer of an 
appointment, which an honourable feeling 
towards hia own country compelled him to 
decbne. Early in 1820 be wrote * A Reply to 
the Quarterly Review,' Paris, 8vo, in which 
he aucoesefully answered the article on hia 
Ashantee mission. His next work^ published 
anonymously, was a translation of a French 
book, * Taxidermy, &c.,' with plates, London, 
1820, 12 mo, followed by a transhition of * Tra- 
vels in the Interior of Africa to the 8*>upces 
of the Senegal and Gambia, by G. Mollien,* 
with full page illustrat ions, London, 1820, 4to, 
and an appendix (separately issued) * British 
and Foreign Exjieditiona to Teembo, w^ith 
remarks on Civilization/ *S:c., London, 1820. 
In 1821 appeared an * Essay on the Geo- 
graphy of North-Westem Africa/ accom- 
panied by a large hthographed map, compiled 
from his own disco veries^ and an * Essay on 
the Superstitions, Customs, and jVrts common 
to the Ancient Egyptians^ Abyssiuians, and 
Ashantees/ with plates, Paris, 4to. His 
next publications were three works, in Svo, 
illustrated by numerous lithographed figures 
done by his wife, * iSlammalia/ &c,, Paris, 
1821 ; **OrnithoIogy/^tc., Paris. 1h21 ;*Con- 
cbology, ikc.j including the Fossil Genera,* 
Paris, 1822. About this time he issued in 
lithograph * The Contradictions in Park's Last 
Journal explained*' He was also the author 
of * A Mathemat ical Investigation with Ori- 
ginal Formulie for aacertaining the Longitude 
of the Sea by Eclipses of the Moon/ The 
funds realised by their joint labours enabled 
Bowdich and bis wife to etart upon a second 
African expedition, and in August 1822 they 
sailed from Havre to Lisbon. Here, from 
various manuscripts, he collected a complete 
history of all the Portuguese disco veriea in 
South Africa, afterwardiS published as * An 
Account of the Discoveries of the Portuguese 



Bowdler 



43 



Bowdler 



N 

^ 
^ 



in Ajigolft and Mosambiqtie/ London, 1824, 
Svo, Proceeding to Madeira, wbere they 
were detained for some montba, he wrot€ a 
ffedo^ical description of the island of Porto 
Santo, the trigonometrical measurement of 
the peaks, a flora, &c., which was pub- 
lished in 1825, after bis death. They next 
reached the Cape de Verde Islands and the 
mouth of the Gambia, and, while waiting at 
Bathur^t for a means of tranBit to Sierra 
Leone, he began a trigonometrical survey oi 
the river. Unfortunately, while taking astro- 
nomical observations at night, be caught cold, 
which was followed by fever, to which, after 
aeyeral partial recoveries, he succumbed at 
thfi early age of tbirty*three, on 10 Jan. 1824. 
Hie last chapter of his life's story was pub- 
liahed by Min§. Bowdieh, in a work entitled *■ A 
Description of the Island of Madeira, by the 
late Thomas Edward Bowdieh ... A Narra- 
tive of his last Voyage to Africa , . . Re- 
marks on the Cape de Verde Islands, and a 
Deacription of the Englisli Settlements in the 
River Gambia,* with pljites coloured and plain* 
London » 1825, 4to, Under dates from 1819 
to 1825 there are also tive scientific pawjrs 
by Bowdieh in *TiOocVs Philosophical Ma- 
gazine,' ' E{1 in burgh rhilosopbical Journal,* 
and the * Zoological Journal 

In figure Bowdieh was slightly but well 
fon&ed, and he possessed great activity ot 
body and mind. He was an excellent lin- 
guist, a most pleasing and graphic writer, 
and his conversationaf powers made bim a 
very agreeable companion. His enthusiastic 
devotion to science co^t liLni bi^ life. He | 
left a widow and three children, one of them | 
named after the two companions of his i 
Ashantee mission, Mrs. Ted lie Hutchison 
Hale (wife of Dr. Douglas Hale) repub- 
lished her father s early work, with an intro- 
ductory preface, 'The Mission from Cape I 
CoaAl Castle to Ashan tee, &c.,' London, 1873, [ 
^vo, inficribmg the volume to her father's i 
old friend, Mr. David 11. Morier. 

3Irs. Bowdieh afterwardi? married >!r. K. | 
Lee^ and under the name of * Mn^, It. Leti ' | 
became a popular writer and illustrator of 
scientific works for the young up to her 
death in 1865. 

fBowdich'e Work^; Mrs. Bowdieh 'a Works; 
Mrs. Hale^a Mis»i<m, 1873 I Dupuie's Ashantee, 
1824; Bristol Diroctory, 1812^15 ; Lit. (jiixette. 
lS2i; Gent Mag. 18*^4. pt. i. 279-80; Royal 
8oeitfty*» Cat. of Scieutific Papers; Quarterly 
BcT,3ttiLl J. W.-a. 

BOWBLKl, HENraETTA M.VPJA 

(1 754' 1830), commonly culle^l Mrs. Harriet 
Bowdler, author, daughter of Thomas and 
Elizabeth Stuart Bowdler, and sister of John 




Bowdler the elder [q,v.] and Thomas Bowdler 
the elder [q, v.], was the author of a series of 
religious * Poems and Essays,' 2 vols. (Bath, 
17^), which passed through a large number 
of edition!*. Her ' Sermons on the Doctrines 
and Duties of Christianity * (n, d. ) appeared 
anonymously, and passed through nearly 
fifty editions. Beilby Porteus, bishop of Lon- 
don, believed them to be from the pen of a 
clergyman, and is said to have ottered their 
author, through ihe pnbbshers, a living in 
his diocese. In 1810 Miss Bowdler edited 
* Fragnients in Prose and Ver?e by the late 
Mij*8 Ehzabeth Smith/ which was very popu- 
lar in religious circles. A novel by ^lisa 
Bowdler entitled * Pen Tiiraar, or the His- 
tory of an Old Maid/ wa^ issued shortly 
after her death. Miss Bowdler died at Bath 
on 25 Feb, 1830. 

[Gent, Mag. 1830, pt. i. 567, pt. ii. 649; Brit. 
MuB. Cat.] S. L. L. 

BOWDLER, JANE (1743-1 7B4), author, 
born 14 Feb. 1743 at Ashley, near Bath, was 
the eldesitdiinghier of Thomas and EliMbeth 
>Stuart Bowdler^ and thus sister of John the 
elder [q.v.], and of Thoma^s the elder, the editor 
of Shaketi][>eftre[q. v.] Tbronghout hcrhfeshe 
sulTered from ill-liealth. In 1759 she had a 
severe attack of small-pox, and from 1771 
till her death was a contirmed invidid. She 
died in the sprinpr of 1784. In her later 
years she wrote many poems and essays, and 
a selection was publiahed at Bath for the 
benefit of the local hoapital in 1786 under 
the title of * Poems and Essays by a Lady, 
lately deceased,^ This volume became extra- 
ordinarily popular. The verse is veiy poor, and 
the pr^Jse treats, without any etriklnj^ origi- 
nality, such Hubjeets as sensibility, politeness, 
candour, and the pleasures of religion. Never- 
theless, sixteen editions (with the author's 
name on the title-page) were published at 
Bath in rapid succession between 1787 and 
1830. Other editions appeared at Dublin, in 
London, and in New York, where the first 
American edition (from the tenth Bath edi- 
tion) appeared in 181 1. A few of Miss Bowd- 
ler s pieces, not previously printed, appear in 
Thomas Bowdler'a * Memoir of John Bowdler/ 
1824. 

[T, Bowdler'a Memoir of John Bowdler the 
elder, 1824, 93-104.] S. L. L. 

BOWDLEB, JOHN, the elder (1746- 
1823), author, born at Bath on 18 March 
1746, was descended from aShropdiire family 
originally settled at Hope Bowdler. His 
great-grandfather^ John Bowdler (1627- 
1661), held liigh office in the Irish civil 
service during tlie Commonwealth, and was 



: 



Bowdler 



Bowdler 



intiiont^ Willi Archbishop U^sher. This 
JuUn Bowdler's son, Thoma/*» was a fellow- 
officer at the admiralty with Samuel l^epj«, 
lietame a c<>ii,scientioua Jacobite, wajs the 
intiniftte friend of Dr. Hickes, and died in 
Queim Square in July 1738^ at the ajre ot 
77. His elder eon, Thomaiij married in 
1742 Elizabeth Stuart, second dau^Iiter and 
ooheirtsAB of Sir John Cotton, a direct de- 
• •cendant from the famous Sir Ru!>ert Oitton, 
Iftnd died in May 1785. Juhn Bowdler the 
I elder was the eldest son of thia marriage. 
I His mother, the authoress of ^ Practical Ub- 
( iervations on the Revel iit. ions of St. Joliu ' 
[ (Bath, 1800), written in the year 1775, was 
i noted for her piety and general culture, and 
I'ffmTe all her children a strict religious train- 
ing. After attending several pnvute schools, 
Bowdler was placed, in November 1765, in 
the office of Mr. Barsham, a special pleader, 
«ind practised as a chamber conveyancer be- 
tween 1770 and 1780. In January 1778 he 
married Harriet ta, eldeRt daughter of John 
Hanbury, vice-consul of the English factory 
At HHmtiurg. In Noveml>er 1779 he attended 
Hobert Gordon, the last of the nonjnring 
I bishops, through a fatal illness. His father's 
I death in 1786 put Bowdler in possession of a 
Mmall fortune ,- he then finally i-etired from 
' his profession. In 1 795 lie wrote a lon|j letter 
to Lord Auckland about the high prices of 
the time, in whicli he fiercely attacked the 
clergy and the legislators for neglecting mo 
rality and religion. In 1796 he addressed 
., letters on similar subjects to the Arclibisbop 
[•of Canterbury and Bishops Porteus and 
Horsley, He published in 1797 a strongly 
worded pamphlet entitled ' Reform or Ruin/ 
in which he sought again to expose the im- 
morality and irreligion of the nation* The 
pamphlet had a verj^ wide sale, and reached an 
I eighth edition within a year of itsfiral publi- 
cation. He d isapproved of Sir Richard II iiPs 
'Apology for Brotherly Love,' a partial justi- 
fication of the prevailing dii^i^sent^ and issued 
pamplilets in support of the opposite views ex- 

founded in Dauoeney's *Guicle to the Church.' 
n 1815 he formed a committee to memo- 
rialise the government to erect additional 
churches in the populous parts of Enphiod 
out of the public funds. In 1816 he petitioneii 
Lord Sidmouth to abolish lotteries. He died 
at Eltham on 29 June 1823. Bowdler was 
one of the founders of the Church Building 
Society. He bad ten children, sLx of whom 
survived infancy. His sons John and Thom^us 
[ are separately noticed. Hj« daughter Eliza- 
beth died on 4 Dec. 1810. 

[Memoir of Life of John Bowdler, Esq., writte a 
forprivrttt eirculatioa by his sou Thonuis in 1824 
and pubbsbed for sale in 1825.] S. L. L. 



BOWDLER, JOHN, the younger (178^- 
1815 ), author, younger son of John Bowdler 
the elder [q* v.], was Dom in London on 2 Feb. 
1783. He waa educated st Winchester, and 
in 1798 was placed in a London solicitor's 
office. He was called to the bar at Linooln'a 
Inn in 1807, made some progress in hia pio- 
fefi«ion, and attracted the notice of Lord- 
chancellor Eldon. But in 1810 signs of 
consumption appeared, and he spent the two 
following years m the south of Europe. In 
May 1812 he returned to England and lived 
with an aimt near Portsmouth. But his 
health was not restored^ and he died 1 Feb. 
1815. According tvo the testimonies of his 
father and brother Char! es^ John wa« in every- 
way an exemplary character. He engaged 
in literary pursuits during his illness* and his 
lather published in 1816 his * Select Pieces in 
Prose and Verse' (3 vols.) The book con- 
tained a full memoir and the journal kept 
hy Bowdler during his foreign tour of 1810- 
181l'. Wide reading in current English 
philosophy is exhibited in a long sympathetic 
exposition of Dugald Stewart a philosophi- 
cal thefjries, but the other essays and the 
poems are religious rhapsodies of no literary 
merit. The hook waa reprinted in 1817, 
1818y 1819, and 1820. Selections from the 
religious jjortions of it appeared in 1821 and 
1823, and in 1857 the author's brother Charles 
reissued a part of it under the title of * The 
Religion of the Hearty as exempli lied in 
Life and Writings of John Bowdler,' 
edition includes a new biographical preface 
ttud much hitherto unpublished correspon- 
dence. 

[The editions of Bowdler*s works of 1816 and 
18570 S. L. L, 

BOWDLER, THOMAS (1754-1825), 
editor of the * Family Shakespeare/ the 
younger son of Thomas and Elizabeth Stuart 
Bowdler, was bom at A.^hley, ne4ir Bath, on 
11 July 1754. His father, a gentleman of 
independent means, belonged to an ancient 
family originally settled at Hope Bowdler, 
Shronahire. His mother, the second daugh- 
ter of Sir John Cotton of Conington, Hunt- 
ingdonshire, fitYh baronet in direct descent 
from the well-known Sir Robert Cotton, 
waa a highly accomplished woman and author 
of * Practical Observations on the Book of 
Revelation; Bath, 1800 (Life of J. Btmdkr^ 
pp. 1(^9-23). Thomas sutlered much through 
life from a serious accident sustained when 
be was nine years old. About 1765 he went 
to Mr. Graves's school at Claverton, near 
Bath, w^here Ms intimate friend in after life, 
William Anne ViUcttes, a military officer 
of repute, was a fellow-pupil. In 1770 he 



^Tha , 
ith^H 



Bowdler 



45 



Jowdler 



^ 



led to St. Andrews Uaiversity to study 

jcme. He subsequent Iv removed to Edin- 

btir?K where he graduated M.D. in 1776 and 
pubiislied a thesis, * Tentamen . . , de Febrium 
Intermitt^ntium Natura et Indole.' He spent 
the next four years in travel, and visited 
Q«Rnanyt Hungary, Italy, and Sicily, In 
1781 he caught a /ever from a young friend 
wbom he attended^ on a journey toXiisbon, 
throuffb a fatal illness. lie returned to Eng- 
land m broken health, and with a strong 
aversion to bis profession. In the same year 
he waa elected a fellow of the Koyal Society 
and a licentiate of the College of Physicians 
(9 April). Soon afterwardB he perraftuentlj' 
settled in London, and obtained an intro- 
duction to Mrs, Montagues coterie, where 
he became intimate with Bishops Hincb- 
cliffe and Porteus, Mra. Cart«r^ Mrs. Cha- 
pone, and !Hrs. Ilannab More. He waj^ 
elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries 
in 17d4. He devoted himaelf to charitable 
workf and acted for many years as chair- 
man of St. George's vestrv, Hanover Square ^ 
as a committee-man of t^e Iklagdalen Hos^ 
pitalf and as a comnii&sioner (with Sir Gil- 
bert Elliott and Sir Charles Bunbury) to in- 
quire into the state of the penitentiaries 
(1781). After the death of John Howard^ 
the priiion reformer, in 1790, he inspected the 
prisons throughout the country, vtnth a view 
to continuing HowardV work. In 1787 
Bowdler visited the Low Countries when the 
ftt r uggl e between the patriotic party and the 
stadtholder (the Prince of Orange), supported 
bya Praasian army, was at its height, and he 
wrote a detailed account of the revolution in 
* Letter* written in Holhind in the months 
of September and October, 1787 ' (London, 
I78A) ; an appendix collects a large number 
of proclamatjons and other official documents. 
During 178B Bowdler travelled in France. 
From 1800 to 1810 he resided at St. Boniface, 
lale of Wight, and after 1810 until his death 
at Rhyddings, near Swrinsea. In 1814 he 
riftited Geneva to settle the affairs of his old 
friend, Lieutenant-general VilletteA, who had 
died in JataAica in iK)", aud in the following 
yiftar he published a * Life of Villettes ' (Bath, 
1815), with an appendix of* Ijettere during 
a Journey from Calais to Geneva and St. 
Bernard in 1814,' and a short biography (in- 
cluding seven letters) of * The late Madame 
Elizabeth-* With later copies of the book 
was bound up a postacript, entitled * Obsei^ 
rations on Emigration to France, with an 
account of Health, Economy, and the Edu- 
cation of Children,' also published GeDfimtely 
in 1815. Bowdler here warned En^liahmen 
again£t France, and English iiiTalids espe- 
cudly against French watering-places, and 




recommended Malta, which ho had visited 

with a nephew in 1810, as a sanitary report. 

In 1B18 Bowdler published his edition of 

* Shale evspeare,' the work by which he ia best 
known. Its title ran : * The Family Shake- 
speare in ten volumes ; in which nothing is 
added to the original text j but those words 
and expre««ion8 are omitted which cannot 
with propriety be K*ad aloud in a family.' 
In the preface he writes of Sbakeepeare's 
language : * Many words and expressions 
occur which are of so indec(?nt a nature as 
to render it highly desirable that they should 
be erased.' He also complains of the un- 
necessary and frivolous allusions to Scrip- 
ture, which *ciill imperiously for their erase- 
ment,' Bowdler's prudery makes sad havoc 
with Shakespeare's text, and, although his 

* Shakespeare ' had a very large sale, it was 
deser^'edly attacked in the * British Critic ' 
for April 1822. To this rL*view liowdler 
published a long reply, in which he stated 
bis principle to be : * If any word or expres- 
sion is of such a nature that the first imprea- 
sion it excites is an impression of obscenity, 
that word ought not to be spoken nor written 
or printed ; and, if printcfl, it ought to be 
erased.' He iUustnites his method from his 
revisions of ' Henry I V/ * Hamlet,* and ' Mac- 
beth.' Bo wd i e r's * Sho kespea re * has been very 
frequently reissued. Four editions were pub- 
lished before 1824, and others have appejired 
in 1831, 18J53, and 1861. 

During the last years of his life Bowdler 
Wfis engaged in purifying Gibbon^s * History.' 
Tlw work was completed just before his death 
in 1825, and published in six volumes by his 
nephew Thomas [q. v.] in 18i'6. The fulUitle 
runs: 'Gibbon's History of the Decline and 
Fall of the Roman Empire^ for the use of 
Families and Young Persons^ r«?prin ted from 
the original text with the careful omissions of 
all passages of an irreligious or imtnonil ten- 
dency.* In the preface Bowdler is self-con- 
fident enough to assert a belief that Gibbon 
himself would have approved hi« plun, and 
that his version would be adopttnl by all 
future publishers of the book. BowSler s 
nephew adds in a note that * it wtvg the pe- 
culiar hoppiness of the writer^ to have so 
purified Shakespeare and Gibljon that they 
could no longer * raise a blush on the cheelc 
of modest innocence nor plant a pang in the 
beArt of the devout christian.' 

Bowdler died at Rhyddingson 24 Feb* 1825, 
and was buried at Oystermoutb, near Swan- 
sea. Besides the works alreadj^ mentionedp 
he published * A short Introduction to a se- 
lection of Chapters from the Old Testament, 
intended for tne use of the Oburch of Eng^- 
land Sunday School Society in Swanflea^' 



itljfint 



«SdMi Chaplcn firam tfe OU Te rtMMM 
> with Short Itttiod i i elio M / Boipaierw 
HBoCn-of tlie Ftockaatioii So- 
i in 1767 to eolbro m nyjrmi |vo> 

I YM alt«rwww rglaeed bytlieSocieCj 
naflftee. 
Ute ▼€A"to 'bowdknse* m of conrw • 
IteirmtiTe imm Borwdler*6 DAme. It wBd tip- 
ily fim and in pruil br Genefml P^r- 
Dpeoo ui 1636 in hu ' Letters of* 
iUve to hu Coiuititueiit* during 
n of 1890* (London), vpprinted in 
d's' ExerebM,' 1SI2, ir. 1^. Thomp- 
wintM tJiftt tKere are oertain daasiol 
\ in the writings of the apoetlee whieh 
1 ultm-chmtians * would prohablj haTe 
iM&mditr-ized ' (mlbrniAtaon kindlr Bnpplled 
^hj Dr, J. A. H, Unirmj of Qxfordf). 

rSoma acooimt of Tfaomis Bowdler, F.RJ^ and 
PAa., is sppcoded to the Life of Johii Bowdler 
^ liis BOD Tbomas Bowdler, 1825, pp. 298-^31. 
lis notice was reprioUd in th« ABiraal Bio- 
apby and Ofattaaij (1825), x. 19US18. Seo 
t Kicholj's Lit. Axi«cdotcs, ix, 37 ; prelaee to 
rs Shaka^pean (4th ed.) ; Hank's College 
* Fbjsicians, iL 324 ; NieboU*s IHuBtfations, 
▼. Ml.] 8. L L. 

BOWDLER, THOMAS, the younger 
( 1782-1856 r, divine, the oldest eon of John 
Bowdler the elder [q. v,], bom 13 March 1782, 
was educates] at a private school^ and at St. 
John's Colleg^e, Cambridge, wher^ he pro- 
ded B.A, in 1803, and M.A. in 1806. He 
ras sppoinied curate of Lejton, Essex, in 
llBOS, and af^er holding the livings of Ash and 
' Hidky, and of Addington, Kent, became in- 
cumbent of the church at Sydenham in IBM. 
He took an active part in opposing the trac- 
i movement of 1840, In 1846 liebecame 
etary of tb** Clmrth Building Societjr, 
[wbi*-*h hiK ftttber liad bet?n instrumental in 
• fejunding- On 7 Dee. 1h49 he received a pre- 
bend in 8t, Pa Ill's Cathedral. He died on 
V2 Nov, IBTAX He married about 1804 Phoebe, 
|ibe daughter of Joseph Cotton, who died in 
f December 1864. Of nine children, four died 
in infnncy, nnd thr«f? in succession between 
iWili and 1 HiitJ. IJowdlvr web the author of 
a krgij number of published fifirmons. Col- 
lect<^3 editions were issued in 1820, 1834, and 
' IHlfl ri^KjM/etividy, He wrote a memoir of 
[hin fiitlier in 1824, and edited with LauncTlot 
Blmrpe th^^ Grp<?k version of Bishop An- 
drewe»*B ^ Devotions/ He whb the edttor of 
th« edition of ( iibbon prupared bv bis uncle, 
Thomna Bowdler the elder [q. v.] 

[Osnt Mag. 1857* pt. i. 241^2; Brit, Mm 
Ckt.] S. L L. 



BOWEH, JAMES (dL 1774 ^, nainrer and 
t opugfMfli er, WM a native of SnFewsbury, 
whai» he died In 1774 (Lbigbtoit, Gvide 
tkm^h fiimsiiiiry, p. 162). He nude a 
gnUeerion for a hiatoxy of Shropflhire, 
dnticli Botefii dcetdies of monn- 
ita^ tniiaen]fl8 of veooids^ &&, when he 
was noeonpanying Mr. Mytton through the 
ctmmtj (OcmB*8 T^peyn^iJ^, il 176)7 One 
of BowfiiiV works is a view of the church of 
Mary in the BafctMeR Shrewf^bory (ib. 
p. ISI), and he prodnoed alao some uaeM 
maps (tft* p. 18a). Gongh bought all the 
genealoncal and toppgianhical materials 
which Bowcii had aauMsed, and they form 
part of the manuscripta and aimilar relics 
which Gongh bequeathed to the Bodleian 
Lifaniy. 

I [Lttghton's Guide through ShzeTibnry* p. 1 82 ; 
0«at. Hag. tdL du pC ii p. 185 ; Gough^s Topo- 
graphy, ii 178.] J. H. 

BOWEK, JAMES (1751^1836), rear- 
admiral, was bom at Ilfimcombe. He first 
went to aea in the merchant Bervice, and in 
1776 commanded a ship in the African and 
j West India trade ; but shortly after entered 
the nsvy s« a ma^er, and served in that ca- 
pacity on board the Artois with Captain Mao- 
hiide during 1781-2, being present in the 
battle on the Doggerbank on 5 Aug. 1781, 
I and on many other occasion?^. He continued 
I with Captain Macbride in different sbipa till 
1789, when he was appointed inspecting agent 
of transports in the Thames. IfSTien the revo- 
lutionary war broke out, Bowen quitted this 
employment at the request of Lord Howe to 
! go with him as master of his flagship, the 
j Queen Charlotte, and he had thus the glo- 
rious duty of piloting her into the battle of 
1 Juna. It is told by ancient tradition that 
on the admiral giving the order * Starboard!' 
! Bowen ventured to say, * My lord, you 11 be 
foidl of the French ship if you don't take care.* 

* What is that to you, sir?' replied Howe 
sharply ; * starboard V * Starboard I* cried 
Bowen, muttering by no means in audibly, 

* Damned if I care, if you don^t . Fll take you 
near enough to singe your black whiskers/ 

, He did almost literally fulfil this promise, 
[ paasing so close under the stem of the Mon- 
tftgne, tlmt the French ensign brushed the 
main and mizen slirouds of the Quei-n Char- 
lotte as she pcmred her broadside into the 
French e^hip's starboard quarter. For bis con- 
duct on this day Bowen woj* m tide a lieutenant 
on 23 June 17^4 ; after the action ofl'L'Orient 
on 23 June 1795, in which be was first lieu- 
tenant of the Queen Clmrlotte, be was made 
commander ; and on 2 Sept. of the ^ame year 
was advanced to the rank of captain. During 



d 



Bowen 



' plat£ 



two following yeiiT^ he commiinded the 
[luiiderer in the W^^^t Indie*. In 1 798 he 
ommimded the Argo of 44 (fiins in the Me- 
lit«iT&De«n^ t-fxik part m the reduction of 
llnorca by Commodore Duckiivorth, and on | 
Feb. 1799, Jifter ft briliiant chase of two j 
fBpuiiah frigntes of nearly equal force, sucv i 
oeeded in cnpturtnjLT ont* of them^ the Santa ' 
I toaa of 42 giins. For the next three I 
je«i9 Bowen was employed in convoy ser- 
vice* in the course of wliich he wa« officially 
thanked by the court of directors of the Flaat ' 
India Company , and presented with a piece I 
' Xe value 400/. for his *cftre and atten- I 
in convoying one of their fleets from | 
jto St.' Helena, In 1803 he was ap- I 
\ to cammand the Dreadnought of 
gains, but was shortly afterwarda nomi- j 
ited a commissioner of the transport board, 
ji 1^)5 he had the chajve of laying down 
BOoriniT? for the fleet in Falmouth harbour; ] 
1806 he waft for some tim« raptain of the ' 
lleet to Lord St. VincHnt off Bre^tt ; find in , 
January 1809 superintended the re-em bjirku- , 
lion of the army at Corunna, for which im- 
st.rvice he received the thanks of , 
-^ of parliament. In 1816 he was i 
I lii ^ I one of the coramig^ioners of the 

avy* and CimtLnued in that office tUl July i 
ft25, wh*»n he wa» retired with the rank of \ 
ea>r-adminil. He died on 27 April 1835. 

Bowen vfns not the only one of hia family 
who renderwi the name illustrioiw* in our 
njival annaK Hig brother Kichard. captain 
of the Terpsichore in 1797^ f«?Il in the attack 
on Santa Cruz on 24 July^ * than whom,' i 
mtote Nel^n, * a more enterprising, able, and i 
gftlUnt officer doe^ not grace hh majesty's | 
aavml »*^rvice * (NeUon I/ejtpatcMjft ii. 423). 
Another brother George, also a captain in 
the navy^ died at Torquay in Octoljer 1817. 
His eldest son Jame.^ died captniti of the 
Phfrnix frii^ite^ on the Kti»t India station, in 
1 "^ I J ; nriil aii««Ther SOU John, also a captain^ 
ttiur flerviiijt; in that rank through the later 
y«UT!» of the war, died in 1828. His youngest 
»>n St. Vincent waa a clergyman. He had 
al*n a daughter Tere?»a^ who dii*d in 1876, 
bequeathing to the Painted Hall at Green- 
wich a very pleasing portrait of her father, 

[^larshiill'» Roy, Nav* Bicg, iii. (vol. ii) 94.] 

J, K L. 

BOWEN, JOHN (17fS6-1832), painter 
and g«TiL*4ilugist, was thy eldest sou of Jamea 
li^urji, ]iJintt<Tand topographer, of ShrewB- 
\^\ir\ »|.\ . , ind was boni in that city in 1756. 
iM.wrii ^iu«iietl the local imtiquiijt?.s under 
\n> tiither; trwct?d out the jM^digrt'tt^^ of Shrop- 
shire lamilte!^, and b«^'ame e<w«cialiy skilful in 
deciphering and copying ancient manuscript 8« 



In 1795 he sent a drawing of the Droitwich 
town seal to the 'Qentleman*5 Magazine' 
(vol, I XV. pt. i, p. 13), Aligning himself * Ant i- 
quariu^ ;' and in 1802 (vol. Ixxii. pt. L p. 210) 
he followed this up with another c«>mmunica- 
tion, to which he put his initials. He drew 
four views of Shrewsbiiry, which were en- 
graved by Vandergucht (Gough, To/toffrapAj^, 
ii. 177), and in the * Philosophical Transac- 
tions* (xlix. 196) is a plate of some Roman 
inscriptions from his hand. He died on 19 June 
1832, aged 76. 

[Gent. Mag. vol. cii, pt. ii. p. 186; Gough'f 
Topography, ii. 177 ; LetghtoD'a Gaide through 
Shrewsbury, p. 182.] J. H. 

BOWEN, JOHN, LL,D, a815-ia59), 

bishop of Sierra Leone, son of Thomas 
Bowen, captain in the 85th regiment, by hia 
third wife, Mary, daughter of the Rev. 
John Evans, chaplain to the garri;?on at Flft- 
centja, Newfoundland, was born at Court, 
near Fishguard, Pembrokeshire, on 21 Nov. 
1815. At twelve vears of age he was sent to 
school at Merlin's Vale, near Haverfordwest, 
and in 1830 continued hi^ studies at the 
same place under the cart* of the Rev. David 
Adams. He emigrated to Canada in April 
1835, and took a farm at Dunville, on the 
ahorea of Lake Erie, where, during the re- 
bellion of 1837^, he served in the militia. 
On Sunday, 6 March 1842, he heard a sermon 
in the Lake Shore church, which made a 
great impression on his mind, and ultimately 
fed to a desire to prepare himself for the 
ministerial office. A favourable opportunity 
having occurred for disponing ot his farm 
advantageously, he returned nome, and in 
January 1843 entered hiranelf ut Trinity 
College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 
1847, and became LL.B. and LL.D. ten years 
later. His first appointment was to the 
assistant-curacy or Knarejsborough^ York- 
shire^ in 1848. While residing here he asked 
the Church Missionary Society to allow him 
to visit their numerous foreign stations. The 
society suggested tlmt he should proceed to 
Jerusalem, there to confer with Bishop Gobat, 
and then to vi^it the missionary stations at 
Syra, SmjTma, and Cairo ; afterwards to jour- 
ney to ftlount Lebanon, Nablous, and other 
places in Syria, and thence to proceed to Mosul 
by Constantinople and Trebi^ond, returning 
by Bagdad and Damaacus to Jerusalem. All 
this he accomplished, going through many 
hardahlns and dangers, and returning to 
England in December 1851, In 1853 he waa 
named, by the Marquis of Huntly, rector of 
Orton-Longuevilly with Botnlph Bridge in 
Huntingdonshire, Having obtained permi»- 
sion from his bishop, he again left England 



id&i 



Bowen 



Bower 



in September 1854, and waa absent in the 
Eftst until July 1860. lie hud by this time 
mnde such g^d use of his opportunities 
for the study of Arabic, that he was able to 
preach with fluency in that difficult language* 
Un 10 Aiy, 1867 he wa« consecrated biahop 
of Sierra Leone by the Archbishop of Can* 
terbury and the Bishopfl of Peterborough 
and Victoria, and aailea for his dioceso on 
26 Not. following^. The bishop recovered from 
several attacks of yellow fever, Mnlignant 
fever, however^ broke out in the eolony, and 
he died of it on 2 June 1859, when he had 
occupied the see two years and five months. 
He married, on 24 Nov, 1857, Catharine 
Butler, second daujp^hter of Dr. George But- 
ler, dean of Peterborough. She died at Free- 
town, after giving birth to a stillborn son, on 
4 Aug, 1858. 

[itemorialfl of John Bowen, LL.D., Bishop of 
Sierra Leone, by his Sister, 1M2\ Gent. Mag. 
vii. 187-8 (1859)0 <^* C. B, 

BOWEN, THOMAS {d, 1790), engraver 
of charts, was the son of EiiAJfiTEL Bowen, 
map engraver to George 11 and Louis XV, 
who piiblished a 'Complete Atlas of Geo- 
CTaphy,' with good mapw, 1744-7; an 'Eng- 
lish Atlas, with a new set of maps/ 1745 (P) j 



of the Life of James Bealtie, LL.D.,' in which 
are occJii^ionnlly given characters of the prio- 
cipal literarv* men, and a sketch of the state 
of literature iu Scotland during the last cen- 
tury, 18(U, 8vo. 2. * The Life of Luther, , 
with an nccouni of th^ early progress ( ' " 
Keformation,' LHl3, 8vo. 3. * The Hn 
the University of Edinburgh, chiefly 
piled from original Papers and Recorcls never 
before published,^ \oh, i. ii., 1B17, vol. iiL 
1830,fivo, This work ia strong in biographi- 
cal details of the professors and others, but 
in other points the history is now of little 
value. 4. * The Edinbui^h Students* Quide^ 
or an Account of the Classes of the Univer- 
sity,^ 18l>L^ 

rWatt*8 BibL Brit. ; Cat. of the Advocatw* 
Library; Grant's Edin. Univeraity. 1884, i.p.ix,] 

c. w, a 

BOWER, ARCHIBALD (1686-1766), 
author of tlie * History of the Popes/ was 
boni on 17 Jan. 1685-6 at or near Dundee; 
according to hia own account, he waa de- 
scended from an ancient family which had 
been for several hundred years poasefiied of 
an estate in the county of Angus in Scott- 
land. In 1702 he was sent to the Scotch 
college at Douay ; afterwards proceeded to 



a * Complete Atlas ... in sixty-eight Maps,' ^ Kiime, and was there admitted into the St>- 

1752;'AtlasMiniin^is; oranewset ofPoctet ~" *" '^ t...., ^.. n ^r . i-rus tt!^ 

Maps,' 1768, I24mo ; and a series of separate 
maps of the English counties, of Germany^ 
Asm Minor, and Persia, between 1736 and 
1770, of which Gough speaks with little ap- 
proval. Thomas Bowen engraved the maps 
and charts of the West Indies, published 
by the direction of the government from the 



ciety of Jesus on 9 Dec. 1706. His own 
statement that he was admitted into the 
order in Novemter 1705 is evidently untrue, 
as ifl shown by the entry in the register of 
the Roman province of the society. After a 
no\"itiate of two years he went in 1712 to 
Fano, where he taught classics till 1714, 
whtiu he removed to Fenno. In 1717 he was 



8ur\^ey a of Captain James Speer; maps of the recalled to Kome to study divinity in the 



country twenty miles round London and of 
the roftd between London and St. David^s, 
about 1 750 ; a * New Projection of the Eastern 
and Western Hemispheres of the Earth,' 1776,' 
and an *Accurate Map of the Russian Empire 
in Europe and Asia/ 1778. He contributed 



Roman college, and in 1721 he was trana- 
ferred to the college of AreMo, where he re- 
mained till 1723, and became reader of phi- 
losophy and consul tor to the rector of the 
college. He was next sent to Florence, and 
in the same year removed to Macerata, at 



to Taylor and Skinner's * Survey and Maps of j which pkee he continued till 1726. Before 
the Roads of North Britain* in 1776. He , tlie latter date he was probably professed of 



died at an advanced age in Clerkenwell work- 
house early in 1790. 

[Gent. Mag. Ix. pt. i. p. 374 ; Redgruve*8 Dtct 
of English Artist* ; Gongh's British Topography, 
vols. L ii. ; Watt's BibL Brit. ; Brit. Mua. Map 
Cat] S. L. L. 

BOWER, ALEXANDER (/. 1804- 
18S0}, biographer, was originally a teacher 
in Edinburgh, nnd afterwards acted as assis- 
tant-lihrariun in the university of Edinburgh. 
He died suddenly about 1830-L lie pub- 
lished several works between 1804 and 1830, 
the titles of them being: 1. 'An Account 



the four vows, his own account fixing that 
event in March 1722 at Florence (FuU Ow- 
Jut-ationj p. o4), though, as he certainly was 
resident at Arezzo in that year, his protession 
was mo.9t likely made a year later. AH hia 
statements concerning himself must be re- 
ceived with extreme caution. 

The turning-point in Bower's career was 
his removal from Macerata to Perugia, and 
his flight from the latter city to England in 
1726. His enemies 8aid that this step was 
taken in consequence of his having been de- 
tected in an amour with a nun, but he him- 
self ascribes it to the ' heMish proceedings * 




Bower 



Bower 



of the court of the mqaisition at Muceriitu, 
in which he says that he was connseHor or 
judge. He was greatly impressed with tho 
horrible cruelties committed in the ton u re- 
chamber, particularly on two gentlemea, 
whose stones, a« well as his own escape, he 
r^lat^d in detail in an * Answer to a Scnrri- 
lous Pamphlet* (1757). Another account 
had been previously published by Richard 
" I [<!•▼.] in 1750, professing to contain 
! substonoe of the relation which Bower 
f gave of his escape to Dr. Bill« chaplain to 
[the archbishop of Canterbury (Siir Letters 
l/ro?n Bower to Father Hheldon^ p. S n). The 
ItitJle of Baron*8 pamphlet is: *A faithful 
* eauut of Mr Archibald Bower's Motives 
leaving his Ofhce of Secretary to the 
9urt of I nq audition ; including ali§o a rela* 
f tion of the horrid treatment of an innocent 
I gentleman, who was driven mad by his suf- 
I wings, in this bloody Court ; and of a Noble- 
liDan who expired under his tortures. To 
1 both which innnman and shocking scenes the 
luthar was an eye-witneiS.* A third account 
the«e occurrences is printed at the end 
** Bower and Tlllemont compared* (1757). i 
he narrative published by Bower thirty- ' 
\ years after the date of his alleged * es- | 
ape * conflicts with the versions previously 
iven by him orally, and is of doubtful 
reracity. ' I 

On his arrival in England in June or July 
1 726 he became acquainted with Dr. Edward ' 
lAspinwall, formerly a jeeuit, who received 
i\m. kindly and introduced him to Dr. Clarke. 
^After several conferences with these gentle- 
1, and some with Berkeley, dean of Lon- 
onderry (afterwards bishop of Cloyne), he 
himself from the communion of 
L catholic church, took leave of the 
nal, and r|uitted the Society of Jesus. 
He §ays that he formed a system of religion 
n.^lf and wa? for six yearsa protestant 
\ particular denomination, but at last he 
tied to the church of Euf^land. 
Through the kindne^ss of Dr. Goodman 
phyaictJin to Gei^rge I) Bower obtained a 
Dnuaeiidfttion to l^rd Aylmer, who wanted 
eraon \o aasist him in reading the elussics, 
7\\h Aylmer he continu»*d for several years 
t^rms of tlie gnifttest intimacy, and was 
iitr^^duced to all his patron*^ connections, 
tie of whom — George (afterwards Lord) 
jvttelton — remaiued his steady friend when 
was deserted by almost every other per- 
&n. While he r»>sidetl with Lord Aylmer 
wrote the * HLftoria Literaria/ a monthly 
^viHW, begun in \1'M^ and discontinueil in 
'l\L Duriug the folio wine: nine years (173»>- 
744) he was employed by the proprietors 
r the * Universal History/ to which work he 
TOL. VI. 



contributed the hbtory of Rome. He also 

I undertook the education of the son of Mr. 

' Thompson^ofCooley, Berkshire, but ill-health 

did not allow him to continue more than a 

twelvemonth in that family, and upon hia 

recovery Lord Avlmer secured hia servicea 

' as tutor to two of his children. 

In 1740 he invested hia savings (1,100/.) 
in the Old South Sea annuities, and with this 
sum he resolved to purchase an annuity. La 
the dispositioD of this money he engaged in 
a negotiation which afterwards proved fatal 
to his reputation. Bower's own account of 
the transaction is that as none of his protestant 
friends cared to bnrden their estates with a 
life-rent, he left his money in the funds till 
August 1741, when being informed that an 
act of parliament had passed for rebuilding 
a church in the city of London upon life- 
annuities, at seven per cent., he went into 
the city, int-ending to di8ix}se of his money in 
that way, but he found the subscription was 
closed. This disappointment ho mentioued 
to a friend, Mr. Hill, whom be accideatallv 
met in WilTs coffee-house, and upon HiU'^s 
offering the same interest that wa.s given by 
the trustees of the above-mentioned church 
the sum of IJOO/. was transferred to Mr. 
Wright, Mr. Hill's banker. Mr. Hill, Bower 
adds, was a Jesuit, but tranjsacted money mat^ 
ters as an attoniey. Some time after bower 
added 250/. to the wura already in Hills 
hands, and received for the whole 94/. lO^t* a 
year. He afterwards resolved to marry, and 
it was chiefly upon that consideration that 
he applied to Hill to know upon what terms 
he would return the capital. Hill agreed at 
once to repay it, only deducting what Bower 
had received over and above the common in- 
terest of four per cent, during the time it had 
been in his hands, and this wtis done. * Thus,* 
Rower asserts, *did this money transaction 
b«3gla with Mr. Hill, was carried on by Mr. 
Hill, and with Mr. Hill did it end.' 

By his opponents it is allegi^d with more pro- 
bability that after a time he wished to return 
to the church ho had renounced, and there- 
fore, in order t^j recommend himself to hia 
superiora, he de-sired effectually to prove hia 
since rity towards them. He proposed to Fat her 
Shirehume, then provincial in Euglaad, to 
give up to him, as representative oi the So- 
ciety of Jesus, the money he then posaesaed, 
on condition of being paid during his life an 
annuity at the rate of seven per cent. This 
offer was accepted, and on 21 Aug. 1741 he 
paid to Blather Sbirebume 1,100/., and on 
27 Feb- 1741-2 he paid to the same person 
150/. more upon the same conditions. Nor 
did hiij confidence rest here, for on 6 Aug. 
1743 he added another 100/. to the above 



ri^^ik 



sams, now auginented to l^SAO/*, when the 
aeveral anmiitiea were reduced into one, 
amounting to 91/. 10^. » for which a bond was 
given. This negotiation had the desired 
effect, and Bower was readmitted in a fonnal 
manner into the order of JesuB by Father 
r^art^ret at I^ndon some time before the 
battle of Fontenoy (30 April 1745), 

Bower *ioon again grew dissatihtied with bis 
gituation. It had been suggested that he took 
offence becaujie his j<npeTior« insisted on hb 
going abroad, or that he had a prt>spect of ad- 
vancing bis interest more snrely as an avowed 
prote^stant than m an emigsary of the pope. 
Whatever motive maj hare im|)elled htm, it 
seems eertain that wh**u he began his coire- 
spondencp with Father Sheldon, the snceei*- 
Sior of Father Sbirebiinie in the office of 
provincial, he bad finally resolved to make a 
second breach of hie vows. To aecompMsh 
that object be wrote the famous letters wnich 
occasioned a lively controversy. The cor- 
respondence answered his purrtose, and he 
received bis money back from the borrowers 
on 20 June 1 747. 

He received 300/. for revising and correct- 
ing- the second edition of the * Universal 
History/ but be jwrformed the task in a 
&hn"enly and cartd<*sis manner. On ^o March 
1747 he issued the * proposals ' for printing 
by subscription bis * History of the Popes/ 
describing liirai; elf as * Archibald Bower, esq., 
heretofore public professor of rhetoric, his- 
tor}% and philosopny in the universities of 
Kome^FennOf and Mivcerata, and, in the latter 
place, connsellor of the inquisition.^ He 
annonnced that he had begun the work at 
Kome some yenrs previously, his original 
design being to vindicate the doctrine of the 

JKJpe's supremacy, and that while pfoeecuting 
lis researches he Ijecame a proselyte to the 
opinion wliicb bo bad proposed to confute. 
He presented the iirst volume to the king 
13 May 1748, and on the d^atb of Mr. Say, 
keeper of Queen Caroline's library (10 Sept,)| 
be obtained that place through the interest 
of bis friend Lyttelton with the ]itirae minis* 
ter, Pelhtim. The next jenr (4 Aug, 1749) 
he married a niece of Bishop NicoLsou and 
daughter of a clergyman of t lie church of Eng- 
land. This lady had a fortune of 4/X)0/. and 
a child by a former husband. Hi* had been 
engaged in a treaty of marriage, w^bich did 
not take effect, in 1745. 

The second volume of the * History of the 
Popes * appeared in 1751, and in the same 
year Bower published, by way of supplement 
to this volume, seventeen sheets, which were 
delivered to his subscribers gratis. Tc^ wards 
the end of 175S he producea a third volume, 
which brought down his history to the death 



of Pope Stephen in 757. In April 1754 his 
constant friend Lyttelton appointed him 
clerk of the buck-warrants. It was in this 
year that the first serious att^ick was made 
upon him on account of \m * Histxiry of the 
Popes ' in a pamphlet by the Rev, AJban But^ 
ler, published anonymously at Douay under 
the title of * Remarks on the two first volumes 
of the latre Lives of the Popes ; in letters from 
a Gentleman to a Friend in the Country.^ 
Meanwhile the letters addressed by Bower 1 
the provincial of the Jesuits had fallen inti 
the hands of Sir Henry Bedingfield, a Ron 
catholic baronet, who made no secret of their ' 
contents. He asserted that the letters clearly 
demonstrated that while their writ-er was 
pretending to have the liveliest lieal for tbe 
prutestant faith, he was in fact a member of 
the Roman church, and in confidential corre- 
gpoudence w^ith the head of that body. Bower 
maintained that these letters were infamous 
forgeries, designed to ruin his credit with his 
protestant friends, and brought forward by 
the Jesuits in revenffe for his exposure of the 
fmnds of the ])riesthood. At thisjimctuTe 
the R*?v. John Douglas (afterwards bishop of 
Salisbury), who had already detected the 
frauds of I^auder in regard to Milton, deter- 
mined to expose the duplicity of Bower's 
conduct, and published in 1756 a pamphlet 

entitled * Six Letters from A — — a B r 

to Fatlier Sheldon, provincial of the Jesuits 
in England; il I ustratedwnth several remark* 
able facts, tending to ascertain the anthea 
ticity of the said let ters, and the true charact^ 
of the wTiter.' In this tract Douglas prove ^ 
the genuineness of the letters ; showed tha^ 
want of veracity was not the only defect In 
Bower's clmracter, but that he was as little 
remarkable for his chastity as for his love of 
truth; and brought forward the attestation 
of Mrs. Hoyles. Bower bad converted this 
lady to Roman cat In die ism, and her state- 
ment leaves no cause to doubt the historian's 
zeal to support in secret the church which, 
for self-interested ends, he was publicly dis- 
owning. Douglas's pamphlet elicited a reply 
from Bower, or one of his frionds, under (li^^| 
character of a * Couotrv^ Neighbour.' Dougla^H 
then published his second tract, * Bower and 
Tillemtmt compared' (17o7),in which be de- 
monstrates that the * History of the Popt^,* 
especially' the first volume, iy merely a trans- 
lation of the work oft he French historian. In 
1757 Bower brought out three large pamph- 
lets, in which he laboured to refute the charges 
made against his moral, religious, aud literary 
character, Duuglas followed with * A Fufl 
Confutation of all the Facts advanced in Mr, 
Bower's Three Defences' (1 757), and * A Com- 
plete and Final Detection of A d ] 



iits 
krk«^H 

i 

ha^ 





(1 758). To the last two |iiimp!il**t8 were 
att&ched ct»rtificat(»5 and other documents ol;- 
tained from I taly, clearly establishing Bowers 
gtiilt and impostiure. In tlie course of this 
embittered controversy, Garrick, who had 
formerly been his friend, threatened to writ^ 
ft farce In which Bower was to be introduced 
on the stage n» a mock convert and to be 
shown in various situattonSp »o that the pro- 
fiigacj of hifl character might be exposed 
(Dayie8, Mnnoirg of Garriek, ed. 1808, i. 
306), From this period Bower 8 whole time 
was spent in making" ineffectual attacks upon 
hia enemies, and equally vain efforts to re- 
cover the reputation of himself and his ^ His- 
tory of the ropes/ Before the controversy 
had ended he published his fourth volume, 
and in 17o7 an abridgment of the first four 
volumes of his work was published in French 
at Amsterdam. In 1761 he seems to have 
aasiated the author of ' Authentic Memoirs 
ooDicemiiig the Portuguese Inquisition, in a 
leiiea of letters to a friend ; * and about the 
same time he produced the fifth volume of 
bis ' Hiatary oi the Popes.' To this volume 
he annexed a summary' view of the contro- 
vewy between himself and the Romun catho- 
lic*. The remainder of his history did not 
appear till just before the authoPa death, 
when tho sixth and seventh volumes were 
published together, but in so hasty and slo- 
venly a manner that the whole period from 
1600 to 1758 waa comprehended in twenty- 
six page^. The • History of the Popes * has 
been reprinted with a continuation by Dr. 
Samuel Hanson Cox, in 3 vols., Phikdelphia, 
1844-0, 8vo. 

Bower died on S Sept. 1 766, and waa buried 
in Marylebone churctiyard. The epitaph on 
his tomb describes him as ^ a man exemplary 
for every social virtue, justly esteemed by all 
who knew him for his strict honesty and in- 
tegrity, a faithful friend, and a sincere chris- 
tian.' He bequeathed all his property to his 
wife, who, some time after his death, attested 
that he died in the protestant faith (London 
Chrt^ttirh, 11 Oct. 1766). 

His wrtrait has been engraved by J. 
I'Ardeli and T. HoUoway from a painting 
G. Enapton ; and by J. Faber from a 

' ating by Beynolds, 

be principal autboritiesi are the twenty-two 
nphlets published during the Bower contro- 
jr, and a series of articles, probably by Bishop 
glaa, in the Earupean Magazine for 17 04, 
IX?. 8, 133, im, 281, xxvi. S2. Theae articles 
wore reprinted without aekaowledgment in the 
General Biog, Diet, (1798), ii. 528, and thence 
ti&nsferred by Alexin der Chiilmers (but with 
the omi^aton of the refepeoces) to hi» edition of 
that wort. Consult also Birch MS. in Addit. 




31S. Brit, Mob, 4234 ,• Gent. Mag. Ix. 1187. Ixi. 
118, Ixxi. 509; NichoLA Hhifltr. of Lit, il. 134; 
Nichols's Lit Aneeil. i. 477. ii, 42, 394, 5ft4, bU, 
iij. 507, \v, 96, vi. 463, 467» Tiii. 269; Milner'a 
Life of Bishop Challonpr, 29-31 ; Bromley a Cat. 
of Engravod Portmitw, 383 ; Oliver's Je^ait Col- 
ItiCtioDfl, 40 ; Foley's Rt*eordB, vii. 882 ; Cat. of 
Birch and Sloano MSS. 713, 717 ; Ly^ons'a En- 
vironB, iii. 263, 264; Etlinburgh Mug, (178fi), 
i. 284 ; Memoirs of Georgo Psalntamizar, 2jid 
edit. 277; Emna's Cat. of Engraved Ponrait*t» 
1212. 1213; Miicdonald's Memoir of Bishop 
Dmigla-s, 28-36 ; C. Butter's Life of Alban Bntler 
(1800), 9.] T. C, 

BOWEK or BOWERS, GEORC^E (jf. 

lf>81)> metiallist, worked principally in the 

reigns of C'hiirle,<i II and Jumes 11^ and for a 

nbort time under William 11 L In January 

! 1(A64 he wfts appointed * embosser in ordinary * 

( en^a ver) to the Mint ^ an otlic*? which he con- 

tinued to bold till hh death in the early part 

of 1089-90. He executed numerous niedala 

I for the royfll family aa w ell as for private 

' perw:>Ti5^ and his work displays conaioerable 

j (ikill, though it i^ inferior in fini!!^!l «nd exe* 

' cutiou to that of the Roettiers, tlie well- 

, kuo\\Ti medallists of the same period. The 

most interesting" of all his medals is*, perhape, 

I the specimen struck to commemorate the ac- 

j quittal of the Earl of Shaftesbury on the 

charge of hijir-h treason, showing on the ob- 

I verse the bust of the earl, and on the reverse 

I the legend ' l^fetamur, 24 Nov. H)^l/ and a 

view of London with the sun burfiiting^ iVom 

behind a cloud. It waa the production of 

this specimen which gtive rise to Drj'den's 

satire on Shaftesbury entitled * The Medal : * 

Five dayi he sate for every caat and lo<:>k. 
Four more than Go-d to finish Adam took ; 
But who can tell what eaatmce angels are, 
Or how long Heaven was making Lucifer ? 

TSow-eralao ex<*cuted in the reign of Charles II 
the Restoration medal (ltK50* reverse, J npi- 
t-er destroying prostrate giants, signed * G, 
Bower*), the roiirriage medal (ICK)2 : aigned 

* G, B,'), and medals relating to the jjopish 
and Rye House plots. Of the medals made 
by him under Jame^ II, we may mention a 
piece commemorating the dnf^mt of Mon- 
moutb (isigned * G. Bowers *), and s|jeeiraens 
referring to the trial of the se\en bishops. 
He further produced a medal celebrating tbe 
landing of William (III) at Torbay, 1688, 
and the coronation medal of William and 
Mary, \m%. 

[G number's Guide to Eitglieh Medrds exhibited 
in BrilTNh Muaontn, re£ in liidi*z: of Artists, 8. v. 

* Bower.' and if*, p. ix^ p. 39 ; Hawkins'a Medallic 
IlluHtrations, ad. Franks and Gmeber ; Calendar 
of ytiito PiipL-rs, Domeatic. IfiCl, p. 162 ; Numia- 

sS 



matie Chronicle, 1641, iii. p. 177; CulendHr of 
Trotsury Paper». Uo6-7-1696, pp. 63, Km. 110,] 

W. \V. 

BOWEK or BOWMAKER, WALTER 
(ci, 144^1), iibbot of Iiirlicolm, is the reputed 
con t inn lit or of Fordiin's *Cbroniea Genti« 
Scotorum,' H» it apjH?Mri* in the vohinit? gt'ne- 
lully kiiawu lis Tlie * Scot ichrou iron/ The 
latti»r book, however, in its printed foroi 
does not wmtain the name of \Valt*T Jiower, 
nor does it incrlude nuy piisfsng-e ascribing 
it« compilation to the abbot of Iiiebcolm, 
who is credited witli bavinir written the 
work on the testimonv of his conteni|iorary 
but ajionymoiih abhryviHtor in the Carthusian 
monaflterv at Perth — a tlieory which i*; ali^o 
snpporteti by the heading- of the * Black B<xik 
of Puisley/ The ubbit of Inehpolm is also 
cit6<l in 1526 by Boethius lis one of the 
chief authorities for biB * HiwtoriiieiScotornin ' 
(pnef. iii, ^nd eth, Paris, lfi26). Other evi* 
dence points in the Hjtme direction, and the 
identity of thw author of the ' Sootichronieon ' 
with the abbtit of Inchcolm may be con- 
sidered us fairly certain. AccordinK^ to hh 
own teiatimony (xiv. 50), the writer of the 
* Si'otichronieon * was born in the year when 
Uichiird II burnt Drybiir^h and Ediiiburp^h^ 
i,e, in IHHri. To this rbe Book of Cupar adds 
that hij< birtbidace wai* Flnddington, where 
we find that a certain John liower or Bow- 
maker wtus depiitv-custiimar from 1*^95 to 
1398 (Eir/tegii^r Ii'oii^ nf StMlmid, iii. mi, 
433)* Thi.« otiicer Mr. Tyt ler con^idera to have 
beenthf! abbot '8 tat her (Live^ ofSctdtiith Wor~ 
thies, lu 1110; with which ef. Rich. Itolh, 
iv. pref. 88). Goodall makes Walter Bower 
become a monk at <*i^hteen» after which, ac- 
cording to the same authority, he completed 
hia philosophical and theologicftl studies in 
Scotland, and was ordained ] wriest before 
taking U|) his al>f>de in Paris for the sake of 
perfecting himself in the law. But there 
seem to be no afttisfactory proofs for tbtjse 
atatemimti?, and we are without any ]w3si- 
tive iiiformiitinn as to Bower's life until 
m his thirty-third year be was couKecrated 
abbot of Incbeolm on 17 April 1418 (Seoti' 
chronteonf xv. 30). It seeniK, however, very 
clear that the author of the ' Scot icl iron icon* 
had been a member of the August in ian priory 
of St. Andrew.^ smd well acfjuainted with at 
I wist two of its priors — James Biset (130S- 
1416) and Jame« Hiildendm (1418-1443). 
Under the former he appears to have received 
his education^ and he may from his own 
words be infern^d to have been a licentiate 
or buchelor in canon law, though perluips not 
a maBter in theolo;^^ (iff, vi. 5r>-7). There b, 
however, nothing to show w^itli any certHinty 
whether be took his degree at Piiri?* <n* In the 



new university of St. Andrews, of wbkh his 
patron James Bist't wii* so prominent a 
founder (1410). 

Y^^ry shortly after Biset*s death at least six 
of hi?^ pupils were appointed to high church 
dignities, and amongst them, on 17 April 
1418, "Walter was consecrated abbot of Inch- 
colm, a small island in the Firth of Forth. 
Every summer he had to leave his homse for 
the nmnilnnd to iivf^id the attacks of the Eng- 
lish pirates^ though before his death be fortified 
Inchcolm. Besides attending to the affairs of 
his ttbbev— whost^ dfjcuments he copied with 
his own hftuds^ — the new abbot was a ppi:»mi- 
nent figure iu polit ics. When James I ret umed 
fnyjn capt i vity, H«>wer was one of t be two com- 
missioners apjxjinted to collect that king^a 
ransom-money in 1423 and 1424, Nine years 
later (1433), on the betrothal of James's 
daughter to the dauphin, the same twocom- 
missionera were again i*ntruj*ted with the 
collecting of the tax for her dowry, but were 
aooTi hidden by the king liimself to desist 
from exacting the imposition (tA. xvi- 9). A 
few* yejirs previously (Ih^eember 1430^ on 
the submission of Alexander of the Isles, 
this nobleman s mother, the Countess of Ross» 
was confined in InchcijUn — prt^bably under 
the charge of Abbot Wnlter — till her release 
in Febrinir>' 1432 (tk xvi. 16, 20). In 
October of the same year the abbot wa* 
preiient at the council held at Perth for the 
consideration of the English propositions 
for peace- On this occasion, in company 
w^itb his old firiend the abbot of Sctme, he 
made a strenuous opposition to the English 
offers, on the ground thiit James had sworn 
to make no ]>eace with the English except 
with t!ie couisent of the Freuclu The pru- 
dence of the twH) abbots was confirmed by 
the discovery that the whole affair was an 
artifice on the part of the English. It was 
not till about the year 1440 that Bower com- 
meucecl to write the * Scot iehron icon/ at I he 
rtMiue^t of Sir David Stewart ofllossyth, who, 
according to ^Ir, Skene, died in 1444. This 
work seems to have occupied several ye^ars, 
and was not completed till 1447 ( cf, the dates 
given in Scf^ticAronicon, lib. i. 8, vi. 57, ivi, 8, 
26} t Shortly before his denth, which tr»ok 
place in 1440, according to the statement of 
the Carthu.siun abbreviator (Skene, John of 
Ihrdnv, Iii), Bower seems to have condenjae*! 
his larger work and divided it int o forty books. 

The *Scotichronicon* in its original form 
was divided into sixteen books, of which the 
first five and chapters 9-23 of the sixth are 
mainly tlie work of John Fordiin, who also 
collected certain materials for continuing 
the history down to the year 1385. To the 
earlier hooks of Fordun Bower made largw 




r 



addition.Sf carefully distitiguishiDg them from 
thf^ work of hie predeceesor (whom he .^^penks 
' vthor) by prefixing the word * Scrip- 
I ^ own insert ione. The last eleven 
Kowt rclaimsaspraet Jcally hisoivn :*Quinque 
libro^Fordim jUndtf nrts ^criptor ariibat ;' th< >ug:h 
even here he has made use of Fordun*« *Gest& 
Ann&liflHr' down to the middle of David 11*8 
reign, and, to a very flig-ht ex rent, beyond this 
date {ScQtirhronicon, prologue, pp. ii and iii, 
sIaoi, 7 and 9, vi, 2-f). Wirk the reigti of 
Robert I, towards the end of the fourteenth 
bookf Bower becomes a contemiKirnry \\Titer, 
sod oontinues his narrative till the death of 
Junes L Soon after the compl^f ion nf the 
• Scotichronic<1n' rti* immense length and ver- 
bosity induced its nuthor shortly before his 
death to write the ahridginentt penernlly 
lEttown aa the Book of (^ipar, which f*till 
frxiata in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh 
(M8. 35, 1, 7); it has not yet been printed^ 
though an e*3ition hag long been promised in 
the * Historians of Scotlnnd.' A year or »o 
later (c. 1451) the ^Scotichronicon' was con- 

ensei one© more for the newly founded 
Carthusian monni*tery at Pertli, probnbly by 
:ihe Patrick Russell ?|)oken of L*dow (AlS, 
Adv. Lib. '35» 6^ 7), Another abridginen! \ 
of the * Scot ichroni con ' {ih. «%, o, 'I) was 
dmwn up in 14*^1 by a writer who had 
been in trajice in iitlendance on the Princess 
Margaret (SxEifE, prt face, liv). This work, 
which, according to Mr. Hkene, after the 
twenl y-t h ird c im pt er of >>ook ^ i . di tte re great ly 
fxoio the original * Scot ichronicon,' was copied 
fier^tral limes, notably about the year 1489, 
by a writer who tellp us that he bad himpelf 
wen Joau of Arc (Skene, preface, liv j MS. \ 

^arekmemi), I 

B<«ides these abbreviations the 'Scoti- 

hronicon' itself was copied several timea ' 

urinjr the fifteenth centnrv, notabiv bv one 
ila.^r ■' lis Makc-ulloch in 1483-4 for 
the , of (Glasgow {IlaH, MS. 712), 

in ui*^ iirgt' volume in the royal library 
le IlrifiKh Museum, known as t!ie Black 
of PftL'*ley (13 Ex.) Another tnin- I 
•cript (Donibristle MS.) assigns the work to 

ne Patrick Hu»*ell, a Carthuiiian of Perth, 
h of these last transcribers has fftome- i 

imes W'U considered as the author of the 

Tger work; but, after careful considt^ra- 
tion, Mr. Skene has rejected both their claims 
in favour of Walter Bower. Many other ; 
manuscripts of the nrigina) work («) and the I 
tat ions (fi) exiet : notably of {a) in 

» Edinbtirgh C\>llege Library (from which 

' lis edition i» published); in the Briti&h 

m Royal Library (tlie Black Book 

) ; and at Corptu Chrif^ti, Cam- 




The only complete printed edition of the 
'Scotichronicon aa it left the hands of Walter 
Bower h that printed from the Edinburgh 
College Library ^IS. by Walter Goodall m 
the middle of the last century (Edinburgh, 
1759). The edition of Ford uu published by 
Heame in 1722 (Oxford, 5 vols ), though ap- 
parently containing a good deal of Bower's 
work, notably the history of St. Andrews, 
ap])ears to be mainly Fordun*s production, 
llie exnc! reiiitiou»bip, however, of this ma- 
nuscript to Fordun iind Bower has yet to 
be worked out. Some thirty yenrs earlier 
( I BUI) Thomas Oale bad printefl a portion 
of the same manuscript belonging to Trinity 
College, Cambridge (Gale, i, t3, ix. 9) in the 
third volume of his * llerum Anglicarum 
Scriptores.* 

[Seoticbronicon (ed. Goodall), Edinburgh, 
1760 ; John of Fordun, ed. Skene, up. HiRto* 
riauR of Scotland, pn:facp iind intrcMtactioiifl) ; 
Tjtiers Lives of Scottish Worth itj.^ ii. 198-202; 
Exchequer Eolb of 8cotlnnd, ed. Geoigo Bur- 
nett, iii. and iv.] T. A. A. 

BOWERBANK, JAMES SCOTT(1797- 
1877), geologie^t, was born in Bisbopsgate, 
London, in 1797. We have no reliable in- 
formntion as to his early education ; but he 
certainly exhibited in bis youth a strong at- 
tachment to natural hist or}', and in liis boy- 
hood he was especially fond of collecting 
plants, and of studying bof>li.s on botany. 
Bowerbank was most happily placed in this 
world ; m the son of a highly rei^pec table city 
merchant and a distiller he enjoyed all that 
wealth could allbrd him. He succeeded with 
his brother, on the death of his father, to the 
well-establi filled distiller}* of Bowerbank & 
Co,, in whicli firm he remained an active 
partner until 1847* His energy and indostiy 
secured for him amongst the most intelligent 
of his city friendii the character of a careful 
and Bttentive man of business, lie, however, 
found sufficient leisure to pursue his 8<iien- 
tific studies, and early in life he obtained 
much exact knowledge, as is proved by his 
having published papers on tlie Itifecfa and 
their anatomy at an age which i-^ generally 
considered as immature. Bowerhank also, 
in the years 182ii-3-4, lectured on botany, 
and in l!^31 we find him conducting a class 
on human osteoloff}', and studying the works 
of Haller, Alexander Monro, and other osteo- 
logisits. When of age he joined the Mathe- 
matical Society of Spitalfields, and remained 
a member until its incorporntion with the 
Astronomical Society in iB4o. In 1836, 
Bowerbank, ftsaociating himself with several 
geological friends, originated * The London 
Clay Club/ the memberti of which devoted 



■ 



i 



Bowerbank 



Bowers 



I themaelves to the task of examining the foa^ 
[mlB of this tertiary formation, and making 

A complete list of the Kpiicies found in it. 

BowerWik's anatomical studies, which were 

Crsued with considerable attention, prepared 
mind by a stern discipl inc for the t^tiidj of 
the aponffes^ to which he subsequent I j devoted 
himself K>r m&ny years. At the mma lime 
ha occupied his leisure by examining the moss 

^^atee, and the minute structure of shells and 

' corals. 

In 1840 he puUisbed a volume on the 
* P'ossil Fruits ol the London Clay/ which re- 
mains a standard work ; indeed, the only one 
in which theise very interesting remains are 
thoroughly described and accurately figured. 
In 1842 Bowerbank was elected a fellow of 
the Iloyal Society. In 1847, after the reading 
of a paper by Professor Prestwich at the rooms 
of toe Geological Society, Bowerbank invited 
the leading geologists to meet hira in the tea- 
room. He then proposed the establishment 

I of a society for the publication of undescribed 
Briti.sh fossiLn. He was supported in this by 
TJuckland, De la Beche, I^tton, and others, 
and thus was founded the Paheontographical 
Society. From 184^^4 to 1864 BowerbaiiK was 
in the liabit of receiving at his residence, once 

[a week, professed geologists and young ama- 
teuTs wlio showed a real fondne^ss for this 
science, which wa* !*till ai rugglin^ against the 
prejudices which dogmatic teaching had fos- 
tered. Every young and earnest geologist 
found in him a sincere friend and always a 
willing itistructof . Bowerbank*s chLssiti cation 
of the spongidsei his observations on their spi- 
culate elements, and his papers on the vittd 
powers of the sponger, remain splendid fx- 
amplea of unwearying industry and careful 
obsenalion. On his retirement from the ac- 
tive labours of life, his fervent desire was to 
finish liis great work on the sponges, and un* 
remittingly he gave idl the energies of his 
well-trained mind to this object, until the 
failure of brain-power compelled intervals of 
entire repose, llappdy he reached the last 

Slate of his great work, "VMien lialf of it was 
rawn his powers began to fail him, and he 
beciime eaoly depressed. The finishing t asks 
I Tvere postponed irniu day to day^then resumed 
for a few hours, to be agmn deferred, until 
8 March \H77f when death closed for ever the 
labours of a well-spent life. 

Bowerbank was always a most indefati- 
li^ahle coUeetorj and in iHill hi.s collectinn had 
arrived at a state which truly nuTited the 
name of raagniiicent. It was purchased by 
the British Museum, and fonnsa well-known 
and most important division of the natural 
history section of this national establish- 
ment. The catalogue of scieutilic papers pub- 



lished by the Roval Society credits Bower- 
bank with fortv-Ave papers. These appeared 
in the * Journal of the Microscopic Society/ 
*The Annals and Alagazine of >*atural HiB- 
tory/ the * Journal of the GeologicAl Society,' 
the' ^ Heport-s of the British Association,' and 
the publications of the Zoological and Lin- 
nean Societies. * The Pterodactyle*! of the 
Chalk,' published in the * Proceedings of the 
Zoological Society/ was one of Bowerbank's 
most important memoirs. Repaid ^iit at- 
tention to the question of silicifieatioa, and 
some admirable papers on this interesting 
subject are sc4itt«'n?d through the joumaU 
named. His * Contributions to a General 
History of the Snougidte,' which la in the 
* Proceedings of tue Zoological Society/ de- 
serves especial attention. Bowerbank s first 
published paper was * Observations on the 
Circidation of the Blood in Imw^cts/ which 
appeared in IBSli His last was a * Report 
on a Colleetion of Sponges found at Ceylon 
by E. W, H. Holdsworth; printed in 1873. 

[Qealogical Magaziau ; Qu;irttir]y Juurnal of 
the &eoiogical Society ; Royal Society Ctitalogue 
of Scieatific Papers ,* Priicoedings of the Zoolo- 
gical Stxietv ; Pals&ontolQgical jonmaL] 

R. H-T. 

BO WERS, GEORGE HULL, p,D. (1794- 
167:i), dean nf Manchester^ born in Staft'ord- 
shire in 1704, was the son of Jfr. Francis 
Bowers. He was sent tti the Pembroke 
grammar school, and thence proceeded to 
Clare College, Cambridge. Al\er a succe-ss- 
ful university career he was appointed per- 
petual curate of El^tow, Bedfordshire. He 
grtiduateJ B.A, in I8l9^ proceeding B.D, in 
IsiiVI, uod D.D. in 1849. He was select 
preacher of his university in 18*50. In 1832 
he became rector of St. PaulV, Coven t 
Garden. On the death of Dean Herbert in 
1B47 he was nominated by Lord John Russell 
to the deanery of Mauckesteri an office w hich 
he held until l!6 Sept, 1H71. He was not a 
frequent preacher in Manchester, but his 
pulpit discourages were at ooee simple and 
echidarly, and his delivery etlective. 

His chief writing.s are: 1. * Sermons 
preached Wfore the University of Cambridge.* 
2. * A Letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury 
on a Proposed School for Sons of Clergymen/ 
London, 1 H4'J, H. * A Scheme for the t ounda- 
t ion of Schools for the Sons of Clergymen and 
others,' Loudon, 1842; this led to the esta- 
blishraeut of Marlborough School^ of which, 
conjointly with the Rev. C. E. Plater, he was 
founder. Similarly KfKs.sall and Haile^^bury 
owed their origin to Bowers's suggestion^ 
and the latter gained much on its establiah- 
ment from Bowers's pergonal help and expe- 



sowes 



55 



Bowes 



I 



rience. 4. ♦ Sermons pr^-acheti in the Parish 
■Church of St. Paul, Covent Garden,* London, 
184R 5. ^ Open Churches with Endowments 
pTefemble to Pew HenU, a Sermon/ Man- 
ehf^st^r, 1855. 6. * Pew Rents injurious to 
the Church, an Addre^/ Oxford, l^tio. He 
was a warm advocate of the * free and eipen 
<diurch movement.* He was for this reiuson 
iostrumentai in the erection of St. Atban^ 
Cheetwood, and various addresses which he 
4ieliTered there have been printed. On his 
rstignationof the olfice of dean of Manchester 
lie retired to LeamingtoUf where he died 
Friday, 27 Dec 187:^. He was twice married. 
Ho bequeathed 800/. for the support of the 
necia] Sunday evening services at the Man- 
cbe«ter Cathedral, where a window and a 
liisee were placed hv hi;; widow to hm me- 
morr. A portmit by Charles Mercier ia 
At Kouall School. One of hi;^ daughters, 
Oeoigiftfui Bowers, has digtinic^uiBhed herself 
by successful pictures of hunting and coimtry 
life in * Punch/ Some of these have been 
tagued in book form. 

[ManchcsterUujirdiftD, 30 Dec. 1872; Parkin- 
«oo» Old Church Clock, ed* Evan» {private i a- 

IfomtaUoii.] W. E, A. A, 

BOWES, ELIZABETH (1*502?^ 1568), 
disciple of John Knox, was the daughter 
of Iloger xAske, of Aske, Yorkshire* H*jr 
iSiLher died when she wa/i a child, and she 
ipd her ftister Anne were coheiresses of 
lbi4T father and grandfather. Their wani- 
*ihip wa^ *v<ild in 1510 to Sir llaljih B*»wti^ tjf 
Dalden* Streatlum, and South Cowton. In 
I5:il Elizabeth *\jske was betrothed toltifhard 
Bowes, youngest sou of Sir Ilidfih, ami the 
king granted to him sj>ecial livery of half 
the lands of Williara A.ske, whli-h he waj* to 
n?oeivf on his mnrriage. Richard JVjwes, like 
the rest of his family, was *.^n^aged lu border 
business, but seems to have lived chit-fly at 
Aske, where his wife bore him five stms and 
fen daughters. Two of the sons, George 
(i. 1527) and Robert (L 1535), are noticed 
below. In 1548 Richard Bowes wai* mjiJe 
captain of Norham. His wife and fumily 
fouowe<l liim northwards Bktid lived in ikr- 
wiek, Mr«. Bowes was deeply religious and 
ha*l bt^n much affected by the theological 
movements of the Refonnation period. At 
Berwick she met John Knox, who took up 
bis abode there hi 1549, She f«ll at once 
undi*r hii* influence^ and Knox gained I ho 
jiflec't inn* of her daughter Marjory, Her 
husband's family pritle was hurt by Knox's 
projM.t*nl to niiirrj' his daughter, and he re- 
IumhI hiH ff">n«fnt, Knox* however, who wft« 
ab<jti Ml- as M rs. Bowes » con t roete*! 



lLim>»elf 



-,and adopted Mrs. Bowes 



as a relative. H« wrotti to Marjory as 
'sister/ and to Mrs. Rjwes as ' mother.' In 
July 1553 he married Marjory Bowes in 
spite of the I opposition of her fiithe^nd the 
rest of hii< family. At this time Knox's 
fortunes were at a low ebb, as Mary had 
just ajscended the throne. His let ters t o Mrs. 
Iknves werf" interci^ptud by spies, and in 
January' 1554 he judged it prudent to leave 
England. Mis letters to Mrs. Bowes are the 
chief source of information concerning his 
doings at this time. In June 1556 Mrs. 
Ikiwe:s and her daughter joined Knox at 
(teneva» where two sous were bom to him. 
It would seeni that t!ie breach in the Bowes 
family owing to 3Iarjor\''s marriage was 
never heahxl, and that Mrs. Bowes found 
Knox's counsels m necf\<wary to her spiritual 
comfort that she left her hii«biind and her 
other children iind ftdlowed Marjory s for- 
tunes. In 1558 her husband died, and in 
1559 Knox lid> Oeni'va for Scotland. He 
WM^ stM»n followed by his wifi^aiid Mrs. Bowes 
after a short stay in England made her wav 
to her son-in-law, who wrote for the gueens 
permission for her jouniev {Sadlpr Paper^^ 
\. 456, 479, 5O0). In 156U Mrs. Knox died, 
but her mother still slayed near her son-in- 
law. 8ht" left her own fnmily and adhered to 
Knox. She died in 15(iH, luid imniedintely 
after her death Knox thought it desiruble to 
give some account of thi.s strange intiinticy* 
In the Advertisement to his 'Answer to a 
Letter of a Jesuit named Tyrie ' (157:3) he 
published a letter to Mrs, Bowes, * to declare 
to the world what was the cause of our great 
faniUiarit3% which was neither flt'sh nor blood, 
but a trotiblfd conscieiire on her |)art which 
never suffered her to rnst but when sh^ was 
in the company of ilie fuit hful. Her company 
to me was comfort abk*, but yet it was not 
wit!iotit some cross; for besides trouble and 
fasherie of body sustained for her, my mind 
was sehlom qiii^»t for doing some wluit for the 
comfort of hor troubled conscience.* 

[Shirp't* Momurials of the RebellioD, 37 1-2 ; 
8urte<?«'s Durham, iv. 114; Knox's letters to 
Mr^. liowev aro largaly quoted m M'Crit^a Life 
of John Knox* and are published in full in 
Knoxs Works (W»lrow Soc. 1864), iii, 337-1 

M. C 

BOWES, Sir (JEORflE (1517-1556), 
commander in b<:>rder warfare, was a pos- 
thumous son of Sir Raljih Bowtis of Dalden, 
Streatlara, and South i'owton, and Elizar 
beth» daughter of lleiir}', lord CliflortL Car* 
dinal Wolsey* then bisliop of Dnrhnm, sold 
his 'ward, custody, and marriage' for 800/. 
to Sir William Bulmcr in I5if4. SirWilliam 
in turn sold it to Lord Eure, whose daughter 



I 



Bowei 



Bowes 



nrriel was nuirried to Georgt- liowe*. He 
lind hverv a* heir to hi* father in 1535. He 
early tfx»k part in Vxinler warfare. He went 
witfi the Earl of HtTtfnni on hia devnjifating 
raid in 1544^ and waa knig^bted at Ixnth on 
1 i May. So higrhly were hh service* e€t earned 
that the |iriv>* council announced totheEftrl 
of Shrewsbury, lietitenant-|fener«l in the 
north, that it was the kinj^'n intention to 
confer on him a barony ( Tafhof Papers, in 
llhuttrationjf ft/ the Reifpt of Qv^ett Mary, 
Maitland Club, p, 171 >. This intention, how- 
ever, was not carried into eftict, Bowes 
returned from Scotland and died in 1556, 
leaving- no male heir. 

[Surtee«'8 Durham , i v. 1 1 2 ; Sbarp'a Memorial 
of the HebcOion of 1669, 370.] M. C. 

BOWES, SiK GEORGE (1527-^iri80), 
nulitary commander, was the son of RichMrd 
Bowes and Elizjibeth A »h} [«^e BowEs, Elixa- ' 
beth]. At the age of fourteen h** was married 
to Dorothy^ daughter of Sir William Miillor^' 
of Sf udley BoyaL He early went to the Scot- 
tish war, and in l»i49 in mentioned af% U^ingin 
com m find of one himdred eaviilry at Doiifjla^. 
In 1558 he was made niiirslial of Ben\ick. 
Being at this time k widower, he strengthened 
his iMjsition by an tdliancewith the jiowerful 
house of ShrewsbuTi% He marrij-d Jane, 
daughter of Sir Jnhn Tallwit of Albrighton. 
His I opinion wns often asked by the govern- 
ment aliout border iiffivini, and in 156() lu* 
was Icnighted at Ben.viek by the Duke of 
Korfolk* Soon afterwards be resigned the 
onerous ]K)St r>f marshBl of l^envick and re- 
tired tn bis house at Sireatlam. In 15()7tbe 
privy council gave him a curious eomniission 
to get quicksets for hedges to enclose parts 
of the frontier ( Off. StfttePfipet'^,ForA^ti6-S, 
'. 412). In 155H be was employed to e*5Cort 
ilary qui>en of Scots from Carlisle to Bolton 
Cftsile. He displayed such courtesy in the 
discharge of this uuty that Mar)- in biter 
years liiid a gratefnl remembrnnce of his kind- 
ness ^ and wrotH tobini its to a frir^nd {Afeymt- 
riah f{f thf liehefiian^ \k 37^), Xext ji^ur the 
rHl>f^llion of the northeni larls threatened 
Elif.ab*^tii s throne, and it was cbiefly owing 
to the « read fastness of Bowes that the re- 
bellion did not bt'conjc* more serious. He 
remained at Streatlnm, in the eentre of a 
disaffected neighbourhood, and faced the un* 
|iopolnrity which bis notorious Invjahy dn^w 
U])on liis bead. Alrt^ady, on 7 March 1569, 
Lord Hundson wrote, * The countriii'^ is in 
great hatred of Sir George Bowes so as he 
dare scant renin in tbert* ' {CaL Siaie Paper^^ 
Fon 15(^0 71, p. Uf*). St rent bun was not far 
from BrMTKCiM^tb, the seat of (he Enrl of 
M'estmorland, who was the centre of tbedis- 



I 



\ affected party. Bowes kept ft ihafp watch 
on all that wa« pusmg, and sent infamiA- 

' tion to the Earl of Sussex, lord president of 
the north, who was stationed at York. Sus- 
sex for some time did not believe that the 
earls would proceed to any 0|)en action. At 
length their proceedings were so threjiten- 

' Lng that Bowes thought it aafer, on 12 Nov,, 
to leave Streatlam^ and shut himi^eif up in 
the strong castle of Barnard Castle, whicli 
belonged to the crown and of which he wad 
steward. He was emiKiwered to levT- forced 
for the queen, and the well-affected gen- 
tlemen oj the neighbourhood gathered round 
him. He wished to use his small force for 
the piu^^ose of cutting off the rebels who 

I were gathering at Brancepetb; but Sussex 

I hesitated to gi%'e permission, and things wefo 
n I lowed to take their course. At last, on 
14 Nov., the rebel earla entered Ihirham, 

I and ndyance<l south wartls for the purpose of 
releasing Queen Mar}' from her prison at 
Tutbury^ Tlu^y were nnt, however, agreed 
amongst themselves. Tbey changed their 

' plan suddenly and retreated northwards. 
The sole point in which they were agreed 
was hatred of Bowch, His bouse at Streat- 
1am \\\i¥- destroyed, and Barnard Castle was 
besieged. It was ill supplied with proviBions, 
and tlie hasty levies wnich formed its gai^ 
rison w ere not adapted to endure hardships. 
Many of the garrison leapt from the wall 
and joined the enemy. Bowes h*Vld out 
bravely for eleven days* but dreaded trea- 
chery witliin. He thought it bt'tter to suf^ 
render while bonniirable tenuH were ])ossible. 

I He was permitted to march out with four 
hundred men* He joined the Earl of Sussex 
and wfts apjiointed provost marshal of the 
army. 

I Bv this time the royal army had marched 

I northwards. The rebels, discoumged by rbe 
indecision of their leaders, retreated and 
grnduHlly dispersed. The rebdlinn was at 

I an end» but Elizalwtb had been thoroughly 
frightened and gave orders thiif severe punish- 
ment should be inflicted on the ringleaders* 

' The executions were carried out by Bowes, 

1 as provost marshal, though the lists of those 

I to be executed were drawn out by the Earl 

of Sussex. Bowes had been the pirincipaJ 

' sufferer, but he does not appear to have shown 

I any person id vindietivene.^s. The Earl of 
Sussex warmly ctsmniended him to the grati- 
tude of the queen, both on account of tb© 
losses which ne bad sustained and for his 
eminent services. But Bowes appealed in 
vain to ElizHbetb's generosity. Not till 1572 
did be receive some grants of forfeited lands^ 
which appear to have been of small value. 
In 1571 be was elected M.P. for Knares- 



^ 



borongli, And in KiTS for Morpeth. In 1576 
he wa* made high ^heritt" of the county 
T^atine. I» 1579 he relieved his brother 
Robert r»ee Bowes, Robekt, 1535?-15V>7], 
who wisned for n ghort leave of absence frc^m 
the post of marshal of Berv ick. His resi- 
dence in Ben^ick was both coRtly and cum- 
bersciDe, and alter staving there for nearly 
a ye»r he beppred to be relieved. Sf»on after 
his return to Streatlani he died, in 1680. The 
general tefitimony to his rliaracter i? jriven in 
ft conteraporarr letter to Burghlev : 'He ^is^ 
tht^&uT^t pvUore the queen^s majestT had in 
these parts/ 

[Th<; leitera of Sir Georgt Bowua dealing with 
the T^hellion are pivcn in Sharp's Memurialff of 
the Re>.t1lioii of 1569 (1840), yhere ii also the 
ful)A>t account of the life of Sir George Bowes 
^T^wn from niHiiU9eripc» at Streatlam, p. 373, kc, 
8<e also Cal. State Papera, Doin,» Addenda, 
l6«6-790 M. C. 

BOWES, Sir JEROME (rf. KilO), am- 
bassador, was of a Durham family, ' sprung 
troin John Bfiwes, who ma tried Anne, daugh- 
ter of Gun^ille of Oorle^ton in SutVolk, who 
h*vn the aame arms as those of Gonville and 
Cains College, Cambridjie ^ (Not en and Qnrric^, 
1st aeries, xii. 2«:iO). ifis name occurs in the 
li«t of those gentlemen who followed Clinton, 
earl of Lincoln, to France, in hi? expedition 
to rerenge the fall of Calais in the Bpring of 
15n8 ( Calendar of Hafpehl MSS, p, 1 4tY). It 
haa been infemtl from a c«^iml tnention of 
hjm by St owe (p. fMi9, ed. \m\ ) that he wrs 
A client of the Ear! of Leicester in 1571 ; 
hut he was certainly bonij^hed from cojirt !«ix 
year? later for ' slanderous 8p»f»ch ' agaijist the 
ikTourite ( Vat, State Papers^ Dom., Addenda, 
6 Aug. 1577). In his retirement he had 
leisure to translate from the Preach an * Ap> 
lotjfT for the Christians iif France , . . of the 
reiomaed religion ' (1579), * whereby the pure- 
ness of that religion . . . ia plainly ahewt^d, 
not only by the holy scriptures and by rea- 
aont hut alao by the pojje's own canons/ 
Hi! waa riwtored to fuTour, and in 1583 was 
appointed ambassudor to Russia. His claim 
to remembrance mainly rests on his conduct 
ID that capacity. Eighty years later the 
offic4're of the customs, fellow-guests with 
Pepys, * grave, fine gentlemen,' held di&- 
eouru with him of Bowes, who, * because 
' the noblemen there would go up- 
to the emperor before him, would not 
go up till the emperor had ordered thot^e 
two men to be dragged doTkTigtairs, with 
their heads knocking upon every stair till 
they were killed.' On demnnd being made 
of hia sword before entering the presence, 
he had hia boots pulled ot!' and made the 





emperor wait till he could go in his night- 
gown, nightcap, and slippers, ' since he might 
not go as a soldier.' The emperor having 
ordered a man to leap from a window to cer- 
tain deathj and having been obeyed, Bowes 
scornfully observed tlmt * hia mistress did 
set more by, and miikf better use of, the 
necks of her subjects.' He then showed what 
her subjects would do for her sake by fling- 
ing down his gauntlet before the emperor, 
and challenging all the nobility to take it 
up, in defence of the emperor again.st hia 
queen, * for which at this very day the name 
of Sir Jerome Bowes is fumout* and honoured 
there ^ {Diartf^ 5 Sept. 1B62). Milton, in his 
* Brief History of Moscovia,^ gives an ac- 
count of this embassy, token from Uakluyt. 
He does not mention the foregoing anecdotes, 
nor those recorded In Pr. Collinses * Present 
State of Bussia,' 1071 (quoted in Noie« and 
Qu^n'ef^ Iftt series, x. UK)). The c!sar(Ivan- 
vasLlovitch) is there said to have nailed the 
French amlMissiidor's hat to hie hend. Bowes 
tit his next tiudience put on his hut, and the 
czar threatened him with the like punit^h- 
ment. IViwt^s repli*'d that he did not repre- 
sent the cowardly king of Fnince, hut the 
invincible queen of Englnnd, * who does not 
vail her bonnet nor bare her head to an^ 
prince living/ The cznr commended his 
braYery and took him into fuyoiir. Bowes 
also turned a wild horse — a task assigned 
him ftt the instance of envious courtiers — so 
etlectually that the beast fell dead under 
liim. 

Milton's account fully bears out the cha- 
racter assigned to Bowes by Pepys and 
Collins. lie deMcrihes the pomp of tlie re* 
ception and the failure of its intended effect 
on the ambassador^ who would not submit 
to the etiquette prescribing the delivery of 
his letters into the hand.s of the chancellor, 
but insisted upon his right to give them to 
the emperor himself. The czar, irritated by 
the assertion of Eliza Ix^th^s equality with the 
French and Spanish kings, lost nil patience 
when Bowes, to his question * What of the 
emperor?^ replied that her fiither had the 
emperor in his pay.. He hinted that Bowes 
might be thrown out of the window, and 
received for answer that the queen would 
know liow to revenge any injurr done to her 
ambassiulor. I^an s anger gave place to ad- 
miration, and he renewed his proposal of an 
alliance with one of the t|ueeTrs kinsfolk. 
But he died soon after, and the Dutch anti- 
Euglish faction came into power. M. Ham- 
baud, in his * History of Kussia/ has blamed 
Bowes for clumsiness and want of tact ; but 
his diplomacy seemis to have been suited to 
the barbaric court, and his misfortunes are 



i 



Qore justly ftttributed to the death of the 
czar. He was imprisoned , threatened, and 
at last dismisaed in a fashion strong^ly con- 
triiBtinff with the splendour of hii* recep- 
tion. When ready to embark he sent hack 
the new emporor's letters and ' paltry present* 
by * some of his valinntest and diacreetest 
men,' who safely fultiUed their dangeroua 
mission. 

The 8nb6e<|iient lifp of Bowes haa left few 
traces. In a report by the lord chief baron 
of t he exchequer he api>ears in a discreditable 
li^lit, as having tVuudulently dealt with a 
will under which he cluimed (the record 
is undated* but assigned to 1587 in the CaL 
Staf^ Papers ^ Domestic). On 5 Feb. l'>92 a 
special license is granted liini to makH drink- 
ing-gla8se« in Eng^land iind Ireland for twelve 
years, and in 1507 ' the inhabitants of 8l 
Ann, Blockfriars, built a fiiir warehouse under 
the isle * for liis uae, and also pave him 133/. 
{Notei^ and Qiiene-^^ let series* x. 349). In 
1607 he was living at Charing Cross, as ap- 
pears by an account of a robbery and murder 
committed at his house there » ' A truia re- 
port of the horrible murder . . . in the house 
of Sir Jer«niie Bowes on -2 Feb. 1606' (Lon- 
don, 1607), tells the story in ^reat detail, 
with many invectives against Brownists, to 
whicli sect one of the murderers belonged. 
The culprits were apprehendtMl on suspicion 
at Chester, and the fords of the council gave 
directions for the re^'ititution of their plunder 
to Bowes (i/M^ MSS. Cumm. 8th Hep. :\Sl}, 

Bowes WHS buried on 28 Afarch lt5J6 in 
Hackney Church. A portrait of hiuiy painted 
in the year of his embasrjy, is in the posses- 
sion of the Earl of Suffolk at Charlton, and 
was in the National Portrait Exhibition of 
1866 (No. 400 in Cat.) 

[Authorities as above ] R. C. B, 

BOWES, JtHIN {1690-1767)» lord chan- 
cellor of Ireland, born in IGiK), studied law at 
London with Philip Yorke, subsequently Lord 
Hardwicke^ Bowes was called to the bar m 
England in 1718, and in Ireland in 1725. He 
was iippointed third serjeant-at-law there in 
1727, solicit or-generul in 1730, and through 
government intiuence became,iii 173l,memlie;r 
of parliament for the borough of Taglimon, in 
the county of Wexford. He was appointed 
attorney-general for Ireland in 173E*»and be- 
fore a court of high commi.s.Hion at Dublin in 
that year displayed great eloquence and lepii 
acquirements at the trial of Lord Santry tor 
murder. In 1741 Bowes was appointed chief 
baron of the exchequer in Irebind, He pre- 
sided at the remarkable trial at bar between 
James Annealey and Richard, earl of Angle* 
aey, which continued from 11 Nov. 1743 to 




the 25tli of the same month [see AyKBWLBT, 
James], A me^otinto portrait of Bo wee as 
chief baron waa executed by John Brooks. 
Through the influence of Lord Hardwickei 
Boweji? was promoted to the chancellorship 
of Ireland in 1757, and took his seat aa chair- 
man of the House of Lords in October in that 
year. In 1758 the title of Baron of Clonlyon, 
in the county of Meath, was conferred upon 
him. Mrsi. Delanv, who met Bowes in May 
1759, wrote that lie wa«5 at that time 'in a 
miserable state of health, with legs bigger 
considerably at the anlde than at the calf/ 
In the ^ame year, during the riot at Dublin 
I against the proposed union of Ireland with 
England, Bowea was taken out of his coach 
by the populace at the entrance to the par- 
liament lioiiNe, and compelled to swear that 
he would oppose tb© measure. Bowes was 
, avt^rse to relaxation of penal laws a^iast 
Irish catholics. He continued in othce a^ 
I chancellor on the accession of George UL 
Bowes promoted the publication of an edition 
of the * l!>tatuies of Ireland j'wkich was printed 
I by the goveniment in 1(62 under the super- 
j intendence of Francis Vesey, According to 
I Vesey, in his dedication of this work to 
I Bowes, the latter had made the high court of 
I chancery *a terror to fraud, and a protection 
and comfort to every honest man.* Bowes 
acted as a lord justice in Ireland in 1765 and 
1766. The House of Lords in 1766 passed a 
resolution to present an address to the crown 
for a grant of one thousand pounds to Chan- 
cellor Ikiwes, in addition to his cu^stomary 
(dlowance, in consideration of his * particular 
merit and faithful services ' during that ses- 
sion of parliament* The faculties of Bowes 
are stated to have been unimpairt^d when he 
died in office as lord justice in July 1767. He 
was interred in Chrif^t Church, Dublin, where 
ft marble monument^ including a bas-relief of 
his bust, was erected to him in that cathedral 
by his brother, liumsey Bowes of Binfield, 
Berkshire. 

[RoUfl of Chancery, Irokoil, (leorge I, 
Gkiorge H j Joiimala of L(jr«is *md Commons, 
Ireland, 1731-67; I)ul>liii FrLieman'!* Journal, 
1767; Anomvl Begiat<?r» 1767; Statutes of Ire- 
laud, vol. i. 178S; Borkeley^s Literary Relics, 
1789; Hiiit. of Kinty's lens, Irebmfl 1806; 
Hardy'ii Life of Lor«l Obirleraoat, 1810 ; Hist, of 
Ci t y o f D ubl in. 1 8 5 4 -5 9 ; A u r obi ography of Mr«. 
Deiaay, 1861 ; Dorni'tnt aud Extinct Peeragoa, 
1836 ; Ikporta Eiat. M8d. CommiasioD, 1 881-84.1 

J. T. G. 

BOWES, JOHN (1801-1874), preacher, 
Wfis born at Swirieside, Coverdale, in Covers 
ham parish, Yorkshire^ rm 12 June 1804, the 
son or parents in very humhle circumstances. 
While still in his teens lie began preacliing, 




Bowes 



Bowes 






first among the Wesley ftii5, tben as a primitive 
methodist ministtir. About 1830 be ;s«^panited 
himself from t luit body, and, rtjiioimeinfl: all 

ryappelkfiond, started ii mistiion at Dun- 
, where be wa* joined by Mr, (aftenvorda 
Dr. ) Jabez Burti*<. Howe.'* MiibHe<]iH"iitly left 
Dtixtdee and went tVom town to town, preach- 
ing in the open air or whert5ver bt? could 
^ther a eongrt^ation, but he always declined 
to take part m a Benrice at which money wa.s 
taken, as he could not think of * ^addlin^ the 
gospel with a collection.' He \vm !»everul 
times prosecuted for street preaching, and 
often aulfered privations in his joumeyings. 
He waa an earnest and vigorouj^ platform 
.apeiker, ever ready to combat with gfjcial- 
i«te, freet hinkers, or Homan ca t hoi ie«. Wit h 
like ardour he entered into the advocacy of 
temperance and of peace, and in 1848 waa 
one of the reprei»entative« of England at the 
firuMdeU Peace congress. During the greater 
portion of his liie be refii^^^'d to accept a salary 
lor his ministrations, and be seems to have 
supported himself and faiuily chiefly by the 
udt of his own tracts luid Umks. He died 
at Dundee on 23 Sept. 1^74, aged 70. 

Hi* publications consist of some 220 tract;*; 
two series of magazines — the * tliristian 
MagMrne^ and the * Truth Pmmoter*— -is- 
sned between 1S42 and 1874 ; pamphletv^ on 
*The Errow of the Churcli of Rome/ ' Mor- 
moni«m eiposed,' * Second Coming of Christ/ 
* The Ministry,* &c, ; discussioufl with Lloyd 
Jones, O. J. Holyoake, Joseph Barker, C. 
Southwell, W. Woodman, and T. H. Milner ; 
m volume on * Christian Union* (1835, 310 
pages) ; a translation by himself of the New 
Testament (1870) ; and his ' Autobiogniphy ' 
(1872k His son, Robert Aitken Bowe^^ was 
editor of the * Bolton Guardian/ and died on 
7 Nov. 1879^ aged 42. 

[Antobiotrraphy or History of the Life of John 
Bow«s, 1872; AUiaDCe News, 10 Oct. 1874; 
G. J» Hutyoake'^ History of Co-fjperution, i. 
326; Old SouthEnst IjiDcasUire, 18S0, p. 40.] 

BOWES, MAKMADllvE {d. 1585), ca- 
tholic martyr, is deivcribed as a subst4inttal 
Yorkshire yeoman, of Angram Grange, near 
Appleton, m Cleveland. Ho waa much divided 
on religious ouestioiiii, but refused to declare 
himseli^ a catuolic, although he Hympatbised 
strongly with the catholic cause. According 
to the recollections of Grace* wife of 8ir Ralph 
** * 'mrpe of Babthorpe, Yorkshire, Bowes 
rauuried man, and * kept a schoolmaster 

i teach his children.' The tutor, himself a 
CftthoUc, was arrested and apo.'^iatised. The 
ieUow thereupon reporte<l to the councd at 
Xork that Bowes, who, according to catholic 





testimony, was * no catholic, but a poor 8obi»- 
matic,' was in the habit of entertaining Cft«f 
tholic priests. Bowes was summoned to 
answer this complaint, and was ordered to 
appear at the August assijEes of 1585. There 
he was indicted, condemned, and hanged, 

* and, as it was reported, in his boots and 
spurs as he came to the town. He died very 
wiUingly and professed his faith [i.e, wag 
openly converted to Catholicism], with great 
repentance that he had lived in schiam.' He 
8u tiered on 17 Nov. 1686 under the recent 
statute (27 Elix.) ogainat harbouring priests. 
Hugh Taylor, a seminary prieat, who had 
stayed with him some time previously, was 
hanged about the same time, 

[Morris 8 Troubles of our Catholic Furefathera, 
i. 244^1]. passim; Dodd's Church History, ii. 154; 
Challoner'fl Misaionar)' Priasts, i. 85.] S. L. Lw 

BOWES, Sir MARTIN (1&00P-1566), 
lord mayor of London and sub-treasurer of 
the Mint, was son and heir of Thomas Bowes 
of York, Early in life ho became a well- 
known iewellBr and goldsmith in London^ 
and had large transactions with tlie Mint, 
In 1530 he acted aj^ deputy for Robert Ama- 
dad^ deputy of Lord Mountjoy, * keeper of the 
exchange,' and in April 1533 received a 
e^rant of the office of muster and worker of the 
Sink's moneys, and keeper of the change in 
the Tower of Loudon with bit* friend liaiph 
Howlet * in survivorship/ Strype states that 
in January 1550-1 he surrendered the post 
of sub-treasurer of the Mint, and wa^ found 
to be 10,000/. in debt to the king. But the 
government were well enough satisfied with 

* his hotiesl and faithful manageiy of his 
place ' to grant him an annuity of 200 marks 
in addition to the pension of B^L Rif. 4rf. 
already ejanted him by Henry ^'IIL lie 
was an alderman of the city, and was elected 
sheriff of London in 15-10 and lord mayor in 
1545. In June 1546 be exiunined the re- 
puted heretic Aune Askew [q. v.] in the 
Guildhall, and committed her to the Counter 
{Narrafiies of the Itefonnation, Camd. 8oc. 
pp. 40-1 ). He was a liveryman of the Gold- 
smith;** Gtirapuny, and was a constant guest 
at the feajjts of the other city companies, and 
a generous benefactor to las own company. 
He bequeathed to the latter the houses in 
Lombard Street where Messrs. Glyn's bank- 
ing-house now Btands. 

Bowes died on 4 Aug. 1506, and was buried 
in the church of St. Mary Woolnoth, Lom- 
bard Street, beneath * a goodly marble close 
tombe under the communion table*' By his 
wilt dated 1*0 Sept. im2 he left lands to die- 
clmi^ the ward of Langljoume * of aU iiftenes 
to bee granted to the king by parliament/ 



and founded almaboufies at Woolwich, where ' 
he hftd A house and lands. He estjihlished 
R yearly ^rmon on St. Martin's day at the 
church of St. Mary Woolnoth. A broad- 
ftheet entitk^d • The epelbaphe of gyr 3f arten 
Bowes ' was licensed for the press soon after | 
his death, hut no copy is known (Abbeb^s 
Tranecript^ u) \ 

Bowe« wa* thrice married : (1) to Cicely 
Elyot ; (2) to one Anne , who, dying on 
19 Oct. 1553, was buried with heralmc cere- 
mony (22 Oct.) at St. Mary Woolnoth, 
I^mUrd Street {Barl MS, 897 f, 13 6 ; Ma- 
chffns Diary J Camd. Soc. pp. 46, 335) ; and 
(3) to Elizabeth Harlow. By his first wife 
Bowes had two sons, Thomas and Martin. Jo- 
anna, a daughter of Bowea, miirrk^d GtK>rge 
Heton of Heton, Lancashire, and was mother 
of Murtin Heton, bishop of Ely (Stutpj:, 
A7waU^ 8vo, iv, 490), 

A contemporary jKirtrait of Bowes (* a* 
1566 sL't. sute 66 ') still hang8 in the commit^ 
tee-room of Goldsmiths' Hall, and a cup pre- 
sented by bim to the same company im still 
extant, and has been engraved in H. Shawns 
* Decorative Arts/ 

[Visitations of Ehscx^ piih, by Harl. Soc. 
xiii. 27; Redpttth*8 Bortler History ; Siirt«eV8 
Hist, of Ihirbim, i. 236, iv, 117; Stuw*a Ltrndon, 
ed. Strypc* ; Herbf rt's Liv<?n- Companies, ii, 143, 
247; Malcolm's Londiniiim R^liv. »i* 411; 
Strype'sMemoi-ialp, ii, i. 424-6, ii, 216 ; Brewer ■ 
Letters an<I P^vji^rs of Hinrv VIII ; n^rt<^ sup- 
pliiKl by Mr, H. H. 8. Crofts.] S. L. L. 

BOWES, MARY ELEANOR, Cou^SfTEss 
OF STKATuaifiiiE ( 1 749- 1 800 ), waa thedau^h- 
t<?r and mle heireBs of (^eor|fe Bowes, M.l\, 
nf StroBtlam and Gibside in the county of 
Durbiim, till' head of a fumilj well known in 
border warfare [s<*u Bu\ves,8ib William]. 
After »ome flirtations witli the brother of 
the Duke of Bnccleucb, ehe wws married on 
24 Feb. 1767 to John Lyon, ninth mrl of 
Stmthmore. lie wa» born at lloiigbton-le- 
Spring on 16 Aug. 1737, and after his mnr- 
riag*^ obtained an act of parlinment whk-h 
enabled him to take bis wife's fiurname. In 
the same year he was elected a represen- 
tative peer of Hcotlnnd- Three eons and 
two daughters were the fruits of lhi& union. 
Lord Strathmore died on 7 March 1776, 
whilst on a voyaffe to Li8l>on. After bis 
death the widow liad several suitore*, and 
the Hon. Oeorge Grev was thought to he 
the favourefl man. llin * Tiirkinh Tale' is 
said to have been written for her entertain- 
ment. Her conduct wns not very discreet, 
and some pnra^apbs reflecting on her cha- 
racter appeared in the * Morning Post,* then 
controlled by * Parson Bate ' (llie Rev. Sir 



Henry Bate Dudley), who went through a 
aham duel with another suitor, Andrew Ro> 
binson Stoney. This adventurer induced her 
to marry him on 17 Jan. 1777, Stoney was 
a bankrupt lieutenant on half-pay, who had 
wasted the fortune acquired with a previous 
wife, Hannah Newton of Newcastle. In the 
following^ month he assumed his wife's sur- 
name of Bowes, and found that when en- 
gaged to Mr. Grey the countess Imd executed 
a deed securing her estates to herself. This 
she had made known to Hrey, who supped 
with her the night before her marriage, but 
not to her husband, who by cruelty induced 
her to make a deed of revocation. John 
Hunter wa.s a witness to this document, 
which was executed at the dinner-table. Two 
children were born of this marriage, one of 
wliom^ William Johnstone Bowes, lieutenant 
in the royal navy, was lost with Sir Thomas 
Trowbridge in the Blenheim in 1H07. Lady 
Strathmore*s influences secured her husband^s 
election as M.P. for Newcastle in 1780. He 
was nominated in 1777, and petitioned against 
Sir John Trevelyan, but lost the election* 
He was also sheritf of Newcastle. Bowea 
treated liis wife with barbarity and was un- 
faithful to hen She instituted nroceedings 
in the ecclesiastical courts for a aivorce, and 
escaped from her husband, against whom 
she exhibited articles of the peace in the 
court of king's bench on 7 Feb. 17S5. On 
I 10 Nov. 1786 she left her houi^e in Blooms- 
i bury Square to call on business at a Mr, 
I Foster's in Oxford Street, when she was ab- 
ducted by a ganfif of men in the pyy of her 
busljand. At Highgate Bowes made his 
appearance. Lady Stratlimore was hurried 
ofl to Stmithlnnd Castle. After much bru- 
tal ill'treiitnient she was rescued by some 
! hiLsbandmen and tiiken back to London by 
j her deliverers. Bowes and his colleaguea 
I were convicted of con,*;piracy and sentenced 
on 1*6 June 1787 to a fiue of 300/., imprison- 
[ men! of tliree years, and to find securities for 
good Ix'baviour for fourteen years. The deed 
, by which ?.he had placed her estates under 
the c<iiitr<d of Bowes was invalidated on 
the ground of duress on 19 May 1788. The 
court of delegates made a decree of divorce 
on -I March 17H9 against A. K. Bowes. On 
the following day tlie lord chancellor pro- 
nounced in favour of the viiliditvof tlie aeed 
executed before marriage by Lody Strath- 
more, who was til us restored to the control 
of her o^^^l fortune. Bowes became in 1790 
an inmate of the king's bench prison^ but in 
the following year behaved creditubly during 
a riot in the prison, and his imprisonment was 
relaxed* Lady Strathmore died at Christ- 
church, Hampshire, on 28 April 1800, and 



WM biiried in WestmitisttT AbJiev, arrayed Mrs. Bowe^ died in 1706. TLe eldest son, 

in *A superb bridal dre*?*.' Her persecutor Martin, burn in London, wna also a pensioner 

survived her until 16 Jan. IHIQ. Tbere are of 8t. J<»lin's College, Cambridge, where be 

cngmved portraiU of both bu^ band and wife, was admitted 10 April H58<3, at tbe ajErt* of] 

L&dv Strathuiore wrote: L. * The Sieffe of i^ixteeTi, but left without taking' a dejjree. 



Lidy Strathuiore 



Jemsalam/ 1774. A few copies only were 
printed to be given away» 2, * The Confes- 
«ions of the Counter of St rathmore : written 
hj herself. Carefully copied from the originals 
lodged in Doctors' ComraonB/ London, 179^3. 
This appears to have been extorted by her 
hu^bancL 



dej^ree. 
He married Elizabeth, eldf*i?t daug^bter of 
Edward Thnrland of Reijiyate, Surrey^ and 
afterwards settled at Bury St. Edmund's, 
Suffolk, where he died in 1720. His second 
daughter, Ann, became, in 1732, the wife of 
riiihp Broke of Nacton. 

[Autobiography and Correspontlence of Sir 



[Gent. Mag. In. 991, 093. 1070, Ivii. 88, lix. Siraonda D'Ewes, il 17-18; Admiasion* to the 



2fl9, Ix, 665. btx. i88 ; Sarteea's History of Dur 
ham, iv. 109; Baker's Biographia Dmmatica; 
Hartiti'a Cutjilogue of Privately Priatcd Books ; 
Full wid Accurate Report of Trial Iwtween Ste- 
phens, TniRteo to E. Bowes, and A, R, Bowes, 
1788; Report of the Proc<.^iings in the High 
Court of Chancery in the umtter of Andrew 
Rolaoaon B*3Wes, 1804 ; Foot's Ijivea of Audrew 
Bi;)binst>a Bow** and tho Countei* of Stnith* 
more, 1810,] W. E. A, A. 



College of St. John tho Evangcjliet, od. J, E, B. 
Mayor, p. 98; Admiasioo Book of Middle Temple; 
Notes Hijd Queries, lat s^r. ii. 70, vii. 547, 3rd 
ser, T. 247, 330; 8t. DanatanB Rejjrister; Hut- 
chin a 'm Dor9(^t8hiro, 3rd ed. i. 421 ; Monmt'a 
En^ex, I 250, 442, ii, 36 i Wills reg. in P. C. CJ 
91 B^ith, 140Eedes, 177 Plvmouth; Hari, MS8, 
374. ff. 315, 316. 1542. f.'l48; Pago's Supple- 
ment to Suftblk Travellor, p. 61 ; Gent. Mag. iii. 

43.] G. a 



BOWES, PAUL id. 1702), editor of) BOWBS, Sir KOBKllT (149o?-l554), 
D*Ewe«'B * JoumaU/ wtus the iieeond son of ! military commander and lawyer, miiu of Sir 
SirThomftsBiiwe*»knig'ht, of Great Bromley, ] Ralph Bowels and Miirjorv Cony ere of South 
Eaeex, the notoriouB witch-per^^cutor, by Cowton^ Yorkshire, studied law in bis early 
Mary, third daughter of Paul l>'Ewe», one years, hut his ancestral connection with the 
of the »ix clerks in chancery. He was bom borders marked him out for employment in 
at Great Bromley, und after beiiij^ educated border affairt^^ where be did active service. 
in the schcjol at Moulton^ Norfolk, wai? ad- | In 1536 he wa« In the royal army against 



mitte*l a penfiioner of St. Johns CoUej^% 
^ ahrifige, 21 Dec. l»j.50. He t^x^k no de- 
' ; indeed, he does not appear to ha\'e ma- 
riculated. Having fixed on the law for hiis 
mure profession, he was on 12 May ltV54 
Btered of the Middle Temple, and Ijeing 
iljed to the bar by that society 10 Mav 
i6Cl, liecame a bencher on 24 Oct. 107!^. 
In addition to hi*t profesv-^icmnl acquirements, 
his possessed a tuftte for hii*tory and anti- 
quities, and he edited the manu^^ript work 
of hi« celebrated uncle, SirSimouds D*Ewef?, 



the Pilgrimage of Grace, and carried to the 
king the petition of the rebels. In 1541 hdf 
was specially jiummoned to London to advise" 
the privy council about Scottish biLsine?^. In 
1542 he accompanied the Diike of Norfolk 
on his plundenn^ raid into Scotland, and 
was Sent with »i,0(X} men to harrj^ Jed- 
btiTgh, He wajs attacked on his way and was 
made prisoner, hut ^oon relea.sed. In 1550 
he was made warden of the eu8t and middle 
marches, and in this otfice left a vahiable 



record of his adminifit rati ve capacity. Atth 
entitliid 'The Journals of all the Parliaments reuueat of the warden general, Henr}*. msir- 
during the Helgn i>f Queen ELizab^rh, both nuis of Dorset, he drew up * A Book of the 



of the House of Lords and House of Com- 
monn/ folio, London, 1G82. Other editions 
aiipeared in 1*393 and 1708. Bowe.s wtis 
Effected A fellow of the Royal Society 30 Nov. 
1099, and, dying in June 1702, was buried 
3 July at St. Dunstan'^-in-the-Weat, Fleet 



State of the Frontiers and Marches h^jtwiXt 
England and Scntlund.' This record is the 
chief authority for the state of the kmler 
country in the sLxteentli oentur^'. It de- 
scribe^s the nature of the land, itn military 
organisation, the condition of the fortresses, 



Street. By hi.s wife Brid^ret, daughter of the number of the garrisons, and be>^iilea 
Thomas Stnrge& of the Mid"lle Temjile, he gives much tidornnitlon about the ehiinicler 
left i«»ue three sons and two daughters, of the bonlerers. As Bowes was a lawyer 
His will, dated 5 Aug. 10119 (with two co- | aa well a^ a .soldier, he added to his survey 
dicilfi dated 17 April and 12 Aug. 1701), of the country a legal treatise on the admini§- 
w&iy proved by his widow and sole executrix, t rat ion of the complicated system of inter- 
'0 July 1702. Besides property in Lincohi- national law by which diipntes between 
hire, Suflolk, and Essex, he wms po*.ses8e^l, the borderers of England and Sci>t hind were 
in 17W» of the manor of Iiuabton,Stokeford, settled. Hie treati^ of *The Forme and 
and Binnegar in East Stoke, Dorsetshire. ' Urrler nf n Day of Truce * explains the 



I 



formftllties to be used in the execution of 
justice in tlie combined court of the warden* 
of Engliind and Scotland, We are not sur- 
prised thnt a man of sucb fjowers of ad- 
minii^l rat ion was needed for weighty matters. 
In June LVjI be was one of the commis- 
sioners apiKvinted to make a con 'rent ion with 
Scotland. In the following Septembor he 
was made a membt*r of the priiy coimcil, 
and next year lie was appointed master of 
the rolls. His ?i|rnature is affixed as one of 
the witneH<*eft of Edward \*I'e will, and he 
was ft member of the short-lived council of 
the Lady Jane Grey. The council soon found 
its position to be impo*.sible. On 19 July 
155d Bowes signed n. letter to Lord Rich 
on Jane's behalt On 20 July hf' sipied an 
order to the I>uke of Nortburaberlaud bid- 
dings him dijMirm (Qufen Jane timi Queen 
Maty, Camd. goc. 1851, p. 101)). On the 
iicceesion of Queen Mnrj' Bowes was not 
disgraced. He held oifire as master of the 
rolls for two months, and then resigned of 
his own iiccord. In 1554 be was ordered 
by the privy council to repair to Berwick 
and assist Lord Conyers in orj^anising the 
defences of the border, and receivetl from 
the queen a grant of 100/. Soon after his 
return from this duty be died. Ho married 
Alice» daughter of Sir James Metcalfe of 
Nappa^ near Richmond, but left no suryiving 
children. 

Bowt^'s * Sur\'ey of the Border* ia printed 
in HodgHon's * Northumberland/ ii. pt. v. 17L 
&c., where, besides the survey of Io5L there 
is given in the note an etirlier one of 154:2 
made by Bowes and Sir linlph Elleker. The 
lutter one is more detailed and is more full 
of interest. It ii* also printed in VReprints 
of Rare Tracts/ vol. iv. Newcai^tle, 1849, and 
in a private issue of the Border Club, 1838. 
The ^Porm of Holding a Day of Truce* i^ 
partiiilly printed in the mme issue of the 
Bonier Club, and extracts are given in 
lltune'8 ' North Durham/ xxii. There are 
three manuscripts, one In the Ilec^:>rd Office 
(State Papers Edward VI, iv. No, 30), and 
two in the British Museum (Ciiliguhi 11 viii. 
f. 106, and Titu.s F. xiii. tVlGO). The last 
is most perfect, 

[FoBHS Judges of Englftiid, v. 35 i; Sharp's 
Meraoriala of the Rebellion, 370; Surteca's 
Dmrbam, iv. 11*2.] M. C\ 

BOWES, ROBERT (1535 ?-l 597), Eng- 
lish ambassador to Scotland, fifth son of Ricn- 
ard Bowea and Elizabeth Aske [see Bowes, 
ELiZABETti], man'ietl HrHt Anne, daughter of 
Sir Georgx* Bowe« of Dalden, and in irjtSG j 
Eleanor, daughter of Sir Richm-d Musgrave | 
of Eden Hall, lie senred under hia father i 



in the defence of the bordt^rs. In 1569 be 
was sheriff of the county palatine of Durham, 
and helped his brother, Sir George Bowe» 
[q. V,], to hold Barnard Cagtle against the 
rebel eark. /Vfterw^ards he waa sent in com- 
mand of a troop of horse to protect the west 
marches. In 1571 he wa* elected M,P. for 
Carlisle- In 1575he was appointed treasurer 
of Berw^ick, and in this capacity bad many 
dealings with the Scottish court. In 1577 
he wa.^ appointed iimbtissador in Scotland, 
where he liad a di Hi cult task to perform. 
Hiei oljjoct waa to counteract the influence of 
France^ retain a hold on James VI, keep 
togetlier a party that was favourable t^ 
Enghmd, and promote disiuiion among the 
Scottish nobles. Ilia letters to Burghley, 
WiiLs Ingham, and Leicester are of the greatest 
importance for a knowledge of Scottiish affairs 
between 1577 and 1583. In 1578 he managed 
by hi.s tact to comptjse a quarrel betw^een Mor- 
ton and the privy council which threatened 
to plunge Scotland into civil war (Bowes's 
Correjt/Kmderire^ 6, 11). In 1581 he was busily 
employed in endeavouring to counteract the 
growing influence of Esme Stewart, lord of 
Aubigu{% over James VI. lie witnessed the 
events which led to the raid of Ruth ven and 
D*Aubign6*s fall. He tried hard to gain 
possession of the casket letters, which after 
Mortons dt^ath were said to have come into 
the hands of the Earl of Gowrie, but his 
attempts failed. He waa weary of his ard uous 
task in Scotland, and managm to procure his 
TKcall in 1583. But he still held the post of 
treasurer of Ik^wick, and w^as often em- 
ployed on diplomatic missions in Scotland, 
though the iillUirs were not afterwards of j 
so much importance. Like his brother, Sir 
Georgn:', he worked for the penurious Elirjibeth 
at his own cost, and was rewarded by no sub- 
stantial tokens of the royid gratitude. He 
wrote in IfifNi: ' I shall either purchase my 
liljerty, or ut least lycence to come to my 
house tVir a tyme to put in onler my broken 
estitte before the end of ray daves.' This satis- 
faction was, howe%'er, denied him. Elizabeth 
held him at his post, atid he difsd in Berwick 
in 1597. 

[The letters of Robert Bowps are publishfttl 
by Stevenson, ^ The Oorrespondenco of Knbert 
Bowes, of Aske. Esquire* (8artees Soc. 1842). 
For his lifa see Stwveuson'jj Prtjfacti, and Sharp's 
Mumorials of the Rebellion, p, 30.] M. C. 

BOWES, TIIOTl AS (J. 1 586) , translated 
into Engliwh the lir«t and second parte of the 
* French Acjidemy/ amoral and philo8ophic4il 
treatise written by Peter of Primaudaye, a 
French writer of the latter hiilf of the six- 
teentli century. The translation of the fiwt 



^ 



^ 



I 



pArt was published in 1586, and seems to have I 
met witn immediate pnpulurity, for n fifth 
edition was i»9ued in 1614, Alrm^^ with the 
Third edition in 1504 was published the tnins- 
l^tiaiL of the second part. To botli partH 
Bowes prefixes a letter to the render, and in 
the longer of the two, prefixed to i he second 
put, J. Piiyne Collier deteets all its ions to 
Mwlowe, Greene, und Nush. The alliieion 
to Marlowe can scarcely be raiiintuiued if the 
«eeond piirt appeared for the first time in the 
1594 edition ; for Marlowe, who, if indeed he 
b meant, is alluded to as living, died in 1593, 
Bowes i» denouncing the prevalence of uthe- 
Litic and licentious literature, and after giving 
a;* an instance Lignerolei*, a French atheiat, 
goes on to quote irom English imitators, but 
giTes no names. He ends by denouncing 
Ivinfi' romAncee about Arthur and Iluon of 
&>rtleaux, J, Payne Collier, in the * Poeti- 
cal Decameron,' discusses the whole passage. 
There is on edition of the third part of the 
* Academy/ englished by R, Dolman, pub- 
lished in i601. Strype mention** a cert n in 
Thomas Bowes, M.A., of Qu«?eiLH' Collepe, 
Cambridge^ whom some have identified with 
the translator. 

[Brit, Mud. Cfttalogne ; Collier*» Foetieal De- 
cameron, ii. 271 ; Collier's Exlract-s from Reg^istf rs 
of Stationen' CompMiy, ii. 198 ; Strype's An- 
nales Befmn.iii, 1, 645, Oxford, 1824 ; NouvoUo 
Bio^mphle G^^rale, xxix. n. article *La Fri- 
inaudajcu*] R, B. 

BOWES, Sir 1\1LLTA:\[ (13>^0-14<30?), 
military comoiander, wtu^ the founder of the 
political imjwrtance of his family. He was 
the son of Sir Rolx^rt Bowes, and of Maude, 
lady of l>Rlden. He married Jane, daughter 
of llidph, lonl Grey stoke. Wis wife died in 
tb« first year of her marriage, whereon ' he 
much thoght and passed into France* 

aut the vear HI***, He showed much gol- 

lantry in the French war, and so commended 
himaelf to John, duke of Bedford, whom he 
ti m chamberlain. He fought at the bat tie 

fVemeuil, where he was knighted. While 
in France he was impressed with the archi- 
tecture of the country, and sent home planj* 
for rebuilding his manor houBe at Streatlam, 
near Bamaird Castle. He returned from 
France tifter seventeen years' service and 
superintended his building* at Streatlam, 
which unfortunately have been entirely de- 
stroyed. iVfter his return he took part in 
the government of the borderSi as warden of 
the middle marches and governor of Bensnck. 
He died at a good old age, and is known in 
tJia family records as *Old Sir William.* 

[Surteea tt DurbaiD, iv, 102; Le bad's Itinerary 
(ed. 1744), iv.g.] M. C. 




BOWET, HENRY, LL.D. (>/. 1423), 
bishop nf Bath ami Welk, and subsef|uently 
archbishop of York, was iipparently a mem- 
ber of a knightly faniilv thiit, Eibont Iub time, 
migTfl ted from the north to the eastern coun- 
tieji (BumK¥iv.LJi,Ili^t. o/Norfofk, x. 434-5; 
cf. Harleian MS, 0164, 92 A), 11 is father waa 
bujifd at Penrith, his mother in Lincolnshire, 
His kinsfolk mostly lived in Westmoreland 
( Ttstamenta Eboracf^nma^ i. 398). The date 
and place of hig birth, the university in which 
he studietl civil and canon law, and of which 
he became a dot:tor, are, with the time of hia 
ordination, equally unknown, lie .seems to 
have practistKi law in theecclcKiiLStieal courts 
(Adam qf Usk, p. 03), and to have become 
clerk to the warlike Bishop Spencer of Nor- 
wich, whom he accompanied on his unlucky 
crusade to Flandern. On the biahop's im- 
peiichment in V^BS, after his return, Bowet 
gave evidence before parliament that tended 
to clear hii* patron of the charge of receiving 
hribea from the French (liot. Pari. iVu 162 «). 
A few years later he appears at Rome as a 
chaplain of Urban VI and auditor of causes 
in the court of t he apoetolic chanil>er ( Hymeb, 
vii. 5(J9). In i:i85 lie was the only English- 
man at the j>apal court who had courage to 
reniflin with Urban after the riots at Lucuria^ 
in which an Englishman named Alleyn 
\vm slain (W*AL8ixoHAM, ii, liM), Early in 
February 1S8K he acted na Ricdiard 1 1'*^ agent 
in an important negotiation with the po]>e, 
but had not suJlicient powers Irsim his master 
to complete the atFair. He mui*t then have 
returned to England^ where already in 1SS0 
be had Wen appointed archdeacon and pre- 
bendary of Lincoln- A namesake wa^ at 
this time the archdeacon of Richmond ( ?«*/. 
EhuK I 390). That he was liigh in tlie 
contidence of Ri(dianl II m nhown by Iuh 
being excepted in 1388 hy the Merciless 
Parliament iVoni the pardon which they is- 
sued at the end of their wnrk of proMcrlbing 
the king's friends {Jiof. PnrL iii. 1*49 b). It 
ii* not e«*y to umierstand Bowet*s subsk^quent 
movMrnenrs, He Sieems to liave been pri- 
marily anxious for advancement, and with 
that object to have transferred his services 
to the hoase of Lancaster, In 1393 be was, 
with otherM^ appointed to negotiate with the 
king of Cflstile, still on bad terras with Eng- 
land (Rymeb, vri, 743, mi^paged 739), On 
19 July 1397 Bowet was made ehief jus- 
tice of the superior court of Aquitaine (i&, 
viii. 7), and on L*3 July 1398 constable of 
Bordeaux (ib. viii. 43). In the latter year, 
Henry of IJolingbroke, Bowet '« patron, was- 
banished from England, but obtained per- 
mission to aj)pt>int a proxy to receive his 
inheritance in the event of the death of hia 



I 



father, Lanc^ister. Bowet seems to have as- 
sisted Henry in obtHinin^ this. \\nh«n Lan- 
caster died^ however, ill Jaiumrv ? 3i>t*, Richard 
revoked his jrraot* and pmruriHl Bowel's 
coiidemnntion in the couiuiittee of parlia- 
ment lit Shrewtthnry. As the counsellor and 
4ibettor of Boliiigbroke, liowet was declared 
a traitor, and sentenced to execution ; this 
sentence, however, was commuted into jier- 
fietuiil banishment in consideration of his 
clerg-y ( A'of. Pari, ti i. liiSo K Hin nrchd^^aeonry 
waa tiiken away from him and conferred on 
another. After the access iou of Henry IV, 
Bi>wet wiLs rewurdtnl for his tidelity to the 
new king by restoration to liis nhl jyreferment 
eit Lincoln, along- with the |)rolit.s that had 
accrued diirinx' his deprivatioTi ; by a pre- 
l>end at L<mdon ; by lavish ii^rants of lund, 
ho4isi»8, rents, and tolls in Aqiiitaine ; and by 
his appointment in May 1400 a.^ one of the 
four rej^ents to whom the new kinja;entrusred 
tbe government of hi!^ possessions in .'^outht'ru 
France (Rymeii, viii. J4l). His pr&?ence 
being require*] in Kngluudp where he became^ 
Bays Dr. Stidibs, Ilt^nry's conlidHtitial agent, 
he WH^ allowed to appoint a depnty to dis- 
charge his duties in Aquitaine. In 1400 a 
majority of tlie chapters of Wtith and Wells 
elected him at the royal request as their 
bisliop, bat R<>niface IX provided another 
minister of Henry^s, Richard Clirtbrd, keeper 
of the privy 8ea1, for the v^vcant see, A diffi- 
culty aro«e, although Clitl'ord, at the king"*8 
command, deeliue<l to accept the illegal pre- 
ferment. Ar hi*t mutters wei^i settled by the 
death of the bishop of Worcester. Clitlord 
was transferred to that set\ and the pope 
now issued a provisioti ap]iointi!ig Bowet to 
Wells [l^ Aug. 1401). lie was consecrated 
at St- PauFs i*n I'O Xov. (Adam of Usk, 
p. 0*1 ; WiLSlNt)ll\M, ii. 1*47; Anntth^ Ric. II 
tt Hen. 11% IV'M; Anijlm iiaorn^ i. 571). 

Tlie a]q>ointment of a sullragiin perhaps 
allowed tluit JJowet wa.*< still mainly de- 
voted to cares of state. * Jn 21 Feb. 1402 he 
became treasurer, though he did not hold 
that post very long. He was constantly em* 
ploved, howt^ver, by Henry iu varir>us ca|pa- 
cities. In 1403, on a sj>ecial emba-ssy^ he 
concluded a truce with France (TROKtiLOWE^ 
Aftmiles Men. IV, p. 372). In 140^3, 1404, 
1406, and 1407, be was a trier of fKititiotm 
{Rut. Pari, tii.) In 1404 he was one of the 
king's conned n omi nut ed in parliament. In 
1406 he swore to aliserve Henry's settlement 
of the sncceasion. His name ap|>ears con- 
stantly in theprocee<lings of the privy council. 
In 14(Mi he iLceompanied the court to Lynn, 
and wiiH thence despatched on an iin|>ortant 
mifision lo Denmark, to escort I'hilippa, the 
kings daughter, to the home of leT inteiidtd 



! husband Eric, the heir of tbe famous Mir- 
garet, who bad united the three ScaDdini- 
vian kingdoms. His rejNjrt of the youji|f 
king's character and the condition of hii 
coimtrv is full of interest {AjinaU» Hen. /r, 
p. 4iO). 

Bowet had rjcarcely returned from hia 
Danish embassy when he was translated to 
York by papal proiision^ after the ardi- 
bishopric, vacant since t he execution of Scrupe. 
had been unriccupied for two years aaJ h 
half. He was entliroued on 9 l»»3c. 1407. 
With increasing age and with i np<jrtant 
duties in the north li^^wet seems Ut^acefortU 
to have had less to do with the court. He 
was still often in parliament » where in 1413, 
1414, l4lo»And 1416 he was tig^ain trier ef 
petitions, but he was employed on no more 
embassies, and bia name appears less ofteo 
in the proceedings of the counciL It if i!ie- 
markable that the registers of the ardi- 
bi'^hopric, till then full of documents of 
public interest » assume u new aspet't under 
Bowet, and henceforth contain little but the 
ordinarv priit'^edings of the diocese (Rai??!, 
Northern Retjktem^ p. xiv. Rolls Sen) Thfi 
inventory of his property (printed in 'Testa- 
menta Eboraceusia,'iii. 69) shows him to buve 
been po^ae^'jed of very considerable wealtL 
He ac(juiretl a great re])utat ion for a hospitality 
and sumptuous housekeeping that CJ>Qsum«)d 
eighty tuns of claret yearly. He built the 
great hall at Cawood and a new^ kitchen at 
Uttley, and was a liberal benefactor to his 
cathedriil (Godwin, De Prfumdibiis -, Raijth, 
Fnfmc Roll* of York Mimter). In 1411 he 
had a suit against the archbishop of Can- 
ter btiry with re.Hpect to the right of visitation 
nf t^u*^en's College, Uxf«>rd, which seems to 
have resulted in a compromise (/2of. Pldtl, 
iii. 6fx2 b). 

In 1410 he showed his xe-al against Lol- 
lardy by acting as one of Arundels assistants 
at the trial of Jladby (FoXE, iii. -*?i5), and ia 
1421 be wrote a strong letter to the king 
against another heretic named John Tailor 
nr Hilton (MS. HmL A2\). It was not 
until 1414 that he saw the last of a trouble- 
st)me suit with *Sir W. Fareuden, which had 
originated when he was regent of Ciuienne, 
He was one of Henry IV's executora, and 
sat on ft commission appointed to pay that 
monarch's debts. IL^ had himself lent Henry 
various sums of money, sometimes at least 
on goiid security. In 1417 the 8c<»ts pr*itited 
by Henry V's absence in Normandy t^o in- 
vatle the borders, liowet, though advanced 
in years and so infirm that he could only be 
carriwl in a litter, restilved to accompany the 
army of defence with his clergy. His bravery, 
|mtrioiisni, and loyalty largely encouraged 



J 



Bowie 



6s 



Bowlby 



the En^lii^h to rictorjr. He died on 20 Oct, 
14:23. and was buried at the ea5t end of York 
miiu^er, opposite the tomb of hb ill-fated 
|iredece&<or. 

[AogliA Sacra; W&lsing^Iiftm ; Eymer; RolUt 
of jE*iirliaincot ; Proceedmgs of Priiry Council ; 
Aim&les Ric, 11 et Hen. Iv, ed. Riley ; Adam of 
TJak, ed. Thompson ; Mt^morialN of Henry V, ed. 
Cole ; Gesta Henri ci V, ed. Williftins ; Hing«6ton a 
Bojal aod Historical Letters under * Henry lY ; ' 
Torr 8 MS. collections at York are often referred 
to aa a great aource of information ; there are 
ongiiujkl brief li^e^of Bowet by a Canon of Wells 
([Anglia Sai3u, i, 571), and by the continuator of 
Tboxoas Stnbbe; short modern l[ye» are to be 
Ibuxid in Godirin's Be Pret.'^ulibus and Cass&n^s 
Biabope of Bath and Welb ; L© Neve's Fasti 
Eodeaift AnglicAme ; Drake's Eloracnm. Bo vet's 
will ia priDt4>d in Rame'a Teatamenta Eboracenaia 
(Stirteta Soe.). i. 368-402.] T. F, T. 

BOWH; JAMES (d, ISSS), botanist, was 

bom in Ijondon, and entered the service of the 
Royal Gardens, Kt»w, in 1810. In 1814 he was 
appointed botanical rollectorto the j^ardena in 
conjunction with Allan Cimnin^hani. They 
went TO Brazil, where thr-y renaained two 
jeftrs, making- collections of plants and eeeds. 
In 1817 Bowne wa.^ ordered to proceed to the 
Cape ; here he worked with mitch enerjpr, 
taking joumeyi* into the interior, and eeni- 
in^ home laii^e collections of living and dried 
pl&ot«, aa well an of drawings ; the Last are in 
the Kew herbarium, the dried specimens for 
the most part in the British Museum. A vote 
of the Hoii.«e of Commons having reduced the 
sum granted for Ijotjinical collectors, Bowie 
was recalled in 1823, taking up his residence 
at Kew. After four years of inact i vity he «et 
out again for the Cape, where he was for 
some year» gardener to Baron Ludwig of 
Ludwigsberg, He became a correspondent 
of Dt. Harvey, who, in dedicating to him 
thi9 genus Bowtea^ &ays ' by many years of 

Eatient labour in the interior of South Africa, 
e enriched the gardens of Euro|>e w* ith a 
greater variety of succulent plant.'* than had 
ever been detected by any traveller.' He 
left his employment in or before 1841, and 
made journeys into the interior to collect 
plants for sale ; his habits, however^ were 
Kuch as to interfere with his prospects, and 
he died in porerty in 1850. 

[Gftrdencw* Chronicle, new ser. xvt. 6G8 
(1881),] J. B. 

BOWLBY, TnOIVL\SWILLLVM(1817' 

1860), 'Times * corres-pondent, Bon ot'Thomas 
Bowlby, a captain in the royal artillery, by 
his wife, a daughter of (Jeneral Balfour, was 
bom at Gibraltar, and when very young waa 
roL. n. 



taken by his parents to Sunderland, where his 
fatherentereaou the business of a timber mer- 
chant, Y'oung Bowdby's education was en- 
truste<l to Dr. Cowan, a Seotcli Hchoolmwster, 
who had settled in Sunderland, A fter leaving 
school he w as articled to his coueiuj Mr. Ktis* 
sell Bowlbv, solicitor, Sunderland, (hi com- 
pletion of his time he went to London and 
spent some years as a salaried clerk in the officii 
of ft large firm in the Temple. In 1 846 he com- 
menced practice in the city as hmior partner 
in the firm of Lawrence, (Jrow^dy, & Bfiwlby, 
solicitors, 25 Old Fish Street, Doctors' Com- 
mons, and for some years enjoyed a fair prac- 
tice ; but the profession of the law %vas not 
to hiB taste, and he made many literary ac- 
quaintancei^. Although remaining a member 
of the tan until the year 1854, he went to 

' BerlinasBpecialcorre-spoiident of the* Times' 
in 1848. Bowlby married Miris Meine^ the 
sister of his father's second wnfe, and on the 
death of her father Mrs. Bowlby became pos- 
sessed of a considerable fortune. During the 
railway mania Bowlby got into pecuniary 
difficulties, which caused him to leave Eng- 
land for a short time, but he made arrange^ 
ments for the whole of his future earnings 
to be applied in liquidation of his debts. On 

, returning to England he was for some time 

' associated with Jullien, the musical director 
and composer. He next repaired to Sm^Tna, 
where he was employed for a while in con- 

1 nection with the construction of a railway. 

I In 1860 he was engaged to proceed to Chljia 

1 as the epecial correj^pondent of the * Times,' 
Lord Elgin and Baron Gros were fetlow- 

I passengers with him in the steamship Mala- 
bar, which w^as lost at Point de Galle on 
22 May, His narrative of this shipwreck 
is an aamirable piece of work. Hi.^ various 
letters from China afforded much information 

I and pleasure to the reiiders of the * Times/ 
After the capture of Tien-tsin on 23 Aug. 

I 1860, Bowlby accompanied Admiral Hope 

I and four others to Tang-chow to arrange 
the preliminaries of peace ; here they were 
treWheroualy cnpturcd and imprisoned by 
the Tartar general, San-ko-lin-sin. Bowlby 
died irom the effects of the ill-treatment he 
received on 22 Sept. IStiO; his body was 
afterwards given up by the Chinese, and 
buried in the Russian cemetery outside the 
An-tin gate of Pekin on 17 Oct, His age 
was about forty-three ; he left a widow and 
five young children, 

[Gent. Mag. 1861, pp. 226-6 : Times. 26.27. 30 
Kor,^ 10, 11, 15, 17. 1», 25 Dec. 1860; lUus- 
trated London News, with portrait, xxxvii. 616 - 
616 (1860); Annnal Register. 1860. fp. 265^71; 
Boulger'B History of China (1884), iii. 499-521.] 

G. C. B, 




BOWLE or BOWLES, JOHN {d, 1637), 
btthop of Rochester, a nativf* of Lancafihirei 
was oiucated at TriDity Collet©, Cambridge, 
wliere he obtAined a fellowship. He pro- 
ceed^ M.A. (160;^), D.D. (1613), and wm 
incorpomted M,A, of Oxford on 9 July 1605, 
and D.D. on 11 July 1615. He was house- 
hold chaplain to Sir Rol>ert Cecil, first earl 
of Salisbury, and attended him through his 
lai(t illness in 1612. After the earl'^ death 
Bowie addressed to Dr. Mountap^e, bishop 
of Bath and Wella, * a pkine and true rela- 
tion of those thingee I olwerred in my Lord's 
sickness since his goeing to Bath/ which is 
printed in Peck's * DesiderntB,' pp. -05-1 L 
Bowie held at one time the living of Tile- 
hurst, Berkshire, He became dean of Salis- 
bury in July 16:^0, preached before the king 
and parliament on 3 Feb. 1620-1, and was 
elected bishop of Rochester on 14 Dec. 1629. 
He died *at Mrs. Aust^^n's house on theBanck- 
side the 9th of October 1637, and his body 
was int-erred in St. Patd's ch*, London, in 
the moneth following.' Archbishop Laud, in 
his account of his archiepi.Mcopate addressed 
to Charles I for 1637, complained that Bowie 
had been ill for three years before his death, 
and had neglected his diocese. He was the 
author of a * Sermon preached at Flit ton m the 
countie of Bedford at the fun era 11 of Henrie 
[Grey], Earle of Kent,* London, 1614, and 
of a * Concio ad , , , Patres et Presbyteroe 
totiufl Provincifle Cantuar. in Synodo Lon- 
dini congregatos, habita . > . 1620, Jan. 31,' 
London, 1621. Bowie married Bridget, a 
eister of Sir George Copping, * of the crown 
office/ by whom he had a son (Richard) and 
a daughter (Mary)* 

[Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, pp. 306, 384 ; Lo 
Neve'tt Fasti, ed. Hardy, ii. 617, 673 ; CaL Stat© 
Papers, Domestic, 1620^37; Nichols's Progr«Bses 
of Jamefl I, ii. 448 ; Laud*a Works, v. 349 ; Brit 
Mus. Cat.] 8. L. L. 

BDWLE, JOHN (1725-1788), writer on 
Spanish lite rat lu-e, and called by his friends 
Don Bowie, was descended from Dr. John 
Bowie, bishop of Rochester [q. v.] He was 
bom on 26 Oct. 1725* He waa educated at 
Oriel College, Oxford, and became M.A. in 
1750. He was elected F.S.A. in 1776. 
Having entered orders, he obtained the vicar- 
age of Idmiston (spelt Idemeston in his * Don 
Quixote,^ SalishuTT, 1781, 6 vole. 4to'|, in 
Wiltshire, where Ve died on 26 Oct 1788, 
the day of his birth, aged 63. 

Bowie was an iufrenious scholar of great 
erudition and varied research in obscure and 
ancient literature. In addition to his know- 
ledge of the classics, he was well acquainted 
with French, Spanish, and Italian, and had 
accumulated a large and valuable library, 



ftold in 17€H3. He was a member of Dr. John- 
son's Essex Head Club. He preceded Dr. 
Douglas in detecting Lauder's forgeriea, and 
had, ac4;ording to Douglas, ihe justeet claim 
to be considered their original discoverer. 
Re published in 1705 miscellaneous pieces of 
ancient English poetry, containing Shok^ 
speare's * King John,* and some of the satires 
of Marston. In 1777 he printed 'a letter to 
the Rev. Dr. Percy eonceming a new and 
classical edition ot ** Historia del valoroeo 
Cavallero Don Quixote de la Mancha," to be 
illustrated by annotations and extracts firom 
the historians, poets, and romances of Spain 
and Italy, ana other writers, ancient and 
modern, with a glossary and indexes in w^hich 
are occasionally interspersed some reflections 
on the learning and genius of the author, 
with a map of Spain adapted to the historyj 
and to every translation of it,' 4to. He gave 
also an outline of the life of Cervantes in the 
' C^entleman s Magazine,' 1781, li. 22, and cir- 
culated proposals to print the work by sub- 
scription. Itappearetl in 1781, in six4to vols,, 
the first four containing the text, the fifth 
the note-a, and the sixth the indexes. The 
whole work is written in Spanish. Its re- 
ception waf^ unfavouriible, except in Spaia, 
where it called forth hearty approval from 
many of the be^t WTiters of the day^ including 
Don Antonio Pellicer, the earliest and best 
commentator on * Don Quixote.' In 1784 Bowie 
complained in the ^Gentleman's 5fsgaxine* 
of his critics, and in 1785 he published *R^ 
marka on the extraordiniiry conduct of the 
Knight of the Ten Stars and hia Italian 
Squire, to the editor of Don Quixote. In a 
letter to J. S., D.D. ,' 8vo. The pamphlet was 
directed against Joseph Baretti, who retorted 
in an anonymous pannihlet full of bitter per- 
sonalities, entitled * Tolondron, speeches to 
John Bowie about his edition of Don Quixote,' 
8vo, 178<3. Bowie wrote frequently under 
various signatures in the ' Gentleman's Maga- 
xine,' contributed to Granger's ^ History/ 
Steevens's edition of 'Shakespeare,* 1778, 
and Warton's * History of Poetry.* In * Ai^ 
chffiologia,' vi. 76, are bi.s remarks on the 
ancient pronunciation of the French lan- 
guage ; m vii. 114, on some musical instru- 
ments mentioned in * Le Roman dela Rose;' 
in viii. 67, on parish registers; and in viii. 
147, on playing cards. 

[Nichols's Lit. Anecd.ii. 553, iii. 160, 670, vt 
182, viii. 660, 667; Watts Bibl. Brit.; Gent 
Mag. liv. Iv. Iviii. 1029; Brit. Moa. Cat.; 
Nichols 8 Lit Illu»t vi. 382, 402, 403, 411, vii. 
692, viii. 165, 169, 193, 274 ; Granger's Letters, 
1806, pp. 37-17: Nicohw'a Life of Ritsoo, 
p. xxii ; Epijitolarium Bowleanumi manuscript in 
the possession of A. J. Buffield, Esq.] J. M, 




Bowles 



I 




BOWLlIIt, THO^LAS WILLLA3I (d. 
1S60), landscape pjiinter, was bom in the 
Vale of Aylesbury, II in general talent wa3 
noticed by Dr. Lee^ F,R.S,, who obtam<?c] for 
him the office of iui^istiiiit-astronomer under 
Sir T. Maclear at the Cape. After four years, 
he resigfned hii» post at the nbi^ierv atory^ and 
eitabliahed him.setf suoee^^fuUy in Cap^Town 
BS an artist and teaclier of drawing. He 
Dftinted a mnorama of the district^ and puh- 
lifihed, in 1844» * Four Views: of Cape Town ; * 
in 1854, * South African Sketches/ a series of 
ten lithtvgTftphs of scenes at the Cape of Good 
Hope ; and in 18<>5, ' The Kafir War^/ a series 
of twenty views, with descriptive letterpress 
W» R Thomson, In 1857 he exhibited at 
rnonus of the Society of British Artists 
a drawing of the Royal Observ atory, Cape 
Town ; and in 18<K>, at the Royal Academvt 
two views of Cape ?cenery. In IBtKJ he visited 
Kauri tiui4 and made a number of drawings^ 
bttt a fever there permanently weakened his 
healthy and coming to England he die<l from 
an attack of brrmchitii?, 24 Oct, 1809, 

Hi* lithographs are somewhat in the style 
of Harding, ana show facility in handling the 
chalk and aome power of composition. 

[Cat, Brit. Mu«, Lib. ; Cat, Eoyal Academy; 
CoLSoe. Brit. Artista; Art Journab April 1870 ; 
Bedgiave'a Diet, of Artists (1878),] W, H-H. 

BOWLES, CAROLINE ANNE. (See 
South Err,] 

BOWIiES, EDWAUB (1613-I6«2), 
p(re»bjteriau minister* was bom in February 
1613 at Sutton, Bedfordshire, His father, 
Oliver Bowles, B.D., minister of Sutton, was 
one of the oldest members of the WestminKter 
Assembly, and author of: 1 . * Zeale for God's 
House Quickned : a Fast Sermon before the 
Aaaembly of the Lords, Commons, and Di- 
Tinea,' 1^43, 4to. 2. * De Pastore Evangelico/ 
1649, 4to ; 1655 and 1659, 16mo (published 
hv his son, and dedicated to the Earl of Man- 
ctester). Bowles was educated at Catherine 
Hall, Cambridge, under Sibbe« and Brown- 
rigge. He wai$ chaplain to the second Earl 
of Manchester, and after the surrender of 
York, 15 July IB44, was appointed one of the 
four parliamentary ministers in that city, 

I officiating alternately at the minster and 
AUhallows-on-the-Pft Yemen t. On 10 June 
1646 the House of Commons voted him hX)L 
aa one of the ministers in the arm3% His 
preaching i« said to have been extremely 
popular, even with hearers not of his own 
party. Among the presbyterians of the city 
jp d district he was the recognised leader; 
H^, it is said that, without being a forward 
•man, ' he ruled all York/ On 29 Dec, 1657 
he wrote to Secretary Thurloe, urging the 



^ 



I 




suppression of preachers who advocated the 
' observance of Christmas. Matthew Pool, the 
commentator, thought more of his judgment 
I than of any other roan's. He was a man of 
some humour. In 1660 he was active io the 
restoration of the monarchy, accompanying 
I Fairfax to Bre^la, and incurring some n-dium 
with his friends for over-zeaL He did not, 
however, flinch from his presbjterianism, 
though report said that the deanery- of York 
was offered to him. Bradbury relates that 
Bowles, on leaving London after the Resto- 
ration, said to Albemarle, * My lord, I have 
buried the good old cause, and I am new 
going to bury myself,' Excluded firom the 
minster, he continued to prearhat Aliliallowa, 
andsubse(|uently at St. Martin s, besides con- 
ducting a Thursday lecture at St, Peter'a. 
The pariahioners of Leeds petitioned the king 
in April 1661 for his appointment to that 
I vicarage, hut it wa« given to John Lake (after- 
I wards bi.-^hop of Chicbester). Efforts were 
made (Calamy says by Til lot son and Stilling- 
fleet ) to induce nim to conform ; hot when 
asked in his last illness what he dii^liked m 
j conformity, be replied ^ The whole.* Calamy 
reckons him among the silenced ministera, 
' but he died just before the act came into 
[ force, and was buried on 23 Aug. 1662. Ilia 
wife, who predeceased hira, was a grand- 
daughter of Matthew Hut ton, archbiidjoji of 
York, and widow of John Kobynson of Digh- 
ton. Bowleses portrait (which ba» been pho- 
tographed) was in 1869 the property of 
Leonard Ilartley of Middle ton Tyas, a col- 
lateral descendant. He published : I. * The 
Mystery of Iniquity yet working,' &c., 
1643, 4to (he means poper>^), 2, *Manifeat 
Truth,* 1646, 4to (a narrative of the pro- 
ceedings of the Scotch array, and vindica- 
tion 01 the parliament, in replv to a tract 
called ^ Truths Manifest '). 3. Ht'ood Counsell 
for Evil Timas,' 1648, 4to (sermon FEph. v, 
15, 16] at St, PauFs, before the Lord Mayor 
of London), 4. * The Dutie and Danger of 
Swearing/ 1650 (flermon at York), 5. * A 
Plain and Short Catechism ' (anon), 8th edit, 
1676, 8vo (reprinted in Calamv'a * Continua- 
tion* and in James's * History'). The will, 
dated 9 July 1707, codiril 21 Aug, 1710, of the 
presbvterittii D«me Surah lie w ley ( born 1627, 
died 23 ,Vitg, 1710), widow of Sir John Hew- 
ley, knt- (died 1697), left a large estate to 
found several t rusts for almshou ses, preachers, 
and students^ a condition of admis^iion to the 
abnshouses being the repeating of Mr, Ed- 
ward Bowles's ctttecbisro. The trust having 
descended to anti-trinitarian hands, a suit 
was begun on 18 June 183U. which ended in 
the removal of the trustees by a judgment 
of the House of Lords given on 5 Aug, 1842, 

12 



I 



a 



JIucL use wfl.* nan fie on both sides of the 
doctrinal .Matements and omi Prions in the 
catechif^m. ThLs suit was the immediate 
occ4ifiion oi' the pHssing^ of the Diseenters' 
Chflpels Act, 1844. 

[Cakmi^'B Account, 1713, p. 779; Calamy'g 
Continuation, 1729, p. 933 ; Palmer's Noticonf. 
Memorial, 18D2, p, 465; MitchellV Westroinster 
AssemMy, 1883, p. 137; Kenrick's Memoriiils 
Preib. C^hAj>el. York, 1869, pp. 6 sq. ; Jnraee'a 
Hiift. of Prefib. Chnpels and Chariti««, 1867, pp. 
227 seq,, 733 t-eq. ; Cole's MS. Atbeiiae Caiitah. ; 
eitraets fmm B<>wW» will, in the PrerogjitiTe 
Court, York,l A. G. 

BOWLES, Sm GEORGE (1787-1876), 
general, colonel let West Intiia Eegiment, 
and lieutenant nf the Tower of London^ was 
second eon of W, Bnwlesi of Heole House, 
Wiltfilure, end was born in 1787. He entered 
the finny as ensign in theColdt^tream gimrds 
in 1804, and sened with that corps m the 
north of Germany in 1805-6, at Copenliaifen 
in 1807^ in the Peninsula and south of France 
from 1809 to 1814, excepting thw winter?* of 
1810 and 1811, and in the "U^aterloo cam- 

¥aign, being: present at the pass ape of the 
Kmro, the battles of Talavern, Siilnmanca, 
and Vittoria, the rapture of Madrid, the siep^s 
^ of Ciiidad Rodrigo, Badajo?, Burgos, and San 
Sebastian, the passages of the Nive, NiAelle, 
and A dour, the investment of Bayonne, the 
battles of Quatre Bras and 'Waterloo, and 
the ocrupation of Paris. When a breve t- 
miijor he served as military fiecretarv to the 
Buice of Richmond in Canada in 1818-20, 
and as deputy adjutant-general in the West 
Ejadiesfrom 1820tol825. While with hisbiit- 
bilioii of the Ooldstreams in Canada, as lieu- 
tenant -col on el and brevet -colonel, he com- 
manded tlie Iroojxs in the Lower Province 
during the rel>ellion of 1838. He retired on 
half-pay in 184^3. In 1845 Bowles, who 
while on half-pay had been comptroller of 
tlie viceregal household in Dublin, was ai>- 
pointed master of the queen^s household, in 
anceession to the Hon. G. A. Murray, A 
good deal of invidious feeling had arisen in 
connection w^ith the duties of the office, and 
Bowles's appointment is sftid to have been 
made at the recommendation of the Buke of 
Wellington. He was promo ted to the rank 
of maior-general in 1846, and on his re- 
signation of his appointment in the royal 
houseliold, on ncconnt of ill-health, in 1851, 
was m«de K»C,B. and appointed lieutenant 
of the Tower of London. Bowles, who was 
unmarried, died at his residence in Berkeley 
Street, Berkeley Square, London, on 21 May 
1876, in the ninetieth year of his Hge. 

[Hofire*^ Wikthirc, iv. 11, 36 (petligrpe') ; 
Mackinnon'a Origin of Coldstream Guaidi»(Lon- 



: don, 1832); Hart » Army Lists; Sketches H.M. 
HouBeliold (London, 1848) ; Martin's Life of 
tho Princo Consort, ii, 382-3; Ann. Reg. 1876; 
IJliist, London News, Ixviii. 5dl, and Ixix, 265 
(will).] H. M. 0, 

BOWLES, JOHN {d, 1637). [See 

BOWLE.] 

BOWLES, PnmEAS (d. 172*2), majoi^ 
general, is tirst mentioned in the * Mihtaiy 
Entry Books * in January 1692, when he waa 
appointed captain-lieutenant in the regiment 
of Colonel ^ . Selwyn, since the 2nd Qneen^s, 
then just arrived in Holland from Ireland 
(Hrme Off, Mil Entry BqoIh, vol, iii.) In 
July 1705 he succeeded Colonel Caiilfield ia 
command of a regiment of foot in Ireland, 
with which he went to Spain and served at 
the siege of Borcelona. According to memo- 
randa of General Erie {Trea^. Papers, \o\%. 
cvi. ex VI.), Bow*les*s was one of the regi- 
ments hrf>ken at the bloody battleof Almanza. 
It appears to have been reorganised in Eng- 
land, as Narcissus Luttrell mentions Bowlers 
arrival in England on parole, and afterwards 
that he was at Portsmouth with his regi- 
ment, awaitingembarkntion with some troops 
supposed to be destined for Newfbtmdland. 
Instead, he again proceeded with his regi- 
ment to Spain, wliere it was distinguished 
Bt the battle of Saragossa in 1710, and wa* 
one of the regiments surrounded in the 
mountains of Castile, and made prisoners 
after a gallant resistance, in December of 
the same year. After this Bowles's regi- 
ment disappeared from the rolls, and tts 
colonel remained unemployed until 1715, 
when, as a brigadier-general, he was com- 
missioned to raise a corps of dragoons, of 
six troops, in Berkshire, Hampshire, and 
BuckingDamshin:*, to rendezvous at Read- 
ing. This corT>fl is now the 12th lancers. 
In 1719 Bowles was transferred to the 
colonelcy of the 8th dragoons. He died in 
1722. 

PfliiTEAs Bowles, lieutenant-general, son 
of the above, served long as an oilicer in the 
3rd foot guards, in which he became captain 
and lieutenant -col on el in 1712 {Hmne Off. 
Mr/. Entry Bookm^ vol. viii.) He made the 
campfiigns of 1710-11 under the Duke of 
Marl borough, and was employed in Scotland 
in 1715 during the suppression of tlie Earl 
of Mars reMlion. In 1719, being then lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 12th dragoons, he succeeded 
his father as colonel, and commonded the 
regiment in Ireland until 1740. He became 
a brigadier-general in 1735, major-general 
in 1739, and a lieutenflnt*general 27 May 
1745. He was also governor of Londonderry 
(Chamberlatfb, Maffn, Brit, Not. 1745),. 



Bowles 



69 



Bowles 



I 



and coloael of the 7th horsa, now the 6th 
dngooa 0-UBJ^ or carabineera. He di«tl itt 
1749. He was member of parliament for 
Bewdlej in February 1 7iii-o» 

[LoUrell s Relation of State Afikirs. 1857. vi. 
213, 427; Home Office MiL Entry Books, vols, 
iii- and Tiii. ; Treasury Papers, cvi, 67 1 cxvi, 32 ; 
GamiOD*fl Hist. Eecorda, 6th Dragoon Gaai\ls, 
Slh HuflBars. 12th Lancers.] H. M, C. 

BOWLES^ WILLIAM (1705-1780), 
naturalbt^ wa3 bom near Cork. He gave up 
the legal prote*8i*3n, for which he was des- 
tinedf and in 1740 went to Piiris^ when^ he 
studied natural hUtory, chemistry, and metal- 
liifgy. He subsequently travelled thwugh 
Yn^Ob, investigating it8 imtiiral history* and 
mineml and other productions. In I75i, 
liAriiiff become acquainted with Don Antonio j 
de UlToa, aflerwards admiral of the Spanish | 
fleet, Bowles WHS induced to enter the Spanish ! 
•errioey being appointed to superintend the i 
state mines and to form a collection of natural 
history and tit up a chemical laboratory. He 
first vi«it<>il the quicksilver mines of Alma- 
dea, which had been seriously damrtg**d by 
fine, and the plans he suggested were sncces»- 
fuUy odopt^d for t heir resuscitation. He after- 
wimifi travelled through Spuin^ investigating 
it« minerals and naturul history, living chiefly 
at Madrid and Bilbao. He married a German 
iady, Ajina liusjtein, who was pensioned by 
the king of Spain after her huj%band*s death, i 
Bowles is described as tail and hue-look ing, { 
gienerous, honourable, active, ingenious, and 
well informed. His society was much vttUnid 
in the be*t Spanish circles. He died at Madrid 
2o Aug. 1780. 

Bowies 8 principal work was ' An Lcitro- ' 
duction to the Natural History and Thysical 
Orography of Spain," publi^sbed in Spanish at 
Madrid 1775, It is not systematically ar- I 
Tftoged, but has very considerable value as ' 
being the first work of ita kind. The second 
edition (1782) wad edited by Don J. N. de 
Asara^ w*ho rendered considerable assistance i 
to the author in preparing the tirst edition, i 
It was translated mto French by Viconite do i 
Flavigny (Paris, 1776), An Italian edition, 
much enlarged by Azara, then Spanish am* I 
baasador at liome, was published at Parma in | 
1784. Bowles was also the author of * A Brief i 
Account of the Spanish and German Mines ^ I 
" Xrans. Ivi,); of* A Letter on the Merino | 
\ ( Gent Mat/, May and June I7t54) f 
An Account of the Spanbh Locusts ^ I 
(Madrid, 178! ), Sir J. T. Dillon s 'Travels 
through Spain* (London, 1781) is very 
largtdy an a<.laptation of Bowles. | 

iPrefac^ Co Enghsb translatioa of Bowles s { 
IrmUM on Merino Sh«ep, London, 181 L] 

a, T. B. i 





BOWLES, WILLIAM LISLE {Mm- 
ISoO), divine, poet, and antiquary, was born 
on 24 Sept, llxYl at Kin^^;'* Sutton, North- 
amptonshire, of which his father was the 
vicar. Both his father and mother, aa he 
tells us in his autobiographical preface to 
* Scenes and Shadows of Days Departed/ 
were descended from old and ranch-respected 
families. In 1770 he was placed at Win- 
chester School, under Dr. Joseph Warton, 
who, discerning his taste for poetry and 
general literature, did his best to foster it - 
by encouragement and training. On the 
death of hi.s old master, Bowles wn:>te a mo- 
nody which expresses bis regard for his 
character. On leaving Winchester he was 
elected in 17^1 a scholar of Trinity College, 
Oxford, of which Joseph Warton*H brother, 
Thomas Warton — professor of poetry at Ox- 
ford and eventually poet laureate — was the 
senior fellow. In 17KB the young student, 
by his poem entitled * Calpe Ohsessa, or the 
Siege ot Gibraltar,* carried olfthe chancellor a 
priae for Latin verse. Here, however, any 
signal distinctions at the university seem to 
have ended. It was not until 1792 that he ob- 
tained his degree, Havingentered holy orders 
he tirst othciated as curate of Donheftd St. 
Andrew in Wiltshire. In 1792 he was 
appointed to the rectory of Chicklade in Wilt- 
shire, which he resigned in 1707, on being pre- 
sented to the rectory of Dumbleton Ln Glou- 
cestershire. In the same year he wa^ married 
to Magdalene, daughter of Dr. Wake, pre- 
bendary of Westminster, whom he survived. 
In 184.14 he became vicar of Bremhill^ Wdt- 
shire, where, greatly beloved by his parish- 
ioners, he thenceforth genernlly resided till 
near the close of his life. In 1804 he was 
also made prebendary of Stratford in the 
cathedral church of Salisbury, of which in 
1828 he became canon residentiary. Ten 
years earlier he had been appointed chaplain 
to the prince regent. 

About 1 787, the year of his leaving college, 
Bowles fell in love with Mi as liomilly, niece 
of Sir Samuel Romilly; but his suit, pro- 
bably for want of sulficient means on his 
part, was rejected. After a while he formed 
a second attachment, but the hopes to which 
it gave rise were unhappily cut short by the 
lady's death. Bowles tlien turned for con- 
Boiation to poetry. During a tour through 
the north of England, Scotland, and some 
parts of the continent, he composed the 
^nnets which first brought him before the 
public. The little volume was published at 
Bath in 1789, under the title of ' Fourteen 
Sonnets written chiefly on Picturesque Spots 
during a Journey.' I'heir success was ex- 
traordinary, the first small editioa being 



speedily exlmimted^ while Coleridgie, then in 
Ilia Beventeeiitb year, expreft&ed lii^ delight 
at the re«ttortttion fif a natural school of 
poetTT, s tributH which he con finned later 
oy celehrating the praist* of Bowles in a fine 
sonnet. The siniplicity and earneatness of 
Bowles hud all the charm of novelty and 
coatnwt. HiH pensive tenderness, delicate 
fancy, refined taste^ and» ahove all, his power 
to harmonise rise moods of nature with those 
of the mind, wer»:^ his chief merits. He was 
a true though not a great poet, haTtng 
neither depth of thought nor vigour of ima- 
gination. Tlie qualities of his early sonnets 
are common to all hi.i poetry, though in his 
longer works they frequently mnk into a 
graceful feebleness. His * Verses to John 
Howard' appeared in 1789, and were re- 
printed in ITW, In 1K)5 this collection 
tad p»Ased into an illustrated ninth edition. 
*Ooonihe Ellen ^ and * 8t. llichaers Mount' 
were puhli'-bcd in 1798 ; *The Battle of the 
Nile* appeared hi 1799; * The Sorrows of 
Switzerland' in 1801 ; *The Picture' in 1803; 
* The Spirit of Discoverv/ his longet-t poem, 
in 1804; ^Bowden Hilf' in }Hmr TheMis^ 
aionary of the Andes ' in 1815 ; ^ The Grave 
of the last Saxon ' in 1822 ; ' Ellen Gray • in 
1823 J ' Days Depnrted ' in 1S28 ; * ^St. John 
in Patmos* in }^SS; * Scenes and Shadows 
of Days Departed,* with an ttutohiogmphical 
in trod uct ion , in 1 837 ; and * The Village Verae' i 
Book,* a neries of hymns composed hy him- 
self for the use of childrtsii, in the same year. | 
In 1806, not in I807(aa is erroneously stated : 
hy Giltillan and others), Bowles issued in ten 
volumes hi?* memornhle edition of Pope, with 
a sketch of his life and strictures on his 
poetry. 1 1 is comments on Pope's life are 
undouhiedly wriUen in a severe, if not a 
hostile spirit. It has heen justly urged, that ' 
while he omitted no detail that could harm ! 
Pope's memory^ he either left, out or men- 
tioned coldly such facts as did him honour. , 
These errors drew upon the biographer st ingo- 
ing assaults from Byron hoth in verse and 
prose. Bowles's estimate of Pope as ii poet 
ffave rise to a long controversy, in which much 
Dit tern ess was displayed. Bowles's propo- 
sit ion that * images drawn from whot is beiiu- 
tiful or sublime in nature are more suhli me and 
beautiful than images drswu from art , and that 
they are therefore jjer se more poetical, and 
that passions are more adapted to poetry than 
manners/ is hy no means refutea hy Camp- 
bell's apsertion that 4 lie exquisite description 
of artificial objects and manners is no leaa 
characterit-tic of genius than the description 
of physical appeanmees/ Bowles never de- 
nied that many artificial nhieetH are beautiful. 
[ Byron's instances, in opposition to Bowles, go 



boura 



chieflytoshowthatcertainnutur ' 
less interesting than certain art 
and that by laws of association the laittr at 
times, especially when unfamiliar, strike us 
more than the former, though intrinsically 
superior, when custom has lessened their 
edect. The doctrine of Bowles is not shokea 
by either of his principal antagonists. If it 
exclude Pope from the small band of the 
vpry lughe-st poets, his critic nevertheleaa 
declares that in the second rank none wi 
superior to him. Besides his poetical cl 
those of Bowles as an antiquary are 
no means inconsiderable, Oi liis laboura 
in this capacity his * Hermea Britannicus,* 
published in 1828, is j>erhai>s the most im- 
port a nt. Ue WTot e largely also upon ecclesias- 
tical matters. Upon crime, education, and the 
condition of the poor he addressed a letter 
to Sir James JmckLntosh, His sermons, 
thoiigh scarcely elociuent, have a rare union 
of dignity wuth simplicity of style. lie wa« 
an active but lenient magistrate. In cha- 
racter he seems to ha^e been ardent and 
impidsive, but genial and humane, Moore, 
the poet, in his journal, gives some interest- 
ing particulars of him, illustrating his keen 
susceptibility to impressions, his high-church 
principles, his love of simple language in 
tte pulpit, together with ceHain eccentri- 
cities, such as his constant refusal to be 
measured by a tailor, llis health had failed 
some time before his death, which took 
place when ht^ was eighty-eight at the Close, 
Salisbuiy, Of his numerous productions, 
in addition to his poems, the following, be- 
sides those tdready named, may be cited aa 
representative: 1, * The Parocliinl History 
of BremhiLi; 1828. 2. * Life of Bishop Ken/ 
1 S'AO . 3 . * A n n al s and A ut iq u it i es of Lacock 
Abbt-y,' 1835. 4. * A few Words to Lord 
Chance Dor Brougham an the Misrepresenta- 
tion concerning the Property and Character 
of the Ciithedral Clergv of England/ Salis- 
Ijury, 1831. 5. ' The dartoons of Raphael.' 
6. * Sermons preached at Bowood/ 1S34, 

[Bowleg's Poetical Works, collects! edition, 
with Meiikuir, &e., l>y Rev, George Gilfillan, 
Edirj., 1855; Eng, Cyclop. Biog. vol. {., 1866; 
BowWs Autobiog IntixKh toScenesand Shadowa 
of Depart wi Bnyt,, 1837 ; Maginn*« Galh of IHtisU 
Characters, ed.'by G. W, Bates, 1878 ; Bowlart 
eilition of Pope in ten vols., 1806,- Cainpbell*a 
SpeciDu^ns of British Po<*t*, &c., with an Es^ay 
on PoHry, 1819 ; BowbVs Iriv&ripble Prineiplea 
of Poetry, 1819; Byron '» Letter to John Murray 
and Obaervationa upon Observations, &c., 1821 ; 
B<iwle«*8 Letters to Byron and Campbell, 1822; 
Quarterly Kev„ May t4> July 1820, Jupe to Oo- 
tober 1825; Memoirs, Journal, and Correspon- 
deiica of Thomas Mooro» eilited by Lor^l John 
Russell, 1853.] W. M. 



^ 



BOWLEY, ROBERT KAXZOW (1813^ 
1870 1, aoiAteiLT musictau^ was born 18 May 
1813. His father waa a b^not maker at Cha- 
ring Cross, and Bow ley waa brought up to 
the nine bnstnees. His first taste for music 
waa acquired by associating with the cho- 
nsfters of Weatminster Abbey, and st an 
early age be became a member^ and subse- 
quently conductor, of the Benevolent Society 
of Musical Amateurs. He was a member of 
the committee of the amateur musical festival 
held at Exeter Hall in 1834, and almut the 
same dat^ was appointed organist of an inde- 
pendent chapel near Leicester Square, Bowley 
joined the Sacre<l Hannonic Society in 1834, 
and all his life contributed much to its suc- 
cess, being librarian iTom 1837 to 1854, and 
treasurer from 1854 to the year of his deaths 
It was Bowley who, in 1856, originated the 

Elan of the gigantic Handel festivals, which 
are been held everythree years at the Crystal 
Palace since 1857. His eontiection with these 
performances led to hi.s appointment (in 1868) 
as general manager of the building at Syden- 
bam, a post he continued to hold until his 
death, which look place 25 Aug. 1870. 

[Mr. W. H. Husk in Grove^a Diet, of Music. 
i, 2416 &. 658] W. B. S. 

BO WLY, SAM UEL ( 1 802-1 884 ), slavery 
abolitionist and temperance advocate, son 
of Mr. Bowly, miller at Bibury, Gloucester- 
thire, was bom in Cirencester on *23 March 
180^. During his youth he had a Bound busi- 
neas training under his father. In !829 ho 
femoved from Bibury to Gloucester, and com- 
menoed business as a cheese factor. He he- 
eaj&e chairman of many local hanking, gas, 
rail way » and other companies, and for the 
last twenty years •>f his Ufe be was looked 

Xn as a leader in commercial circles and 
irs* In the agitation against the corn 
laws he took a prominent part, and loyally 
supported Messrs. Cobden and Bright, It 
waa one of his endeavours to give the pc^ople j 
cheap and universal education^ and he was 
not only one of the foundern of thfl British 
and ragged schools in Gloucester, but a con- 
sistent advocate of a national i^y@tem« Like 
hifl father, he belonged to the Society of 
Friends ; be was a faithful though courteous 
and fair supporter of disestablishment. 

Bowly took an active part in the anti- 
shivery agitation, and by his powerful ap- 
peals completely beat Peter litirtbwick fq. v,j, 
the pro-slaverv lecturer, otl'the ground- lie 

one of tfee deputation, 14 Nov. 18*37, | 
which went to Downittg Street to have an 
interview with Lord Melbourne about the | 
enielties exercised towards the slaves under | 
the tereu years' apprenticeship system^ and | 




in the following year took an active part in 
the formation of the Central Negro Eman- 
cipation Committee, which was ultimately 
in>5t rumen tal in causing the abolition of the 
objectionable regulations. But his advocacy 
of temperance made him best known. It was 
on 30 Dec. 18«35 that he signed the pledge 
of total abstinence, and formed a teetotal 
society in his own city. One of his earliest 
missions was to the members of his own re- 
ligious society^ undertaken in company with 
Edward Smith of Shethpld, throughout Great 
Britain and Ireland. During hib later years 
he held frequent drawing-room meetings. 
As president of the National Tempf:^ranoe 
Lf*?ague, as president of the Tempernuce II os- 
prtiil from its foundation, and as a din^ctor of 
the United Kingdom Temperance and General 
Provident Institution, he was able to draw the 
attention of scientific men to the injurious 
effects of alcohol on the human system. On 
behalf of the National Temperance League 
he attended and addressed 107 meetings 
during the last year of his life, travelling 
many hundreds of miles. 

The eightieth anniversary of his birth was 
celebrated in Gloucester in 1882, and he died 
in that city on Sunday, 23 March 1884, the 
eighty-second anniversary of his birthday. 
He was buried in the cemetery on 27 March, 
when an immense concourse of people, both 
rich and poor, attended the funeral. 

He married, first, Mies Shipley, daughter 
of Mr, John Shipley of Shaftesbury* His 
second wife was tbe widow of Jitcob Henry 
Cottrell of Bath, especially known for his con- 
nection %vitb the Rechabite Friendly Society, 
Bowly published : 1. 'A Speech delivered 
1 Oct. 1830 at a meeting to petition Par- 
liament for the Abolition of Negro Slavery,' 
1 830. 2. * Speech upon the present cunditioa 
of the Negro Apprentices,' 1838. 3, * A Letter 
to J. Sturge on the Temperance Society and 
Church Rates, by L, Hugg, with a repXv by 
S, Bowly,' 1841 / 4. ' An Address to Christian 
Professors,- 1850. 6. * Total Abstinence and 
its proper Place,* 1863. 

[Session^'fi Life of Samaol Bowly, 1384. with 
pfjrlrait.] G. C. B. 

BOWMAN, EDDOWES (1810-1869), 
dissenting tutor, eldest son of John Eddowes 
Bowman the elder [q. v.] and Eliaabeth, his 
cousin, was bom at Nantwich on 12 Nov. 
1810. He was educated chiefly at Haxelwood, 
near Birmingham, by Thomas Wright Hill, 
fat her of Sir Rowl and Hill. The f ut u re postal 
reformer was his teacher in mathematics. 
From school he pa,HS6d to the Eagle foundry, 
Birmingham, w^here he improved himself m 
mechanical engineering. He became, about 



Bowman 



72 



Bowman 



1635, 8ub-manftger of the Varteg ironworka, 
Enear Pontypool. On the closing of the 
Vftrteg works tu 1840 Bowmtta betook liim- 
mU to studji emduated M.A» at Glasgow, 
and attended lectiir*»8 at Berlin, acquiring 
several modem laiigiia^eH and mastering 
various branches of physical ecieuce. In 1 i:<46 
FTiuicis W, Newman resigned the elaasicftl 
chair in the Maneiitn^rer New CV^llegti, having 
ilteen elected to the chair of Latin in Univer- 
'eity College, London. Bowman waa imme- 
diately appoint^^d his auceeafior at Mtinchester 
as proiegaor of cliiSv^ical literature and histor>% 
and he held thnt [H>fit till the n*moval of the 
college to Gordon pS(j[uare^ London, tL8 a purely 
.theological institution, in 1863. To this re- 
pmoyallie waa strongly opposed. Kemaining 
in Manchester^ though possessed of a sufficient 
independence, he gratitied his natural taste 
for teaching by engaging in the educatitm of 
I fprh. For tiie study of astronomy he had built 
I himself an excellent observatory. On optics 
' and acoustics he delivered several courses of 
' lectures at the Manchester Koyal Institution 
and elsewhere. From iHtiij, when the Owens 
acholarship was founded in connt^^tion with 
the Unitariaji Home Miasionan' lioard, he 
was one of the examiners. He waa a man 
of undemonstratiie disposition, of wise kind- 
ness, and of cultured philanthropy. He died, 
unmarried, at Victoria Park, Manchester, 
on 10 July 1869, Among bis publirations 
are: L * Argument* against the Divine 
Authority of the Sabbath . , . couHidcred, 
and i^hown to be inconclusive,' 1845, 8vo, 
2. * Some Remark.^ on the proposed Removid 
of Manchester New College, and its Connec- 
tion w-ith University CoHege, London,* 1848, 
8vo. 3, * Replies to Articles n4ating to Man- 
chester New College ami University College,* 
1848, 8vo. 4. *Ou the Roman Governors of 
Syria st the time nf tlie Birth of Christ* 
(anonym oils, but sign^^d R), I8*>r>, 8vo (an 
able and leiUTied monograph, reprinted from 
the * Christian Reformer,' October 1855, a 
magazine to which he waa a frequent con- 
tributor), 

[\V. H. H, (Rev. William Henry Herford) in 
Inquirer, 10 July 1869; UniLiirinnHoriild.l6 July 
1869 ; Roll of Students at Manchtstcr N<*w Ci>l- 
lege, 1868; Hall's Hist, of Kantwich, 1883, 
p. 606 eq.] A. G, 

BOWMAN, HENRY (J. 1677), was a 
musician, of whose life little is recorded. He 
was probably a connection of that Franc* 
Bowman mentioned by Anthony k Wood as 
a bookseller of St. MQry*s ttari^h, Oxford, 
with whom lodged Thcmias Wrt-n, the bishop 
of Ely*s son^ an amateur musieion of rejiute in 
Oxford (Wood, At/ten^ Oxon. (Bliss), i. xxv). 



Henry was ormimst of Trinity 0)llege, Cam- 
bridge, and published in 1677 at Oxford a thin 
folio Tohime of * Songs for one, two, and three 
Yoioea to Thorow Bass; with some short 
Simphonies colleeted out of some of the \ 
lect Poems of the inec»mparable Mr, Cowle 
and others, and composed by H. B., Ph" 
Musicus/ A second edition was brought out 
at Oxford in 1679. The Oxford Miwic School 
Collection contains some English eongs and 
a set of * Fifteen Ayres,* which were * first per- 
formed in the schooled 5 Feb. 167S-4.* In 
the same collection are some Latin motets by 
Bowman, and the Christ Church Collection 
contains a manuscript Miserere by him. 

[EutD^ MuBical Library Catalogue^ 1878, 
p. 148 ; North's Memoirs of Musiek ; Catnlogues 
of Royal College of 31usic Library, Christ Chnrch 
Collection and Music School CoUectioa ; rove's 
Dictionary of Music] B. H. 

BOWMAN, JOHN EDDOWES, the elder 
( 1786- 1841), hunker find naturalist, was boru 
30 Oct. 1785 nt Nantwich, where his father, 
Eddowes Bowman ( 1708-184-1), was a to- 
bacconist. His ediiciititin was only that of a 
grammar school, biit he was a bookish boy, 
and got from his father a taste for botany, and 
from'hiM friend .Tosqjli Himter (178^3-1861), 
then a lad at She di eld, a fondness for genea* 
logy. He was at tirst in his father*s shop, 
ana became mfuia^er of the manufacturing 
department, and traveller. He wished to 
enter the ministry' of the unitarian body to 
which his lumily belonged, but his father 
dissuaded him. In IHllj lie joined, hs junior 
partner, a banking business on which his 
father entered. Its failure in 1816 left him 
pennilese, and he became manager at Welsh- 
pool of a bnmch of tlie l>ttnk of Beck & Co. 
of 8hrewsbur>\ In 181*4 he became raanag- 
infj^ partner of a bank at Wrexham, and was 
able to retire from business in 1830* From 
18^37 he resided in Manchester, wdiere he pur* 
sued many branches? of physical science. He 
w^as a fellow of the Linnean and Geological 
Societies, and one of the founders of the 
Manchester Geolojrical Society. Hia dis» 
coveries were chiefly in r»*!ation to mosses, 
fungi, and parasil icid plant s. A m inute fossil, 
w^hich he dL'tected in Derbyshire, is named 
from him the ' Endothyra Bowmanni.* In the 
last yean* of his life he devoted himself almost 

I entirely to gt-tdogy. He died on 4 Dec. 1841 . 

I He married, 6 Julv 1800, his cousin, Eliza* 

I beth (178^1859), daughter of W. Eddowes 
of Shrewsbury, A daughter, married to 
Oeorge S. Kenrick, died in Novembcvr 1838. 
Four sons survived him : 1. Eddowes [q» v.] 
2. Henry [see below], 3. Sir William, Dom 

i 20 July 1816, the distinguished oculist* 



Bowman 



73 



Bownas 



4. John Eddowes^ protessor of cliemistry I 
£q. v.] J. E» Bowman, senior^ contributed 
riou» papen* to the^TninsaiCtione of tbe Lin- ' 
an and other learned societies, and fil3o to 
'Loudon's * Magazine of Natural History/ 
HiarRY Bowman (1814-1883), secnnd son 
f J. E. Bowman, an architect in Miinchester, 
joint ttiatbor with Jameis Hadtield of 
closiastical Architecture of Great Britain, 
^m the Conquest to the Heformation/ 1S45, 
4to : and with his ])artner^ J. 8. Cnnvther, of 
* The Churches of the Middle Age< 18o7, fol. , 
lie died at Brockhain Green, near Keigate, on i 
14 Maj 1883. 

gtfcylei fl Sketch of the Life and Oha meter of 
Bovman, in Memoirs of tbf^ Maueh. Lit. 
^Ud Fhit Soc., 2lid §er. vol. vii. pt. i, p. 45 
U Oct, 1842) i HaU's Hist. Nantwieh, 1883. 
, 50^ sq» ; Lyfll*s Student's Elem. of G«iilogy, 
liiTl, p. 382 ; Coopers Men of the Time. 1884. 
p. 155 ; Cataiogii'*8 of Advocate*i' Libmry, Edin. ; 
8iirg«on-G«DerarB Library, Washington, U.S. ; 
information from C. W. Sutton, Manchester.] 

A, G. 

BOWMAK, JOIIN EDDO\VE8, the 
yoimger (I8lt+-1854), chemist, son of John 
Eddowe*» B^jwman th<? elder [q, v.], and 
brother of Sir William Bowman, [mysiologist 
and oculist, was born at VVelchpool on7 July 
1819. He was a pupil of Pr<ifessor Daniell at 
K ing'^ Coll eg-e, l^ondon, an d i n 1 84 5 a ucceeded 
W. A. Miller or demonstrator of chemistry at 
that college, b*icomiugsabsequently, in 1B51| 
the first professor of prnctical chemistry' there. 
He was one of the frmnder?* of (lie Chemiciil 
Society of Loudon. Ht; died on 1 Feb. 1 854, 
Beddea contributioud to sclent ifiejnumahs, he 
published *A Lecture on Steam Boiler Ex- 
plosions,' 1845 ; * An lutroduction to Practi- 
cal Chemistry- (London, 1848 ; ^ulmef^iient 
editions in 1854, l868, 1861, 1866, and 1871 ) ; 
and *A Practical Handlxjok of Medical 
Chemifitrv* (London, 1H50, 1852, 1855, and 
186:^). The later editiona of these works 
are edited by C. L. Bloxam. 

[Chem, 8oc. Journ. ix. 159, and private infor- 
mation.] H. F. H. 

BOW3S1AN, WALTER {d. 1782), anti- 
wujB 8 native of Scotland, and owned 
^tate at Logic in FLleshire. He had Wen 
travelling tutor to the eldest son of the lirst 
Marquis of Hertford, and was rewarded with 
the place of comptroller of the port of Bristol. 
For many years he resided at Eiii^t Molesey, 
Surrey, but latterly on his property at Egham , 
in^lie game cc»unty» A xealous traveller and 
"* ' r, be bad some celebrity in his day 
' TUtuofio and man of science, which 
gained him admission in 1735 to the Society 
of Antiquanee, and in 1742 to the Iloyal 





Soci ety . To t h e former he con t rihu t ed several 
papers, chieily on claJ^sical antiquities, three 
of which were printed in vol. i. of the * Ar- 
ch teolog-i a,* pp. 100, 109, 1 12, His only pub- 
lished comtniinication to the Royal Society 
was an eccentric letter addreK^iid to Dr. 
Stephen Hn les, on nn earthquake felt at East 
Molesey 14 Miirch 1741^50, which appeared 
in the * Philosophical Trnnsactions,* xlvi. 
684. Bowman had withdrawn from lK>th 
societies several years before his death, in 
February 1782, In hi.s will (proved 16 March 
of that year) he left singularly minute and 
whimsical directions re^ardinfj the arran^^ 
uient and preservation of his line library at 
Ixtgie, where the family etill continues to 
flourish, 

[Ltrighton'a Hiatory of the County of Fife, ii. 
50 ; Letters of Horace Walpole, ed. Ctinningbiun, 
iv. 122, 199, til 282; Nichols's Literarv lUmr- 
trations, iv, 796; Egerton MS. 2381," f. 41; 
8loane MS. 4038, f. 324; Addit. MS. 4301, 
flf. 229-233 ; Will reg. in P. C. C. Ill aostling.] 

G.G. 

BOWNAS, SAMUEL (1076-1763), 
quaker minister and writer, wa.«» born at 
Shup, Westmoreland, on 2U Nov. 167<i His 
father, a shoemaker, died within a month of 
Sfunuers birth, leaving his mother a house 
to live in and a yearly income of about 
4L l(k. ; there was another son about seven 
years old. Hence Bownaa fj^ot little educa- 
tion; in fact, he could just read and write. 
At the aj^e of thirteen he was apprenticed to 
his uncle, a bbieksmith, who used him harshly; 
afterwards to Samuel Parat, a f^uaker, near 
j Sedbergh, Yorkshire. Bownas's father bad 
I been a persecuted qua ker, who held meetings 
I in bis house; his mother brought him up 
with a deep regard for his fathers memory, 
and took him as a child to visit quaker pri- 
soners in Appleby gaol. But the lad was 
fonder of fun than of meetings, and grew up, 
as be says, *a witty sensible young man/ 
The preaching of a young quiikeresa, nam^ 
Anne Wilson, roused him from the state 
^ a traditional quaker,* and he very shortly 
after opened his mouth in meeting, *on that 
called Christmas duy,^ about l(i9G. He had 
still some three years of his apprenticeKhip 
to serve; on its expiry be got a certificate 
from Brigfiatsmontfdy meeting to visit Scot- 
land cm a religiou.s mission, llis heart failed 
him while on the way, and the work fell- 
to a companion, but he made mis.«iionary 
visits to many parts of England and Wale«, 
supporting himself by har\^est Avork. At 
Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, he met with his 
future wife. He started for Scotland in 
pood earnest on 1 1 Aug. 1701. Of this 
joumey be gives a graphic account, telling 



Bownas 



74 



Bo^v^lde 



how be was put into the Jedburgh tolbootb 
aa ft precautionarjf me'a8ur+% the olHcer re- 
mftrkmp,^! * I ken very weel tkat youlJ pivacli, 
by your look^,' In 'March ] 70i he sailed for 
America, arriving in Potuxant river, Mary- I 
Vrndf at the end of May, Preaching here, he ' 
Boon received a written chaliengetroni George 
Keithjwho had left the quakers in W,i'J. Al'ter 
leading a f^ect of his own, Keith had received 
Aiigliean orders in May 1700, and was now 
an ardent (and not unsiiecesaful ) advocate of 
episcopiicy, lk>wnas wrote declining * to take 
any notice of one that hath been so very 
mutsihle in his pretences to relipon ;' but he 
diatributed a tract (whether original or not 
does not ttp|>eiir) in answer to one l>y Keith. 
Keith gTOt him prosecuted for his preaching, 
and on 30 Sept. 1702 he was put into the 
C*>imty gaol of Queen's County, Long Island, 
as he would not give bad, * if as small a 8um 
aa three^half pence would do/ On 28 Dec, 
the grand jury threw out the indictment, but 
Bownas was held in prison, where he leanied 
to make shoes, and had a visit from an * Indian 
king, an he sty let! himseliV who discoursed 
with him abiiiit the good Monettav, or God, 
and t he had Mnnettay» or DeviL A seventh- 
day baptist, John Kogers, al«o eame to con- 
fer witli him. On 3 Sept. 1703 he was set 
at libtfrty. After further travels in America 
he returned home, reaching Portsmouth in 
October 1706, He was married in the spring 
of 1707; his wife'a name is not given; ehe 
died in Septem her 1719, H e v i^ i ted 1 re 1 and 
in 1708, and wa.s put into liristol gjujl for 
tithes by the Kev, Willi am 16iy, of Lyming- 
tnii, in 1712, hot was soon let out ; alter all, 
the i)an4on outwitted Mrs. Bownas, and got 
10/, for tithe^ a i^ore snbject with the poor 
woman on her death -bed. 

In February 1722 Bownas married his 
second wife, a widow named Nichols, of Brid- 

Eort, whert! he henceforth resided, though 
e still ti*a veiled much. Yifiiting America 
again in 172ti, he met Elizabeth Hansi>n, of 
'Knoxraarsh, in Kecheachy, in Dover town- 
ship,' New England, from whom he obtained 
part i e u h> rs t )f h e r capt i v it y { wi t h her ehi Id ren ) 
among the Indians m 1724. The substance of 
t h e St ory w as aft erwards prin t e d * The Lou- 
don reprint of this * Account of the C'aptivity, 
&c.,' 1700» 8vo (2nd edition, same year; 3rd 
edition, 1782 ; 4th edition^ 1787 ), purfjortsto 
be * by Samuel Bownas,* but it is a raei-e re- 
issue* with n new title, of an AniericAn pub- 
lication, * God's mercy surmovuiting Man's 
Cruelty, &c.,* which Bownas expressly says 
that he firs^t mw in Dublin, He gi>t home 
again on 2 Aug. 1728> travelled in the north 
and in Ireland ; lost his second wife on 
6 March 1746; and continued fll at 




intervals till within a few yeaiB of his death, 
which took place at Bridport on 2 April 
1753. He was a tall mao, with a great voice, 
ready in retort, more given to scriptural 
argument than some of the earlier Frienda. 
He wrote: L Preface (dated Lymington, 
2 June 1715) prt'fixed to Daniel Taylor's 
^Remains,' 1715, 8vo (edited by Bownas). 
2. * Cons id enit ions on a Pamphlet entituled, 
The Duty of Con.sulting a Spiritual Guide, 
kc,,' 1724, Hvo (in reply to a IJn coin shir© 
clergyman named Bni^'yer). 8. *A Descrip- 
tion of the Qualifications nedeasary to a 
Go.s|>el Minister^ &c.,' 1750, 8vo; 2nd edition, 
17B7, 8yo (with appendix) ; 3rd edition, 1853, 
16m<» (with new apjMr ndix ), 4, * Account of ' 
the Lite, Triivels, ... of Samuel Bownas/ 
1756, 8vo (this is an autobiography to 2 Sept. 
1749, with ijrefnce by Joseph Bease, and tes- 
I timony of the Bridport monthly meeting), 
I reprinted l7(il,8vo; 1795, 12mo; Stamfonl^ 
I 1805, 12mo; 1836, 16mo; Philadelphia, 1839} \ 
! 1846, 8vo. 

I [Life, ed. of 1846; Smithes Cat. of Frieuds' 
I Books, 1867, i. 308, 912, ii. 7(»3 ; 8mith» Biblio 
I theca Anti-Quak. IS72. p. 82.] A, O. 

BOWNDE or BOUFD, NICHOLAS, 

I D.ll id, IHIU), divine^ waa son of Richard 
I B*>und, M.D., physician tn the Dulie of 
Norfolk, lie received his aca.demical edu- 
' cation at lVterhoujse» Cambridge, of which 
I colleg"e he was elected a feUow in Id7Q (Ad- 
dit MS. o84:i, f. Alb). He graduated B.A. 
in 1571 and M,A. in lo7o* On 19 July 1577 
he waM incorporated in the hitter dsgree at 
Oxford, and on 3 Kept. lo8o he "vvaa insti- 
tuted to the rector^' of Norton in Suffolk, a 
living in the gift of his college. He w&ftj 
created D,D. at Cambridge in 1594. 

In 15(15 BowTidw piibliiihed the first edi- 
tion of hi^ famous treatise on the Sabbath. 
In it he maintained that the seventh part of 
our time ought to btt devoted to the service 
of God ; tlui! christians are bound to rest on 
the aeventh day of the week as much as the 
Jews were on the Mosaical sabbath. Hdj 
contended that the * sabbath 'wa* profaned bj 
interludes, May-games, mi>rris dances, ahoo^ I 
ing, bowlings and similar sports; and hof 
wo old not allow any feasting on that day, 
though an exception was made in favour of 
'nohiemen and great personages' {Sabhathvm 
veteris <?/ novi Test(imimtif2\ 1 ). The obser- 
vance of the Lord's day immediately became 
a question between the bigh-choreb par 
and the puritans, and it k worthy of noti* 
that t hi.* was the first disagreement between 
them vlp^1n any point of doctrine. The Sab- 
batarian question, as it was henceforth ciilled, 
soon became the sign by which, above aU 



Bownde 



7S 



Bowness 



N 



^ 



otbeny the two parties were distingimhecL 
Hie new doctrine made a deep impreeaion 
on men*s minds. The preUtes took official 
ooffniMiiice nf it, and cited several minifitere 
before the eccle«iastical courts for preachinfj 
it. But these extreme measures were un- 
araiiing to prevent the rapid spread of the 
strict sahliatarian doctrine. 

In 1611 Bownde become minister of the 
ehurch of St. Andrew the Apostle nt Norwich, 
and he wa,? btiried there on 26 Ber, 161 3. He 
married the widow of John More, the *apoHtle 
of Nonvieh/ 11 i? daughter Anne married John 
Dod <Clarke, LiveSf ed. 1677, p. 169); and 
his widow married Richard Greenham (ib, 
1.% 169). 

Suhj<jine<l h a list of hla works ; 1, * Three 
godlv and fruit full Sermons, declaring how 
we may he i*aved in the day of Judgement. 
, , , Preached and written by M* John More, 
Ut« Preacher in the Citie of Korwitch. 
And now first published by M» Nicholaa 
Bound* whereto he hath adjnint^d of hi» 
<rwne^ A Sermon of Comfort for the All! if ted ; 
tnd a ?hort treat iise of a contt?nted mind/ 
Cambridge, 1594, 4to. 2. *The Doctrine of 
die £$iibbath, plainelylaj'de forth, and soundly 
ppoued by testimonies both of holy Scri|i- 
ture, and also of olde and new ecclesiastical 
writers. , . , Together with the aimdry abusee 
of 010" time in both theie kmdea, and how 
tWy ought to bee reformed,* Ijondon, 15915, 
4to* Dedicated to Robert Devereux, earl of 
EfieeJL. Reprinted, with additions, under 
the title of ' Sabbat hvm veteria et novi Tes- 
tamenti : or the true doctrine of the Sabbath 
. . * ,* London^ 1606» 4to. 3. * Medicines for 
the Plagre : that is. Godly and fnutfull Ser- 
monii vpon part of the twentieth Psftlme . . . 
mora particularly applied to thi^ kte visi* 
tation of the Pfague/ Iy>ndoii, 1604, 4tn. 
4. * The Holy Exercise of Fasting. Describetl 
larg»3ly and plainly out of the word of God. 
, . . In eertaine Homilies or Sermonsi . . . ,' 
Cambridge, 16CI4, 4to. Dedicated to Br. Je- 
gon, bishop of Norwich. 5. * Tbe Vnbeliefe 
of St. Thomas the Apostle, laid open for the 
cmofort of all that de«ire to beleeue , . . ,* 
London, 1608, Hvo ; reprinted, London, 1817, 
12mo« 6* * A Treatise ful of Consolation for 
all that are atlUcted in minde or Vjodie or 
otherwi^ , . . ,* Cambridge, 1608, 8vo ; re- 
phnt«*fl, London, 1817, l'2mo. The reprint* 
of ihiM and the preceding work were edited 
by G, \V* Marriot. Bownde has a Latin ode 
before Peter BaroV * Pnelf'Ctiones in Ion am,' 
1579; and be t»<iited the Rev. Henry More*fl 
'Table from the Beginning of tbe World to 
thii» Dav- Wherein is declared in what yeere 
of the ^S'orld everything was done/ Uam- 
bridgv<, 1593. 




[Blome0dkl*i! Norfolk (1806), \\\ 301 ; Brook'ta 
Ptrntana, ii, 171 ; Coopers Athena* Carifab. U.f 
356 ; Cox'a Literature of the .Sabbath Question,! 
i. H5-61, 418; Faller's Chureh HieL (1666),] 
lib. ix. 227, 228 ; Gent. Mag. Ijtxxvi. (ii.) 487,1 
Ixxxrii. (i.) 167, 429, o03, 696, o97; HAllam'gl 
Coast. Hist, of England (18o6), i, 397 » ; Hajr-I 
Ijrns Hisf,. of Abp. Laud (1671), 196 ; Heylya'lj 
Hist, of the PnabjtoriADg (1672), 337. 338 ;| 
Ht'vlvn « Extraneus rapahms, or the Oli9Brvator« J 
lUTAddit. M8, 6843. f 41, 6863, f. 94, 1907ft, ^ 
ff. 293^6. 19165, f. 136, 27S60, f. 16; manu- 
aeript coUections for Cooper's Athens Cantab. ; 
Marsden'a Hiat. of the Early Purifana. 241 ; 
Neal'e Hi8t. of the Puritans (1822), i. 461, 452; 
Page's Suppl, to the Suffolk Traveller, 798; 
Eoger^'s Catholic Doctrina of tha Ch. of Eng- 
land (ed. Pf-rtjwnp), iiitrod. ii. 19, 90, 97, 98. 
187, 233. 271, 315, 319, 322, 326, 327 ; Taylor'a 
Romantic Biog. ji. 88, 89; Topographer (1791), 
ir. 164, 166; Wood's Faati Uxoo. {ed. Bliae). 
iL 207.] T, C. 

BOWNE, PETEK (1,^75-1624 P), physi-j 
cian, wa« a native of Bedfordshire; became 
at the age of tifteen a Fehrakr of Corpus 
Christi Collt^gtV Oxford, in April 1590; and 
was afterwards* elected a felhi%v of that so- 
ciety. After takiup: de|p"ees in arts he ap- 
plied himself to raedicine, and pniceeded 
Km. and DJI. at Oxford on 1:! Jidy 1H14. 
He waa admitted a caiididaio of the College 
ofPhvaicians on !?4 Jan. IBlti-lT, and fellow 
on 21 Apnl lOm On 3 March 1623-4 
Richard Spic^r was admitted a fellow in hia 
placf. According to Wood, IJo^vne prac- 
tised medicine in London, * nnd wo 8 mneh in 
esteem for it in the latter end of King Jam. I 
and be^nning of Ch. I.' It is p.^ibable, \ 
revert hi4e««s, that 1024 wm the date of hia 
death. He was the author of* Ppeiido-Medi- 
cornm Anatoniia/ London, 1624, 4to, ia 
which }n» name appeiirsi as BounftniA, A 
I>Rnr4>ntiiLS Bouna^UH, probablv a eon of 
Peter liowne, matrieulated at Leylen Uni- 
versity on 16 Nov. 10t>2, iintl is descrilK^l in 
the re^iat^r as * Anglng-liOndinen^iA' (Pea- 
oocr's Ley dm StudenU {Index Soc), p. 12). 

[Wood's Athenft Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 363-4 ; 
Fiiflti Oxoo. (BliH8)» i. 357-8 ; Munk's College 
of PhyaicittaK, i. 177.] S. L. L, 

BOWNESS, WILLIAM (1809-1867], 
painter, was lK)m nt Kendal. He wa£ «ell* 3 
taught^ and after some practice in his natiTd 
town be, soon after bis twentieth year^ camd i 
to I^ndon and achieved moderate sueceaa as ; 
a TKvrtrait and tipnre painter. In ISSGheex* j 
hibited bis * Keepaake at the Koyal Academj', 
and afterwardj» Bent thither about one picture 
annually iiat il his death* He also contributed 
to tbe exhibitiona of the Briti?ih Institution 
in PalL Mall, and^ in great number, to thoae 



I 



I 
I 
I 
I 



of the Society of British Artists in Suffolk ' 
Street. His works are mostly port rm its and 
figure-subjects of domestic churact^r. 

He perjudically visited Lis nutive town, 
and ia author of a number of poems in the i 
Westmoreland dialect, and of some of laenti- | 
mental strain in oTdinury English, He died 
at his house in Charlotte Street, FitCToy 
Square, London, 27 Dec. 1807. 

llis wTitings have been collected under the 
title * Uu.stic Studied in the Westmoreland 
Dialect, with other scrapb from the sketcb- 
book of an artist,- London aud Kendal, 18ti8v 
A pamphlet, * 8i>6cimens of the WVst more- 
land Dialect; by Rev. T, Clarke, WilUam [ 
Bowness^ &c,, Kendal, 187:^, contains one 
poem from the above-named collection. i 

[Gat, Itoyal Academy; Cat. Brit. Institution; ' 
Cat. Soc. Brit. Artists ; Art Journal, Ffbraary 
1868; KeD(InlMc}r<?ury^4Jaa. 1868; Kedgraves 
Diet, of Artists (1878).] W. H-H. 

BOWBING, Sir JOHN (1792-1872), 
liniyfuist, writer, and travtdler, was bom at 
Exeter on 17 Oct. 1792. lie was descended 
from an ancient Devon^shire family, which 
cave its name to the estate of BowringsleJgh, 
in the parish of West Alliugton. For many 
generation a the Bowrin^^s had been engaged 
in the woollen trade of Devon, and in lB70 
an ancestor coined tokens for the payment of 
his workmen bearing the in>icription, with a 
wof>lH?omb for a device, ^Jolrn Bowring- of 
Ohulmleigh, his half-penny/ Sir Jolin waa 
the eldest son of Mr. Charles Bowring-, of 
Larkbeare. He was tirst placed under the 
care of the Uev* J* IL Bransby, of Moreton- 
hampfit*^ad, and suhf5et|neotly under that of 
Dr. Lant Carjienter. 

Bowrinijf entered a merchant's house at 
Exeter on leaving acbool, and during the 
next four years laid the foundation of \m 
linguistic attainments. Aceording^ Ui the 
brief memoir written by his son, he learned 
Frtmch from a refug^ee x>riest, Italian from 
itinerant vendors of barometers and raiithema- 
tical iustrnments, while he acquired Spanttih 
and Portuguese, German and Dutch, through 
the aid of some of his mercantile friends. 
Ho afterwardj? awjnired a sufficient acquaint- 
ance with Swedish, Dmiish, Kussian, Servian, 
Polish, and Bohemian, to enable him to trans- 
lat-e w^orks in those languages, Maj^*^yar and 
Arabic he also stadied wnth considerable 
flUC€eBS,and in later life, during his residence 
in the Eiist, he made good progress in Chinest*. 
In 1811 liowring became a clerk in the Lon- 
don house of Milford & Co., by w^bom he 
was despatched to the Peninsula. He subse- 
quently entered into business on his own 
account, and in 1 8 10-UO travelled abroad for 




commercial purposes, visiting Spain, Franc*, 
Belgium, Holland, Russia, and Sweden. In 
France be made the acquaintance of Cuvier, 
Humboldt, Thierry, and other distingiiiglied 
men. On bis return from Russia in 1820 htj 
published his * Si»t?cimejia of the Hnssian 
Poets; 

In 1822 be was arrested at Calais, Ijeing 
the bearer of despatchea to the Portuguese 
ministers announcing the intended invasion 
of the Peninsuhi by the Bourbon government 
of France. He waa thrown into prison and 
passed a fortnight in solitary coniiuemenf. 
The real object of his impris^^nment waa to 
extort from hiru admissions which would en- 
able the Boiu*bon government to prosecute 
the French liberals. Canning, then British 
foreign minister, insistetl upon an indictment 
or a release. Bo wti iig was even tn ally re lease^l 
without trial, but as he had been accused of 
complicity in the attemnt to rescue the young 
sergeant« of La Rochelle, who were executed 
for singing republican songs, he was con- 
demned to perpet ual exile from France. Lord 
Archibald Hamiltou brought the illegality of 
the arrest before the Hous« of Comnious, bat 
Canning explained that thepnx'w'dings, how- 
ever despotic, wert* warranted by the then 
existing laws of France, l^jwring published 
apampnlet entitled ' Details of the Imprison- 
ment and Liberation of an Englishman by 
the Bourbon Government of France/ 1823. 
In IStJO, Bowring was the writer of an address 
from the citizens of London congratu biting 
the French people on the revolution of July- 
He htJttded the deputation which bore the 
address to Paris, was welcomed at the hotel 
de ville, and was the first EngUshman re- 
ceivetl by Louis-Pbilippe after his recognition 
by the British government. 

BoTiVTing's iiitimute friend and adviser, 
Jeremy Bent bam, founded, in 18:^4, the 

* We.stminHter lleview,' intende*! as a vehicle 
for the viewa of the philoisophical radicals. 
The editorship waa iirst offered to James 
Mill, but declined hy him on the ground of 
the incompatibility of the post with bis otlicial 
work. Bowring and Southeni eventimlly 
became the first editors of the * Review,' the 
former taking the political and the latter the 
literary department; but subsetjueully the 
management paased into Bowrmgs hands 
idone. Bownng not only wrote many of 
the political articles, but also pa^>ers on the 
runes of Finland, the Fri.^ian and Dutch 
tongues, Magyar poetry, and a variety of 
other literary subjects. 

In 1824 BowTing issued his * Bat avian 
Anthology' and 'Ancient Pof?tr>.^ and Rt>- 
mances of Spain;* in 1827 appeared his 

* Sj^jcimeus of the Polish I'oets,* and * Servian 



popular Vo^tTY;' in 1830 'Poetry of the 
Mn^nr*;' and in 1832 * Clieskiiin Aiitbo- 
lo(n"/ He published Beiitham's * Deontology ' 
( 1854) in two voluim?^, and nine years sub- 
pAWHti^titly be edited a collection of the workn 
fBenf h&m^ accompanied by a biographyi tht* 
rhole conai^tin^ of eleven volumes. The uni- 
sifr of Gronin^en conferred upon him^ in 
1829/the degree of LL.D. 

In 1828 Bo^Ting was appointed a com- 

miftsioner for reforming" the system of kt^eping- 

the public accountf^t by Mr. Oerrie?, then 

chancellor of the exchequer; but his appoint- 

Bent was cancelled at i\n' in stance of the 

ake of Wellington, who objected to Bow- 

rin(^5 radical opinions* He was, however, 

authoriaed to proceed to Hnlland, for the 

purpose of examining the method piirsiuni by 

the tinanetal department of that cotuitry. He 

epared a report, the first of a Inng-seriea on 

bepublicaccountj^of varioiiB Euroi>eftn states. 

^Tt was during thif? visit to t\w continent that 

be translated * Peter Schlemihl ' from the 

(J<»nnan at the sugp^e^tion of Adelung. 

During a stay in Madrid T^owring had 

abliahed in Spanish his * Contewtacion a las 

Dbferrttciones de Don Jimn B. Ogavan sobre 

leidaritiid deloaNe^grog/ being an exposition 

of the arguments in favour of African slavery 

in C\iba. At a later jjerifnl he translated 

^into French the ♦Opinions of the P'arly 

fChriMiani* on War/ by Thomas Clnrksnn. 

His * Matins and Wipers ' (181? 3) went into 

manv edit ions, both in En gland and the Unit ed 

kfitatef, and his • Minor Morak^ (1834-9), re* 

ollections of travel for the ue<' of voiing 

ople* were likewise ven^^ popular* I^or bis 

'Bti>k8ian Anthology' he rHreived u diamond 

ing from Alexatider I* and for his works on 

lolland, aome of which were tmnf'lated into 

' Dutch, a gold medal from the king of the 

Netherlands* 

In 1831 Bowring — who bad sought official 
employment in consequence of commercial 
disaeters — wrs a^ociated with Sir H. Pamell 
in tlie duty of examining and reporting on 
the public account 8 of FrMnce, 'a ta^k which 
ra* j«»o ^atiidactorily Y>erformed that he waa 
ippointed ^cretary to the commission for 
specting the accounts of the United King- 
om/ Bowring visited Paris, the Hague, and 
el*, and examined the finance depnrt- 
of their various govejnmentfl. The 
l?rpt rejK^rt made by the commis^tion led to a 
complete change in the English exchequer, 
and was the foundation of all the improve- 
men 1 8 which have since been made. The 
cond report, dealing with the military ac- 
Oimti*^ was carried into immediate effects 
^"Bowring and Ikfr. Yilliers ( aften\ nrila Earl of 
Clarendon) were appointed, in 1831^commi&- 



sionars to investigiite the commercial relations 
between England and France, and presented 
two elaborate reports to parliament. 

On the passing of the Be form Bill In 1832 
Bowring appeared ns a candidate for the re- 
presentation of Bbiclcbiim, but, though popu- 
lar with the mass of the peoph% he lost the 
election by twelve votes. He now went over 
to France, where he made close investigation 
into the .^ilk trade; and in 18*33 be vimted 
Belgium on a commercial mission for the 
government. Hi« exertions in the south of 
France in the succeeding year led to a free- 
trade agitation in the wine districts. In 1B^35 
he went through the manufacturing districts 
of Switzerland, and reporting to parliament 
on the trade of that country, be enowed the 
great advantages that had been reapKl from 
the system of free trade. Ho was in Italy 
in the autumn of 1836\ when he reported to 
parliament on the state of onr commereial 
relations with Tuscany, Lucca» the Lom- 
bard ian and Pontiticnl states. Bowring had 
been returned to parliament for the Clyde 
burghs in 1835, but l0s«ing bis seat at the 
general election of I8vi7. be now travelled 
m Egypt, Syria^ and Turkey on another 
commercial mission for the government. 
During this t/5ur Bowring visited every part 
of Egj'pt as far as Nubia in the soutb^ tra- 
versed Syria from Aleppo to Acre, and re- 
turned by way of Constantinople and the 
Danube. Shortly after his arrival in England 
be accepted an invitation tf> a public dinner 
at Blactburn. This was in September 1838; 
and, halting at Manchester on his way to 
Blackburn, Bowring met Cobden and others 
at the York Hotel, the result of this meeting 
being the formation of the Anti-Coni Law 
League. In 1839 Bowring was deyaited to 
proceed to Prussia with the ol*ject of in- 
ducing that country- to modify her taritl* on 
English manufactures* He was met by the 
objection that, * go long aa the English com 
laws imposed a prohibitive tariff on foreign 
grain, it was useless to ask Germany to relax 
her heavy duties on English troods.* Bowring 
was the chief author of the important report 
to parliament on the import duties* which 
led to the proposed but unsuccessful men sure 
tbr the relaxation of the English tariff by 
the whigs, and to Sir BolMTt Peera great 
revised tariff scheme of 1842* 

Convinced of the necessity for the aboli- 
tion of the com laws, Bowring again sought 
a .«;eat in parliament for the purpose of ad- 
vocating this measure. Defeated at Kirk- 
caldy, he was elected for Bolton in 184L 
He was a frequent speaker on commercial 
and fiscal questions, on education* the factory 
acta, and aimilar subjects. He took an active 



I 




part on the committee of inquiry into the dis- 
tress of the hand-loom weuverR, on thiit in 
connection with Irii*h education, and on that 
on the fttiite of th*? arts as applied to com- 
merce and manufactures, and he was an 
elo<juent advocate for the abolition of flogging 
in the anny» l^wring received services of 
silver plate from the electors of Blackburn, 
Kirkcildj, and Kilmarnock respectively ; 
&om the Manxmen for his vahuible aid in 
obtaining an act of parliament for their emun- 
cipiition from feudal tyranny ; and from the 
MalteBe in recopiition of the success of his 
advocacy iis then" unofficial representative in 
the House of Commons. Supported by the 
prince consort, Bowring obtained, after a dia- 
cnsiiiion in the House of Coinmonfi, the issue 
of the tlorin, intended as the first step towards 
the introduction of the decimal system into 
the English currency. He subsequently pub- 
lished a volume on *Tbe Decimal System in 
Numl^ers, Coins, and Accounts, especially 
with reference to the Decimalization of the 
Cnrrency and Accountancy of the United 
Kingilom' (1854). 

After his election for Bolton, Bowring em- 
barked all his fortune in ironworks in Gla- 
morganshire. In 1847 a period of severe 
depression set in, and as there was no prospect 
of the clond lifting, Bowring became seriously 
alarmed at the aspect of hia alFairs. Hi 
consequently applied for the appointment of 
consul at Canton, and^ obtaining it tlirough 
the friendship of Lord Palraerston, resigned 
his seat in parliament. The general relations 
between England and China were even then 
in a scjmewhat critical condition* It was 
imderstxwd that the gates of Canton, hitherto 
closed against foreigners, were now to be 
opened, and Bowring hoped that the man- 
darins would at least receive him officially 
within tlie walls of the city^ thus paving the 
way for the entrance eventually of all Enro- 
ns. But the Chinese treated him with the 
e etmtumely as they had done his prede- 
1, and the govenior-general wrote him 
ye letters. Yet the Cantonese, with 
whom Bowring mixed a great deal, received 
him with good feeling, thus proving that the 
mandarins were the sole ground of opposition. 
From April 1852 to February 1853 Bowring 
had charge of the office of plenipotentiary 
in the absence of Sir George Bonham ; but on 
the return of the latter Bowring applied for 
leave of abs+?nce for a year, visiting the island 
of Java on liis way home. In 1854 be was 
appointed plenipotentiary to China, and auh- 
Bequently held the appointment of governor, 
Conmiander-in-<:hief, and vice^admir&l of Hong 
Kong and its dependencies, as well as chief 
superintendent of trad© in China* He was 



also accredited to the courts of Japan, Siam, 
Cochin-China, and the Corea. On receiving | 
these appointments he was Imiglited by the 
queen. The Taiping insurrection shortly 
afterwards broke out in China, trade was 
paralysed, smuggling was largely carried on 
at Shanghai, and the imperial dues could not 
be collected. Sir John Bowring resolutely 
endeavoured to put an end to the disorder. 

Bowring has stated (Autohio^raphical Jie- 
coileeliom) that one of the most interesting 
parts of his public life was his visit to Siam 
m 1855, He went upon a special mission, 
being authorised to conclude a treaty of com- 
merce with the two kings of that coxmtry. 
There had already been many uni^uccessful 
attempt* on the part of the United States, 
of the goveraoi^-general of British India, and 
of the English government, to e«talili^««h diplo- 
matic and commercial relations with Siam. 
Sir John Bowring succeeded in concluding a 
treaty, which was carried out with prompti- 
tude and sagacity. In 1857 Bowring pub- 
lished an account of his travels and experiences 
in Siam under the title of ' The Kingdom 
and People of Siam.^ 

In October 18*56 the outrage on the lorcha 
Arrow by the Canton authorities involved 
Sir John Bowring in hostilities with the 
Chinese government. It was admitted that 
the vessel had no right to carry the British 
flag, the term of regies trj^ having expired ; 
but the English representative maintained 
that the expiry of the license did not warrant 
the violence perpetnited by the Canton autho- 
rities. He aflirmed that the authorities did 
not know of its expiry ; that it waa their 
specific object to violate the privileges of the 
British flag ; that the ease ol the Arrow waa 
only one of a succession of outrages for which 
no redress had been given ; and that the 
expiry of the license and the failure to renew 
it placed the ship under colonial jurisdiction. 
Votes of censure on the conduct of Sir John 
Bowring^ and the British government in sup- 
porting him, were moved in both houses of i 
parliament, and some of the former &ienda 
and colleagues of the British plenipotentiary 
took a strong part against him. The Earl 
of Derby moved the hostile resolution m the 
House of Ijords, but after a long debate it 
was negatived by a majority of thirty-six. 
In the House of Commons Cobden proposed 
the vote of censure^ and contended that Sir 
John Bowring had not only violated the prin- 
ciples of international law, but had acted 
contrary to his instructions, and even to ex- 
press directions from bis government. Lord 
Palme rston warmly defended Sir John Bow- 
ring and his action. Cohden's motion was 
earned Bgainat the government by a majority 



^ 



of sixteeiL Lord Palmereton appealed to the 
cjountrj, and in the elections that ensued the 
chief moTers against Sir John Bo wring loat 
tlieir seatA, while the niinl«trT came back 
greatly etrengthened. Lor^l Elgin, who suc- 
oeeded Bawring as Englinh pknipotentiary 
in China, endorsed and carried out hii^ pre- 
deeeaaor 8 policy. 

During the hostilities with China the 
mandarine put a price on Sir John Bowrinj^'a 
head* He had a narrow escape of his life 
in January 1857, when the colony of Hong 
Kong was startled hy n diabolical attempt to 
poison the residents by putting arsenic into 
their bread* The govemor^s mmily suftered 
•everely, and the constitution of Lady IJow- 
ling WB* BO undermined that in the ensuing | 
year she was obliged to leave for England, 
where she died soon after her arrivaL 

To wards the clofie of 1858 Sir John Bow- 
liking proceeded to Manila, on a visit to the 
I'hilippine islands, chiefiy with a view to 
the extension of the trade of the islands 
with Great Britain. Manila had been the 
only port acceasihle to foreigners, hut the 
inore liberal policy of the Spaniards had 
opened the harboura of Sual, Hoiln, and 
Zamboangaf which Bowring viatted in H. M,S. 
Ma^ienne. Aa the repreaent^xtive of free 
tmae be was everywhere welcomed^ and on 
the completion of the tour he published 
hia * Visit to the Philippine Islands.* Sir 
John returned to China in J an u an' 1859, and 
in the following May resigned his office, after 
more than nine years of unusually harassing 
and active service. On leaving China he re- 
ceived from the Chinese people several cha- 
racteristic marks of their appreciation of his 
government* 

On the voyage home the Alma, in which 
lie Bailed, struck upon a sunken r<U"k in the 
Red 8ea. Thepaasengerswere compeUed to 
remain for three days upon a coral reef, where 
they suffered greatly before relief arrived. 
The remainder of Bo wring's life was pivs^ed 
in comparative quiet. In 1860 he waa de- 
puted by the English government to inquire 
mt-o the state of our commercial relat iom* wit Ii 
the newly formed kingdom of Italy. Tie had 
interviews with Count Oavour; but at llome 
he waa aeised with illnees, the attack being 
aggravated by the effects of the arsenical poi- 
BOntDg at Hong Kong three years before. He 
IS not fully restored to health until 1862. 
^ , addition to Bowring^a labours in connec- 
^tion with commerdal treaties with various 
European and Asiatic powers, at home ' he 
was an active member of the Briti-Hh Asaocia- 
Itinn, the Social Science Association, the 
evonshire Association, and other institu^ 
tioas, often contributing papers to their pro- 



ceedings and taking a prominent part in their 
discussions,' He was a constant contributor 
to the leafling reviews aod magazim^s, and 
delivered many public lectures on oriental 
topics and the jkhmiiI questions of the day, 

Bowring was the writer of many poems 
and hymns, one nt least of which, * In the 
cross uf triirist I glory/ has acquired universal 
fame. Early in hi» career he conceived an 
extensive scheme in connection with the 
poetic literatures of the contini^nt. Enjoying 
the advantage of personal acquaintance %vilh 
most of the eminent authors and poets of his 
time, he secured their ai^sistance in his pur- 
pose (never fully carried out) of writing the 
ui story and giving translated specimens of 
the popular po»/try, not only of the west^im, 
but of the oriental world. He was promised 
the cn-operation of Raskand Finn Moirnusen 
(Icelandic), Oehlenschlager and Muiiter 
{ Dan i s h ) , Fni nz 6 n ( 8 wedi s h ) , i n t he Sea n d i * 
n avian field ; of Karamsin and Kriulov 
( Russian )» Niemcewicz und Jlickiewicz (Po- 
lish), Wuk (Ser\Man)p Hauka and Celakow- 
sky {Bohemian), Talyj (von Jakob), and many 
coadjutors in the Moravian, lllyrian, and 
other branches of the Slavonic stem ; while 
in the Magyar, Toldy and Kert ben y lent him 
their aid : Fauriel in Romaic, and Teng- 
strom in Finnish, In the various kingdoms 
of Bouthem Europe he gathered together 
extensive materials for a work which might 
well have occupied a lifetime. His scattered 
translations from the Chinese, Sanskrit, Cin- 
galese, and other oriental languages, and hiaj 
Spanish, Servian, Magyar, Cheskian, Russian, J 
and other poetical selections, amply attest 
that he never relinquished his scheme, though 
the comprehensive and exhaustive plan he 
originally formed was found to he impossible 
of execution. 

In the closing years of his life Bowring'ai 
mental and physical faculties were strong! 
and apparently unimpaired. ^\lien verging 
upon eighty years of age he addressed an 
assemblage of three thousand persons at 
Pljmoutn with all the energy of youth, 
Atter a very brief illness he died at Exeter 
on 23 Nov. 1872, almost within a stone V 
throw of the house where he was born. 

Bowring was a fellow of the Royal Society, 
a knight commander of the Belgian order 
of Leopold, and a knight commander of the 
orderof Christ of Portugal with the star; he 
had the grand cordon of the Spanish ordt*r 
of Isabella the Catholic, and of the order of 
Kamehameha I ; he was a noble of the first 
class of Siam, with the insignia of the WTiite 
Elephant J a laiight commander with the star 
of the Austrian order of Francis Joseph, and 
of the Swedish order of the l^orthem Star, 



and also of the Italian order of St. Michael and 
St. Lazarus ; and he was an honorary mymlxjr 
of many of the learned so<?ietie8 of Europe. 
He received BO fewer than thirty diploniaa 
and certificates from various academiea and 
Other learned hodies and aocietiea. 

Bowring was twicp married : first, in 
1816, to a daughter of Mr. Samuel Lewin, of I Deity/ translated from the Russian, 1861. 



on the occasion of the Opening of the Barker 
Steam Press/ 1846. 24. ' The Political and 
Ckimmercial Importance of Peace/ 1846 (?). 
25. * The Decimal System in Numl>er8, Coins, 
and Account^/ 1854, 26. * The Kingdom 
and People of Siam/ 1857. 27. *A Visit to 
the Philippine U\m* 1S59. 28, ' Ode to the 



jEackney, who died in 1868 ; secondly^ to a 
~ Might er of Mr. Thomas Castle, of BrisTol. 

fHi^s eldest son by the former marriage, Mr. 
0. Bowring, presented to the British 

_ iteum a flue coUoction of coleoptem, con- 

• fasting of more than 84tlXiO specimens, known 
b? the name of the Bowringian collection. 
Mis second son, Mr. Lewin Bowring, was 
Lord Canning^fi private secretary ttrougli 



29. * On Kemunerative Prison Labour 

an Instrument for promoting the Reforma- 
tion and diminishing the Cost of Offenders/ 
1865. 30. * Translations from Petiifi/ 1866. 
3L * On Religious Progreas beyond the Chria- 
tiau Pale/ 1 St}6. 32. ' Siam and the Siamese/ 
a discourse in connection with the Sunday 
Evenings for tbu People, 1867. 33. 'The 
Flowery Scroll/ translation of a Chinese 



the Indian mutiny of 1857, an^ held tijr novel, 1868. 34. 'The Oak/ original tales 
some time the post of chief commissioner of and eketcheg by Sir J. B., &c., 1869. 35. ' A 
Mysore and Coorg. A third ton, Mr. E. iV. MemorialVolumeof Sacred Poetry/ to which 
Bowring, C.B,, represented his native city of is prefixed a memoir of the author by Lady 
Exeter in parliament from 1868 to 1874, and B., 1873. 36. 'Autobiographical RecoUeo- 
waa made companion of the Bath for liia tiona of Sir John Bowring/ 1877. 
servicee iB connection with the Great Exlii- I [Bo^ng, Cobden, and China, a Memoir, by 
bition of 1851. He is also kTiown in btera- " j,^ ^i^ot, igs; . (he various Works of Bowring ;- 
ture for his translations of Goethe, Schiller, I Annual Reg. 1857 ami 1872; Times, 25 Nor^ 



and Heine. 

The following b a complete liftt of the 
works of Sir John Bowring: 1. * Some Ac- 
count of the St^ite of the Pnsons in Spain and 
Portugal/ pnblii^hed in the * Pamphleteer/ 
1813. 2. * Observation}? on the State of Re- 
ligion and Lit^irature in Spain/ published in 
the series * New Voyages and Travels/ 1820. 
3. * Contestacion a ]m ObstTvaciones de Don 
Joan B. Ogavaa Bobre la Esclavitud de loa 
NegTO«/ 1821. 4, * Observations on the Re- 
Btnctive and Prohibitory Commercial System 
from MSS. of Jeremy Bentham,' 1821. 
Ti, *■ Details of the Arrest, Imprist>nment| 
and Liberiition of an Englishman/ 1823. 
(i * Russian Anthology/ 1 820'-3. 7. * Matins 
and Vespers/ 1823. 8. * Batavian Anthology/ 

1824. 9- * Ancient Poetry and Romance^i of 
Spain/ 1824. ID. * Peter Schlemihr (tram^ 
lation from Chamisso)^ 1 824. 11. * Hymns/ 

1825. 12. 'Servian Popular Poetry/' 1827. 
13. * Specimens of the PolL^^h PoetV 1827. 
14- * Sketch of the Language and Literature 
of Holland, being a S^'quel to " Batavian 
A n thologrr ' 1829. 1 5. * Pc>etrr of the Mag- 
yars/ laSO. 16. ' Cheskian Antliologv/ 1832. 
\ 7. ' DeontolojTV/ 1834. 1 8. * Minor^IoraU/ 
1834-9. 19, * oWrvations on ( oriental Plague 
and Quarantines/ 1838. 20. * The Influence 
of Knowledge on Domestic and Social Happi- 
ne«s/ 1842. 21. * Jeremy Bentham's Life 
and Works/ 1843. 22, * ^Manuscript of the 
Qneen^s Court ; a Collection of old Bohemian 
Lyri co-epic Songs^ with other ancient Bohe- 
mian Poema/ 1843. 23. ' A Speech delivered 



1872; Autobiiigraphical Eecollectioris of Sirl 
John Bowring, with a brief Memoir by Lewiaf 
Bowrintc. 1877 ; Wwtom Times* P:ieter, 26 Nor. 
1872 ; Heo of the Timo, 8th ed, 1872.] 

a, B. a 

BOWTELL, JOHX ^1753-1 81 3), t^po- 
grapher^ born in the parish of Jlnly Trinity, 
Cambridge, in 1753, became a bookbindeJ and 
stationer there. He compiled a history of 
the town, keeping it by him unprinted ; col- 
lected fosBils, manuacnpts, tuid other curiosi- i 
ties ; and waa a member of the London Col- 
lege Youths. He was al&o an enthusiastic ] 
bell -ringer, and in 1788, at Great St. Mary*«, 
Cambridge, he rang on the 30-cwt. tenor bell 
as many ns 6,609 harmomous changes ' in the 
method of bo6 ma.inmiu^ generally termed 
** twelve-Ln," ' Bowtell had no family^ and '' 
dying on 1 Dec. 1813, aged 60, he made the 
following important bw|m-»rttfi for the benefit 
of Cambridge : 7,000/. to enlarge Adden- 
broH^ke's Hoepital ; 1,000/. to repair Holy 
Trinity ; fiOOL to repair St. Michaers ; 500/. 
to apprentice boy!*! belongiug to Hobson^s 
workhouse ; and hifi * History of the Town' 
and other manudcripts, his book», Im foBsiUi 
and curiosities^ to Downing College. He waa 
buried at St. Michael's, where the Adden- 
brooke's Hospital governors erected a tablet 
to Im memorv*. The governors alao placed 
a portrait of him in their court-room. 

[Cooper's Annab of Cambridge, iv. 505-0 ; 
Gent. Mag. vol. btxxiv. pL ii. p. 85 ; Cambridga 
Chwmido for 8, 17, 24 Bee. 1813.] J. H. 



^ 




B0WTER, SiKGEnUGE( 1740?- 1800). 
•dsniral, tLird i^on of Sir William Bo\v>'er, 
Wrt,, of Denham, Buckin^lianiBliire^ and, by 
right of his wife, of Jlttcile)% Berkshire, attii ined 
tbeTunk of lieiitt»nant in the navy on 13Fek 
1758, enramander 4 May 1701, and captain 
28 r>ct. 1702, from which time he commanded 
the Sh<*erne8fl frigate till the peace. On the 
bf^akinff out of the dispute with the colonies 
of NortiU America he wa^^ ajjpointed to the 
BoHbrd of 70 guns, and early in 1778 was 
tiwiflfexTed to the iUbion of 74 jfun.s, one of 
tha squadron which mailed for North Ame- 
rica with ^'ice-ndmi^al BvTon, whom he a^-- 
oompanied to the We^t Indies, takinjj part 
Imttle of Gn^nada, July 1779. lie 

in the We-»t Indie-s for two years 

loagiry and woi* present in Sir George R(>d- 
nfijni tiiree act touii with the Count de Gni- 
chen on 17 April, 15 and 19 May, 1780, in 
which the Albion sulfered severely in men, 
vpar^, and hull, and had to be sent to Ja- 
tnAtea for repairs. In 178.*i he commi.«!?4ioned 
the lrre*ii»tible of 74 gmm, as g-uard^hip in 
the Medway, and commanded there for t\w 
next two years, during" wliii-b time he wore 
ft oommodorea broad petmnnt. In 1784 lie 
w&i returned to parliament by the borough 
of Queenboroujf^h, and in 1785 wa^? a member 
of a committee appointed to consider the 
defences of Portsmouth and riymoutli. On 
the occasion of the S]jani8h armament in 
1790, he was appointed to the lioyne of 
98 gnnSf a ship newly hiimched at Wool- 
wich, whicln h(nve\ er, was paid oft' towards 
the end of the year. On 1 Feb. 1793 he 
wa* advanced to the rank of rear-admiral, 
and shortly after^vards hoisted hi.s fta^r ir^ the 
Prinee of 90 gun?*, in the Channel fltset, 
under the command of Lord Ilowe. On 
1 June 171^4 he took an important part in 
the engagement oft' Ufthant, in which be sus- 
tained the bxs-* of a leg. For thii^ he re- 
ceived a ^ifn.sion of l^tXX)/. in addition to 
the chain and gold medal, and on It? Anpr. 
wMcreflteil a baronet. Him wound incapaci- 
tated him from further active service, though 
he wa.4 in due coiiriie advanced to the rank 
of vice-«jdtuiral, 4 July 1794, and of admiral, 
14 Feb. 1799. By the death of his brother 
in April 1707 he 6uccet*ded to the older 
haronetcyf in wliich his nfswer title was 
merged. He died at KadU-y, Dec. 1800. 
lie was twice married : first to Lady Down- 
ing, widow of Sir Jacob Downing, hart., 
who died without ii*«ue ; and .second, to Hen- 
rietta, only daughter of Admiral Sir Peircy 
Brett, by w^hom he had three aons and two 
daught«fr». 

[Ralfc's Nav. Biog, i, 374 j Chaniock^s Biog, 
Nav. vi. 611.] J, K. L. 

VOL. TI. 



BOWYER, Sir GEORGE (181 1-1 883), 
seventh baronet, jurist, was bom on H Oct. 
1811, at Rttdley I^ark, near Abingdon, Berk- 
shire. He wiLs the eldest son of Sir Georg© 
Bowyer, hart., of Denham Court, Bucking- 
hamBhire, by his wife, Anne Hammond, 
daughter of Captain Sir Andrew Snape Dou- 
glas, R.N. Admiral Sir George Bowyer [q.v.] 
was his grandfather. Sir William Boiler, 
knt., teller of the exchequer in the reign of 
James I, originally purcha.W the family es- 
tate of Denham Court. His grnnd.^on, William 
Bowyer, M.P. for Bnckingharasbire in the 
first two parliaments of Charles It, on *26 Jan& 
1600 was created a ban met. 

Bowyer was for a short time a cadet of the 
Royal Military College at Woolwich. On 
1 June 1830 he was admitted as a student of 
the IMiddle Tt^mple. In 1H:]S he published * A 
Dissertation on the Statutes of the Cities of 
Italy, and a TFanslation of the Pleailing of 
Frosyero Farinacio in Defence of Beatrice 
Cenci, with Notes.' On 7 June 1839 he waft. 
called to thi? bar of the Middle Temple, being" 
immediately afterwards ( \2 June! created an 
honorary M.A. at Oxford. He then began prac- 
tising as an equity draughtsman and convey- 
ancer. In 1841 tie brought out, in twenty- 
seven chapters with sin appendix, j>p. xiv, 
71i^, *The English Constitution: a ropular 
Commentary on the Constitutional Laws of 
England.' This was the first of a series of 
valuable text-book^ from his hand on consti- 
tutional jurisx^rudence* On 120 June 1844 he 
was raadu a D.C.L. at, Oxford. In 1848 he pub- 
lished, in tifty-two chiipttMs, ijp. xx,3'i4, his 
* Commentaries on thu Civil Law,' inscribed 
j to the Marquis of Lansdowne* In the same 
. year he brought out, in an octavo pamphlet 
inscribed * to Henry Lord Holland by hia 
sincere friend; a vindication of Charles Albeit, 
under the title of * Lombardy, the Pope, and 
Austria.' In the July of 1849 he stood un- 
successfully as a candidate for the repreeei 
tation of Reading. He was converted tOf^ 
catliolieism in 1850, and issued in the Bame 
year a pamphlet entitled * Tht^ Cardinal 
jVrchbishop of Westminster and the New 
Hierarchy, 8vo, pp. 42, which was announced 
on its title-page as issued * by authority,' and 
rapidly passed thniugh four editions. Early 
in the same year he was appointed reader in 
law at the il id die Temple, and before its clos© 
published tbefirsttwoof his readings, 4>n the 
Uses of the Science of General J^irispnidence 
and the Clasaitication of Laws,' and *0n the 
Uses of the Roman Law and its Kelation 
to the C^jmrnon Law/ In 1851 the whole 
course was published as * Readings delivered 
before the Honourable Society of the Middle 
Temple,* inscribed to Lord Campbell, During 



thftl ye4r he ia«ued from the presi two supple- 
mantftfy ptpen on the catholic bierarchT, 
one of them entitled * The Koman Docu- 
ments relating to the New Hierarchy, with 
&a Argument^ and the other (8vo^ pp. 44), 

* Obaervationi* on the Arguments of Dr. 
Twiflfl respecting the new lioman Catholic 
Hierarchy/ In the July of 1S<52 Bowver 
entA^red parliament for tlie tirwt time as M,P. 
for DunJalk, wJiinh borough he continued to 
ri'pri'Mfrnt in tht^ Ilouftt? of Commons for six- 
tni-n y c' II r?*, down to December 1868, In 1854 
h#j: piiblifihed, in twenty-eight clmpterSi 8vo, 
pp. xi, 3h7^ hi» * C<immentaries on Universal 
FiibliL- Law,' iind in 1 856 two pamphlets — 

* lif>irn* and .Sardinia/ tind * The DitTerences 
b«twe»*n the Holy Set" and the Spanish Gti- 
vernment^- in viiKlication of the holy »ee, 
rrprintpd from tlif * Dublin Ueview/ Septem- 
ber IHTjo, and March 185(J. On 1 July I860 
Bowyer tjuceueded kin father as Imrontit, In 
1864 ftppe»*ri^^ in quarto, ' Friends of Ireland 
in Council/ the interlocutorH in which wtjre 
Bowyer, Williain Hutiry Wilberforce, and 
John Ptipe lleniit'.^sy. lu ISIIH Bowyer, in 
the tV>nn nf a letter to the Earl of Stanhope, 
published, Hvo, pa 19, ^The Private History 
of the tVeation ot the lioiriau Catholic Hier- 
arehy in England/ In 1873 he brought out 
A re or i ill from the * Timea* of * Four Letters 
on tlte Appellate Jiirimliction of the House 
<if Lortls and the Nmw (\iurt of Appeal/ 
Uriwyer was <lefeated in liis candidature at 
Duudalk in l>ecenilrt:*r 1 H6H, but in December 
IH71 WHS retoroed iu the liome-nile interest 
for the county uf Wexford, and retained that 
«eat until >fareh 1H80, He published, in 
1h74, Svo» pp. 7i?t birt ' Introduction to the 
Stiuly and Use of rbr Civil Law, and to Com- 
mentaries on the Modern l/ivil Law,' a work 
iuBcribed to F^irl Caimi*. 1 hiring the last five 
TMiv of his career in |wirlianient hr estranged 
liimsttU' from the IrWml party^ and was at 
!aat exiKdled, on 2'S June 1876, firomthe Re- 
fonn Club. Bowyer was eon«picuou8 &b a 
repr^^sentative catluilic. His numerous let- 
ters to the * Times* mainly bore reference to 
mie*tif>nH of religious or constitutional law. 
Ho was a prominent member of the commit- 
t*« convened to further the agitation against 
tha abolition of the legal duties of the IIouBe 
of Lordd. Bowyer wnii found deiul in his 
bed at hi* chftmbert in t he Temple, 13 King s 
Bench Walk, on the morning of 7 June 
IKKt, X!ie funeral serviee was pertbrmed 
in \m own church of St. J<din of Jeru^lem, 
in Grtuit Ormond Street, Bloomsburi% which 
had been ejitirely built by him. Bowyer 
wa$ a knight of M^alta and honorary praaident 
of the Malteee aobUitT. He waa knight 
commander of tlia OitUr of Piua IX, as 



well as a chamberlain to that ponttfT, knight 

grand croaa of the order of St. Gregory the 
reat, and grand collar of the Consta.n- 
tiaian order of St, George of Naples. He 
was a magtstrate and deputy^lieutenant of 
Berkshire. 

[Men of the Time (lOth ed.), 197; Amraal 
Register, 1883, 162-3; Timea, 8 Jane 1885; 
Tablet, 9 and 23 Jaoe 1883» 901, 994 ; Weekly 
Regiater, 9 June 1883,724 ; Ijiw Times, 16 June 
1883, 137; Law Jouniai, 16 June 1883, 339] 



BOWYER, BOBEBT(17r>S-iai4K minia- 
ture painter, seems to have been at an early 
dfttti Known to Smart, the miniature pjiinter, 
and is supposed by Redflrave to have been 
Smart '6 pupil. He exhibit^ miniatures and 
paintings at ih& Koyal Academy oocasionfllly 
between 17 83 amJ 1828; was appointed 
painter in water-colours to the king, and 
miniature painter to the queen; and re- 
ceived much fashionable patnwage. In 1792 
he issued a prospectus giving details of a 

?lan for an edition of Hume*s * History of 
vngland,' with c^uitinuation to date, t" be 
^ superbly embellished.' West, Smirke, Lou- 
therbourg, and other leading artists of the 
day furnished hi.Htorical pictures specially to 
be etigraved fur this work, which cuntains 
besides a numbar of engravings of portraits, 
medaU, and antiquities. It was issued in 
parts, and by 180ti five unwieldy folios were 
publ ished, reaching to t he year B18B ; the con- 
tinuation was never issued^ as a loss of 30,000/, 
is asserted to have been already incurred. 
Bowyer also publisbecl * An Impartial Narra- 
tive of Events from IKUUo 18l>3/ I>ondoa, 
18i*3, He died at bis hou;^ at B 
Surrey, 4 June 1834. 

[Cat. Brit. Miij. Lib.; Cat. R. A.; Gent. 
Mag* August 18:14. p. 231 ; Bedgnires Diet, of 
Artists (1878)0 W. H-a. 



Dndoa, , 



BOWYER, WILLIAM, the elder (1663- 
1737), printer, son of John Bowyer^ citizen 
and grtieer of London, by Mary^ daughter of 
William King, citizen and vintner of Ixmdnn, 
wa« born in 1663, apprenticed to Miles 
llesher, printer^ in 1079, and admitted to 
the freedom of the Company of Stationers 
ItSHB. By his first wife, who died early, he 
had no issue. By his second wife, Dorothyi 
daughter of Thomas Dawks (a primer who 
hadl>een employed on Bishop Walton's Poly- 
glot Bible) and widow of Benjamin A 11 port, 
bookseller, he was father of William BowyeT 
the younger, * the learned printer * [q. v.], 
and a daughter Dorothy married to Peter 
Wallisy a London jeweller. In 1699, a few 



I 



montlm l)efore the Htnb of hh son, he began 
business as a printer Rt the White Horse in 
Little BritAin, rind here he prodiicotl hift first 
book, A neat small 4to, nf^m pp.^ * A Defence of 
tlie Vindication of King Charles the Martyr 
jtisfifytng his Majefity'tf; title to EIku>v Batri- 
\u^ in answer to . , , » Amyntor[i.e. John 
Totand],' Ix>nd. }H\^, 4to. Immediatelj after 
b** removed to Dog^fvell Court, Whitefriars. 
la 1700 he was made liver> mnn of the Sta- 
tionerB* Com]>anyt and wiw* clioftpn one of the 
firenry printers allowed hv the Star-cham- 
lier. On 29 Jan, 1 7 1 2-1 3 a fire destroyed fiiH 
print imr-Tiffiee and dwellinfr^ and one member 
of the family A^a^ burnt to death. Plant ami 
stock were consumed ; Atkyn*a * Glonceater- 
sbire/ IJbhop Hull's * Primitive Christinnity,* 
L^trange^s *Jo«ephus,' pirt of Thoresbv's 
'Ducatuft Leodiensis/ and many other worka, 
WKtb some valuable manuscripts, were lost. 
The Mtimated total loss was 5,146A, but this 
was more than half replaced by the produce 
of a king-V brief ^minted 6 I^Arch 1713 for 
a chiLTitable collecrion, the contributions of 
friends and a subscription of his own fTiiter- 
nity amounting to 2,530/, In remembrance 
of this kindnens he had several tail-pieces 
And devices en^mi vetl, represent in^r a phoenix 
rifling from the flames, with suitable mottoes 
naed afterwards in f«omt^ fjf his best bookn, 
Odntinuing his bui^ineiis at the houses of 
fiiend«, he at length returned to Whitefriars, 
October 1713, where he became the foremot^t 
printer of h 16 day, until the l^ime of his learned 
$fm overshadowed his. The latter was taken 
into partnership rn 1722, and his duty thence- 
fiarword was to correct the press, while hia 
iktber up to his death retained the execu- 
tive, the imprint of their works continuing 
to be ' Printed by W i 1 1 iani Bo wy er, ■ The 1 ist, 

copious not^«, of all the works pub- 
lished by him v*> given J n Nichols's * Litemry 

lotes/ from 
of the joint 




lotes,' from' 1687 to 1722, 230 pacres, 
yvork^, 1722 to I73i,370 



Bowye 



_ f er died 27 Dec. 1 737, having survived 
hiB "Wife t-en years, and was buried in the 
church of Low Ley tan, Essex, in the south- 
west comer of which is an inscription to the 
memory of the Bowyer family generally. 
There is a marble monument erected by his 
90ti to his memory in the same ehnrch. In 
the stock room at Htationer^' JLill there is a 
bmss tablet, also by his ?on, comraeraorative 
of hi» loss by fire in 1712-13, and of the 
donatiomi of the Stationers' Com|Miny and 
friends. By the side of it hangs a half-length 
portrait of Bowyer, which has been well de- 
scribed as tliat of *a plensiint round-faced 
lid * a jolly good-looking man in a 
f wig.* An engraving of it by Has ire 




I is the frontispiece of Nichols's first volume of 

I * Literary Aiu^cdoteM.* 

I In 1724 liowyer was a norijurf»r : we know 
nothing more of his religious views except a 
ft" w truces, in his earlv life, recorded by Ord 
in the ' History of Cleveland,' where it is 
said that he had a controversy with a priest 

I whf> defended the conduct of his sister, a 

I professed nun of the order of Poor Clarea, 
at Dunkirk, The lettnts commence October 
169(3, and end in Jnne 1697, at the time 
when he was a journeyman printer at Daniel 
Shelilon's in Bartholomew Close. He seems 

I to have been a very kind-hearted man, and 
ever readj^ to show kindness to others. He 

I was the principal means of establishing the 
elder Caslon as a typefounder. 

[Nifholsi's Dt Aoectl. i. 1-486, ii. l-Hfl, iii. 
272; Geat. Mrtif, ilviii 409, 449. 513, hi. 348, 
d64, 682, lir. 1*93; Ord's Cleveland, p. 340; 
BiiLjmfjro and Woman's Bibliog. of Printiag, p. 
75 ; Haasard's Typographia, p. 324 ; Wrights 
Essex, i. 496,J J. W.-G. 

BOWYER, WILLLVM, the younger 
( 1099-1 777 ), * thii learned nrinter,' only son of 
William BowytT t lieehh-r [q. v.] and his second 
wife, Dorothy Dawks«, was horn at Dojrwell 
Court, Whirefriars, London, on 19 Dec. 1699, 
a few montlm after bis falh*?r had set up in 
business its a printer and is^sued hiB first book. 
Early in life he Wiis placed tinder Ambrose 
Ikniwicke the elder [q- v.], at lleadley, near 
Leatherhead. Ikiwyer so won his master^s 
affection, that when his father sulleredin the 
great tire of 1712, he was gratuitonsly taught 
and boarded by Pi>nwic"ke for a year, witliout 
any intimation tliat it was the good divine's 
own deed . In . J a n e 1 7 1 6 1 1 is fat her j il acetl h i m 
as a sizar at 8t. John\ Cambridge, but seems 
to have dealt not very kindly in thn mnttt^rof 
6n!inces. llerM he was under Dr. Christopher 
Anstt^y and Dr. Newcome, and in 1719 ob- 
tained llopere exhibition, and wrote * Eni- 
stola pro Sodalitio i rev. viro F. Ito]wr mdji 
legato,* hut did not take a B.A. degree. He 
was therefore* not a candidate for a fellowship 
in 171fl, as sometimes stated. In 1722 he 
was still at college without a degree, and 
alx->ut this time he began to help his father in 
correcting leiimed works for the press, Dr, 
Wilkins's great foHo eflition of Selden's works 
being the first, and for this he drew up an 
epitome — * De Hynedriis veterum Ebneorum,* 
and memoranda of* Privileges of the Baronage' 
and ' Judicature in Parliament.' His father 
took him into partnership towards the end of 
1722, retaining the management of the busi- 
ness, and delegating the learned work to his 
son. In 1727 be wTote and published * A View 
of a Book entitle<1 Ueliqirup Iljixtf'rianre * [see 

d 2 



Baxter, William, 1650-1723], which wus 
n^ct^ivt'd with high appmbatiim frnm Ih*. Wot- 
ton, Sumiiel Clarke, iiml other men «:tf letters. 
On ^t Oct. 1728, *Nhr>rtly after Im mnthtT*8 
death, he iijarrie<l Anne Pntdom, hm mother s 
niece, n m*ard (if his lather, acquiriiifj with 
her InH'hnkl himis in Yorkshire and Eks*:^^- 
On 17 Oct.l7*M his wife (hwl in her twenty- 
sixth year, leaving oiifl diild only, Thomas, 
horn 1730, a previous mn, Willium, having 
died in infancy. In 1 729 he wrote the preface 
to Bonwicke's life of hi^ aum — *A Piittem 
for Yoiinpf Students in the Univt'rsiity,' &c., 
Lontlnn, 1 2mo ; and in t he ^nmv year he wa8 ap- 
point ed, through C )ni<Iow, the H|>eiiker, to print 
the votes of the IIon>ve of Coninion.«, an ottiee 
he held undtT thn^e speakers, mid for iieady 
fifty yeijr.'^,in stpite of efforts to prejudice him ' 
na a nonjuror. In 17^i() he i^Kiitt-d Dr. Wot- 
ton'8 poHt humous work, *A DisconrM' con- 
cerning the Confusion of Langiuiges at Babel/ 
London, Kvo. In 17;J1 he wrote * Bemnrks 
on Mr, lioT\Tuan*s "^'isitution 8ermon on ihe i 
Traditinnr* of the CI er>n»",* exposing that gen- I 
tleman's deficiency in Latin and Greek, as 
well as in eccleFiiastical histor}'. The * Ser- 
mon ' and thene ' Remarks * made « great *!tir 
_ lit the time. In 1732 Bowyer wiis involved 
. a literary dispute with Pope, which seems 
> have ended with the poet's expressing a 
good opinion of his eritie. The same year he 
puhlished * The Ilea u and Academick,^a tronS' 
lation of Ha^teldine^M * J?elliis Homo et Acu- 
demicus/ ret^ited in the Sheldonian theatre. 
In ]7ty,i he \\*i'ote in the mftgajtineH miiny let- 
tenfi and papers on Stephen*!* * Theisunrus.^ In 
Mar 17S6, at the recommendation of Drake, 
t h e an t i q 1 lary , 1 to wye r w a .k a p poi n t ed pri n t e r 
to the Society of Antiquari*\H, of which he wan 
elected a fellow the Jidy following. Flo 
made sevenil valiudjle contributions to the 
Bociety. of which ari^ noteworthy one on * The 
Inecription on ^'itellius at Bath,* and u *Dir<- 
sertation on the Oule or Yule of our Saxon 
Ancestors/ Tlifi same year, in conjunction 
with Dr. Birch, h*' formed the St>ciety for the 
Encnorjigeuient id' I^^andng, au institution 
wliieli promi.sed well, but htul a very brief 
existence. In 1738 he hecnme livervTinin of 
the Stationers' Company, of which he wai* 
afterwards called on the court in 17fi3, and 
finerl for the oftiee of master in 1771. In 
1741 he put into usefid form two sc!io<:tl books, 
*Selectro ex Profanip Scriplorihus llistoria?,* 
and *SelecttB e Veteri Testamento Ilistoria?-,' 
with hlf* own prefaces. In 1742 he edited a 
translation of Trapp's *La!in Lectiu-es on 
Poetry,* with addil tonal notes; and also 
the seventh \olume of r>r, iSwift*s * MiKcella* 
nies,' 8vo; and in 174-1 he A^Tote a pamphlet 
on the * Present State of Europe,* chiefly 



from PnJfendorf, which b now exceedingly 
scarce. 

In 1747 he married hh housekeeper, a 
widow, Mrs. Elizabeth Bill, who had lived 
with bim fourteen years. In 17'jO he w^nate 
a prefatorV' critical dissertation to Kusters 
treatise, * De ver^T nsu Verbormn Mediorum/ 
also a I^itin preface to Ij^^tnles's * Veteres 
Poetfl? citati/ works, printed togetlier, of 
which new editions with improvements were 
issued in 1773, 12rao, 1806, 8vo, 1822, 12mo. 
The valuable and extensive notes on Cohmel 
Bhiden*s * Translation of Crpsar's Commen- 
taries' signed *Typogr/ were by Bowyer^ 
17r>(), He also TSTOte the long preface to 
Montesi|uieu*s 'Reflections on the Rise and 
Fall of the Roman Empire/ Lond, 1751, and 
transbited the dialogue betw^een Sylla and 
Eucrntes. The same yeflr be gave to the w^orld 
the first translation of Rousseau's *Paradoxi» 
cal Onttion on the Arts and Sciences/ which 
gained rhe Dijon prixe in 17o0, and wrote 
w jjff^face to the work. Excepting a few 
brief p'rirHls of retirement to K night sbridge,. 
Bowyer clung to business vcr>' closely, and 
bis great laboun^ in pnadncing an immense 
number of learned works at length told upon 
his crmstitution. He therefore entered mto 
partnership in 17o4 with Mr, James Emon- 
son, a relative, and Mr. Syrens, a corrtM^tor of 
the press, and afterw »rds editor of * IJoyd*8 
Evening Post,' and took another house in 
Kirby Street, Hut ton Garden^ to <?njoy *a 
freer and sweeter air* in the garden ground & 
attached. A NejMiration of jmrtnership took 
|>laee in 17i)7, when Bowyer resumed the 
active d\ities of his profession. This year lie^ 
took as bis apprentice John Nichols, then 
thirteen years of age, who was soon entrusted 
with the management of the office. In 17Bly 
through the interest of the Earl of Mnceles- 
field, president of tlie Royal Society, Bowyer 
became printer for that institution, and held 
the same office imder five presidents u|> to his 
death. The same year be published * "^^erses 
on the Coronation of their late Majesties, 
King George II and Queen Caroline/ spioken 
by scholars rd' Westminster School, with 
translations of ail the Latin copies. In this 
humorous pamphlet he had the assistance of 
Mr. Ni chols . I n 1 7 62 h e ed i t ed t h e t h i rt eent h 
atui fourteenth volumes of Swift *s Works, 
8vo, and in 17G3 ap]>eared bis excfdlent edi- 
tion of the Greek TeKtauieut in 2 vols. 12mo, 
pp. 488, to which he added 'Conjectiu^iil 
Emendations/ iScc, paged sejiarately, pp. 178. 
These critical notes, selected from the works 
of Bishop Harrington, 3Iarkland, Schultz, 
Michaelis.Owen, Woide, Gasset, and Stephen 
Weston, were considered of veri^ great value, 
A second edition of the * Conjti'tnral Emeu- 



1 



^1 



^ 




^ 

^ 
^ 



Nation** appeared m 1772, 8vo; lird ed 1782, 
4toj 4tb At, much enlarged, 1812^ 4to, hi 
176i>liowyer had some iuteiitiou of puwhiiA- 
mg & lease of excliisive privilege of the uni- 
iry press, but the scheme fell through, 
\y iu the next yejir he took iuto part tie r- 
ip the apprentice-manager of bis businej^s, 
J thenceforward the eve r-mcren sing sol-' 
oeee of the bitsine^s wu.s insured. The l vpo- 
fftmphical anecdotes of the Bowyer Pr**ss from 
17^2, when Bowyer became a partner with 
his father, to 1764j, when he took John 
l^idiok into partnership, extc^nd in Xii^hols s 
^Literar\* Anecdottti* of the Eighteenth Cen- 
txay^ to 703 closely printed 8vf> pages^ and 
horn the latter date to hli* death in 1777 the 
productions of Bou-yer and Nichol?* oc- 
m de^ripfinnainlunecdotei* 293 fort her 
Vlg^ of the 8i4me work. In 176*5 Bowyer 
brought oat with nn excellent Latin preftice 
— ^Joaniiis Ilarcluini Je^uitiE ad ceiisumm 
Scriptorum Vetenim Prolegomena,* In 1707 
1m WAS QpiKiinted to print the rules of par- 
lisoient and the journal of the Hous*.^ of 
Lards through the influence of the Earl of 
Miiclimont; an<l at this time, for want of 
fOCMXL, the printing-* »lhce waa removed from 
Whitefiiars to Ited Lion Passage, where he 
placed the sign of Cicero*?* head, and styled 
^imdelf ^Architectim Verbi>rum»' The anxiety 
coQiemient upon thb removal from the place 
of His Dirt h brought on a toucli of paralysis, 
that ftftected him throughout his Hfter life. 
1771 hi* second wife died, aged 70. iShe 
•iiited in correcting the prega until 
g Nichola took her place. In the pre- 
to the second edition of * Conjwturnl 
£iiiezi<dationa/ 1772, liowyer crave,^ indol- 
gBDCe from his readers in consequence of suf- 
%flriiig from palsy and atiection of the stone 
and bilious colie, but still continued bis 
literary labours. In 177»i he tninslated and 
published *>5elect Discourses from Micbitelis, 
on the Hebrew 3Ionths, Sabbatical Yenn^,* 
Ac. 12rao; in 1774 he published anonyranui^ly 
his well-known work, * The Origin of Print- 
ing, in Two Essays, 8vo,' in which he was 
ttKiated by Dr. Owen and Mr. Missy. A f*e- 
COnd and enlarged e<!ition iippeared in 177H, 
8vo, with a supplement in 1/81, 8vo, by Mr, 
Kichols, In 1776 he was laid up for weeks 
with pnralv?*i& ; Rtill he managed to push for- 
ward hi* la^st editorial work, Dr. lientlev^s 
'DbtJerlution on the Epi^le!* of Phalanx,' 
which wa« not publii^hed imtil 1782 l6vo), 
fire year» after hie death. 

In the last year of his life he published 
^ llolU "if Parliament' in aix fnlio volumes, 
and thirtv-f>ne volumes of the * Journal of the 
Hou^e of Lord*,* and he biwl a multitude of 
works in the prejiij — for instance, the two 





bajjdsome folios of * Bome^day liook,* wliich 
were not completed until 178*3. He diwl on 
18 Nov, 1777, aged 77. Mc»6t of his learned 
pamphlets, essays, pn^faceSi corrections, and 
note* have been reprinted a« * Mi.Hc<*lluneou» 
Tntcts by tlie late William Bowyer . , , col- 
lected and illustrated with notes by John 
NieholB, F.H.L. Edin./ London, 178o, 4to, 
pp. 712. 

Bowyer was a man of very small Btature, 
and in the Jetw tte^pnf of his day we find 
him called *the little man,^ *a little man 
of great .suHiciencv,* lu character he waa 
verv amialjle, imd bis ehe^-rful dir*TX>sition 
and learned c(»nver&at ion ctnnented many 
a lifelong friendjMhip- Every sp*»eiei^ of dis- 
tress wa8 relieved by him, and so privately 
that the knowledge of hi8 kindne.^s came 
only fnun letters found after his death. His 
will, made »^0 .faly 1777, often reprinted, is 
full of an affect ioniite and grateful sjiirit to 
th(! iuHtitutionn and familie.w of persons who 
had helped his father in the trouble of tbt? 
great tire. To his own profession this will 
shows him a great benefactor, and his be- 
quests are now administered by the 8ta- 
t loners' Com pany. For religion he had a great 
regard J and bis moral character was unim- 
peax^bahle. In the church of l^ow Leyton, 
E>iS*»x, there is a white marble ni<jnument to 
the memory of bis father and himself, with 
a Latin mscription by him, A bust of him 
is placed in .Stationers' Hall, with his ftither'tt 
portrait, and the brass plate underneath has 
im. inscription in English in reference to the 
fire of 1712. His portrait by Basire is the 
frontispiece to vol, li. of Nichols's * Literary 
Anecdotes,* 1812, Bvo. Tlie 1812 edition of 
bis * Conjectural Emendations' has a fine 
quarto-sized port ni it of him as *Gulit?lmUM 
Bowyer, .Architect us VHrlionmi, ^et. Ixxviii.,* 
with variou.«i emblems beneath, including the 
pbteriix, symbolicjd of the rise of the new 
firm frcam the niemorable fin?. There are also 
inferior |)<irt raits in Hansard's *Typo^griiiphia* 
and Wyman*8 * Eibltography of Printing/ 
Each representation reveals to us a severe 
tactf as of one of the old puritans, in remark- 
able contnist to the genial fac^s of his father 
and his .sticcessor. His son ThomiLs survived 
him. He was intencJed tv) be bis fathered 
successor ir> business^ but seems to have 
been a very wayward youth, though it is 
clefu* frtun his father's gossiping letters on 
domestic matters that it was the stepmother's 
refusal to take proper ciire of * T^m/ and her 
extraonliuary atlection for her young nephew, 
Emonsim, that disgusted the far! and tumerl 
the current of his life. Ordained by Bisliop 
Iloadly for tlie clnirch, tmd for a time cursto 
at Kiilsdou, Middlesex, he then became a 



: 



i 



mllitiiry man, but changed oiicts mory to a 
Quaker shortly iMefore his fntlier's deiitli. He 
1 Esd seventl etttutf}^ from hi,H grandfather Pru^ 
dom, and bk father's will dealt yery It'mdly 
with him. For some time he resitled tit a 
(lecluded vilbifre nejir EJarlitigton, calling him- 
self ' Mr. Thomaa/ and died suddenly in 1783, ' 
oged 53, I 

[Bowyor's Works ; Niehola's Lit, Anecdotee, i. I 
ii. ill, &c. : Nichols's Illustmtions nf Literattiro; I 
Nicholtt's MiscGllaneouB Tmctji, 1785; WymnR's I 
Bi bliog, of Pri nti ng ; HnnsMiTd b Ty pogmpb i a. ] | 

J. w,.a 

BOXALL, JOHN, B.D. {d. 1571), Queen 
Man*** ^ecretarr of state, a native of Bram- , 
shoot in Ham psliir© ^ waa, after a pn^Hmtnaiy 
ti-ainin^ in Winches^ter BcluW, admitted a I 
per|>eruiil fellow of New College, Oxford, in 
1541*, where he took his dejyrrees in arts, | 
'being llien a<.*cnunt(Hl one of ihe iiiubtilest 
disputants in the nniverHity / He took onlers, 
but, being opywised to the doetriuesof the re- 
formerPt be nb.^tuined from exeRMHing the func^ 
tions ni' his miHj^trs' during the reign of Ed- 
warrl VL On Queen Mtirv saccesj^iou he was 
apnointed her majesty's secretary of 8tate» dean 
of Ely, prebendary of W'inebe»ter»aud warden 
of "Wiuehej^ter College ( 1554) in the piaee of 
Dr. John White, who bad been promoted 
to the Fee of Lincoln. He was one of the i 
divines who were ebn^t*ii tn pu'eaeb at St. ' 
Paur» Croi<8 in Mip|Mirt of the mtbolie reli- 
gion, and Pits relates that on one (X'Ciision, 
while thus engaged, a bysstander hurled a 
dagger at him {De illufttr. Anf/Ht^ Srrijitori- 
buSf 670). Other writers assert that this 
' liap]ieiuMl to Dr. Pendleton; but Stow {An- 
ntrlfit^ ItJlo, p. ii{4) cnnrectly tells ns that 
Gilbert Pniime [fj, v.] m'ciipled the pnlpit on 
the oeeii^ion rt^ferred to. On llfi Bent. 1556 
Boxall wfts swoni us a member of tbe fjri\'^' 
council ; also as one of the mnsters of requests 
&nd II councillor of that court (Lnn/id. MS. 
881^ f. 8o). In July 1557 he wan made dean 
of Pet erlKi rough ; on i?0 Dec. follo%\'ing he 
TVftS installed denn of Nonvich, and about 
tbe same time dean of AVindi^on lie wh.s 
elected regi,strar of the order of t!ie Garter 
on 6 Feb, 1557-8, and in 1558 wnw created 
D.D, and appointed nrebendiirv* of York luul 
Salisbury. It ?*hould !>e mentioned that Qui. n 
IVfary allowed him ten retainers (Sthyie, 
3fe7TforHtljf^ iii. 480], and that he was one of 
the overseera of Cardinal Pole*s will {iL 
4<18). 

Boxall was removed from tbe office of se- 
cretary of state by Queen Elizabeth, on ber 
ttwefislon, to make way for Ci^ib and his be- 
haviour on the occasion places his eharacter 
in a favourable light ; for, instead of op- 



posing obstacles to bis suoee^sor in office, it- 
it* clear fnim a ft*w of his letters to Cecily 
dated about this pit-riod, tbat he cherished 
no sentiment but that of anxiety to give htm 
all the assistance in his p«iwer. Having been 
deprived of bis ecele.siastical preferments, he 
was on 18 June lot'K) comraitt^^id to tbe Tower 
by Archbisbop Parker and other members of 
the eccle^siiasticiil commission (8trype, An- 
nals, I 142, 14«, 167; M A CH th, JJmi^^^ 238 ; 
Lamd. MS. 081, f, 85 hX Subse^|uently be 
was committed to * free custody^ in the pri- 
mate*s palace at Ijumljeth, with Tbirleby, late 
hiebo]] of Ely, Tunstall, late bishop of Itnr- 
bam, and other divines who adhered to tbe 
old doctrines. He wa?^ removed at different 
periods to Rromh^y and Beakslxuime, re- 
maining still in the archhisbop'^ charge. In 
the library- of Coquis Chriisti College, Cam- 
bridge (iVMW. No. 114, f: 286) is a letter 
from 13<:ixall thanking Parker for bis kind- 
ness to him when confined in his house and 
for the leave he hnd obtained of removing to 
Bromley. On 20 July 1569 IVixall, then in 
custody at Lambeth, wrote to Sir William 
Cecil requesting leave to visit his mother. 
In his letter, which is signed ' Jo. Boxoll,* 
be says ; * My poore mother beside the comen 
sicknee of age, beinge of 80yeares at tbe lest, 
ya also dangerously diseased, desy rouse to 
see me & I likewyse desy rous to do my dewtye 
vnto ber' {Laiud. M\ 12, f. 12)! Even- 
tuall}', being attacked by illness, Boxall was 
allowed to go to the house of a relative in 
I^ndon^ Avhere he died im ^ March 1570-1. 
His brothers Edmniid and Richard were ap- 
pointed administrators of Ids property. 

He published a Latin sermon preached in 
A convocalion of tbe clergy in 1555 and 
printed at London in octavo in tbe same 
year. lie also wrote nn * Oration in the 
Praise of the Kinge of Spaine/ MS, Keg. 
] 2 A. xlix. This disrour«te, wliich is in Latin^ 
was probably composed in May or June 1555, 
on the rejx^rt of the qneen having l>een de- 
livered of a prince. 

It is reeonled to his honour tbat he waft 
* a man who, tbnugb be were so great witli 
Queen Mary, yet bad the good principle to 
abstdin fnim the cniel blood-slietlding of the 
j>rote.stantP, giving neither bis hand nor bis 
r'»nsent thereniito' (SiRVPi], Life of Park fr^ 
i. 47). Lfird Wnv^hX^y {Krecut ion of Justice , 
1583, sheet B ii,) describes him as *a person 
of great modest le and knowledge/ and Arch- 
bishop Parker says: * Inernt enim ei tan- 
quaniA natura ingenita modest ia tH»m it asque 
summa, qua qnoscunque in>tns ad se dili- 
genduin astrinxit ' (Parker, il/^^Meiw, ap- 
pended to some copies of JJe Antiq. Bnt. 
EccL) 



Boxall 



Boxer 



N 

^ 
^ 

^ 



^ 



[Wood's Atbisiue Oxoq (ed. Bliss), i. 380; 
Dod4*S Church Hist, i. 513 ; Ji'-sfvYm Works, iv, 
1U6 ; Le Nere'a Faati (ed. Hardy), i. 257, 362. 
354, ii. 4ia, 476, 639, iii. 374 ; Strype's AiiimIh, 
i. 83, 142, 148, 167; Stnrpes Eccl. Memorials, 
iiL 183» ZM, 456, 468, 479; Strvpe'8 Parker, i. 
47, 89,140, 141, 142, 146> iii* Append. 161; 
Stiype's Life of Sir T, Smith (1820), 46. 65; 
Parker Corrospondenco, 65, 104. 122, 192, 194, 
208 m, Sid, 217* 216 ; WiUia a Hie^t. of the Mitr<xl 
Birlmmeiitiu<y AbbcyB, i. 333 ; Burgon's Lie of 
Sir T. OrfshJim, i. 214 ; Regal. M8, 12 A. xlii, ; 
Addit. Ma6842, f 180 A; 3Iachyii» Dwry. 238, 
asO; Zurich Letters, i. 5, 255, ii, 183; Naa- 
mith'* Cal of MS8. in C, C. C. C. 164.] T. C. 

BOXALL, SiRA\TLLLiM (1800-1879), 
portmit-pftiuier, the son of an Oxfordshire 
exoiaemiixi, was bom on ^9 June ISOO. lie 
-was educated at the §jtim.mar Hchool at 
AbinffdoUf and entered tlie schools of the 
Koyal Academy in IB 19. In 181*7 he went 
to Italy, and resided there for about two 
jieATB, He first exhibited Rt ttie Koyiil Acu- 
demy in 1823 ♦Jupiter und Latona* and 
• PartTaJt of Master MiihtTley,' and in the 
foUowiftg year * The Contention of Michael 
and Satan for the Body of Mohps.' In 1831 
appeared ' Lear and Cordelia,^ which waa 
eii£TaTed in Finden^s * Gallery.' Boxall 
pajmte<l the portraits of many literary and 
artiatic celehrities, among- them those of 
Allan Cunningham (1836), Wiilter Savage 
Landur {iS')\\ Uavici Cox (l8o7), and Vf^)- 
ley Fielding; the Itu^t nciw han^s in the Na- 
tionai Portrait Gallery. In iHoB he jKiittted 
for Trinity House a portrait of the prince 
oonaort, wearing the ruljes of maj<ti'r of the 
corporation. He exwlled in the portrayal of 
female beauty, and many of bin works of that 
claas were engraved in the piiblientiona of 
tlie day. He exhibited at the Uoyal Aca- 
damy altogether eighty-six |K)rt raits. In 
1851 he was elected an as^ot'iiile of the aca- 
demy, and in I8(j«3 a full academician. Two 
y«&r« afterwards, in l8tio> he succeeded Sir 
Charles Ea^thike in th<^ dire<:;tor2<hi|i of the 
National Gallery^ which post he held until 
1874. In 1807 he rt^ceived the honour of 
knighthootl. 

During Boxatl's admiuiatrntion the pic- 
ture by liembrandt of * Christ blessing Little 
Cbildren/ known as the ' 8uenn(jndt Kem- 
brandtt* was secured for the National Giil- 
k^ry ; al«o *The Entorabraent,* attributed to 
Michelangelo Buonarroti, the authenticity 
of which was the subject of some diacuasion 
in the * Times ' in September 1881. In 1674, 
when t he Peel collect ion waa offered to the 
uatinn, Boxall had already resigned hia post 
in consequence of failing licjilth, but his suc- 
cessor not having been appointed, Mr. Lowe 




(now Lord Sherbrooke)» the chancellor of the 
exchequer, entrusted him with the negotia- 
tion, w*hich he brought to a successful laaue... 
I He died on 6 Dec. 1879. One of his works^l 
I entitled * Geraldine/and represeuting a lady 
at her toilette, is in the National Gallery. 

[Otiley'a Biog^phical and Critical Dictionary 
of Recent and Li ring Painters. &c., Loodoa, 
1806, 8vo; Art Journal, 1880, p. 83.] L. F. 

BOXER, EDWARD (l784-185o), rear- 
admiral, entered the navy in 1798» and after 
eight years* junior service^ for the most part 
with Captain (afterwards Sir) Charles Bris- 
bane^ and for some short lime in the Gcean, 
bearing Lord Colli ugT^'rwd's tlag, was cnn- 
lirmed,8 Jtine 1807, tUN lieutenant oftheTlgr© 
with Captain Benjamin Hallo well (afterwarda 
Carew), whom, on nromution to flag rank in 
October 1811, he followed to the Malta, and 
continued, with short intermissions^ under 
Rear-admiral Iliilloweirs immediate com- 
mand, until he was confirmed as commander 
on I March iHlo. In 1822 he commanded the 
Sparrow hawk (18) on the Halifax station, 
and WHS jKisted out of her on 215 June I8i^3. 
From 1827 to I8;i0 he commanded the Hussar 
as fiag-captain to Sir Charles Ogle at Hali- 
fax. In AugiLtt 1837 he was appointed to 
the Pit|ue, which he commanded on tbeNorth 
American aud West Indian stations; and 
early in 1840 was sent tf> tlie Mediterranean, 
where he conducted ( lie .survey of the posi- 
tion afterwardji oceupied by the fleet off Acre, 
and t*>ok part in the bombardment and re- 
duction of that place in November, For his 
servioee at that time he received the Turkish 
gold medal, aud was made C.B. 18 Dec, 1840. 
In August 184^'^ he was appointed harbour- 
master at Qiiel>ec, and held that otlice till hia 
promotion to tlag-rank, 5 March 1853. In 
December l8o4 he was appointed second in 
command in the Mediterranean, aud under- 
took the special dutii*s of superintendent at 
Btilaklava^ which tlie crowd of shipping, the 
narrow limits of the harbour, and the utter 
want of wharves or of n^iidn had reduced to a 
state of disastrouK ctjnfiision. This, aud more 
j especially the six-mile sea of mud lM!t ween the 
I harbour and the eanip, gave rise to terrible suf- 
fering and loss, t he bill me for which was all laid 
I on the head of the lidminil-Biiperintendent at 
I Httlaklava,sotlmt even now .Admiral Boxer's 

name is not uiicomnionly associated with th© | 
I memorv of that deadly Crimean winter. But i 
I in trutti it ought to be remembered rather i 
that of the man who^ at the cost of his life»| 
remedied the evils which had given rise toi 
such loss. He died ^»f choleni on I)oard tliol 
Jason, just outside the harb^mr, on 4 Jun^l 
1855, and Lord ICaglau in reporting his deatl^ 



eaid; * Since li*^ undertook the appomtment 
of iidminil-siiueriDtendeiit of the hurbour of 
K^alB^klava he has applied ljim.self incessHntly 
ito the dischargt:^ of his arduous duties, ei- 
isiag himnelf iu jill weathers ; and he has 
adered a most esseni iftl service to the army 
by improving the laiidin^-placea and esta- 
blishing wharves on the west sidt? of the 
port^ whftrehy the dist^mbarkation of stores 
and troops has heen greatly accelerated^ and 
communications with the whore have het^n 
rendere^l inueh earner/ He had been a 
widower for nearly thirty years, but left 
a numerouB family. 

[O 'Byrne's Nav. Biog. Diet. ; Gent. Mag. 
(1855), N.8. xliv. 95.] J. K, U 

BOYCE, SAMUEL (d. ITTrO, dramatist, 
w*as originiilly an engraver^ and lield subst^ 
quentl} a place in the South Sea House. He 
is the aiitlior of 'The Kover, or Haii]jine88 
at Last /a dramatic pastoral, 4to, 1 7o2, which 
was never acted, iitid * Poeinn on severul 
Occasions/ Lond. 17o7, 8vo, a large-jmper 
copy of which was in the Garrick sale, lie 
died 21 March 1775. 

[Baker, lieed, and Jones's Biographia Dra- 
ma tiai ; Lowndes's Bihliographor's JMaaual] 

J. K. 

BOYCE, THOMAS (rf. 1793), dratnati&t, 
ris rector of W'orlingham, SutJblk^ ami 
chaphtin to the Enrl of Suffolk. He is llie 
autuor of one tragedy, 'Harold,' Lond* 4to, 
1786> which was never acted* In the preface 
[to tlii.s he states thiit when he wrote it he 
"was muiware that Cumberland's play on the 
eame subject whs in reljearsal at I^rur^^ Lane, 
It is a dull work, but the termination, judged 
h\ the stundiirdof the day, i8 not ineJtective. 
He died 4 Feb. 1793. 

I [Qenest's HiBtory of the Stage ; Baker^ Reed, 
mna Jonos's Bio^j^niphia Dramnticiv*] J. K. 

BOYCE, WILLIAM (1710-1779), Mu^. 

Doc, was boni ut Joiners* Hall, UpperThamciSi 

f iStree t , i n 1 7 1 0. His fat her is v ario usly st at ed 

[to have heen a * koa.s<- keeper," a joiner and 

f cabinet maker, a man of considerable property, 

and the beadle of the Joiners' C'omimny, 

Boyce was educated at St. PauFs Scin^ol, 

and w as a cliorisler of St. Paul's Cathedral 

limder Cliarlej* lutig* A\ hen hif* voice broke 

rte waa apprenticed to Dr. Maurice Greene, 

with whom he always remained on close 

terms of friendship. Iu 17^_i4 he competed 

for the jK>st of organist at St. Michael's^ Corn- 

hill, the other candidates being Fmud, Wor- 

ga u , Y im jc , an d K el wa y , Th e a ppo i n t m en t 

was given to tlie last-named musician, and 

Boyce became organist of (Oxford Chapel { now 

St* Peters^, Vere Street, where he succeeded 



Joseph (.'entlivrc^* At tins time he studied 
theory under Dr. Pepnsch, and was much in 
demand as a teacher of the harjisichord, par- 
ticularly in ladies' school «*. In 17 'M Kelway 
left St* Michael's, and succeeded Weldon at 
St. i^fartin's-iii-tbe-Fields ; wdiereu|>on Boyce 
resigned his ]wst at Oxford Chaneb and took 
Kelway 's ]dace in the ci I y, wli ich lie cont inued 
to occupy until 5 April 17<i^^. On 21 June 
of the same year he wtis sworn in as composer 
to the Cha]>el Royal, the post of organist at 
the same time being conferred u]mn Jonalhiin 
Martin, while Boyce undertook to fulfil the 
third part of the duty of organist, receiving 
in return one-third part of the money allotted 
to Martin as travelling expenses.* In 1734 
Boyce's setting of * Peleus and Thetis,' a 
masque, writ ten by Lord Lansdowne, had been 
performed by the PhilharmonJc Society, and 
in 17ii6 the Apollo Society produced an ora- 
torio by him, *■ David s Lamentation over Saul 
and Jonathan,* the words of whit^h were by 
John Lockman* In 17^37 he whs apiHJsnted 
conductor of the Three Choirs festivals, a post 
he held for many years, AlH>ut the same 
time he became a member of the Royal So- 
ciety of Musicians, and a little later he com- 
posed music to two odes fur St. CffK^ilia's duv, 
written res])ectively by Lockman and an 
under-master of Westminster School named 
YidaL In 1740 he com^Kwed the Pythian 
Ode, * Gentle lyre, begin the strain,* and in 
174^ prtiduced his lx*st work, the .serenata of 

* Solomon,* the book of which was compiled 
from tlie Si>ng of Sohmion by Edward Moore, 
the author of * Fables for the hVmale Sex/ 
Shortly afterwiirds he published a set of 

* Twelve Sonatas for Two Mollns, witli a 
Bas.^ for the Violoncello or Ha qisi chord,' 
wliich long ii^mained verv popular a.s cham- 
ber music; and in 1745 he began the publi- 
cjition of his miscellaneous songs andejintatu^, 
which, under the name of ^ Lyra Ikitanniea,' 
ultimately extended to six volumes. The 
yeiir 1741* Sdw Boyce at the height of hi."-! ac- 
tivity. On *J Jan. the ma-Hque of * Lethe ' 
was revived at Dnirv Lane, with lleard as 
Mercury, fur whom Boyce \\ri>te new wngs. 

I On I July his setting of Mason's ode on the 
' installation of the Duke of Newcastle us 
I c h an ce 1 1 or of 1 1 w nn i ve r^ i ty of Ca m bridge waa 
! performed in the senate house, and on the 
' following dfl^' an anthem by him, with or- 
chestral uccompanimeut^, wjus ]>erformed at 
I Great St. Mary*s us an exerci.se for the degree 
of Mus. DiK\, which the university had con- 
ferred on him. On "2 Dec. * The Chaplet,' an 
operetta by Moses Mendez, with music by 
Boyce, Avaa imMluct.*tl Ht Drury Lane, the 
princijjal parts in wliich were lilled by Beard, 
Mrs. Clive, and Master Mattocks, on whicb 



j.^ 



J 



N 



I 



Mmttocka made his first appenr- 
on the stage. In the sjime yeJir the 
miialiiotiera of AUhallows the Great and 
Jjem^ Thames Street, where Boyce was born, 
re<)uested him to become oi^niet of the parish 
diimrfa; he held this po&t until IH Miiv 17tJ9, 
^rhen he wa* diamiftsed, pnibahl y becaiixSf hia 
namerouft occupattous pT>^vented him from 
Attend big properly to the duties of the jiost. 
In 17o0 GaiTTck revived Dryden's * Secular 
Masque ' (^iO Uct>), which hud been origiimllv 

froduced with * The Fil^m ' on :^5 jMancIi 
700. For this Boyce had already written 
miisiCf which had been |>erfonned at ' flick- 
ibrd*e lloom, or the Cattle Concert ; ' this 
was now heard at Dniiy Lane, with Heard 
A& Momu«. In the following year (19 Nov. 
1751) another small work by Mendez and 
Boyce was brought out at Drury Lane ; this 
ira* *The Shepherd*8 Lottery/ tii which Ikard 
and 5Ire. Clive gang the principal jjarts. 
About this time he moved from Iw father'j* 
house in the city to Quality Court, Chancery 
Lane, where he lived w ith his wife until hia 
remnval to Kensington in 17o8. In 1755, on 
the death of Dt, Greene, Boyce was nomi- 
nated by the Duke of Grafton to be muster 
of the king's band of niu^icianB, He was not 
awom in until June 1757, but he fitllilled tbe 
duties of the post from tlie death of Greene, 
In thin cnpacity lie com|xiKed ti large number 
of <>de^ for the king's birthday ami new year'is 
day. A complete collect ion of the^e from 
the year 1755 to 1779 is prej?erved in the 
Mnaic School Collection at Oxford, be.si<1es a 
qneen^s ode (.performed 6 June 176;j), and two 
aettingvof * 1 he king slnill rejoice,Mht earliest 
of which wtt>* perlbrmi'd at the wedding of 
George III <8 8«'pr, I7HI), and the other at 
St, Faid^^ Cathedral CJ'J April 1766), As 
conductor of the festivak of the Sons of the 
Clergy, an*>ther post to ivhich he succeeded 
on Grf_*ene'^ death, Boyce wrote additional 
accompunimt^tits to rureeirs great Te Deum 
«nd Jubilate, I>eside8 conipoBing specially for 
theM' Mccusion* two of his finest anthtMiis, 
In 1758 John Trnvers, the organist of the 
COiapel Koyal, died, and nn L*U Jiiiu' Boyce 
wna admitted to this po^t. In the same year 
lie wrote mu^ic for Home*-* tragedy of ' Agis,' 
wludi woa produced at Drury Liine 'J I Feb. 
Boyot alao wrote at dilferent times nnusic for 
Shakespeare's * Tem]M:'gt/ * Cynikdine,' and 
* Winter's Tale,' and a dirge for * Borneo and 
Jidiet.* Hi« laBt work for the theatre was 
the mu^ic to Garrick's pantomime, * liar- 
lequin*a Invasion/ which was prcxluced at 
Drury Lane 81 Dec. 1759. IWce's mo4^i im- 
portunt contribution to this work was the 
4ne aong * Heart « of Onk/ a compossition 
which almost rivuls * Kule Britaimia' in 




\igour and popularity, Thia song was ^ 

nallv ^ung by Chiimpneas ; it was published 

in * Thalia, a Collection of six favourite Sonf" 

(never before PubliHh^d) which havH 

occasionally Introduced in several Dramatic 

Performances at the llieatre Eoynl in Drury 

Lane ; the words liy David f larriek, Esq., and 

the mni^ick compos d by Dr. Bovce, l>r, Arne, 

Mr, Smith, Mr. M, Arne, Mr. Ikttishill, and 

Mr, Barthelemon.* Duriii]k^ the whole of hia 

life Bovce suffered much frf>m deaf n ess ; even 

before liie articles had expired this infirmity 

i had made itpelf very ap])arent, and by the 

1 year 1758 it htul increased to such an extent 

1 that he resolved to give up teaching and to 

retire to Kensington, and devote himself to 

' editing the collecticai of church mnsic which 

bears his name. The idea of publishing 
[ work of this description <K'cnrred si mult ft- 
, neously to Dr. Alcock and Dr. tln^^^ne about 
t h e y e» r 1 7 *io, Thn 1 a 1 1 er iss ited a ] >rospe c t us 
I on the Kubj^etj whereupon I>r. Aicock gave 
I up the plan, and prr^senti-d Greene with his 
collections; bat he did not live to begin the 
work in earnest, which thus devolved, by 
' (Ireene's wishej^, upon Boyce. The * Catho- 
dnil Miisie,* the tirst yrdume of which w*ag 
' published in 17t>0, has Ix'en often reprinted, 
\ and, although at the time of its publication 
! it brought but little beyond honour to its 
editor, it still remains a must valuable and 
j imptjrtant Wf>rk, and a monument of lir^yce^a 
erudition and good judgment. Besides the 
I preparation of this gi-eat work, in his latter 
years Boyce revised most of his earlier com- 
positions, and ])nblished a selection of the over- 
tures to his new-year and birthday odes, under 
' the title of * Eight Symphony^.* Most of his 
' anthems were not published until after his 
death, when two v til uuies were brought out by 
his widow and by Dr. Phili]i Hayes, besides a 
burial service and a colh'ction of voluntaries 
for the organ or harjisi chord. He died of 
gout at Kensington 7 Feb. 1779, and was 
buried under the dome of 8t, Paul's on the 
16th of tlie same month* His will, dated 

24 Jane 1775, proved by his wife and daugh- 
ter l*U Feb. 1779, tlirects that he should not 
he buried until seven days and seven nights 
after hts death. Bv his wife Hannah he had 
two children: (I) "El i;! a bet h, who was born 
i?9 April 1749; and (2) William, born 

25 March 17tl4. The latter, after hia father's 
death, entered at an Oxford college, but was 
sent down without taking a degree. He at- 
tained some distinction as a double-bass 
player, and died about 1823, Two oil paint- 
ings of Boyce are known to exist. Gne^ a full 
length, is in tlie Music Bchool Collection at 
Oxford; another,a small tbreeHnuarter length 
of hini, seated, by Sir Joslina Reynolds, is 



'^ 



now (1880) in tbe poss^ission of Mr. John 
ReDdiill TWri* h an engriivt'd portrait of 
Lim, ^ drawn from tin* life, and engraved by 
F. K. Sherwiu,' pn fixed to tbe :^«^coiid edition 
of tbe * CiUbt'dral Music * (1 7*:'8). Tbe same 
portrait wns prefixed to the 'Collection of 
AntbemB/ pubbHiit'd by Mvh. Boyce in 1760. 
A vignette of him, by Dray tun, after K. 
Smirke (together with Blow, Ame, Purcell, 
and Croft), was published in the • Historic 
Gallery/ Septeink'r laOl. 

Personally^ Boyce was a most amiable and 
e«tiniable man. Bumey, twenty- four years 
lifter hij^ death, vrruto of him oa follows*: 
* There waj^ no professor whom I wa« ever 
acquainted with that I loved, honoured, and 
respected more/ and he seems to have been 
a universal favourite with all with whom 
he came in contact. Mnsically, he occupies 
a distinct position amongst his oontt^mjHJra- 
ries. Like all tbei English composers of his 
day, it was bis ill fortune to be overshadowed 
h^ the giant form of Handel, and yet, in sjiite 
oi tbiK, he managed to preser\'e an individn- 
aiity ol bis own. He may best be described 
as I he Arue of English chtireh music ; tor the 
same characteristics of gruc<j and refinement 
are to be found in his music as in that of bis 
contemporary, und, like Anie, he had a re- 
serve of power which was all the mor« ef- 
fecUve for not being too often brought into 
play. 

[Grove*8 Diet, of Music, i. 267 ; Brit. Mus, 
rCat.; Burnpy in RlWs En^ydowediii, v.; tho 
I0eorgian Era, iv. 2i'd ; Life of Boyce prt^tixed 
'to Cathedral Music, vol. i. (Warren's editiaii, 
1849); Buiiby*8 Concert Kfjoni Anecdot4?i), iii. 
106; Gt-nt. Mag. atlix. 103; Gem^st'*! History 
of rhe Stiigt", iv.; Prolate Hegisters (■*2 War- 
burton); nmtiuscripts in the pj^sCHsian of Mr. 
T. W.Tiipliouse; manuscnptis latlieMiitaic! School 
Collection, Oxford ; Appendix to Bt^mroae"« 
Choir Chunt Bot>k : Chequo Book of the Chfipel 
Eojal.] W. B. S. 

BOTB, ARCHIBALD (180:i-1883), denii 
of Exeter^ son of Archibald Boyd, treuii^ui'er 
of Derry, was bom at Loudondorry in 18013, 
and, after bein^^ educated at tbe diocesan 

I college in that city, proceeded to Trinity 
College, Dublin, where lie jjfraduated BA. 
1823, proceeded M.A. 18^4, and B.D. tmd 
B.D. long after, in ISIW. He olbciated as 
curate and prencbt^r in tkecntbedral of Deiry 
1827-42, and here he first distinguished him- 
self aa an able and powerful preacher, as a 
controvergialii^t, and as an uiittior. At that 
time the controverKy between the prcsby- 
terians and the epi#4copabans of the north of 
Ireland was at its heigtit. Boyd came to tbe 

Lvdefenc^ of the church and preached a series 



of discourses in reply to attacks. These dia^ 
courses attracted great attention, and were 
afterwards printed. In 1842 be was appointed 

Eerpetua! curate of Christ Chnrcb, Chelten- 
iim. With Francis Close, his feUow-worker 
here, he joined in a scheme for establishing 
additional Sunday schools, infant schools, and 
bible classes. For eight years after 1869 he 
was entrusted with the care of Paddington. 
(Mil Nov, 1807 be accepted tbe deanery of 
Exeter, and resigned, with his vicarage, an 
honorary canonry in Gloucester Cathedral^ 
which he bad held since 1857. Like Dean 
Close, be was a preaching and a working dean. 
He was a firm but moderate evangelical, and 
was a voluminous TftTiter on the ecclesiastical 
question's of the da}^. His name is connected 
with tbe weU-liiiown Exeter reredos case. 
Tbe dean and clmpter erected in the cathe- 
drtil, 1872-3, a stone reredos, on which were 
sculptured representations in bas-relief of the 
Ascension, the Transhguratiotij and the De- 
scent of the Holy Ghost, with some figures of 
angels. In accordance with a petition nre- 
iiented by AVilliRraJohnPhillpotts, chancellor 
of thu diocese, the bishop (Dr. Temple) on 
7 Jan. 1h7I declared the reredos to be con- 
trary to law and ordered its rtJuaovaL After 
much litigation touching the bis bop's juris- 
diction in tbe matter, the structure waa d^ 
clared not illegal by the judicial commit- 
tee of the privy council on 25 Feb. 1875 
{Law liepoftg^ BuLWEK*s Admiralftf and 
Ei:rleskislimi IleporU, iv. 297-379 (1875); 
CovvELL*8 Prity Voumii AppeaU^ y'v, 435-67 
(187o}. 

Whilst on the continent during the autumn 
of 1882 Dean Boyd mt;t with an accident at 
Vienna, from the cllccts of which he never 
fully recovered. He died at tbe deanerv, 
Exeter, on 11 July l88ti, bequeathing nearly 
40j000/. to various societies and iniitj tut ions 
in tbe diocese of Exeter. He married Frances, 
daughter of Thomaii Waller of Dspringe, and 
widow of t lie Rev. Uobcrt Day Denny. She 
died on (J Jan. 1877. 

Boyd was tbe author of tbe following 
works: 1. * Sermons on the Churchy or the 
Episcopacy, Liturgy, and Ceremonies of the 
Church of Eiighind,' 1838, 2. * Episcopacy, 
Ch'dination^ Lav-eldership, and Liturgies/ 
1 8^il>* 3* * Episcopacy and Presbytery,* 184L 
4. 'England, Rome, and Oxford compared 
as to certain Doctrines/ 1846. b. * The History 
of the Book of Common Prayer,* 1850* 
6. * Turkey and tbeTurks,' 1853. 7. * Baptism 
and Biiptisinal Regeneration,^ 1865. 8. * Con- 
fession, Absolution, and the Real Preeenoe,' 
18t57. *). *The Book of Common Prayer/ 
1869, lie also printed many single sermons 
and minor pubbcations. 



[Timtt, 13 July 1883, p. 6; Devon Weekly 
TiB»6^ 13 nod 20 July 1883 : The Golden Decade 
of A F&monjj Town^ i.u. Chelttinlmm, by Contem 
Jpiolitf (1 884), pp. 70-102.] 6, C. B, 






BOYD. BENJAMIN (1790-1851), Aus- 
ti&lLAn squntter, second son of Edward Boyd 
* Mefton Hiill^ Wigtonslnre, by his wife, 
mfly eldest dang^liter of Benjimiin Yule of 
[ Wheiitfield, Midlothian, and brother of Mark 
I Boyd [q. v.], whs bom at Merton lltiH 
about t79i% and, after l>ein^ in bu^ine^i? ns n 
. stockbroker in the city of London from 1S24 
I to 1839, went out to Sydney in 1840-41 
||br the purpose of organising the various 
[ of the Royal Banking' Compaiiy of 
ft. Acting on behalf of this com- 
njfTie purchased station property in the 
lonaro diBtriet, Uiverina, Queensland, and 
eLsewhere* At the first^named place he erected 
laige stores and premiseH for br:)iliog down 
Ms sheep into tallow. He at the same timc^ 
speculated larj^ely in whaling, and Twofold 
my became the rt;ndezvoiis for his whaling 
■hipe. On the south head of the bay he put 
op a lighthouse for the purpose of directing 
Teaiels coming to his wharf. Another busi- 
ness w^hich he c^rrie*! on extensive fly was 
shipping cattle to Tasmanisi New Zealand, 
and other markets. Boyd had nlao in view 
the making of Boyd Town, wlut-li he bad 
Ibutided, tt place of commercial importance, 
E^teallng a march on the government, who 
1 made Eden the official township. He 
ras the first, or amongst the first, to attempt 
procure cheap In hovir in A u**! rah a by tfnj 
oployment of South Sea Islandera as skhej)- 
»j but the scheme proved aljortive. Mean- 
the campuny grew dissatiafied with 
^*3 management, luid after a good deal 
mihle Boyd agreed to retire and to nt*- 
sign all claims on the compriny on condition 
of receiving three of the whaling shine, hiw 
tacht, CHlled the Wanderer, in wtiicb he loid 
Borne from England, and two sections of land 
ftt Twofold Buy. Ills next enterprise was to 
lambark with a digging party on board the 
Tanderer and to sail for California in iHoO 
I the time of the gold excitement there. Ho 
nmfiuccessful in liis sieur<"h for gold, and 
I on his way back to Sydney in 1851 
irhen his yacht touched at one of t he islands 
the Solomon group, known as Gandal- 
nar. There he went ashore with a black 
llxjj to have some shooting, and was never 
teen again. The atlairs of the Royal Banking 
Company were ultimately wound up, when 
|the ftliareholders had to make good a defi- 
ci e nc y of 80,000/. l^oy d also h a d 1 arge estate?* 
'^ef his own, amounting to S8I,0(X) iicres, for 
which; in 1847, he paid an annual license of 



80/. He was in liia time the largest squatter 
in the Australian colonies. lie never married. 



[Heaton's AufltraliibO 
(187fi). pp.2S^J4.] 



Dictionary of Dat^a 
G. C. B. 



BOYD, HENKY (d. I8;ji2), translator of 
I Dante, was a native of Ireland, and was moflt 
probably educatwl at Dublin University. He 
piildisbed a translation of Dante*.'^ ^Intemo* 
I m English verse, the first of its kind, with & 
specimen of the M)rlandoFurioso ^^f Ariosto, 
1/85. It was printed by subscription, and 




dedicated to the Earl of Bristol, bishop of 
Uerry. Tlie dedication is dated from Kil- 
leigh, near Tullamore, of which place presu- 
' mably Boyd was incumbent. In 1 7i*f » he pub- 
lis^hed * Poems chielly Dramatic and Lyric' 
As early as 1701 the * ingenious and unfor- 
tunate author ^ was seeking subscriptions for 
I his original poems (XictiOL*, Lit. Illwitra^ 
I tiomj vii. 717). In 1802 he issued three 
I volumes of an Engli&h verse translation of 
, the whole * Dmna Commedia' of Diuite, with 
preliminary essays, notes, and illustrations, 
which was dedicated to Viscount Charleville, 
whose chaplain the author is described to be 
in the title-page. In the detlication Boyd 
states that the terrors of the Irish rebellion 
had driven him from the post of danger at 
Lord Charleville'.H side to seek a safe asylum 
iu a * remote angle of the province.* In 1805 
he was seeking a publi?ihin- for his translation 
of the 'Araucana * of Ercilhi, a long poem, 
which * wa.s too great an undertaking for 
Edinburgh publishers,^ and (ov which he 
vainly sought a purchaKer in Londiui (tftid, 
I 1 1^0, 149). In 1805 he published the 'Pe- 
I nance of Hugo, a Vision,' translated from the 
^ Italian of Vincenzo Monti, with two ad- 
j ditional canton ; and the * Woodman's Tale,' 
I a poem after the manner and metre of Spen- 
I se r's * Faery Q i leen . ' Tl i e la 1 1 e r poem formed 
really the first of a collection of poems and 
' odes. These poems were to have been put>- 
I linhed at Edinburgh, and Boyd seems to have 
, acted Imdly in making an engagement with 
a London house to publish tljem after they 
I had been annrtuneed there {ihifl, loj). In 
I the title-pages to both these works the author 
is described as vie iir of Drumgath in Ireland; 
I but in all biographical notices and in th© 
obituary record of the * GentIemau*K Maga- 
' zine* for Septemlier 1 8,^12, the date of his 
I death, he is invariably di^scribed simply as 
vicar of Kiithfriland and chaplain to the 
I Earl of Charleville. Anderson, writing to 
' Bishop Percy in 1806, says that lie had re- 
I ceived some S[|iiibs wrilten by Boyd against 
Mone, and that the biimour was coarflc and 
I indelicate {ifmh 171). In 1807 he issued 
I the ^ Triumphs of Petrarch/ translated into 



Boyd 



Boyd 



English ver&e, and in 1809 some notes of Lis 
on the Fallen Angels in * Paradise Lost ^ 
were published, with other npt«» and e^sara 
on Milton, under the 6uperintendence of the 
lte\% Hen ry Todd. He died at Ball in temple, 
near Ntjwrv, at an advanced age, 18 Sept. 

[Nkhols'a Illustrations of Literature, Tii. 120, 
Uy. lo7» 171, 717 ; Gunt. M.Ag. vol. U. pt. i., vuL 
cii. pt. ih ; B<jyd b Dante, Dtnli cation.] B. C» S. 

BOYD, HUGH ri74i]- 17941, essayist, 
i\^ai* tile .s+^ccjiid son of Alexander Macuuley 
of county Antrim, Ireland, and Misr* Boyd 
of Ballyeastle iii the i*ame county, lie waji 
[ Ijorn at Hullycastle in October 174tJ, and 
1 ehowed pn>Cfi<;'iou3 talents. He wa^ sent to 
Dr. Ball's cekdjrftted school at Duhlin^ and 
at the age of foui'teen entered at Trinity Col- 
lege, Dublin, He Iwtmine MA. in 17*i5, and 
would have entered I he aruiVt but his fat her*a 
fiomewhut sudden death left liira unprovided 
l^r. He accordingly cho^e tlie law for a 
Ijrofiiflwion, and CEinie to London. H<?rt» be 
rtecamH acquainted with Goldiimitii and with 
iGamck. His wit and talents and his re- 
I ekill at chess soon brought htm into 
be best society. In i7^i7 he married Miss 
ncesMorphy, and on the death of his nia- 
*temal grandfather he took the name of Boyd. 
After a visit to Ireland in 1768, during which 
he wrote some political letterc* in the Dublin 
jounialK, he resided at various places in and 
near London, hi« tiuie and talents Ijeing de* 
vot43d to litertttnr*\ politics, and legal stiidies. 
During these years m London Boyd was a fre- 
quent contributor to the * Public Advertiser* 
and other jo lima Is, and was in close intiraacy 
with the circle of Bnrkti and Heynold«. In 
1774 be began to work harder at the law, 
and also attended the coramons' debates, 
which he wrote down from memory' with 
extraordinnry iiccumev- Anuther vi'^it to 
[^ Ireland took* place in 177t5, on the occasion 
of an election for Antrim, the cjindidate for 
which he supported by a series of able letters 
imder the signature of * A hVeehokler.' Boyd 
aa at length compuUed by jjeeiiniiiry pres- 
iBiire Uy seek a |>oat of some einolument, and 
in 1781 he accepted tlie appointment of secre- 
tary to Lord Macartney ^ when that olficer 
was nominated governor of Madras. Boyd 
now applied himself sedidously to tbe study 
of Indum atlairs. Not long after his arrival 
at Madras he conducted a mission from tbe 
governor to the king of Candy in Ceylon, 
requiring that potentate's aSHsistaixce against 
the Butch, (hi his return the vessel in which 
he sailed was captured by the French ^ and 
he became a pritsoner for some months at 
fthe isle of Bourbon. Ketuming at length to 



India he lived for some time at Cideuttii, 
and e vent uully was appointed master-attend- 
ant at Madras* In 179:^ Boyd conducted a 
paper called the * Madras Courier,' and the 
following ye^ir projected tbe ' Indian Ob- 
server^' hiiing ptijjers on morals and litem- 
ture ; and started a weekly paper,* Hircarrah ' 
(i.e. mes.senger), as a vehicle for the essays. 
In 1794 he priqx>Hed to publish by subscnjH 
tion an account of bbs embftJisy to Candy, and 
had actually begun the work when he wtLS 
carried olf bv an attack of fever. He died on 
19 Oct. 1794. 

Boyd is represiinted as pfjssessed of verj^ 
high social and intellectual qualities* His 
claims to a phtce in the history of English 
literature rest verj^ much on the assumption 
— ^maintained by Alinon and by George Chal- 
mers — that be is the ^ eritable * Junius.* The 
argument in his favour is stated in the books 
I mentioned below. Boyd's writings were col- 
let tt^d and rtqjubli shed ufter bis death by one 
of his Indian friends, under the title of * The 
MiscellautMius Works of Hugh Boyd, the 
I author of the l^t^tters of Junius, with an 
I Account (»f his Life and Writings, by Law- 
rence Dundas Campbell,' 2 vols. 8vo, Lon- 
don, 1800. They comprise the * Freeholder 
letters ; ' * Democrat icus,' a series of lett*»r8 
printed in the 'Public Advertiser,' 177i:>; 
j * The \\4iig,* a series of letters contributed 
to the 'London C^iiraut,* 1779-80: * Abs- 
. tractjj of Two Speeches of the lilarl of Chat- 
I ham ; ' * Miscellaneous Poems ;* ^ Journal of 
j Embassy to the King of Candy;* and tho 
I * Indian Obsen en' 

I [Almou's Biu^^phiejil Anecdotes, i. 16 ; Al- 
mmin Lett<jrs of Jtjiiius» paa^^im (2 vols, 12mo, 
I 1806) ; Keasans for rejecting the presumptive 
I Evidenc© of ilr. Altnun thut Mr. Hugh Boyd 
I WHS tho Writer of Junius (Bvo. London, 1807); 
An Appendix to the tSupplemeatjil Apology for 
the Ik'litiverfli in the Stippofiititioiis Shakespeare 
Papers, being the documents for the opinton 
that Hugh APAuloy lioyd wrotfl Janius « Let- 
ters, by George Cha-haers (8vo, London, 1800) ; 
I Thf Autlioruf Junius ^iscertaiued ... by George 
I Chiiluiurs (8vo, Ijoiidon, 181&); CampboU's Mis- 
I celliiueoai* Works ttf lloyd. with Life, &c. (2 vols. 
Loudon, 1800); (ienl. Miig. Ijixxiv. 224; Euro- 
I puau Mag. xxxrii. ^'42, 433 ; Notes and Quert^, 
I 2nd ser„ i. 43, ix. 26L xL 8; Taylors Records 
uf my Life, i. 188, 190.] E. S. 

! B0Y1>, HUGH STUART (1781-1848), 

Greek scholar, was bom at Edgivare. Before 

his birth his father, Hugh McAnley, took the 

name of Ik)yd, borne by the family of his 

I wife, the duugliter of ifugb Bovd of Bally- 

! castle, Ireland [4. v.], one of tlie sup|K)sed 

' authors of the * Letters of Junius. His 

mothers maiden name was Murphy. Boyd 






ws« admitted a pensioner of Pembroke Hdl, 
(^imbriflirp.on 24 July 1 799» and matricnljited 
on ir Dec. of the following^ year. He l*ift 
the imiversitv witliout taking a degree. He 
htd ft good memory^ and once made a curious 
(akuUtion that hecouJd repeat 3,28() 'lines' 
of Gwek prose and 4,770 lines of Greek verse. 
In lf<33 he appears to Imre resided some timt» 
It Bath. Diirini^ the last twenty years of 
hh life he was blind. He married a hidy of 
Jewish fatnilvt and bv her had one daughter, 
.enrietta, married to Mr. Henry Hayes, 
e lived chiefly at Hampstead, and died at 
Kenti/?h Town on 10 May 1848. While blind 
be taught Greek to Elizabeth Barrett Brown- 
ing, whowftH much attached to him. One of 
herpoems^ the * Wine of Cyprus/ is dedicated | 
Boyd, She also wrote a sonnet on his 
ies8 and another on his death. His i 
ied wnrka art? ; 1 , * Luceria, a Tnig'fidy,* 
2. * Select Passages from the Works 



I 



ft, Chryso«tom, St. Gregijry Nazianzen, 
, translated; 1810, 8. * Select Poems of 
wns, translated/ with original poems, 
1814, 4. * Thoughts on the Atoninir Sacrifice/ 
|817» 5. ' Agamemnon of a'Esclivlus/ trans- 
ited, 1823. 6. * An Es^aj on the Greek 
icie/ included in fTlarke'^ * Commentary 
be Epistle to the Ephesianj?/ secrmd edi- 
, 1835. 7. * The Catholic Faith/ n sermon 
Hf St. BaBil, translated, 1825. 8. ' Though ta 
Dn an illustrious Exile/ 1825. 9. 'Tributes 
I the lJ<*ttd,' translation from St. Gregory 
^"azianiren, 1826. 10. * A Malvern Tale, and 
her Poems/ 1827. 11. * The Fathers not 
apists, with Select Passages and Tributes 
> the Dead/ 1834. 

[Notes and Queriea, 2nd eer. ▼. 88. 176t 226, 
rii. 284, 523, 3rd ner. iv. 468 ; Etheridgti's Life 
of Dr. Adam Chirk<*. 382-4 ; Weldon's Regiiter, 
ingiiEt 1861, p. 56; Oeat. Majt. vol. xevi. pt. 
fSi, p. 623, now wr. xxx. p. 130 ; Brit. Mus. 
Catal.] W. H. 

BOYD, JA.^IES, LL.D. (1795-1866), 
Bchoolmaater and author, the son of a glover, 
was bom at Paisley on 24 Dec. 1795, After 
Teceivinghi^ early education partly in Paisley 
and partly in GhiHgnw, he entered Glasgow 
University, where he gained some of the 
highest honours in the humamty, Greek, and 
philosophical cla-sses. After taking !iis de- 
grees of R.A. and M.A*, he devoted him- 
self for tvyo ye^irs to the study of medicine, 
Vtit abandoned this pursuit ; enteriKi the di- 
vinity hall of the university of Glasgow, and 
was licensed to preach the gospel by the pres- 
bytery of Dumbarton in May 1822. Towards 
the close of that year he removetl to Edin- 
where for three yejars he maintained 
If by private tuition. Iii 1825 he was 




unanimoualy chosen liouiJe governor in George 
HeriotsHoBpitaUEdinbur^'^h. The university 
of Glasgow conferred on him the honorary 
degree of doctor of laws. 

Boyd became classical master in the high 
school of Edinburgh 19 Aug. 1829. The 
largely attended classes which he always 
hutl decisively proved the public estimate of 
his merits. For many years before hi* 
death he held the office of secretary to the 
Edinburgh Society of Teachers, lie died 
at his house, George Stiuare, Edinburgh, on 
18 Aug. 1856, haying nearly complet^'d an 
incumbency of twenty-seven years in the 
high school. He was interred at New 
Calton, Edinburgh, on 21 .Aug. The affec- 
tionate respi^ct which aU his* pupils enter- 
tained towards lioyd is evinced by the number 
of clubs formed in hif* honour by his classes. 
In the Crimea, during the Russian war, 
two * Boyd clubs ' were formed Ijy British 
officers in acknowledgment of tbei.r common 
relation to him as their preceptor, W^itlun 
two months after his deatli a medal, to be 
named the Boyd medal, and to be annually 

E resented to the *dux* of the clasa in the 
igh school tuuglit by Boyd's successor, was 
Etibscribed for at a meeting lield in Edin- 
burgh by his friendi? find pupils. He married 
on 24 Dec. 1829 Jane Iteid, eldest daughter 
of John Easton, merchant, Edinburgh, by 
whom he was the father of nine children, 

Boyd^fi literarj^ talentf? were confined to 
the editing of classical and other school 
books. They include: * Roman Antiquities/ 
by .'V, Adams, 1834, which wns reprinted tif- 
tcM^n times during the editor s hfetime ; * Q, 
Horatii Macci Poemata,' by C. Anthon, 1836, 
which passed through three editions ; * Ar- 
chieologia Grfeca/ by J. Potter, Bi.shon of Ox- 
ford, lHiJ7; * Sallustii Gpera/ by C. Anthon, 
18»i9; * Select Orations of Cicero,* by C. An- 
thon, 1842 ; * A Greek Reader,' by C. Anthon, 
1844; *A Summary of the Principal Evi- 
dences of the Christian Religion/ by B, Por- 
te lis, Bishop of London, 1850; and * The First 
Greek lieader,' by Frederic Jacobs, 1851. 

[Orjlstoifs History of Dr, Boyd's Fourth High 
School Class^ with biogmpliicjvl ekotch of Dr. 
Boyd* 1873 ; IhdgltJish^s I^brraorials [>f the High 
School of Edinburgh (1857), pp. 31, 46-7t with 
portrait.) O. C. B, 

BOYD, MARK (1805P-1879), authorp 
bom in Surrey near tlie Thames, was tho 
younger son of Edward Boyd of Mertou Hall, 
Newttui Stuart, Wigtonshire, a merchant 
and brother of Benjamin Boyd [o. v.] He 
mainly spent his cliildhood on the Scotch 
estate, which was near the river Cree. He 
' afterwards pursued in London on active 



business career^ and became IjotuIoii dirwtor 
of li Sootcli insurance society, and a livi^y 
promoter of tlie coionisution of Aufifmlia 
and New Zeuliiiid. and of otht^r usefiil |juIi1ic 
iindertaknipfs. Tie inivelliHl niiicU in Europe. 
He published mi ajccount in tbo. * London 
and Sberbmd JoumMl * of n journey in the 
Orkney We« in 18m On 23 Decri84B he 
married Emma Anne, i lie widow of ^ IU>meo ' 
Coatei^, who had bi^eii run over iind kiUed in 
the previous F*d>ruary- In 1H(U H<*yd pu*)- 
lisbed a pHin]jhlet on Auf^tridiiio motters; in 
1871 b i s * Keni i n i seen ces of Fi f ty Y ears / a n d 
in 187.> hin * Stwiid <fh™iings/ dediciiting the 
first to the Austrrtlirin colonists, and the last 
(from Oatlnndw, WidtonH^n*Tbiunes) to Dean 
Ramsay. lie d ied in London mi 1 2 Sept . 1 879, 
aged 74. 

[Boyd's BemiaiHcsncos of Fifty Yean, Dedica- 
tion, vi. Tii» and pp. 102, 310, 333. 336. 368. 397. 
464, 466; Annirnl Raj^. 1848> p. 216. 187*, 
p. 222 ; Qont, Mn^. N.S. xxx. 648.] J. H. 

BOYD, MARK ALEXANDEU (1563- 
KtOl), Latin Rcholar, bom in (iidloway 
on lU Jiuu l»"i63, was a atm of Uobert Boyd 
of Penkill Cuttle, Ayrshire. His father 
was the eldest .son of Adam Boyd, brother 
I of Robert, restored to the title of Lord 
'ihjyd in 153tJ. Boyd is said to have been 
baptised Mark, itnd to have himself added 
the name Alexander. He had a brother 
William, llif* education bejfan under bin 
uncle, JameH Boyd, of Trochrig, consecrated 
archbishop of Glasgow at tlie end of ir)7;i. 
Proceedin^r to (ilan^ow Colle|ife, of whieh 
Andrew Melville was principal, he proved 
insubordinate, and is said to have beaten the 
profes^on^j humed his books, and forsworn 
all study, (iroinj^ to court he fouj?ht a duel. 
He WHS advised to follow th** jirfife-ssion of 
arms in the Iy>w Countries, bat instead of 
t h i s 1 1 e w en t t o F ni lit e i n 1 58 1 . A ft er 1 r js Ing 
his money at play^ hi* resumed liis studies at I 
Paris und<*r Jiieuues d*Amboisr, Jean Pas- 
serat, fam€^d for trie beauty of hi.s Latin and 
French verse, and GilV^rt (i6nfd>rard, (16- 
n^bnird was professor of Hebrt^w, but Boyd 
confesses bis i^nortmce of that lanp^ua^^e. He 
then bepfan to study civil law at Orleans, and 
pursued tbe same study at Hourj^eg, under 
Jacques Cujas, with whom he ingratiated him- 
self by some versew in tlie style of Ennius^ ii 
favourite with tbitt p^rejit jurist. Driven from | 
Bourge^^ by the plague, he went to Lyons, and i 
thence to Italy^where he found an admiring" 
friend in Cornelius Varus, who calls himself 
a Milanese (Boyd in a maimscript poem calls 
him a Florentine). Ketuminpr to France in 
1 58 7 , he j o ined a t roo]) o f horse from Auvergue, 
under a Greek leader, and drew his sword for 



Henri IIL A shot in the ankle sent him back 
to law studies, this time at Toulouse, where 
be projected a sy intern of intematirjnal law. 
From Toulouse he visited Spain, but soon 
returned on nccount of his bealth. When 
Toulouse iell into the hands of the leaguers 
in I'jHS, Buyd, with ii view to joining' the 
kingf's party, l>etiH>k himself to Dumaise, on 
the Garonne. Not likiuj^^ the look of things 
liere, he wiis forgoing on, but his boy warned 
him of a trap set for his life, into which a 
guide was t o lead h i m, Af t e r hi d i : i ^ for t wo 
days among the bushes, he went bt 'k to the 
leaguers, and was imprisonefi at T udouse. 
j As soon as he got his liberty he bastfued by 
' night to Bordeaux. His letters allow us to 
trace his wanderings to Fontenai, Bourges, 
Cahors, &c. He laments that he was no deep 
drinker, or he w^ould liave pushed on more 
confidently {Epp. ]k 159). He went to Ro- 
chelle, heinpf robbed and nearly murdered on 
the way, Rochelle not suiting him, he found 
for some time a country retreat on the bor- 
dera of PoitoiL From France he repaired to 
the Low (Countries, printing his volume of 
p<>eras iind letters at .Vntwerp in loBli. From 
tirst tn hist there is a good deal of eccentri- 
city about Boyd, but his accomplishments 
as a \\Ttter o^ Ijtitin verse are undoubted, 
though it must bt* left for his friend Varus 
to set him above Buchanan. Another ad- 
mirer calls him * Naso redivivus." His own 
verdieT is that there were few good poets of 
old, and hanlly any in his own time; the 
ft reek jxjets nmk first, in this order : Tlieocri- 
tufl, Or|»!ieiis. Musa^us^ Homer; the Hebrew 
poets (judging from translations) fall de- 
cidedly below the Latin, of whom Virgil is 
chief, Boyd conver8(»d in (? reek, and is said 
to have made a translatino of Cie.sar in the 
style of Herodotus, On his way back to 
Scotland in 1 595, aO er fourteen years' abstmce, 
he heard of the death t\^ his brother William, 
who. us we learn from Bovd's verses, had been 
in Piedmont, and for wLom he expresses a 
gr*!at alFection. Having once more gone abroad 
as tutor to tlie Etirl of Cassilis, he finiBhed 
his career in his native land, dying of slow 
fever at Peukill on 10 April IWI. He was 
buried in the church nf Dailly. Hisjuiblica- 
tion above referred to is * il. Alexandri Bodii 
Kpistolie Heroides, et Hymni. Ad lacobum 
se.ttura Begem. Additaest ejusdem Literu- 
larum prima curia,* Antv. 1592, small 8vo 
{there are fifteen * epistola*/ the lirst two of 
which are imitated in French by P, C. D. 
fPietro Florin Bant o net o] ; the * liymni,' de- 
dicated in (Jn-ek elegiacs to James VI, aiej 
sixteen Latin odes^ nearly all on some specia 
flower, and each connected witb the namfl 
of a friend or patron ; there is also a Greel 



Boyd 



95 



Boyd 




^ 

P 

P 
^ 



ode to Orpheus; a few epigrnms in the tin- I 
tbor's honniir are add»5d ; Then come tk^ prose 
letters. The poetica.1 portion of tlie book is , 
included in Arthur Johnston s * Deli^i* For>- 
tATtun Scotnrum/ Amst, 1037» 12mo. John- 
i printsthe title ag * Epistolje lieroidum *). i 
J is said to have published also a defence I 
of Cardinal B«?mbo and thf? ancient elt>quencey I 
•ddresaed to Lipsiim, He left prose and verse | 
HUintiscripts. now in tht* Advociitef*' Library, 
Edinburgh ; among thorn are/ In Institntirmes 
Impenitons C<»mmenta/ 1591 ; ' UEst^t du 
Royaume d'Escosse h present ;* * Politicns, nd 
Joiinnem Metelhinnin cftncelbriam St-otirc ' 
<Str John Maitland, or Mat lane, died 3 Oct. 
19^). 

[BibbAld'a Scotia ntustrata, »ive Prudromua, 1 
&c. 168-1 fol. tgiTo»^lif«t *rith portrait onjrmvjHl ' 
bj T. de Leu) ; Kippis, in Bioi(. Brit. li. (1780) | 
iSd (Kippia uaed Dr. Johnj^on's copy of thi* Do- 
lin«); Diilrym pie's (Lrml Hrtitea) Skefoli of ihe ' 
Life of Boyd, 1787^ 4to (portrait); Gmnger s I 
Biog. Hiftt. of Englaml, 1821. i. 318; Irvingn 
Livc« of Scotlifth Writers, 18^9, i. 1S2; Grub*^ ' 
Bed- Hi»t. of Si^tland, 186L ii. 191. 225; An- I 
denoQ's SeoUiith Nation, 1863, i. 36 1.] A. G. 

BOYD, ROBERT, Lord (d. 1 409 ?), Scotch ! 
ctatesman, eldest son of Sir Thomas Boyd of , 
Kilmamock, was created a peer of parlia- I 
ment by James II bv the title of Lord Boyd, | 
iizid tocdt his §eat on 18 July 1454. In 1460 
he was appointed one of the ref^ents during ' 
the minority of the young: king, James III. 
In 14d4 (11 April) he wat* joined with the , 
Biabop of Ghisgow, the Abbot of Holy rood, 
bia brother, Sir Alexander Royd of Dim cole, 
and three others, in a commis.sion to nego- , 
timte a truce with Edward IV. In 14C6 he 
obt4iined the appointment of hia brother, Sir 
Alexander, aa instructor to the young king 
in knightly exercises, and conspired with | 
him to obtain entire control of the idhiirs of i 
the kingdom. To thia end they^ in defiance ! 
of the protejitij of Lord Kennedy, one of their I 
oo-regents, took possession of the person of j 
the Inng, and carried him from Linlithgow 
to Edinburgh, where, in a parliament sum- I 
mon^ (9 Oct,), a public expres,«ion of ap- ' 
provnl of their conauct was obtained from | 
the king, and an act was passed conMituting 
Boyd sole governor of the realm, ITe now 
goremed aat^Jcraticallyp but he appears by | 
no means to have abused bis power. On 
the contrary, some of the measures which 1 
he introduced must have l>een eminently 
salutary, Commendams were aboli;*hed, and 
religious foundations which had deviated 
from their original purposes were reformed. 
lie aUo passed enactments designed to pro- 
mote the interests of the mercantile and 
shipping commttnity, prohibiting the freight- 




ing of ships without a charter-party by sub- 
jects of the king, wliether within the realm 
or without it^and also fostering the importa- 
tion and discouraging the ex]x)rtation of bul- 
lion. He negotiated a marriage between the 
king and Mar^ret , the only daugltter of Chris- 
tian, king of Norway^ thereby obtaining the 
cession of Orkney (8 Sept. 14(58) and the 
formal rele^ise of the annual tribute of 100 
marki*^ which wajt still nominally payable 
to the king of Norway, in the church of 
St. Magnus, Kirkwall/t hough it had long 
ceased to be paid. In 1467 h<? obtained for 
himself the office of gr»^at chamberlain for 
life, while his eldest son, Thomas (by Mariota, 
daughter of Sir Robert i lax well of Caldei^ 
wood) was created Earl of Arran and Baron 
of Kilmarnock, and murried to the king's 
elder sister, the Lady Mary, Thi.«i la-^t step 
wiLS more than the jeMloitsy of the Scotch 
nobler could endure, and they determined to 
strike a blow at the i^iupremacy of the Boyds. 
Accordingly, in November 1469, Lcnl Rotert 
and hif^ brother were arraigned before the 
parliament on a cliiirge of treason baaed on 
their conduct of thrf*e years previously in 
lnying hands on the person of the king. Ihey 
were found guilty and sentenced to death 
("I'i Nov.) Bovd, however, anticipating the 
issue of the trial, fled to Alnwick in Xorth- 
umlierhmd, where he soon aftenvards died. 
His brother was detained in Si^otlaud by 
illness, and lost his head on the Castle Hill 
HIa elde.st son, TiiOM4s, Earl of Arbax, 
was sent to Denmark to bring over the king's 
destined bride, rerurned while the trial was 
in progress, and, being warned by his wife of 
the condition of iiHuir^^ knded the princess^ 
but did not himself set foot on shore. He is 
said by the older historiansof Scotland to have 
sailed back to Denmark accompanied by his 
wife, and thence to have travelled by way of 
Germany into France, there to have sought 
service with the Duke of Burgundy, and 
dying prematurely at Antwerp to have been 
splendidly buried tliere by the duke. In an 
undated letter of John Paston to Sir John 
Paston he is referrf'd to in terms of the high- 
est eulogy as * the most courteous^ gentlest, 
wisest, kindest, most companionable, freest, 
largest, most bounteoui* knight,' and as * one 
of the lightest, deliverst, best spoken, lairest 
iircher, devout est, most perfect, and truest 
to his lady of nil the knights that ever' the 
writer * was acquainted with.* Fenu conjec- 
tures that the letter was written either in 
1470 or 147:^; but the expression * my lord 
tlie Earl of Arran which hath married the 
king's sister of Scotland/ coupled with the 
absence of iiny reference to the sudden pre- 
cipitation of the family from supreme power 



to a poBitioii of dependence, for the edtntes 
not only of Lord Robert and hia brotber, but 
of the fearl uf Arran, were forfeited in 1469| 
would ni'vm to fLT^ne an enrlkr diito. Wliat'- 
ever tlie true date mtij bt\ lie was then in 
London lodg-ing ut the George in Lombard j 
Street* his will! a|>parently witb him, Tho 

r date oif bis death is uncertain. In 1474 his 
Tridow married Jam^^s, lord Hamilton, wba^e 

lion wns in August 1503 created Eurl of, 
Arran. Lord Robert's second Hon, Alex- i 
ander, was restored to a poriion of the Kil- 
marnock esifltes in 1492, but withovit the 
title of Lord B<i?d, Alexander**? eldest »oii, 

t Robert, created Lord Bojd in 1536, is called 
tbird lord. 

[Acta Pari. Scot, ii 77, 86, laS, x\u SuppL 23 ; 
Keg. Mag. Sig.Reg. Scot. (1424-1513), 912-15, 
1177; Ryuier 8 Fojdcrft (Holmes), xi. A 1 7. .124, 66fi; 
Exch.Rolh»8cot. vn. U. Ixvii, 4BZ, 500, 520. 664. 
594-8, 652,663, 670; Aet'ounts of the L<jrdHi|jh 
Trea^mrer of Scotland, i. xl-xliii ; DrummoiK^'s 
Hist. Soot. 120, 127; Maitlands Hist. Scot, ii, 
^0-i; Piiatou Lettera (ed^ Gn-irduer), iii, 47; 
■ I>oiigW9 Peerage, ii. 32.] J. M, R. 

BOYD, ROBERT, fourth Lord Boyd (>/. 
1500), hon of Rolx^rt the third hird, is men- I 
tioned by Ilerriea (Jli^t. of the IMtjn of Mm-y ' 
Qtieen of S<yjt^^ 10) a.s defeating the Karl nt" 
Glencairn at Glaif^ow in 1544, thereby ren- 
dering material aid to tho regent, the Larl of 
Arran^ in quelling the insLurect ion of Lennox* 
Two yeari^ later (19 Dec. 1540) we find bira 
present at a meeting of tiie nrivy council at 
St . Andrews, t )n the oiithreali of the ci vi I war 
between the lords of the congregation aud the 
queen reigent he took part with the former, 
bein^present with them at Perth in May lo59. 
He signed the letter addressed by the lords to 
Sir William Cecil (19 July) explaining their 
policy, and another of the Rime date to Kliza- 
beth asking for support. He also r ook part in 
I the negotiations wjth the qnwn regent for a 
compr<>mii^ej which were entirely without re- 
sult. Apparently at t his time lSoyd*is zeal in the 
cause 01 the congregation was growing luke- 
warm, for Balnaves, accounting to Sir James 
Crofts for the way in which he bad applitjd 
ibe English snksidv, i^Tites under date 4 Nov. 
1659 : * And 1 clelivered to the Earlof Glen- 
Cftirn and Lord Boyd 500 crowns, which was 
the best bestowed money that ever I i>estowed, 
eitber of that or any other; the whieh if I 
had not done our whole enterprise it hath 
been staye<l, both in joining with the tluke 
(Chatelherault> and coming to Edinburgh, for 
certain partitruhir causes that were betwixt 
the said lords and the duke, which were set 
down by that means by me so secret that it 
is not Imown lo many. 



In February 1559-130 he was one of the rig* 
niitories of the treaty of Berwick, by ^vhich 
Elizabeth engaged * with all convenient sjwed 
to send into Scotland a convenient aid of 
men of warr,' for the purpose of driving out 
the French, and in the following April joined 
the Englif«h array at Frest<mpnn9. On the 
*27th ol that month he signed the contract 
in defence of the liberty of the * evangel of 
Christ,' by which tlie lords of the congrega- 
tion sought to encourage and contirm one 
another in the good work. He wa.s present^ 
on 7 May, at the unsuccessful attempt made 
by the EnglL^h army to carry Leith by esca- 
lade, and on the 10th j^igned the document 
by which the treaty of Berwick was con- 
tirmed, Chi 27 Jan. 15*10-1 he subscribed 
the * liook of l>ii5ci])line of the Kirk,' and at 
Ayr, on 3 Sept. 1502, be Kigned a bond to 
'maintain and a^^sist the prenching of tb© 
evangel.' Shortly after the marriage of 
Barnley {28 July 1504) the lords, despairing 
of prevailing on the queen to abolish * the 
idolatrous mass,' and incensed by some acts 
of a rather high-banded character done bj 
her, sur]jrised Edinburgh during her tempo- 
rary absence, but tiiLstily alwmdoned the city 
on hearing that she was rettirning. I'pon 
this Boyd, with Arg^le, Murray, Glencairn, 
and others, w&s summoned to uppejir at the 
next meeting of parliament, wdiich was fixed 
for a Feb. 15(S5, to answer tVir their conduct on 

{min of being denounced rebels and put to the 
lorn. Parliament, howeverp did not meet in 
February, and before its next session, which 
began on 14 April I5t>7, Boyd's |x>litical 
attitude bad undergime a complete cbangt;. 
If any (Tedit is to be given to the so-called 
dying declaration of Both well, Boyd, ac- 
cording to thiit version of il which is found 
in Keith's * History of Scotland ' ( App. 144), 
was privy to the murder of Darn ley. Hts 
name, however, is not mentimied in tlie copy, 
or rather abstract, preserved in the Cottonian 
Library (Titus, c. vii. fob 'M6), nor is the frag- 
ment Cal. D. ii. ibl. 519 in the same collec- 
tion ; the original w/is in all pnjbability a for- 
gery. Though a member of the packed jury 
whieh ac<|uitted Bothwell of rbe deetl (April 
1507),he, al^^r IkithwelFs marriage to Mary, 
joined a confefleracy of nobles who btmnd 
themselves to protect I he young prince against 
the sinister desiifita with which Bothwell wa» 
credited, .\fter wards, however, he united 
himself with the f<w.'tion which by a *Jolemn 
* league and covenant ' eTigagetl to take part 
with Bothwell * against lii.s privy or public ca* 
lumniators,' * with their bodies, heritage, and 
goods k' 

Boyd was now made one of the permanent 
bers of the privy council (17 May), and 



I 



I 



noon b^cami^ as decicled and energetic a par- 
tUAQ of the queen ii* he had formerly been 
ai the oon^regstion. In Junt? he ftttempted 
to hold Edioburgb for the queen, in conjunc- 
ttoo with Huntly^ the archbishop of St. 
Andrews, and the c<iinrnendrttor q( Kilwin- 
Btng'. The citireo!*, how*fver, refused to de- 
iBnd ibe place, and it almost immediately 
Cell into the bandit of the other faction. In 
AnffUM we find bim, with Ar|j>'ll, Livinp^ton, 
Uid the comniendtttor of Kilwlnainpf, in ne- 
^iation with Murray for the releaj^e of the 
1|QCC!n from captivity. In 15138, after her 
cKSfMs from Lochleven (2 May), he joined 
bs* forces at Hamilton, and was preeent at 
lb© bttttle of Langside (13 May). After the 
bttttl0 be retired to bidcantle of Kilmamnck, 
which, however, he was snon compellfKl to 
mtTT&adet to the counciL In September he 
WM appointed one of the bishop of llo^'i^ 
eDilaaguiis for the conference to be held at 
Tork. After the conclusion of the ne^ntia- 
tknxfl he accompanied the bishop to London, 
Bp^ Tx-Aa w/lmittfHl to Audience *if the queen 
*ir 11 Court <L'4 (k-t.) On (S Jan. 

1;> .- ijy made him one of lier council. 

lie wajs emT>loyed by her in her iniri(aruee 
with the Dulce of Norfolk, iiml was enlniBt'sd 

S' the latter with a diamond to deliver to 
e auecn at Coventry as a pledg^e of liis 
•fltfetion and fidelity. In a letter to the 
dtike, apparently written in December 1 569, 
flhe nays: *I tiH^k from my lord R^jd the 
diamond, which I sbuU kt^ep unseen about 
IB J neck till I give it again to the owner of 
It &nd me both/ In June 1569 he waa des- 
patched to Scotland with authority from 
Marj to treat with the regent, and a written 
nuuidate to institut^^ proceeding for a divorce 
horn Both well. Chalmers {L^fe of Mary^ 
p. SSl^publiftbed in 181S) it^sert^ that B<Uh- 
well'ft consent to the divorce hud been obtuined 
before the commencement of the correspon- 
deoCtt with Norfolk, find that the document 
aignifying it * remained among- the family 
pipers of Lord Boyd to the present century.' 
The papers referred to are presumably iden* 
tical with those which on the attainder of 
William Boyd (the foiirth earl of Kilmarnock) 
[a. T.], were placed in the custody of the public 
orocials of the town of Kilmarnock, where 
they remained until 1KS7, when a selection 
frfim them, comprising all such as were of any 
hif^torical value, wa'^ edit<?d for the Abbotsford 
Club, and confititutes the (ir^t portion of the 
•Abbotsford Miscellany/ No such document, 
however, as Chalmers refers to is there to be 
f.ii ! ' ^ ] 'jh a draft of the form al authority 
t- 1 the divorce is among the papers. 

Ik.v'^ ii;»ii un interview with Murray in July 
at Elgin, and on the 30th the question of the 




' divorce was submitted to the council at 
j Perth, when it wiis decided by a lur^ ma- 
jority that uothin^^ further should be done 
in the matter. AlYer reporting the failure 
of bis mis^nion to the queen, IJoyd appOHn* to 
have remained in Eni^land for some months, 
during which the record of bis life is very 
scanty. He seems to have stood very high 
in the e^itimation of his mistress. In one of 
her letters (5 Jan. 1508-9) she desicnates 
kirn *our traist cousif^e and counsallour,* 
and writing to Cecil, under date 11 Feb. 
15<l9-70,she erpiresses a d«^?sire to retain him 
with the bishop of Ross permanently about 
her person. At thi.s time, however, he was 
again in Scotland actively en^aj^ed in hutcli- 
ing a plot for a generiil risinp', and much 
suspected of complicity in the murder of 
Murray (22 Jan, lotiO-TO). The following 
year he was commisi^ionetl by Miu^y to esta- 
olish in that country ^ a lieutenant, ane or 
twa,' in her name, f n the brief insurrection 
of the summer be was taken prisoner by 
Lennox at Paisley, but escaped to Edinburgh, 
and thence went to Stirling in Au^ist , and on 
the 12tb, with ArgyU, Gasailis, and ^linton, 
affixed his seal to a treaty of secession and 
amity executed on the part of the regent by 
Morton and Mar. Tliis defection is ascribecl 
by the unknown author of the * Histoiy of 
King Jamej* the Sext ' to the ' great promises' 
of Lennox, but the reason given by Mary is 
probibly nearer the mark. She writes to 
be la Motte Ftuielon, uiirlcr date 28 June 
1571 » that she is advised that Argyll, Athole, 
and lloyd, * comme dtsesp^res d^aucuoe aide, 
' commeucent k m retirer et regarder qui atira 
du meilleur.* On 5 Sept* we find Boyd men- 
tioned as a consenting party to the election 
of Mar to the regency ; on the 7tb he was 
made a member of the privy council. He 
vifited Knox on his deathbed (17 Nov.), but 
' except that he said, * I know, sir, I have 
j oflended in many things, and am indeed come 
to crave yoxiT pardon, what pa-ssed on either 
side is unknown. He was included in the 
act of indemnity jjassed 20 Jan. 1571-2, and 
subscribed the articles of pacification drawn 
up at Perth on 23 Feb. 1572--3, by one of 
which he was appointed one of the judges 
for the trial of claims for restitution ot goods 
arising out of acts of violence committed 
during the civil war. On 24 Oct. 1573 he 
was appointed extraordinary lord of session 
by Morton, of whom from this time forward 
he was a firm adherent. Relying on the 
favour of Morton, be signalised his elevation 
i: to the bench by ejectbg (November lo73) 
Sir John Stewart from the office of bail lie 
of the regality of Glasgow, held under a 
grant from the late king, and engrossing the 



profits liimself. About tlie same time he 

Srocured the ajjpointment of his kinsniaii, 
amed Boyd^ to the archiepiscopal see of 
Glftfigow. On Morton's resignation in Fe- 
bruBTT 1577-8, Boyd, according to Spottia^ 
wood^, 'did fliide him liitterly/ pointing out 
that the kiii^ was a mere boy, and that by 
resipiing Morton was in fact playinj^ into 
the ban da of hia enemie^i, the Argyll-A thole 
faction. In consequent^e of Morton*s eclipse, 
Boyd for a time hist his seat both at the 
council table and on the bench, but on the 
regent's return to power as prime minister 
in July 1578 he wwi a^in made a permanent 
member of the council, bein^ at the same 
time appointed visitor of the university of 
GlBSg«>w and commissioner for pxamininjur the 
btxjk of the policy of the kirk nnd settling 
its jurisdicticm, Tht? same month (^<^rd) 
he was comuened to surrender the baillinr}"^ 
of the regulity of Gksgow to the king as 
Earl of Lennox. On li> Oct. bis seat on the 
bench was restored to him. In the spring 
of the next yi^&T he was appointed one of the 
commission to pursue and arrest Lonl John 
Hftmilton and his brother, I^ord C^kud, who, 
however, made their ej^cajm to England. 
The commissioners received the thanks of 
the council for their sendees on 22 May. 
Boyd was a party to the conspiracy knowTi 
&s the Raid of Ruthven, by which the person 
of the king waa seized as a pledge for the 
dismissal of the Duke of Lennox then in 
power, and in consecpipnce was banished the 
realm in June 1583, James Stuart, earl of 
Arran, taking his pluceEsextntordinary lord 
of session, lie retired for a time to France, I 
but in *Tune 1586 we tind him acting for the 
king in the negotiations which resuited in 
the treaty of alliance betw^een the crowna of 
England and Scotland of tliat year, and 
while thus engtiged induc**d the king to 
restore him to his former place on the beucb, 
whic!i» however, he resigned tw^o years later 
(4 July 1588). In 1587-8 he was' appointed I 
conmuBaiouer to raise lOO^OOO^. for the ex- 
penses connected with the king's marriage, 
and in 1589 was placed on a comuussion to 
enforce the statute against Jesuits (p&ssed 
14 Aug. 1587), and ou the kings leaving for i 
Norway (October) was constituted one of , 
the wardens of the marched. He died on , 
3 Jan. 1589-90, in the seyenty-second year | 
of his age, being survived by his wife Slar- 
garet or JIariot, daughter of Sir John Col- 
qnhoun of Glins, and was succeeded by his 
second eon Thomas. 

[Stat« Papers, Scottish Series; H«g. P. C. 
Scot. i. 67, 102, 336, 365, 386. 409, 609. 608, 
614, 6ie, fllT, 626, ii. 8. 12. 193-200, 312, 
697, iii. 6, 8, U6, 160^ 165, ir. 86 », 269, 



426, S07«. 662 n j Knox's Worts (Bann. Club), 
i. 340-6, 369,382, ^13, 434. ii. 38, 53, 56,68, 
61,63, 128. 258, 348, 408-603, 652, 556, 663, 
iii, 413, 425, ti. 36, 43, 640,667; Spottiffwoode*fl 
Hist. (Bann. Club), ii, 36. 56. 65-7, 208, 264; 
Ander^ii'sColl.i, ll2.iii, 13,33.43,52,61,70,96, 
ir. 33, 166 : Hume of Godscroft s Hist. House 
Angus, 167, 183, 199, 381 ; Keiths Hist. Scot. 
97^109, 127, 316, 320, 826, 337, 381. 447* App. 
44, 145 ; LoBler B Hist. Soot. fRmn. Club), 151, 
177/274. 284 ;Froijdo's Hist, vii, 121, 122,ix.434 ; 
Acts and Proceedings Gen. Ass. Kirk Scot, 93, 
102, 750, 755 ; B<H>lt Umv. Kirk Scoh 348, 671 , 
Bann. Misc. iii. 1 23 ; Herries'i Memoirs (Alibota- 
ford Club), 10, 87, 91, 102. 123, 131, 136, 139; 
James 3IelYi lie « Diary (Bann. Club), 37; Hist. 
Kini? Jam«?a Sext (Btinn. Club^, 8, 10, 19,26, 
32, 35,63, 66, 74, 75. 85, 12n. 141, 189. 198; 
Memoirs of Lords Kilmarnock, Cromjirtie. and 
l^hm'rino (I^mdon, 1 746, Svo) ; Ookille s Letters 
to Walsingham (Ilnrni. Club), 44; Lettres da 
Marie Stuart (t^l. LjibanoflT), ii, 266, 266, 271, 
294, 304. 32L iii. 22, iv, 340; Moysies Mem, 
{Bfinu. Club), 21, 22. 57 ; Ditara&l of OoctirrenU 
in Scotland (Ban n. Club), 279-82, 813, 324, 828; 
Acta Pari. Scot. iii. 77. 96, 98, 106; Bouglas'g 
Pet^r. ii. 34,] J. M, R. 

BOYB, ROBERT, of Troclirig (1578- 
IBiiT), theob.igical ^viiter, was tbe eldest son 
of James Boyd, urclibisbop of CTbisgow, preat- 
^indson of lbd>ert Boyd {d. 1469) [q, v.^,and 
owneF of an estate in Ayr^bire, wbicli is vari- 
ously spelled Trocbrig, Trocbridge, and Tro- 
cboregc. He was connf^cted by birth with tbe 
nob!e family of CaHailis, and enjoyed a good 
social position. Ha studied at the university 
of Edinburffb, taking bis divinity course under 
Robert Kollok,tirst principal of tbe university, 
lor wbom b^- bad an extra ordinary reverence 
and affection. The prufmmd religious impres- 
aiona made on hini under lloilok led him to as- 
sociate himself with tbe earnest presbytenans 
of the day. In coTOplisinee with the custom 
of the timei* be went iibroad to complete his 
studies, find in 16t(4 was ckop*:*!! pastor of the 
etiurch at \"erteuil, and in l&M professor lu 
the ui^iversity of 8aumur, both in France, 
Alonf? with the duties of the chair he dis- 
charged the o I lice of a pastor in the town, and 
waa afterwards called to the chair of divinity. 
While at Saumnr be married a French yonng 
ladv, tbonfrli be had alwayw tbe hope of re- 
turning to his native country. The university 
of Saumur bad been founded some years 
before by tlie tiidebrated Philip de Momay 
(Seigneur du Plessis-j\fomay), with whom, 
as with many more of tbe eminent men 
whom the rewrmed church of France then 
possessed, he wus on terms of intimacy. 

The fame of Robert Boyd having reached 
the ears of King Jiimes, he otlered bim the 
principakbip of the university of Glasgow. 



^ 



In 1615 Bovd removed to Olastrow, to the 
grent loss and sorpfijw of the people And pro- 
ieiaofv of Saumur ; in addition to thy du- 
ties of principal lie had to p^rforni those of 
a teacher of theology, Hebrew^ and Syriac, 
tad tkow abo of pre-acber to the people of 
(lOfan. ' His exempkry holineis*/ miys his 
earhest biographer, Dr. Rivet, * singular 
letnungt admirable eloquence; his ^avity, 
humility, unafiected modesty^ and extraor- 
dmuj diligence, b^th in hift etx-le^skstical t 
and dchola^tical employment, above the rate i 
of ordiaary pastors aud profeas^irs, drew all 
to a reverence, love, and eateem for, and 
mtny even t*D an admimtlon of him.' Bcjyd i 
d«hvered extemporaneous lecturer in Latin 
.wirh all the flow and elegance of a written ' 
diiooiirset His preaching at Saumur in I 
Fiendi had been admired by the natives, i 
In hia lect ures, all his quotations from the 
Greek fathers, which were very frequent and | 
6'jmetiraes very long, were repeated by heart, i 
He himself used to say that, if he were at 
JibextjT to select a language for his public 
disoouzsee, he would choose Greek, as the 
noit appropriate to expre^ his thought$i« , 

Aa it was known to the bishops that Boyd 

wig not in favour of the *iive articles of 

Ptoth/ lie began to experience annoyance. 

The mind of the king was poiflon*^<l agiunst 

him^ and in 1521 he resigiMwl rht> principal- ' 

ahip and retired to the family house of 

Tlocling. But^ being invited by the magis- 

tmtes and people of Kdinhurgh in 1Bl'2 to 

|>e principal of the university there and one 

f the raini^ter^ of the city, he accepted 

he invitation. The king^ on hearing this, 

ved the magi**trates for the ap|K«int- 

ment, and ordered them not only to deprive 

liim of hii? office, but to expel hjm fnim the 

*ty unless he should conffKrm absolutely to j 

;hc articles of Perth* As Boyd refused to I 

comply with this condition, he was deprived 

and ex|>ened accordingly. Afterwards he 

" ftd some hope of being restored to his office 

Glasgow, and was induced to sign a quali- 

' ' " ' 1 rat ion of conformit y . But, after all, 

iitment was given to anoth^'r. In 

_i.- 1 ii*i was called to be minister of Paisley, 

ut owing to disturbances fomented by a 

itter enemy, the Marchioness of Abercnrn, 

ho had recently gone over to the church of 

;orae, he was obligetl to leave Paisley, in 

327* on a visit to Edinburgh, he was seized 

ith his la>it Lllnes.s, and died there, in much 

rlily pain but great mental serenity, in the 

'ly«nmth year of his age, 

Boyd's chief work was a large and very 

ilaborate * Commentary on the Epistle to 

Ephesinns/ published after his death. 

t. Walker thus describes it in his * Theo- 



orly- 



lo^ and Theologians of Scotland : ' 'A work 
it IS of stupendous sixe and stupendous learn- 
ing. Its apparatm critk^wf is something 
enormous. . . . Much more projH^rly it might 
be called a theological thesaunm. You have 
a aepairate diseiu»siMn of almost every im- 
portant theological topic/ 

Boyd excelled in Latin poetry, and his 
* Hecatomhe ad C'hriKtum Salvatorem ' was 
included by Sir John Scot of Scot star vet 
in his * Dt^licifo Poetarum Scotorum.* This 
was afterwards reprinted at Edirilrurgli by 
the well-known naturalist, Sir K<»bt'rt Silri- 
biild, >r.D,, nepliew of Ur. George Sibbald, 
who married Boyd's widow. 

[Life of Robert Boyd hj Dr. Rivet, prefixed 
to ISodii Pnt'Ioctiones in Epist. ad Ephes. 1652; 
Wo(1k>w'« Life of Mr. Robert Boyd of Troehrig 
(Maitlancl Club), 1848.] W. G. B. 

BOYB, Sir BOBEHT (1710-1794), 
gt'neral, colonel i-tiUh foot, and governor of 
Gibraltar, is lirst noticed in official lists 
about 1740, when he appears as (civilian) 
storekeeper of ordnance at Port Mah<m, Mi- 
norca, at a salari' of 182/. 10^. per annum, 
in succession to Mr, Nininn Boyd, by whom 
the post had previously been held for n good 
many years. Bobert Boyd wna still pitore- 
keeper sixteen years later, in 175(5, when the 
garrison, commanded by the aged general, 
afterwards Lord Blakeuey, was besieged by 
the French and Spaniards. During this time, 
on 19 May 1750, he distinguished himself 
by a gallant but trnfiuccessftil at tempt to carry 
despatches in on open boat, in view of the 
enemy, from Governor Blakeney to Admiral 
BTog, whose long-t^xpected fleet was in the 
oiling, in consequence of which he wn^ one 
of the first witnesses callerl Ijv the crown at 
the subsequent trial of the imfortiuiate ad- 
miral. In recognition of his servuces at Mi- 
norca Boyd received a commission in the 
army as lieutenant -colonel unattached, bear- 
ing date "Ih March 1758, On 13 Jan, 1760 he 
was brought into the 1st foot guards, then 
commanded by the Duke of Cumberland, as 
captain-lieutenant and lieutenant-colonel, 
and on 2i5 July following was promoted to 
captain and lieutennnt-colonel m the regi- 
ment, being at the time in Germany on the 
ijersoual staff of the Marquis of Granby, tlien 
m command of the British troops serving 
imder Prince Ferdinand of Brunawick. A 
couple of letters from Colonel Boyd to Sir 
Andrew Mitchell, dated from Germany in 
January 1759 and December 1760, show 
that there was some intention of sending him 
to India in command of a regiment, but, the 
East India Company having applied for an 
odicer who had served in India before, he 

h2 



escAped what nppears to have been an un- 
welcome duty {Mitchell Papers^ ^ Add, MSS, 
6800, p. 86), On 18 Sept, 1765 he exchanged 
fipom tlio Guards to tte 39th foot, and on 
6 Aug. 1766 was promtited colonel of that 
repiment, in successitm to Iieuteiiaiit-gen<»ral 
Aldeivran,decea.«ed, On 25 May 1768 he was 
appointed heutcuant-ijovernor of Gibraltar, 
whither his regiment bad proceeded {Homt 
Off. Militant Entry Bookft, vol* xxrii.) 
Sundry references to Colonel Bovd will be 
found in the Calendars of Home Oftice Papers 
for 170tV70, and a number of letters written 
by him whiUt acting governor of Gibraltar 
are in BritiBli Mufseum, Add, MBS, 24159 to 
24163. He became a raajor-g-eneral in 1772^ 
and lieuteiuint-general in 1777. He wna 
second in command under Lord Heath field 
during tlu^ famous defence of Gibraltar from 
1779 to 1783, and it was at his suggestion 
that red-hot shot were ^irst employed for the 
destruction of the enemv's floating batteries 
(Dr IKK WAT EH, p. 129)» PoT hi 9 distinguished 
scr\'jces at this event™ period he was created 
K.B. In May 1790 he succeeded Lord 
Heathfield a« governor. On 12 Oct. 1793 
he attained the rank of genera b f^^*^ died on 
13 May 1794. He was buried in a tomb con- 
structed by his directions in the king^s bastion 
on the Fea-linc of defences, in the salient 
angle of which is a marble tablet, the very 
existence of which is now unknown to many 
dwellers on the Bock^ with the following 
inscription: * Within the walls of tbii^ bastion 
are depoe^ited the mortal remains of the late 
General Sir Kobt^rt Boyd, K.B., governor of 
this fortresis, who died on 13 May 1794^ aged 
84 ytmr^. By him the first stone of the 
baation was laid in 1773, and under his super- 
vision it was completed, when, on that occa- 
sion, in his address to the troops, he expressed 
a wish to pee it resist the combined efrorta of 
France and Spain, which wnsh was accom- 
plished oil 13 Sept. 1782^ when» by the fire 
of this bastion, the flolilhi expressly designed 
for the cjipture of this fortress were utterly 
destroyed. 

A mural tablet in the King's Chapel, Gib- 
raltar, also records the date of his death and 
the place of his buriaL 

[AngUiE NotitiEP, 1727—55; Ordnance Wmratit 
Books in Public Record Office; Bearson'a Nav. and 
Mil. Memoirs (ed. 1804), i. 490-1 ; Shorthand 
Koixirt Trial AdrtiinJ Byng, Brit. Mus,, TFia.la ; 
Annual Army Lists; Hamilton's Hist. Gren, 
Guurd.«, vol. iii. Appendix; Ciiniion*s Hist. Rec. 
39th Foot ; Add. MSS. 6726 C and 6860 f. 86 ; 
Add. MSS, Lord Granby's Orders; Add. MSS. 
24169-63 ; Calendars Home Office Papers, 1760- 
72 ; Drinkwater's Sieg^ of Gibraltar (ed, 1844), 
,p. 11-12, 129, 164-6; Soots Mag. Ivi. 442,^ 
"otes and Queries, 6th ser. x. 6.] H. M. C, 



BOYDp ROBERT (d, 1883), writer on 
disea.ses of the itisane, became a member of 
the Roval Colle^ of Surgeons in 1830, and 
in the following year graduated M.D. in the 
university of Edinburgh, In 1836 he be- 
came a licentiate of the Royal College of 
Physicians^ and in 1852 was elected to the 
fellowsliip of the college. For gome time he 
was resident physician at the Marylebone 
workhouse innrmary* and afterwards physi- 
cian and superintendent of the Somerset 
county lunatic asylum. He tlien became 
pn>prietor and manager of the Sonthall Park 

frivate asylum, which was destroyed on 
4 Aug. 1883 by a fire in which he loot his 
life. In th*^ vanoiL«i position? in which he 
wiKS placed he utilised to the utmost his op- 
portnnitiea for original research. He pub- 
I lished the annual 'ReportB on the Pauper 
I Lunatics* at the St. Marylebone infirmaij 
' and the {Somerset county asylum, and contri- 
buted num<*rous independent papera to the 
literature of pathology and pi^ycholof(ical 
medicine. He was the author of pntho- 
logical contributions to the 'Roynl Jfedica.1 
and Chinirgieal Transactions/ vols. xxiv. 
and xxxii., and to the * Edinhnrgh Medical 
Journal/ vols, Iv. to Ixxii. j of * Tables of 
the Weights of the Human Body and In- 
ternal Organs/ in the * rbilo&nphical IVanB- 
actions;^ and of a paper, * The Weight of 
the Brain at different Ages and in various 
Diseases.' To the * Journal of Mental Sci- 
! ence ' he contributed no fewer than sixteen 
' papers on * Treatment of the Infiane Poor/ 
* Biscapes of the Nervous System/ ' Statistics 
of Pauper Inf:anity/ and cognate subjects, 
the mo.st important being that on * General 
I Paralysis of the Insane * in the 'Journal of 
Mental Science' for May and October 1871^ 
' the residt of 155 powt-mortem examinations 
of persons who had died from that disease in 
the Somerset county asylum. He was also 
the author of three papers on * Vital Statis- 
tics/ 'Insanity/ and *The Pauper Lunacy 
Laws/ published in the * Lancet, 

I [Lancet . 1 883. li. 352-3 j Medical Times, 1883. 
ii. 240-ftO.] 



U 



BOYD, WALTER (1754 M837). finan- 

I cieft wan born alxjut 1754, Before the 

I outbreak of the French revolution he waa 

j engaged as a banker in Paris^ but the pro- 

i gre^s of events soon caused him to flee it>r 

his life, whilst the property of the firm of 

BnyfljKpT, & Co., of which he was the chief 

I member^ was confiscated in October 179^1 On 

15 March 179;i the firm of Boyd, lli?nfield, & 

Co. was established iu L^jndon. Boyd, as the 

I principal partner, contributed 00,000/. to the 

I common etock, and his * name, connectionBi 




■ad exertions' soon cametl it to a great I the Sinking Fund* (1815, 2nd ed. 1828), Tbis 
* pitch of celebrity.' He wtw * zealously wa8 written in eaptivity in France in 1812. It 
JUjicbed to Mr. Pitt, and enjoyed his coufi- enlarges on tbi' benefits of a sinking fund as 
deaci* for many years' (aflv»^rti&<^ment to 2nd a metins of clearings ofl' national debt, and 
editioQ t»f Letter to Pitt). lie wa^j em|iloyed explaim various scbemes* for its appliciition. 
in contracting to the amount of ovei- thirty 3. * Olj^ervat ions on l^jrd Grenvi lie's Es^say 



ions for large govenunent loans, and for 
time was very protsjieroim. Fie was also 



poeket 



tile period of his election was 

bofougb of 

who was rtjtumed along with liim ( IIuTi'HiNS, 



on the Sinking Fund' (London, 182H), pursues 
the same line of argument, and is a ivjily to 



\ for Shaft4isbury ( 179fJ-l802), which at the treatLne uf that nobleman pitbliahed the 



same year. 



[GfDt. Mng, for 1837. p. o48 ; Letter to the 

Sut^ffyof County of Dvrget, nu 19, 20, \V est- Co.. hy Walter Bovd, 1800 ; List ^Ji Members of 
minster, 18*38), Aft4?r a few yeans the firm I Parliament ; Commons Return, purt ii, 1 Mar«h 
lot into difficulties. It had at one tune \ 1878.] F, W. 

likely that the property seized at Paris i 

he restored, but the revolutiun of BOYD, WILLIAM, fourth Earl OF KiL- 
4 Sept, 1797 caused the overthrow of tliu Maknock (1704-1746), belongL>tl to a family 
guvomment which had taken the pi-eliminary | which derives its deisc'ent from Simon, third 
Ati-'pa towards this restitution, and the tin id | eon of Alan, lord hi^h chancellor of Scotland, 
tuoiiscation of the pfoperty followed. In and brother of Walter^ the first high steward 

tionofadiHerent issue, Boyd, Beutield, of Scotland. Simon':? grandson Uobert was 

bad entered into various arrangementa ' awarded a grant of hinds in Cunniiighame by 

ri,. ■ • " ■ — , ^ . . , 



ch soon resulted in disaster. lheyol>- 
i Uined private help, and even assista,nce from 
I ^j ^^^ ^^ |-gr, ij,^ ajfiairs of the 



amse If ruined, 
[tlif brief interval of jxjace (March 1802-May 
1H0J4)» wa?* oue of the detained, and wjis not 
^lea.^ed till the fall of Xftpoleon in 1814, 
!)n his return to England he wos able to re- 
over something of his former prosperity, and 
Hi tL» MkP. for the borough of Lymingtoa 
April 1823 to 1830. Scott *met liim 



Alexander III, as a reward frir bis bmveryat 
the brittle of Lfugs, 12()3. Fr<mi the earliest 
times the family was noted Ibr its antagomsm 
to the English, and it is recorded of Sir llobert 



were put into ho nidation, and Boyd 

lie visited France in | Boyd that he was a stjjiuiich partisan of Sir 



Williiim Wallace, and subi^equently of Bruce, 
from whom be received a grant ot^ the lands 
of Kilmarnock, BondiTigton, and Hertschaw 
(Hervey, Life of Bruce). 

William, ninth lord Boyd, descendfuit of 
Robert, first lord Boyd [q. v.], was created 
first earl of Kilmarnock ny Charles II, by 



1828, and givea an account, appa- patent bearing date 7 Aug. 166L 

ntly not quite accunUe, of his remarkable ! The third ejirl was an lurdent supporter of 

'li-4iacrifice on behalf of his creditors (Lock- I the house of Hanover* Bae, in his * History 

Jir'fi Life of Scott ^ ch. Ixxvi.) lie died . of the Kebellion,' says of him : 'It must not 

Plaistow Lodge, Kent, on lO Sept, 1837. , be forgot that the Earl of Kilmarnock ap- 

Boyd wrote several pamphlets on financial ' peared here at the head of above 600 of 

bjecta, which were not without weight in ' nis own men well apTX>inted , . . and that 

.emselves, and to which the author's po&i- ' which addeti ver\' much unto it was the early 

1 gave additional force. Thev were: blossoms of the loyal principle and education 

Letter to the Right Honoumhle William of my Lord lk>yd, who, though but eleven 

itt luithelnlluencH of the Stoppage of Issues I veafs of age, appeared in arms with the Earl 

Specie at the Bank of England on the ' n is father. Tin* was in 171o» and the boy 

earl of Kilmarnock in 1717. He was born in 
1704, his mother being the Lady Euphane, 



prices of Provisions and otber Commodities ' 
Tendon, 180!, 2nd ed. 1811). This waseaOed 
brth by a pamphlet on the effects of the sus- 
i^nsion of cash payments in 17^7, and was 
Dtended to prove * that the increase of bank- 
is the principal cause of the great rise 
1 the price of commodities and every species 
'exchangeable value' (p. 7)* These con- 
Jusions were attacked by Sir Francis Baring 



eldest daughter of the eleventh Lord Boss. 
His character wa^s generous, open, and affec- 
tionate, but he was pleasure-loving, vain, and 
inconstant. He was educiited at Glasgow, and 
during the earlier part of his life he continued, 
in accordance with bis fat her *s principles, to 
his * Obs«rvat ions ' (1801) ami a number I support the bougie of Hanover; and we find 
other writers(a list of some of these is given I that, on the death of Gt?c3rge I, he sent an 
general index to Monthly Mevtet&fljimdoiit order calling on tbe autborilies of Kilmar- 
16, i. tilO), 2. *Keflections on tbe Financial I nock to hold ^ tbe train bands in readiness for 
item of Great Britain, and particidarly on " proclaiming the Prince of Wales/ It was not 



indeed until ^juite fbe cloheof tli*?reb*?llionof 
*45 thut liH proved fiilae to the opinions wliich 
this iict shows liitn to have held. Viirunis 
reasons are assijjm'd tor Im defect itm ; by somt* 
it waa attributu'd to the hiJluence of hia :w^Lie^ 
Liidy Anne Livinj^tone, who was a catholicj 
a nd w hose 1 at h e r, ti ft h eu rl of Li n I i tliir*^ w , had 
been iataint<*d for treason in 1715, iSmollett, 
however, says : * lie en^aijeil in the rebellion 
pjirtly thnnijj:li the de^itemte situation of his 
fortune, and partly tbroui^b resentment to the 
government on his being tleprived of a TM-'DFion 
which he had for some time enjoyed. This 
opinion is sup parted by Horace Walpole, who 
mentions tbnt the pension wa« obtained by his 
father (8ir Uobert Walp<iie)and fitop|>ed by 
Lord Wilmington. In liis confession to Mr. 
James Foster^a dissenting minister who at- 
tended him from the time sentence of death 
was pushed on him to the day of hb execu- 
tion^! he earl liimself says: * The true root 
of all wtt,s his careless and dissolute Uie^ by 
whieb he bad reiluced himself to preat and 

Jierplexing difficulties.* The jiersuiL^ions of 
lis witV\ who was cflptivatetl by theatlVihility 
of the youn^ Pretender, no doubt influenced 
him in deserting the Hanoverian ctiuse; but 
the hoTje of bettering his Htntitened fortunes 
by a clmnge of dy misty must alst) be taken 
into account. His estates were much encum- 
bered when he succeeded to them, and a lon|^ 
course of dij?sipution and extravH^ance had 

Elun|2:ed him into sudi embarras^sment that 
13 wife writes to him : * ^Vfter plng^uinc^ the 
Stewart for a fortnight I have only siicceeded 
in obtaining- three shillings from him.* 

When he finally jcjined the rebels he was 
received by Prince Ohnrles ^Yith great marks 
of distinction and esteem, and wm made by 
him a pri\y councillor, colonel of the guards, 
and subsequently general. He took a leading 
part in the battle of Falkirk. 17 Jan. 174a At 
tht) battle of Culloden be was taken prisoner 
in consequence of a mistake he made in sup- 
posing & troop of English to be a body of Fitz- 
Jumefi^fi horst\ In bis speech at the trial he 
pleftded as an extenuating circumstance tliat 
his surrender was voluntary, but afterwards 
admitted the truth, and requested Mr. Foster 
to publish his coiifessiou. Un 29 May he, to- 
gether wiih the Earl of Cromarty and Lord 
Balin^rino, was lodged in the Tower. They 
were subsequently tried l>:*fore the House of 
Lords, and con victed of high t reason , notwit h- 
standiug an eloquent speech from Lord Kil- 
mamoi^'k. The court was presided over by 
Lord Hardwicke as lord high steward ^ and his 
conduct on this occasion seems to have been 
strangely wanting in judicial impartiality. 
Walpole, in a letter to bir Horace Mann com- 
menting on t his, says : * To t he prisoners he was 



peevish, and insteHil of keeping up to tl 
mane dignity of the law of England, 



the hu- 
who8e 

character it is to point out favour to th© 
criminalj he cmsi^ed them and almost scoffed 
at any otter they made towards defence.* 

The sentence on Lord Cromarty was after- 
wards remitted, but no such grace was ac- 
corded to Ijord Kilmarnock, principilly on 
account of the errcjneoua belief held by the 
Duke of Cumberland that it was be who was 
responsible for the order that no qnarterwas 
to l»! given to the Engliisb at Culloden. 

On 18 Aug, 1740 he was executetl on Tower 
Hill in company with Lord Balmcrino. He 
is described as lieing * tall and slender, with 
an extreme line person/ and his bt?haviour at 
the execution wa^ held to be *» most just 
mixture between dignity and sHbmi?%sion.' 

Hia lands were contiK-atod, but subse- 
quently restored to his eldest son, and sold 
by him to the Earl of Glen cairn. The title 
was merged in 1758 in that of ErroL 

[Pnterson's History of Ayr, 1847; M'Kay** 
Ilistorj" of Kilimmock, 18()4; Doran's London 
in the Jacjobit43 Tinifs, 1871 ; Moure's Com pi eat 
Account of the Live* of the two Eebel Lords, 
1746^ Ford'i Life of Wilbam Boyd, Earl of 
Kilmarnock, 1746; Foster's Account of the Be- 
baviour of William Boyd, Earl of Kilmarnock, 
1746 ; Obsorvations and H^marks on tht* tvo 
Accoimt® lately publiihed by J. Ford and J. Faater, 
1746 ; Gent. Mag. ivi. ; Scobs Mag- viii. ; HowtjQ's 
JState Trials, xviii.] N. G. 

BOYD, WILLIAM {d. 1772), Irish pre»- 
byteriau minister, was ordained minister of 
Macosquiiijco. Dern^, by the Co I eraine presby- 
tery, on 31 Jan. 1710. He is memorable aa 
the l>earer of a commiKsion to Colonel Samuel 
8uitte, ffovemor of New England, embtxlying 
a proposal for an extensive emigration from 
CO. Derry to that colony. The commission 
is dated 26 March 17 18, is aigned by nine 
preabyterian ministers and 2C^ members of 
their flocks, who declare their 'sincere and 
hearty inclination to transport oureelves to 
that very exct Bent and renowned Plantation, 
u]K)n oitr obtaiuinjT from His Excellency 
suitable encouragement/ Wit berow reprints 
the document^ with the signatures in full, 
from Edward Lutw^che Parkers * Hi.<itoTy 
of Loncbjuderrv, New Hani]J.shire,^ Boi^ton, 
lHr>l. Bnyd fullilhd ilia mmim in 1718. 
How he waa received is not known ; the in- 
tended eraijyration did not, however, take 
place. But in t be same year, without await- 
ing the issue of Boyde ncffotiation, James 
M'Grepor (minister of Agbadowey, co. Deny, 
from 1701 to 1718)* who had not si^ed the 
document, emigrated to New Hampshire with 
Bome of his jjeople, and there founded a town 
to which was given the name of Londonderry, 



In ike Don-eubecription controversy Boyd 
t^k A wajTD pftit , W hi? n t he general syn od of 
Ulat^in 17:^1 permit tetl those of its membera 
tofttbBCribe the Westminster Confession who 
tknight fit, K^iyd woa one of the sij^fttories. 
He was on the committee of six lipjiointetl 
\n 1724 to draw tip articles up-iiineit Tlionnis 
Nerin» M.A. (minister of Do^Mipntrick from 
1711 to 1744; iiwiised of impugning the deity 
Ttl3iniit), and probably limited the docii- 
Mt, Kext year Boyd movt^d frfim Miteos- 
(jnin to a congrc^gation nearer Lfindondern, 
loctoatlj known »s Taughboyne, auliHe^piiit ty 
rb, where he was installed by iK-rry 
on 2o April \7'2iy. The stipend 
WOttjged'wiiS 60/, The congregation bnd 
II ken vaciuit since the removal of William 
^K Gray to Ushers QuaVt Dublin, in 172L In 
^B 1727 Gray, without eccle^iiasticiil sanction, 
^m tMsoB back to Taughboyne and 8et up an 
^B oppoeition meeting in a dij^ui^ed corn-kiln at 
& Johnston, within the bijunds of \m old 
oongregatioQ, Hence aroae defections, re- 
cnminations, and the diminution of Boyd 'a 
itipeiid to 401, The general synod elected 
Hum moderator at Dimgannon in 17»5Q, The 
Bonnon with which he conclufled lii.s term of 
^_Ol&ee in the following year at Antrim proved 
^■Jn^ orthodoxy a* a sufecrib^^r tn the Wa*it- 
^Kiaiiiitter Confession, «nd perhaps nbo proves 
that the influence of a non-subscribing pub- 
lication, above ten yearn old, was by no 
Ekeans spent. It id directed specially against ' 
famous di^ourRe by the non-anbscribing ' 
fter of the town in w!iich it wiii? de- 

, [1, John Abemethy, M.A., whose * Ue- 

li^ous Obedience foundfKl on Personal Per- 
auaaion ' was pre iie lied at Belfast on 9 Dec. | 
"1719, and printed in \7'20 fs^e Abkrkethy, i 
|oio?, 1680-1740]. Boyd de<'ides tbiu ' con- j 
aence is not the supreme lawgiver,' and thut ' 
I has no judicial authority except in so far ' 
^ administ^ra * the law of God,* an expres- | 
^irhich with him i» synonymous with the I 
Iterpretation of Soripture accept ed by his 
church* In 1734 Boyd was an unsuccessful 
candidate for the clerkship of the generul 
innod. His xeal for the faith was again 
anown in 1735^1, when he took the lead against 
Kicbard Aprichard, a probationer of the 
Armagh pre,sbyter\', who had scniplea about 
some points of the Confession , and ultimately 
idthdrew frf»m the <*ynod'8 jurisdiction. He 
LS one of the ten divinei* aj^pointed by the 
nod at Magherafeit on Id June 1747 to ' 
ftw up a * Serious Warning * to be read from 
I pulpits against dangerous errors* creeping 
lito our bounds.' Tliese errors were in re- 
ence to such doctrines aju original sin, the I 
paatiAfaction of Chriat,' the Trinity, and the | 
fltbority of Scripture, The synod, in spite 





of its * Serioua W^arntng,' would not enter- 
tain a proposal to forbid the growing practice 
of intercommunion with the non-siib&crilxjrT*. 

I We hear nothing more of Jtoydtill his death, 

I wliich occurred at an ndvanctxi age on ii May 
1772. He published only * A Good Con- 

, science a Neoe»i*aryQuiiliJication of a Gospel 
Minister, A Btirmon ( lieb. xiii. 18) preached 

I at Antrim June loth 17^1, at a General 
Synod of the Protestants of the Presbyterian 
Persuasion in the North of Ireland,' Derry, 
1731, 18mo. 

[Witherow's Hiat. and Lit. Mem. of Presb. 
in Ireland, 2nd 8*t. 1880, p. I ; ArmMtrong's Ap- 
pendix to Ordination Service^ Jam<^ MartiuBau, 
1829, p. 102; Manu^jcript Extracts from Ml tmbes 
I of General Synod,] A. O, 

I BOYD, ZACHARY (16«^?-1668), was 
I a descendant of the family of Boyd of Pen- 
kill in Ayrshire. He wm Ixirn alxjut 1585, 
and was first educated at Kilmarnock, whence 
I he went to Glasgow University in 160L He 
abo attended the university of St. Andrews 
I from 1603 to lti07, and graduated tliere as 
M*A, Subsequently he went over to the 
protest ant college of Sauraur, in France, and 
I was offered, but declined, the principaiship 
of that college. He resided in France for 
sixteen years, and seems to have left it on 
account of the religious troubles. In I0ii3 
he returned to Scotland, and was aj^pointed 
minister of the Barony parish in Glasgow. 
He died in 1653, The latter part of bis life 
wn« spent in the management of bis parish 
and of the affiiirs of the Glasgow University, 
in wliicb he took a deep interest, and in lite- 
rary pursuits. Only a part of bis writings 
were printed ; some atill remain in manu- 
8cri|it in the poeaession of Glasgow Uni- 
versity, to which he left tliem, along with a 
money bequest, which not only asi^isted in 
providing new building*, but served to eata- 
dUbH aome buraariea. His bust, well known 
to many generations of students, stood in a 
niche of the quadrangle which wa8 built 
with his bequest, until a few years ago the 
university deserted those buildingaand moved 
to itA present situation, where the bust is still 
preserved in the hhrar3^ Boyd served tlm 
olHccs of dean of faculty, rector, and vice- 
chancellor in the univerf<ity during several 
years. His printed prose works appeared 
between 1629 and 1650 ; the printed poetical 
works between 1640 and IBo-J, * The Bat tell 
of the Soul in Deatir ( 16'2^}), dedicatwl to 
Charles I, and in French to Queen Henrietta 
Maria, while the second volume contams a de- 
dicatory letter to Elizabeth, tjueen of Bohemia, 
on the death of her son Frederick, is a &ort 
of prose manual for the sick. About 1640 



lie published a poem on Geaeral Lealy's vie- 
[tory at Newbum, which is marked by i\w 
ttitmost extrftvagance and absurrlity of lan- 
Iguage and of metjiphor In 1640 he piib- 
TiRhed * Four lj«}tl*;ra of Comforts for the 
deaths of Earle of Haddington and of Lord 
Boyd.' The •rsalras of David in Meeter/ 
with metrical vt^riiions of the aones of the 
Old and New Testament, was publiahed in 
[1648. The manuscript writings of Boyd, 
preserved in Ghu^j^ow University, are very 
voltiminous, and ^ome tjxtracta have been 
pahUsbed aa curiot?itiea. The chief portions 
are the * Four Evanjg^els' in verse, and a col- 
^ lection of poetical storieK, taken chiefly from 
Bible hijsstoryT which he cuil» * Zion's Flowert^t* 
and which, having been commonly called 
* Boyd's Bible,' gave cnrrency to the idea 
that he had translated the whole Bible, The 
Btoriea are often ahsiird enough in style and 
treutment, but the general notion tjf their 
abBurdities has been exaj^ge rated from the 
l^act that they were abundantly parodied by 
those whose object was to cancature the 
preabj'terian style which Boyd represented. 
He seems to have been inclined to oppose 
[ the policy of the royalist party even in earlier 
days^ for though h« wrote a Latin ode on 
the coronation of Charles I at Holyrood in 
16ii3, his dffdication of the ' Battell of the 
Soul ' to the king contained what must have 
been taken m a retiection on the want of 
strict Sabbatarianism in the episcopal church. 
In later years he became & staunch cove- 
nanter, but did not reli.sh the triumph of 
Cromwell In 1650 he preached before Crom- 
well in the cat lied rah and, as we are told, 
' railed at him to his face.' Thurloe, Crom- 
well's secretary,, would have called him to 
account, but Cromwell took means to pay 
him back more effect nally in kind by inviting 
him to dine and then treating him to three 
hours of prayer,s. Alter that, we are told^ 
Boyd found hi mat 'If on better terms with the 
Protector* Iteflecting many of the oddities 
and absurdities of style which were charao 
teridtic of his time. Boyd seems nevertheless 
I to have been a man of considerable energy 
and shrewdness, and to have won a fair 
amount of contemporary popularity as an 
author. 

[Four Letters of Comfort, 1640, reprinted Edin. 
1878; Four Poems from Zions Flowors, by Z. B.^ 
with inti'oductory notice by G. Neil. Glasgow, 
1866 ; The Last Battle of the Soul in Death, 
Edin. 16290 H. C. 

BOYBELL, JOHN (1719-1804), en- 

craver, print publi oilier, and lord niay*jr, was 

bom at borrington in Shropshire on 19 Jan, 

i 1719* His father, Joeiah, waa a land surveyor, 



and his mother*B maiden name was Milne«. 
His grandfather was tbe Rev. J. Boydell, 
D.D., vicar of Ashbourne and rector of Maple 
ton in Derbyshire. Boydell wjli brought up 
to his father's profession, but when about 
one-and-twenty he appears to have aban- 
doned it in favour of art. He walked up t^3 
Lfondon^ became a student in the 8t. Martin's 
Lane academy, and ap]»renticed himself to 
W. H. Toms^ the enjenraver. The year of his 
apprenticeship is stated by liimself to have 
been 1741, but in another place he says that 
he bound himself apprentice when * within a 
few months of twentyHine years of mge.^ It 
is .'iaid that he was moved to do this by his 
admiration of a print by Toms, tifier Bades- 
I lade, of Hawarden Castle, but we have his 
I own statement engraved upon his first print 
that he * never saw an eitgraved cop|M*r-plate 
before be came on trial.* This first print, 
I which was begun immediately on being bound 
apprentice, is a copy of an engraving by Le 
• Kas after Teniers* He soon l>egan to publish 
on his own account small laudscatjes, which 
he produced in sets of six and sold for six- 
pence. One of these was knovra as his 
I * Bridgebook * btjcause t here was a bridge in 
, each view. As there were few prints-shops at 
that time in London, he inducwi the sellers 
of toys toexpoeethem in their windows, and 
his moat successful shop was at the sign of 
j the Cricket-bat in Duke s Ct:purt, St. Martin's 
I Lane. Twelve of these small landscape plates 
are included in the collect ion of his engravings 
I which he published in 1790, and the earliest 
date to be found on any of them is 1744. In 
the next, year he appeiixs to have commenced 
the publication, at the price of one shilling 
each, of larger views about London, Oxford, 
and other places in England and Wales, 
drawn and engraved by himself. This prac- 
tice he continued with s?uce»*i*s for about ten 
years, by which time he had amassed a small 
capitaL This was the foundation of his for- 
tune. In the copy of the Collection of 1790 
in the British Museum, which was presented 
by him to Miss Banks (daughter of the sculp- 
tor), is presor^^^d an autograph note, in which 
he calls it *The only book that had the ho- 
nour of making a Lord Mayor of London.' 
In the * advert isement ' f>r preface to the 
volume he speaks of his master Toms as one 
* who had himself never rii*en to any degree 
of perfection/ and adds, * indeed at that 
period there was no engraver of any emi- 
nence in this country.' Of his own engrav- 
ings he speaks ivith proj>er humility, for 
beyond a certain neatness of execution they 
have little merit. * Th#5 engraver hai now 
collected them/ he wrote, * more to show the 
improvement of art in this eoimtry, since 



^^ihe period of tht-Lr publication, than from 
iVaiiT idea of their own merit b/ 

Thouffli not altog^ether reliTiquifihing the 
burin till about 1767, lie Imd loii^ fiefopp 

rrUiifl commenced his carei3r a.'! a prmti^f^ller 
& publisher of the works of oilier en- 
iTers, After serving six years with Toms, 
purchased the remainder of his term of 
ipprenticeahipf and the success of his j>rints, 
BBpeciaUT of a \ohime of views in En|Oflaiid 

%aid WJes, published in 1761, enabled him 
to set up in husineas on his own account. 
The fir«t engniTing of great importance pro- 

b^uced under his encouragement was WwjI- 

f lett*s plate after Wilson's * Niobtv^ published 
in 176L This was also (with tbe exception 
of Hogarth's prints) the first important t^ri- 
graring by a British engraver after a British 
painter. J. T. Smith, in his account of Woo!- 
lett appended to * Nollekens and his Times,' 

p^reeountd the history of this plate as told him 
'by Ikiydelh * When I got a little forward in 
the world/ said Boy dell, * I took a whole shop, 
for at my commencement I kept only half a 
one. In the course of one year I imported 
numerous impreH«ions of Vernet a celebmted 

" '* Storm/" so admirably engraved by Lerpi- 
ieref for which I w*ia obliged to ptiy in 
* caab, as the French took none of our 
ats in return. Upon Mr. Woollett^e ex- 
^irtaainff himself highly delighted with this 
print of the " Storm;' I was induced^ knowing 
bis ability as an engraver, to ask him if he 
thought he could prcnluce a print of the same 
size, wliich I could send over^ so that in 
future 1 could avoid payment in money, and 
pnjve to the French tmtion that an English- 
man could produce a print of e(jual merit ; 
upon which he immediately declared that he 

Isnould much like to try.' 

The result was the print of * Niobe/ for 
which Boy dell agreed to pay 100/,, * an un- 
heard of price, being considerably more than 
1 had given for any copperplate/ He had, 
however, to advnnee the engraver more than 
this iH'fore the plate was finished. Very few 

.proofs were struck off, and os. only was 
diarged for the prints ; but the work brought 
^ydell 2,000^. It was followed liy the 
I Phaeton/ oJao eneraved by WooUett,' after 
Tilaon, and published by Boydell in 1763. 
These prints had a large sale on the con- 
inent, ¥rith which an enormous trade in 
Engli»*h engravings was soon estabtished. 

p^Boydell's enterprise increased with his capi- 
tal, and he continued to employ the latter in 
encouraging Engliah talent. In the list of 
t employed bv him are the names of 

^ , M*Ardell, 'Flail, Earlom, Sharpe, 

lieurii^ J. Smith, Val. Green, and other 
Englishmen, and a large proportion of the 



prints he published were, from the first, after 
Wilson, West, Reynolds, and other English 
painters. His foreign trade fiprewd tbe fame 
of English engravers and Knglish painters 
abroad for the first time. The receipts from 
some of the plates, especiallv the engravings 
by Woollett iifter We«t'»* ' l)eath of General 
Wolfe,' and * Battle of La Hogue,' were 
enormons. In 17^Nj he stated the receipt* 
from the former amoimted to 15,000/. Both 
wei'e copied by the best engravers in Paris 
and Vienna, 

In 1790 he was elected lord mayor of Lon- 
don, having been elected alderman for the 
ward of Cheap in 17t*5, and served sheriii' 
I in 17Hij. During his career as a print pnb- 
I lisher the course of the foreign trade in 
I prints was turned from an import to an ex- 
I port one. It was stated by the Earl of Suf- 
I tolk in the House of Lordg that the revenue 
coming into this country frfim this branch 
I of art at one time exceeded 200,000^. per 
I nnnum. Having amassed a large fortune, 
I B<>ydell in 178(i embarked upon the most 
important enterprise of his life, vix. the pub- 
lication, by tiubbcription, of a series of prints 
illustrative of Shakespeare, after pictures 
painted expreeu^ly for the work by English ar- 
tists. For tilled purj)o«e he gave commissions 
t^ all the most celebrated painters of this 
country for pictures, and built a gallery in 
Pall Mall for their exhibition. The execution 
of thii* project extended over several years. 
In 1781> the Slmkespeare Gallery contained 
thirty-four pictures, in 1791 sixty-five, in 
1802 one hundred and sixty*two, of which 
eighty^bur were of large si^e. The total 
number of works executed was 170, three of 
wtuch were pieces of sculpture, and theartista 
employed were thirty-three puint era and two 
sculptor!!*^ Thomas B!ink^4 and the Hon. Mrs. 
Uamer. It apj^ears from the preface to the cata- 
logue of 17H0, and from other recorded state- 
ments of Doydell, that he wishi'd to tlo Ibr Eng- 
li^h painting what he had done for English 
engraving, to make it respected by foreigners, 
and there is independent evidence of the 
generous gj)irit in which he eonducted the 
enter^>rise, Norlhcote, in a letter addressed 
to Mrs*. Carev, 3 Oct. IBiU^says: *Mv picture 
of **The Death of Wat Tyler'* was painted 
in the year 178ti for my friend and patron 
Alderman Boydelt, who did more for tlie ad- 
vancement of the arts in England than the 
whole mass of nobility put together. He 
paid me more nobly than any other person 
has done; and his memory I shall ever 
hold in reverence.* 

Boy dell's * Shakespeare ' was published in 
1802, but the French revolution nad stopped 
his foreign trade, and placed him in such 



i 



r^Aerious financial difiicultiea that in 1804 he 

_ was obli^d to apply to parliament for permis- 
sion to dispOBe of \m property by lottery. Tbis 
property was verycousiderabk. In i\w pre- 
vious year Messrs. B<>ydell had published a 
atologue of their «tO€k in forty-eight volumes, 

"^"Which comprised no less than 4,432 plates, 
of which :?,293 were after lilnglish jirt ists. In 
a letter read to the House of Commons Boy- 
dell wrote: *lhaveliiid out with my brethren, 
in promoting the commtiTce of the fine arts in 
t his CO unl ry , a bove iiiiO,! KK J// In h is pri n t etl 
lottery scheme it is stated that it hwd htwu 
proved before botli houw^s of purlifiment that 
the plates from which the prize prints were 
taken cost upwards of 300, IK Kit ^ his pictures 

tand drawings 46,266/,, and the Shakeapnar^i 
Gallery upwards of m,Oi)0l, The lottery 
consisted of 2'J,0OO tickets, all of which were 
sold. The sum rticeived enabled Boydell to 
pay his debtn, hut he died at his liouse in 
Uheapside on 1:5 Dec, 1804, before the lottery 

I Wits dra^Ti. 

This was done on 28 Jan. I80o^ when the 
chief prize, which included the Shakespeare 
Gallery^ pictures and estate, fell to Mr.Tassie, 
nephew of the celebrated imitator of cameos 
in glass, who sold the projierty by auction. 
The pictures and two bas-reliefs by the Hon. 
Mrs. Darner realised 6,181/, 18^^ 6//. The 
gallery was purchased by the British Insti- 
tution, and Baidrts'f^ * Apotheosis of Shake- 
speare * WHS reserved for a monument over 
the remains of Boydell. This piece of gculi>- 
ture, however, after remainiujf^ lor many 
years in its original position over the en- 
trance to the galler3% baa now been removed 
to 8tratford-up^>n-Avon. 

Although Boydell appears to have been 
responsible for an imiMjsition on the puhlie 
in regard to Woolletts print of * The Deuth 
of General Wolfe/ the entire property of 
which fell into his hands rifter the eng^raver a 

►death— the plate was n* paired and unlettered 
proofs printed and sold — his career was one 
of well-won honour and success, until the 
French revolution marred his prosperity. 
His inlluence in encouraging native art in 
England was great and sal u tar)', assuming 
projw>rtions of national importance. It is 
true that tlte Boydell * Shakespeare/ taken aa 
a whoH seems now to shed little lustre on 
the English school, but this was not Boy- 
dell's fault; he employed the beat artista he 
could get— Reynolds^ Sfcothard,Smirke, Honi- 
ney, Fuseli, Opie, Barry, West, Wright of 
Derhy, Angelica Kauftman, WcstaB, Hamil- 

_ ton, and ot hers. It must also be remembered 
hat this was the fir.««t great eftbrt of the kind 
ver made by English artists, and its inJlvi- 
nce cannot easily be overestimated. Boy- 



dell desen'ea great credit for bis patriotism, 
generosity to artists, and public spirit. To 
the corporation of London he presented the 
frescoes by Rig"aud on the cnpola of the com- 
mon-council chambt^r, and many other paint- 
ings, including Reynolds's * Lord Heatlitield / 
to the Stationers^ Company, West's • Alfred 
the Great ' and Graliam's ^ Escape of Mary 
Queen of Scot*.' It was his intention, before 
the reverse of his fortune.^, to befiuealh the 
Shakesware gallery of paintings to the na- 
tion. In 1748 he mamed Elizabeth Lloyd, 
second da%^hter of Edward Lloyd of the 
Fords, near Oswestry, in Shropshire/by whom 
he had no issue. He was buried at St . Ulave's, 
Coleman Street. 

[ChjdmerH'M Biog. Diet. ; KadgraTo's Diet, o. 
Artiste (1878) ; Bryants Diet. (Graves, now in 
cour»«^ of publication) ; Amiunl Reg. (1804); 
tieat. Mjig. (1804); Hayloy's Life of Romnoy; 
NoUekeos and his Tiinos; Pyes Patronage ot" 
Britisti Art; A CfiUeetion of Views in Euglaod 
and WjUps hy J, B. (17&0); Shak«speftre*B Dra- 
matic Workjj roTiscd by Steeveos, with plates, 
9 Tola, (1802); A Dflscriptitm uf several Pictures 
presentetl to the Corpf^ration of Loudon by J, B» 
(1794); Catnloguoa of Pictures in Shakespeare 
Oallury (1789-1802); Hansarifs Parhnmoatary 
Df bates, vol. i. 1803-4, p. 249 ] C. M. 

BOYBELL, JOSIAII ( 1753^1817), 
painter and engraver, nephew of Alderman 
John Boydell [q. v.L was bom at the Manor 
House, near Ha warden, Flintshire, on 18 Jan. 
1 752. Giving early proofs of his love for art 
and his ennacity in uesipi, he was sent to Lon- 
don and plaeed under the care and ]mtronage 
of his uncle, whose partner and successor he 
eventually became. He drew from the an- 
tique, studied painting under Benjamin West, 
and acquired tlie art of mezjtotinto engrraving 
from Itif • hanl Earlom. W 1 le n A Ide rm an Boy- 
dell undertook the publication of the series 
of engraving from the famous Houghtor 
colk^^tion previous tn its remoTal to thi 
Ilermitage, St. Petersburg, he employed his 
nephew and Joseph Farington to make the 
necesisary drawings from the pictni-es for the 
u,se of the engravers. Boydell painted seve- 
ral of the subjects for the Shakespeare Gal- 
lery, and exhibited portraits and historical 
subjects at the Itoyal Academy between 1772 
a no 1799. He resided for some time at 
Hampstead, and during the French war as- 
sisted in fiirming the corps known as the 
Loyal Hampstead Volunteers, of wliieh he 
was lieutenant-coloneh He was master of 
the Stationers' Company, and succeeded his 
uncle us alderman of the ward of Cheap, but 
ill-health compelled him to regign this latter 
office within a few years. During the latter 
part of his life he resided at Hal iiford, Middle^ 



wit and he di*>ti t h^re on "27 Mftrch 1817. He 
WIS buried in Hampsit?ad Ghiircli. Among kis 
ITiocipal p&inrings may he mentioned : a por- 
tnit of Alderman John Boy dell ^ exhibited 
it the Academy in 1 rr:2» and engraved by 
Valentine Green ; a portrait of hit* wife^ when 
Hito North, in the character of Juno, exhi- 
bited in 1773; and * Coriolanus takini;^ leave 
of liij Family/ also exhibitefl in 1773. He 
engraved w>me excellenl plates in niezi(> 
tiato: 'Hanj^loe and his Mot lier/ after Rem- 
bfuidt; ♦The Holy Family/ after Carlo 
Kutttti; * The Virgin and Child,' after Par- 
migiimo : * Charles 1/ after A. van Dyck. 

[Magazine of tho Fine Arta, ii, 410 ; M8. notaB 
ID the British Mnaeum.] L. F. 

BOYER, ABEL (1667-1729), mis^-elbj- 

neoua writ4?r, was bam on 24 June U>li7, at 

^L Oeatrrs, in Upper Lan^uedoc, where hia father, 

^^^1 who suffered for his protest ant zeal, wai^ one of 

^■^9 two con^iilf^ or chief magisl rntes. Boyer'e 

^HMMSBtion at the academy of Fnylaurens was 

^^ inter rnpted by the rHli^riotL^^ligfuj-jjances, and 

leavinf^' France with an uncle, a noted Hugne- 

liot preiu!her,he fini-she^l his studies at Frane- 

ker in Frieslnnd, after a brief episode, it is^aid, 

of military fiervice in Holliind. Proceeding 

to En inland in 1689 he fell into great piverty, 

and is repre-*ente<l as tranpcribing and pre- 

[paring for the press Dr. Thomaa Smith's 

lotion of Camaen's Latin correspondence 

I fLandon, 1691). A good classical scholar, 

I Boy er became in 1692 tutor to Allen Bathurst, 

1 afterwarda tirwt Earl Bathnrst, whose father 

1 Bit Benjamin was treasurer of the household 

I of the princefrs, at>enJVardB Queen Anne. Pro- 

j bably through this conn w.t ion be was ap- 

Sointed French teacher to her son Willinm, 
uke of Gloucester, for whose use he prepared 
I and to whom he dedicated * The Uompiete i 
[French Maj^ter/ published in 1694. Disap- I 
I jointed of advancement on account of hi? zeal 
[lor whig principles, he abandoned tuition for 
authorship. InDecemberl6i>9hepr»Klucedon 
the London atage, with indifferent success^ a I 
liiodifie<U.ran9lation in blnnk verse of Itacine s 
f • Ipht(jenie,' which was piibli.«hed in 170()as 
I* Achilles or Iphigenia in Aulis, a triigedy 
limtten by Mr. Boyer/ A second editicm of 
1 it appeared in 1714'as*Tlie Victim, or Achilles ' 
and Iphigenia in Aulis/ in an * advertisement' 
t*iij£ed to which Boyer state^l rhnt in ita ftrst 
I it had * pa?4ged the correction and appro- 
on ' of Dryden. In 1702 appeared at the 
lague the work which has made Boyers a 
lianiiliar name, his * Dichonnaire Royal F^ran- 
ai» et AnglaiM, divis6 en deux parties!/ onteti- 
libly composed fur the use of t he Duke of Glow- 
er^ then dead. It was much suwrior to 
TOiy previous work of the kind, and has been | 



the basig of very many sul>sequent French- 
English dictionariea : t!ie last English un- 
abridged edition is that of 1816 j the edition 
published at Paris in 1860 is j^tated t^ be the 
4 1 St. For the English-French section Boyer 
claimed the merit nf containing a more com- 
plete English dictionary than any previous 
one, the l!]ngliiih wordi? and idioms in it being 
defined and explained as well ns accompanied 
by their F'rencn equivalents. In the French 
' preface to the whole work Boyt^r said that 
j 1,000 English words not in any other English 
dictionary had been iwlded to his bj- Hichard 
Savage, whom he spoke of us his friend, and 
who assisted him in several of his French 
manuals and mi seel bin eons compilations and 
j translations published snhsequently. Among 
I the English versions of French works exe- 
cuted iu whole or in part Ity J^oyer was a 
jxjpular trnnslation of l^^nelon's *■ T6ltoaque,* 
of whicli a twelfth edition appeared in 1728. 
In 1702 Boyer published a 'History of 
Willinm 111," which included one of James II, 
and in 170*i he began to issue ' The History 
of the Reign of C^neen Anne digested int^ 
annalsj' a yearly register of politica.1 atid mis- 
cellaneous occurrences, containing several 
plans and maps illustrating the military 
operations of the war of the Spanish succes- 
sion. Before the hist volume^ the eleventh, 
I of this work appeared in 17lJi, he had com^ 
menced the publication of a monthly periodi- 
1 cal of the same kind, ' The Politii^l State of 
I Great Britain, being an impartial account of 
the most material oecum^nces, ecclesiastical, 
1 civil, and militBrV', in a month Iv letter to a 
j friend in Holland' (88 volumes. 1 tl 1-29). Its 
' contents, whicli were those of a monthly news- 
paper, included abstracts of the chief ptditical 
fmmphlets published on both sides, aud^ like 
I the * Annals,* is, both from its form and niat- 
I ter, very useful for reference, * The Political 
State ' 18, moreover, particularly noticeable aa 
being the first periodical, issued at brief in- 
tervals, which contained a parliamentary' chro- 
nicle, and in which pari iamentary debatea were 
reportedwithcomparntive regularity and witb 
some approximation to accuracy. In the cose 
of the House of Lords' reports various devices, 
such as giving only the initials of the names 
of the speakers, were resorted to in order to 
escajMj punishment, but in the case of the 
House of Commons tbe entire names were 
fretjnently given. According to BoyerV own 
account (preface to his folio llitttoryof Qiti'cn 
Anne^ and to vol. xxxvii. of the Folilical 
State) he had been furnished by members of 
both bouses of parliament (among whom he 
mentioned Lord Stanhope) with reports of 
their speeches, and he had even euooeeded ia 
becoming an occasional ' ear-witBes8 ' of the 



I 




debtttee themaelves^ When he %\ ' ' 

at the beginning of ]7'29 witli 
printers of fbe votes, whoae tm^uop.Mv um > 
accused him of infrin^inff, he asserted tkat fr^r 
thirty years in hm * History af King-WiUiam/ 
his * AnurtlR/ and in Wm * Pnlitieal State/ he 
had given reports of pttrliiim»>ntftry debates 
without b^ing mrjlested. The threat induced 
him to diiwontinvie the pnblication of the de- 
bates. He int^ended to resume the work, but 
failed to carry out his intention (see Gent 
Maff. for November 1856, Autobiotrmpliy of 
Sylvan im Urban). lie died on It) Nov. 1729^ 
in a house which he had built for hiniself at 
Chelsea, 

liesides conducting the periodicula men- 
tioned, Boyer began in 1705 to edit the ' Poet- 
boy/ a thrice-a-week London news-fuheet. 
His connection with it ended in August 1709^ 
througb a quarrel with the proprietor, when 
Boyer gJartetl nn hiy own account a ^ True Post- 
boy/ which tKH^ms to have Iwen i^hnrt-lived, 
A * Ca^c ' which he printed in vindication of 
his right to use the name of * PoBt-l>oy * for 
his new venture givej^ some curious particu- 
lars of the way in wbicli the newEi-sbeets of 
the time were manufaictiired. Boyer was 
also the author of puraphh-t-s, in one of which, 
* An Account of the State and Progress of 
the present Negotitit ions of Peace,' he at tacked . 
Swift, who writes in the * Journal to Stella' | 
(lt5 Oct* 1711), after dining with Boling- 
broke : * One Boyer, a French dog, has 
abused me in a pumjihlet, and I have got 
him up in a messenger'n hands. The secre- 
tary '—St. John — * promises me toswmge him* 
. . » I must miike that rogue nn example for j 
warning to others/ Eoyer was dischttrged 
from custody through the int^jrventionj he 
Bay*?, of Hurley, to whom he boasts of having 
rt'nd»»riHl services ( Anna U of Queen AnTie,Y<A, 
for 1711, lip. l*t»4-6). Though be professed 
a strict political imjMirtialitv in the conduct 
of hi« principal periodicals, iloy^r avos a zea- 
lous whig. For this roai^on doubtless Pope 
gave him a niche in the ' Dunciad' (book li, 
4B4), wher*\ under the soporific influence of I 
Bulness, * Boyer the state, and Law^ the stage | 
gave o*er ' — hia crijue, according to Pope's ex- 
planatory note, being that he was * a volu* | 
minous compiler of anmda, political coOec- 
tions, &c/ 

nf Boyer*8 other writ inga^ — the list of those 
of them which are in t!ie library of the British 
Museum occupies nearly four folio pages of 
print in its new catalogue — mention may be 
made of his folio ' History of Queen jlime ^ 
(1722, second edition 1736), with maps and 
plans illtif^tmting Marlborough's campaignst 
and * a regular series of all the medab that 
were struck to commemorate the great events 




of this reign ;' and the ' Memoirs of the Life 
and Negotiations of Sir William Temple, 
Bart,, c*mtaioing the most important occur- 
rences and the moet secret springs of atlaira in 
Christendom from the year 1655 to the year 
1681 ; w*ith an account of Sir W. Temple's 
writings,* published anonvinnusly in 1714, 
second edition 1715, Boyer ^ latest produc- 
tion — in comTX>siiig which he seems to have 
been assisted by a * Mr, J. Innes ' — was * Le 
Grand Th&4tre de rilonneur,' French and 
English, 1729, containing a dictiomm- of he- 
raldic terms and a treatise on heraldry', with 
engravingH of the arms of the sovereign prin- 
ces and states of Europe, It was nublished 
by subscription and dedicated to 1* rederick, 
prince of Wales, 

[Borer's Works ; obituary nottca in vol. 
xxxviii. of Polititral State, of which the Memoir 
iiiBaker*s Biogn^phia Dramatica, 181*2, is mainly 
a reproduction ; Haiig's La France Protestant^ 
2nd wiition, 1881; Genest'e Account of the Eng- 
lish i^lage, ii. 1G6-9; Catalogue of the Kritieh 
Museum Library.] F, E- 

BOYES, JOHN FREDERICK (181U 
1B70), classical scholar, bom 10 Feb. 1811, 
entered Merchant Taylors* iSchool in the 
month of Oc!tol>er 1819, hi?* father, Benjamin 
Boyes ( u Yorksbireman ), l>eing then r^j^ident 
in Oharterhnuse Square. After a verv^ credit- 
able »cht>ol career extending over nearly ten 
years, he went in 1829 a,^ Ajidrew's civil law 
exhibitioner to St. John*s College, Oxford, 
having relinquiisheil a scbctlarr^liip which he had , 

Sined in the previous yearat Lincoln College^ I 
e graduated B.A. in 18,'!:^, taking a second 
class in clas.^ic^, his pajjer?* <mi histfiry and 
poetry being of marked excvllencH, Soon 
tit'ferwiirda be was api>f>inted second master 
of the proprietary schotil, Wahhamstow, and 
eventually succfeded to the head-master.-^ hip, 
which he fi !led for many yean-^. 1 le proceeded 
M.A. in due course. At school, at Dxford 
(whither he was Bummontnl to act tvs ex- 
aminer at respousionfl in 184:^), and among 
a large circle of di»4criminuting friends, he 
eujoved a high reputation for culture and 
scholarship. * There wft?i not an English or 
Latin or Greek ]»et with whom he wn« not 
familiar, und from whom he could not make 
the mofit apposite quot4itione4. With the best 
prose authors in our own and in French, 
and indeed other continental literature, he 
was thoroughly acijuaintetK ( Archbeaooit 
HESSBr), The fruits of hi.s extensive read- 
ing and literary taste are to be seen in hia 
published works, which evince also consider- 
able originality of thought, terjienesi* of ex- 
pression^ and felicity of illustration. The 
dosing years of his life were largely devoted 




Boyle 



to piutical benevolence, in the exdfcife of 
viuch he was a** humbU.* as be was UbemL 
H<» died Hi MuidM Hill, London, 26 May 
1879. 

His writinp comprip^: 1. *lllii8triitionj^ 
of rhe Tniq*'<liHj, of ^li^jscbylui* and SophocUii*, 
from the Gretk, Latin^ and English Poets/ 
iKli. 1>. * En|^li,«h Repf^titions, in Prose and 
ViTft*, with introductory remarks on the 
edtiTstiun of taste in the youn|^/ 1849* 
3» ' Life and Books, a Rcscord of Thought 
Ami Heading/ l»o9, 4. 'Lacon in Council/ 
I8<*5. The two tatter works remind one 
very much in their style and texture of 
'Guci»49e6 at Truth/ by the brothers Harp. i 

rBolMiiflQO*« Hegi»ter of Merchant Taylors' 
Senool, it 211; Inforroaiion from Archdoacon 
Hflvej, Dr. Seth B. WatAon, and other poraonal 
fntsaiAs of Mr. BoypB; Preface and Appendix to 
tenon br Ber. J. O. T«nnor (E. Halo), 1879.] 

C, J, R. 

BOYLE, CHARLES, fourth Earl op Or- 
aoit in Irelandt and tirst Babon MAFSToif, 
of Marston in Somersetshire (167t5-1731), 
grmndaon of Roger Boyle, first earl of Orrery 
[q.y.], was bom at Chflsea in 1676, and sue- 
eted^d hh brother as Earl of Orrery in 170»1 
Educated at Christ Church, ho joined the wits 
engaged in a struggle with Bent ley, who re- 
pfesentM the scholarship of the Cambridge 
mdiigs. Sir W. Temple liad made some rash 
atAtenients as to the antiquity of Phalaris in 
a treatise on ancient and modem leammg, 
and this was the subject of attack by Wot ton, 
a pn>t{*g6 of Bentley's^in his * Reflections on 
Ancient and Modem Learning,' published in 
10^ By way of covering Temple's defeat^ 
tbe Cbrij^t Church seholars determined to 

Eublish a new edition of the epistles of Pha- 
mj?. This wa-"* entrusted to Boyle, who, 
without asserting the epistles to be genuine, 
aa Temple had done, attacked Bent ley for 
his rudeness iji having withdrawn too ab- 
ruptly a manuscript belonging to the King's 
LibmrTt which Boyle had l>orrowed. Bentley 
now adde<l to a new etlition of Wotton's * Re- 
flections * a * Dis^rtation' upon the epistles, 
from his own pen [see Bextlky, Rjchaiu>, 
1 66l*- 1 742 J. iJoyle was aided by At terbur>' 
and Smalndge in preparing a defence, piib- 
lished in 16^8, entitled * Dr. Beutley's Dis- 
Bertations .... examined/ B«^ntley returned 
lothechnrifeand overwhebued his opponents 
by the w*>alth of hta scholai'ship. The d ispute 
bd to Swift s * Battle of the Books/ Before 
miceeedinix to the peerage Boyl^ was elected 
M,P, for Huntingdon, but Iiis re turn was 
dii^ifiuted, and the violence of the discuaaion 
which took place led to his being engaged in 
a duel with his colleague, Francis Wortley, 



in which he was wouiuled. He subsequently 
entered the army, and was present lit the battle 
of Malplaquet, and in 1709 U'came major- 
general. In 1706 he had married Ljuly Efiza- 
beth Ceci I, daughter of the Enrl of Exeter. We 
tint! him aftemnrds in London, as the centre 
of Chric^t Church men there, a strong adhe- 
rent of the party of Harley, and a member 
of* the club established by Swift. As envoy 
in Flanders he took part in the negotiations 
that preceded the treaty of Utrecht, and 
was aftenvards made a privy counciUor and 
created Baron Marston. He was made a 
lord of the bedchamber on the accession of 
George I, hut resigned this post on being de- 
privedofhismilitary command in 17B>. Swift, 
in the* Four Last Years of the Queen/ adduces 
Orrery's support of the tory ministr^^ as a proof 
that no Jacobite designs were entertained by 
them; but it is curious that in 1721 Orrery 
was thrown into the Tower for six months 
as being implicated in leaver's plot, and was 
releai^ on bail only in consequence of Br. 
Mead's certifying that continued imprison- 
ment was dangerous to his life. He was 
subsequently discharged, and died on 28 Aug. 
1731. Besides the works above named, he 
^TOte a comedy called 'As you find it/ The 
afltrooomical instrument, invented by Gra- 
ham, received from his patrnnagt* of the in- 
ventor the name of an ' Orrery/ 

[BudgeU'a Memoirs of the Boyles; Btntloy*8 
BiaBertation ; Swifts Battle of the Books; Biog. 
Brit.] H. C, 

BOTLE, DAVID, Lor© Botlb (1772- 
1853), president of the Scottish court of «©»* 
aion, fourth son of the Hon. Patrick Boyle 
of Shewalton, near Ir\ ioe, the third son of 
John, second Earl of Glas^w, was bom at 
Inine on 20 July 1772 ; was called to the 
Scottish bar on li Dec. 1793; was gajKetted 
(9 ilay 1807), under the Duke of Portland's 
administration, solicitor-general for Scotland ; 
and in the general election of the following 
month WU.S returned to the House of Commons 
by Ayrshire, which he continued to represent 
until his appointment, on 23 Feb. 1811, as a 
lord of session and of justiciary- He was ap- 
pointed lord j ust ice clerk on 1 5 Oct . 1811, He 
was sworn on 11 April 1820 a member of the 
privy council of George IV, at whose corona- 
tion, on 19 July 1821, he is recorded by Sir 
Walter Scott to have shown to great advan- 
tage in his robes. 

After act ing as lord justice clerk for nearly 
thirty yeurs^ Boyle was appointed lord justice- 
general and president of the court of Hussion, 
on the resignation of Clmrlea Hnpt*, lord Gran- 
ton. Boyle resigned ofiiee in May 1852, de- 
clining the baronetcy which was oflered to 



1 



i 



him, «n(! retired to his estate at Shewalton, 
to which he had ^urceeded an tht^ death of a 
brother in l^^tZ. Hh died on 30 Jan. 1853. 

rtoyh? wui< always dirttinjriitslied for his 
noble [w^Tsonal appeE^mnce. Sir J, W. Goixlon 
painted full-length ]if>rT raits of him for the 
Faculty of Advonatea and for the Societj of 
Writers to the 8igiif!t. Mr. Prttrick Park 
nli40 made a bust of kim for the hall of the So- 
ciety of Solicitors Ij^^fore the Supreme Courts 
in Fjdinbiirgh. 

IViyle was twice mrirried : first, on 24 Dec. 
1804, to Elizabeth, eldest tlaujrhter of Alex- 
fljider Montg^oraerie of Annick, hrofher of 
the twelfth Earl of E|:^lintoun» who died on 
14 April \H22i he had nine ehildren by her, 
the eld«!i*t of whoniT Patrick Boyle, succeeded 
to hiR estates; and Beeondly, on 17 July 1 827, 
to Camilla Cat herine, elrleitt diui|kflit er of David 
Smythe of Methven, lortl Methven, a lord of 
sej^Mion and of juBticiar\\ who died on 26 Dec. 
1880, leai'ing" lour children. 

[WochI's Dougljifl'g Peerage of Scotland, 1813 ; 
LtKlgt?» Peerage' aud Baronetage, 1883 ; Gent. 
Mfig,t jtassim ; Brunton and Haig*fl Senators of 
the College of Ja8tic43, 1813; Caledonian Mer- 
cury and Glasgow Herald, 7 Pt^b. 1853; Edin- 
hurgh Evening Counmt and Ayr Obeerver» 
8 Feb. 1853; Tirai^, 9 Feb. 1853; Illustrated 
London News, 29 Jan. and 12 Fbb. 1853.] 

A. H. a. 

BOYLE, HENRY, Ldrb Cablbtoit 
{d. 172r»), politician, was the third and 
youngest i^nn of Charles, lord ClifTord, of 
Laneiibo rough, by Jane, youngest daughter 
of William, duke of S^imerBet, and grandson 
of Richard Boyle, second earl of Cork [q. v.] 
He sat in parliament for Tamworth from 
lem to 1690, for Cambridge University— 
after a conte!5t in which Sir IsaBc Newton 
supported his opponent — from 1692 to 1706, 
and for AVestminster frcjm 1705 to 1710* 
Altkf^ugh he wrt8 at the liead of the poll at 
Ciimbridgein 1701^ he did not venture to try 
Km fortune in 170r*. From 1699 to 1701 he 
was a lord of the trwiHury, and in the latter 
year he beaime the chancellor of the ex- 
chequer; from 1704 to 1710 he was lord 
treawurer of Irtdnnd, and in 1708 he was 
made a principal secretnry of state in the 
room of Harley, Two years later be was 
di>i[daced for St. John* and the act formed 
c>ne of those bold steps on the part of the 
tory minifitry which * almost shocked ^ Swift. 
Boyle is generally wiid to have been the 
measenger who found Addison [q. v.] in his 
meiin lodging, and by bi,^ bhAndishments, ftnd 
B dehnit* promise of preferment and the pro- 

rt of etill greater advancement, secureti 
poet's pen to celebrate the victory of 



Blenheim and its hero. In return, it is said, 
for his good offices on this occasion, the third 
volume of the * Spectator * was dedienf ed to 
Boyle, with the eulogy that among politician)^ 
no one had * made himself more friends and 
fewer enemies.' Southeme, the dramatist, 
was another of the men of letters whom he 
befriended. Boyle was engaged as one of 
the maniigers of the trial of Sacheverell. (hi 
20 Oct, 1711 he wa3 rai.sed to the peerage as 
Baron Carle ton of Carle ton, Yorkshire, and 
from 17;31 to K^pS was lord president of the 
council in Walpole*s administration. He 
died a bachelor at bi« house in Pall Mall on 
14 March 17l*5. He left this house, known 
as Carlton House, to the Prince of Wales, 
and it was long notoriou.? as the abtide of 
the prince regent: the name is still per- 
petuated in Carlton Houjae Terrace. The 
winning manners and the tact of Lord Car- 
let on have been highly praised. He was 
never guilty, so it was said by bis pane- 
gyriets, of an imprudent spt^ecli or of any 
acts to injure the succe&s of the whig cause. 
Swift, however, accuses him of avarice* 

[Budgell's Lives of Boyk*, H9-65; Swift's 
Works; Chalmers; Coopers Annals of Cam- 
bridge, IT. 19, 40, 47 ; LcKlge'ti Peerage, i. 175.1 

W. P. C. 

BOYLE, HEXRY, Earl of SnAinToif 
(1682-1764), born at CastleroBrtyr, county 
I Cork, in 1682, was second son of Lieutenant- 
colonel Henry Boyle, second aon of Roger 
I Boyle, first earl of Orrery [q. v.] Henry 
Boyle's mtither was Lady Mary O'Brien, 
I daughter of Murragh O'Brien, first earl of 
luchiquin, aud presitlent of M iinst er. Henry 
Boyle 8 father died in Flanders in 1693, and 
on the death of his eldest son, Roger, in 1705, 
Henry Boyh?, as second son, succeeded to the 
family estates at Castlemartyr, which had 
been much neglected. In 1 71 5 he was elected 
knight of the shire for Corki and married| 
Catherine, daughter of Ch idley Coote. Ajft«r1 
her death he married, in 1720, Henrietta 
' Boyle, youngest daughter of his relative, 
' Charles, earl of Burliufjton and Cork. That 
nobleman entrusted the management of his 
I estates in Ireland to Henry Boyle, who muck^ 
' enhanced their value, and carried out and 
' promot^ed extensive improvements in his dta 
' trict. In 1729 Boyle distinguished himseli 
in parliament at Dublin in resi.sting sucoeas-J 
fully the attempt of the government to oh 
a vote for a continuation of supplies to the 
crown fortwenty-one years. Sir Robert Wal- 
pole is stated to have entertained a high opi- 
nion of the penetration, sagacity, and energy 
of Boyle, and to have styled him * the King 
of the Irish Commons.' Boyle, In 1783, i 



Boylf 



III 



Boyle 



» 



I 



madi* a member of the privy council^ chan- 
odior of tht^ exfhequer, and commiBsioner of 
revenue in Irelnnd. Tin was al.so in the same 
year elected spanker of tin* House of Commons 
there. Tkrougb his connections, Boyle exer- 
cised exten&ive politicnl influence, and wa» 
parlijimentttf)* leader of ihi? whig- party in 
Ireland* In 175.*^ Boyle acquired high popn- 
Ijunty hy opimsing the puvt?rnment pn>j>osal 
for appropriating a surplus in the Irish ex- 
chequer. In commemoration of the parlia- 
mentary movement!? in this aflair, medals 
irere struck containing portraits of lioyle 
ma tjpeaker of the House of Commona. For 
having opposed the govemmentj Boyle and 
iome of his associates were dij^missed from 
offices which they held under the crown. 
Alter negoti at ion j> with government, Boyle, 
in 1756, resigned the speakerBhipr and wae 
granted an annual penaion of two thou&and 
pounds for thirty*one years, with the titles of 
Baron of Ca^tlemart yr, Viscoimt Boyle of 
Bandon, and Earl of Shannon, He ^hi for 
many yeara in the House of Peers in Ireland^ 
ftnd fre<|uently acted as lord justice of that 
kingdom. Boyle died at Dublin of gout in 
Ilia nead, on 27 Sept. 1764, in the 8i'nd year 
of his ae^. Portraits of Flenry Boyle were 
engraved in mezzotinto by John Brooka. 

[Accouiit of Life of Ileury Boylo, 1764; 
JonmaU of Lords and Commonn of Irelnnd ; 
Peerage of Ir<.' land, 1789, ii. 364; Hardy^sLifeof 
Charlemont» 1810^ Charlemont MSS.'; Works 
of H«nrv GruftJin, 1822 ; Hist, of City of Dublin, 
lUi-Sk] J, T. G. 

BOYLE, JOHN, fifth Earl of Cork, fifth 
Eabl of orrert, and second Baron Mar- 
nois i 1707-1762)^ was born on 2 Jan. 1707, 
and was the only sion of Charles Boyle^ fourth 
©arl of i >rrery [q, V*], wliom he 3uccee<led as 
fifth earl in 173L Like his father, he was 
educated at Chriet Church. He took some 
part in |iarliainentary debates, chiefly in op- 
position to Walpole. On the death, in 17.'yi» 
of hie kinsman, Richard Bovle, the Earl of 
Cork and Burlington [a. vX he succeeded 
him as fifth earl of Corlc, thus uniting tho 
Orrenr peerage to the older Cork peerage. 
Hi* ftither. frr>m ^me grudge, left his library 
to Christ Church, specially ai»signiog as his 
pea,%*m his son's want of taste for literature. 
According to Johnson, the real reason was 
^that the son would not all(»w his wife to as- 
■'Wociate with the father's mistrefls. The pas- 
Hage in the will seems t^ have ettimulated 
the son to endeavour to disprove the charge, 
and he hafi succeeded in matcinf? his name n> 
inembered aa the fiiend first of Swift irnd 
^ope, and afterwards of .Tolm,%on, His * Ke- 
iks on Swift,' puhliuhed in November 



1751, attracted much attention as the first 
attempt at an account of Swift, and 7/)00 
copies ajjTOar to bfivti bei'ii s<»M within a 
month. But neither Ijird Orrery';^ ability, 
nor bis ncquaintiinct* with Swift, was such aa 
to givti much viiJiie to bis * Kemarks/ The 
acf|iiairitiinc6 bud begun about 1781 (appa- 
rently from fin upplieiitton by feswift on litihalf 
of Mrs. Barber for leave to dedicate her 
poems to Urrer>% although Swift had prti- 
vioosly seen a good deal of his futherl, when 
Swift wa;^ already sixty-four years old, and 
their meetings, during the few succ«3eding ' 
yofirs before Swift became decrepit, were not 
very frequent. If we are to judge, however, 
from the expre«*sion!? uwtHi by SwitV, l>otli in 
his letters to (_>rrer\' and in corres^pondence 
with others, the friendship seems to have 
been cordial &o far as it went. In one of tha 
earliest letters he hopes Orrery will be* a 
great example, restorer, and patr<jn of virtue, 
learning, and wit-/ and he writei^ to Pope 
that, next to Pope bimKelf, lie loves * no man 
so well.* Pope, too, \sTitea of Orrer}' to 
Swift m one * wbosie praises are that precious 
ointment Solomon sjieaks of A bond of 
fivmpnthy existed h*-'tween Swift and Orrery 
in a common hatred of \\ ulpole's govern- 
ment. It was to Orrery's bund that Swift 
entrusted the manuscript of his * Four Last 
Years of the Queen 'for delivery to Dr, King 
of Oxford; and Orren^* was the go-between 
employed by Pope to get his letter?^ from 
Swift. In hifi will Swift leaves to Orrery a 
portrait and some silver plate. On the other 
iiiind, there are trrulitional stories of con- 
temptuous expra^iyions used by Swift of 
Orrery, and these, if repeated to him, may 
have inspired in Orrery that dislike which 
made bis *H*3rattrks' so full of rancour and 
grudging criticism. The * Remarks on the 
Life and Writings of Jonathan Swift/ pub- 
lished in 17p'^1, nre given in a series of 
letters to his son and successor^ Hamilton 
Boyle ( 1730-1 7<W), then an undergraduate 
at Christ Church, and are writt^in in a stilted 
and affected style. The malice which he 
showed made the book the subject of a bitter 
attack (1754) by Dr. Patrick Delany [q. v,], 
who did something to clear Swift from tlm 
aspersions cast on him by Orrerj% But the 
gTudging praise and feeble estimate of Swift *a 
genius shown in t he ^ Remarks * are mainly d ne 
to the poverty of Orrery's own mind. He was 
filled with literary aspirations^ and, as Ber- 
keley said of him, * would have been a man 
of genius had he known how to pet about it/ 
But he had no real capacity for apprehending 
either the range of SwitVs intellect or tlie 
meaning of his humour. Orrery was after- 
wards one of those who attempted to patronise 



JohnsoDj by whom he was regarded kindly 
and spoken of as on© * who would have been 
a lihtiral patron if lie hud heen rich/ 

Orrery marrkMl in 1728 Lady Tlarriet 
IlamiUon, lliinl daug^liter of tlie Earl uf 
Orkney* and after her death he married, in 
173St Miss Hamilton, of Oaledon, in Tyrone. 
He wa* made a D.C.L. of Oxford in 1743, 
and FJl,S. in 1750. He died on lt3 Nov. 
1762. He MTTote some papt^rrt in th<* ' World* 
and the 'Connoisseur/ iind various prolofjfues 
^Und fugitive venses. His other works ar^.^ : 
I. *A Iraniflationof the Letters of Pliny the 
Younger' (2 vols. 4to, 1751 ). *2. * An Essay 
on the Life of Pliny/ «! * Memoirs of Robert 
Carey, Earl of Monmouth/ published from the 
original ninnuscript, with preface and notes, 
4. * Ltvtt^rs from Italy in 1754 and 1755/ 
puhliished after his death (with a life) by the 
Rev. J. Buncombe in 1774. 

[l>uncomI>e"s Life, as above; Swift'u and Pope's 
Ijetttsrs; Nichols'n Lit. lUust. ii. lo3, 232; Biog. 
Brit,] H. C. 

BOYLE, JOHN (Um?-W20), Imhop of 
[Ro,HcarbenT, Cork, and Clitj^ne, a native of 
[Kent and eldejp brothtsf of Richard, fii-st earl 
' Cork [q. v.], was bom about 1563. John 
'Boyle obtained the degree of D.D. at Oxford* 
an^ is stated to have been dean of Lichfield 
in 1610. Through the int#*rettt and perMiniury 
assiJitanc!! of hia brother, the Earl of Cork, 
and other re!ative.s, he waa in 1617 appointed 
to the united seea of Roecarherry, Cork, and 
Cloyne. Hiii poiisecration took place in 1618, 
He died ut Cork on 10 July 1620, and was 
buried at Youghah 

[Ware's Bishops of Irelaad, 1739; Fasti Ec- 
clesifeMiln^rDicte, 1851 ; Bradj*8 Records of Cork, 
CbyiH\ iinrl Roa.H, IB S3.] J, T. G. 

BOYLE, MICHAEL, the «lder (15S0?- 
1C35), bishop of Waterford and Ltsmore, 
horn in London abfvut 1580, wiy* son of Mi- 
chael Boyii% and brother of RichiLrd Boyle, 
archbiRhoj* ^»f Tuam [ip v.] Michael Boyle 
entered Merchant Taylors School, Londoni 
ill 1587|and proceeded to St* John's C<ille^e, 
Oxford, in 15Dtl He took the dejn't'e of B, A, 
5 Dec. 1597, of M.A. 25 June 1601, «f B.IK 
9 July \m7, and of D.D. 2 July RU L He be- 
came iL fellow of Ills collej?e,and no hig^h opinion 
wa« entertained there of his probity in matters 
affecting his own interests. Boyle was ap- 
pointed vicar of Finden in Northiimptonshir^. 
Through the influence of hi8 relative, the Earl 
of Cork, he obtained the deanery of Lismore 
in 1614, and wa*^ made bishop of Waterford 
and Lismore in 1619. He held several 
other appointments in the protestant church, 
and dying at Waterford on 27 Dec. 1636, was 
burieci in the cathedral there. 



[Ware's Bishops of Ireland, 1739; Kobinson*« 
Register of Merchant Taylors* School, i. 30 ; 
Wood*3 AthencE Oxoiiiense«(BlT.ia), ii. 88 ; Wood'* 
Fasti (BLisa), i. 275, 292, 321, 344 ; Elriug:tc 
Life of Usshor, 1848; Cotton's Fanti Ecda 
Hilwrnicse, 1851 ; Brady *8 Records of Corl^ 
Cloyao, anci Rom, 18«3.] ' J. T. G. 

^BO YLE, M ICHA EL, the younger ( 1 609?- 
1702), archbishop of Armagh, eldest sou of 
Richard Royle, rirebbir»hripof Tiiam [q.v»]jand 
nephew of theehler Michael [ci, v.], was born 
about RMJ9. He was apparently educated at 
Trinity College, Dublin, where he proceeded 
M.A., and on 4 Nov. 1637 was incorporated 
M.A. of Oxford. In 1637 he obtained a rectory 
in the diocese of Cloyne, received the de^rreeof 
D.D., W08 made dean of Cloyne, and during the 
war in Ireland ncted ns chaplain-general to 
the English army in Mnnater. In ItloOthe pro- 
teataut royalists in Ireland employed Boyle, 
in conjunction with Sir Robert Sterling and 
Colonel John Daniel, to negotiate on their be- 
half with (Jliver Cromwell. Ormonde resented 
the conduct of Boyle in conveying CromwelFs 
paasport to him, which he rejected. Letters 
of Bioyle on these matte r.H have been recently 
printed in the second volume of the M/on- 
teniporary History uf AflairBin Ireland^ 1641- 
1 1}52/ At the Restoration, Boyle became privy 
councillor in Ireland, and was appointed bi- 
shop of Cork, Cloyne^ and Ro.ss, In addition 
to the episcopal revenues, he continued to re- 
ceive for a time the profits of six parishes in 
his diocese, on the ground of being unable to 
find clergymen for them. For Boyle's ser- 
vices in England in connection with the Act 
for the Settlement of Ireland^ the House of 
Lords at Dubliu ordered a special memorial 
of thanks to be entered in their journals in 
1662. Boyle was translated to the see of 
Dublin in 1G63, and appointed chancellor of 
Ireland in 1665. In tfie county of Wicklow 
he estabUshed a to^vn, to which he gave 
the name of Blessington, and at his own 
expense erected there a church, which he snp- 
filied with plate and bells. In connection 
with this town he in 1673 obtained the title 
of Viscount Bles^sington for hia eldest son, 
Murragh. In 1 675 Boyle was promoted from 
the see of Dublin to that of Armagh. An 
autograph of Boyle at that time has been 
reproduced on plate IxxLx of * Facsiniilea 
Of National MSS. of Ireland,' part iv. p. 2. 
On the accession of James TI, ue was con- 
tinued in olllce as lord chancellor, and ap- 
pointed for the third time as lord juiitice 
in Ireland, in conjunction with tlie Earl of 
Granard, and held that post imtil Henry, 
earl of Clarendon, arrived as lord-lieutenant 
in December 16&5. In Boyle's latter years 
Mb facultiea are at&ted to haye been much 



pnpiired. He died in Dublin on 10 Dec. 1702, 

in nil Binety-third year, and was inttirred in 

St. Pktrick'd Cathedral there. Little of the 

wealth iccajntilated by Boyle was devoted 

to pelifioud or charl table uses* Letters and 

[«pm of Boyle are extant in the Ormotide 

irriuve* at Kilkenny Castle and in the 

Bodleian Library. Pt^rtraits of Ajchbiahop 

Boyle were engraved by Logij^n and others. 

Boyle's son, M^irragh, viscount Bleaaington, 

WM author of a tragedy, entitled * The Lost 

Pkiooesfi/ Baker, the dramatic critic, eha- 

ncterised this production ila *tndj can- 

t«mptible/ and added that the * genma and 

abnlttie^ of the writer did no credit to the 

ncaae of Boyle/ Viscount Ble^sBinfj^on died 

S$ Dec. 1712, and was **ucceeded by his son 

Gbirles (d. 10 Aug. 1718), at one? time go- 

▼emorof Limerick, and lord jiiat ire of Ireland 

in 1696. The title became exti.nct on the 

death of the next hetr in 1732. 

[Carta's Life of Ormonde, 1 736 ; Wood's Fasti 
(mm), i. 498; Ware's Works (Httrria), i. 130; 
Jf^umiiJb of Lonb and Commons of Ireland; 
P** rage of Ireland; Bio^raphiaBramatica, ISI'2; 
Mint's Hist, of Church of Irekn^l, 18i0 ; Granard 
Archives, Qistle Forbes; Elrinja^ton's Life of 
Ufiaber. 1848; Cotton's Fast i Ecclesiae Hibflniiem, 
IB&l; B«ports of Royal Commission on Hist. 
Mas.] J. T, G, 

BOYLE, MrRUAGH. Viscount Bles- 
iorotox. [See under Botle, Michael, 
1609 P-17020 

BOYLE, RICHARD, first Eakl of Cork 

[1566-1*543 )» an Irish statesman frequently 

^erred to a^rhe * great e^rl/ wns descended 

ora an old Hereford family, thr^ earliest of 

rhich there is mention bein^ Humphry de 

ilnvile* lord of the manor of Pixelev Court, 

Dear L*fdbury, about the time of Edward 

lie C<^nfe»sor. He was the great-^^mndson 

Ludovic Boyle of Bidney, Herefordshire, 

' a younger branch of the family, and the 

ond son of Ro^er Boyle, who had removed 

to Favershara, Ivent, and had raurried there 

Joan^ daughter of Rnlw^rt Nay I or i>f Canter- 

y (pvJi^e in RoBoreoN^s MatmQrtA of 

^fordjfhtre, pp. 94-5). In his * True Re^ 

nembninres * he says : * I was bom in the city 

Caut*Thiiry, a8 1 iind it written by mv 

vn father's hand, the 1 ath Oct . 1 rMV After 

ivate instmction in * (grammar learning ' 

om a clergyman in Kent, he became *a 

cholar in Bennetts (CorjiusChriHti) College, 

ambridge/ int^> which he was admitted in 

1683 (MiSTiirw, Hist, Corpus ChnHi ColL, 

L 1 83 1, p. 459 ) , On I ea v i i\^ t h e u ni vers ity 

entered the Middle Temple, but, tinding 

imaelf without means to prosecute his 

tudies, he became clerk to Sir Ridiard Man- 

TOL, TI. 



, wood, chief baron of the exchequer* In this 
employment he discovered no prospect ade- 
quote to his ambition, and therefore reaolved 
to try his fortunei^ in Ireland. Accordingly, 
on Mid^ummer^s eve, 2'^ June 1588, he landed 
in Dublin, his whole property, as he telb u«, 
amounting onlv to -lil. 3#. in money, a dia- 
mond ring ami a hruroh.4, und his wearing 
apparel. With cbarnctermtic aatut-eness he 
secured introductionstoperaonaof high influ- 
ence, and hewaaevenallirmedto hnvedoue so 
by means of count erfei t ed Iett4:»r8. At an v rate, 
as early as 1590 \ns nn me appears as escfieator 
to John Crofton, escheator general, a situa- 
tion which he douihtle^s knew how to utilise 
to his special personal advantage. In lo95 
he married, at Limerick, Joan, the daughter 
and coheiress of William Ansley, who died 
in 1699 in chihlbed, Ipaviiijx iiim an e^^tnte of 
I 500/. a year in lands» * which/ lie fiayt*, * was 
the beginning of my fortune.' The last^tate- 
l| ment must, however, be compared with the 
i fact tliat some time before thie he had been 
' the victim ofprof^ecutions, instigated, accord- 
' ing to his own account, by en^y at Kn^ pr<>- 
I sperity* About 1591* he wjis imprisoned by 
I Sir Willifttn Fitnvilliam on the charge of 
having embejtzled reo>rdSp and aiib?^wjuently 
he was several times ajmrehended at the in- 
j stance of Sir Henry Wallop on a variety of 
I charges, one of them being that of stealing a 
hor^ and jewel nine years before, of which 
he was acn|mtted by pardon {Anmcers of Sir 
Michnvd Biiifle to thfAcciiaatioyisaf/must him^ 
17 Feb. 1598, Add. MS. 19832, f. 121 Find- 
ing these prop^ecut ions iinauceeeaful, Sir Henry 
\\ allop and otliers, according to Boyle, * all 
joined together by their lies complaining 

ZLnst me to Queen Elizabeth, expressing 
t I came over without any estate, and 
that I made so many piirehaaes as it was not 
possible to do without some foreign prince's 
purse to supply ine with money- {True Re- 
meinhranc€Jt). To defeat these machinations 
Boyle resolved on the bf>ld course of pro- 
ceeding to England to justify himself to the 
queen, but the fulfilment of his purpose 
wa» frustrated by the outbreak of the re- 
bellion in Munster. As the result of the 
rebellion was to leave him without ^ a i>enny 
of certain revenue,' he ceased for the time 
to be in danger from the accusations of his 
enemies. Indeed^ his fortunes in Ireland 
were now so desperate that he wascnrapelled 
to leave the country and resume his legal 
studies in his old chambers in the Temple. 
Scaicely, however, had he entered upon them 
when the Earl of Essex offered him employ- 
ment in connection with ' issuing out his 
patents and commLssions for the gf>vernment 
of Ireland/ This at once caused him again 



d 



Boyle 



114 



Boylt 



to experience tlie attentions of Sir Heiuy 
Wallop, * who/ says Boyle, ' being conscious 
in hie own heart that I had sundry papers 
and collect ion,s of Michael Kittkwell^ hishite 
tre&BUrerj which might discover a grtiat deal of 
wrong ftnd abuse done to the queen in his late 
accounts * . * he renewed hi8 former com- 
plaints against me to the queen's maji^ty,' In 
consequence of this Boyle waacon veyod aclose 
prisoner to the Gatehou&e, and at the end of 
two months underwent examination before 
the Star-chamber. Boyle does not state that 
the complaints were in any way modified or 
nltere<!, but if they were not his ae count of 
them in his * True liemembrances * is not only 
inadequate but mislending. TTis exHmination 
before the Stiir-i^hamber had no reference 
whatever to his being in the my of the king 
of Spain or a pervert to Catholicism — the ac- 
cusations he specially instances as * formerly ' 
mnde against him by Sir Henry Wallop — 
but bore chiefly on the cimsea of his previous 
imprisonments^ and on several asserted in- 
stances of traflicking in forfeited estates (see 
Articles wherein Richard Bot/k, prisoner^ is 
to be ejcaminedf Add. MS. 19832, f. 8^ and 
Articles to lie proved against Miehard Bo^k^ 
Add. MS. 19a^2, f. 9). It can fwmrcely be 
affirmed that be came out of the ordeal of 
examination with a reputation utterly un- 
sullied, but the unsatisfactory character of 
his explanations was condoned by the reve- 
lations he made re^pirding the malversations 
of his accuser aa trea8iuN?r of Ireland, and 
according to his own accoimt he bad no 
sooner done speaking than the queen broke 
out * By G — 's death, thene are but inventions 
against the young man, and all his suHering^ 
are but for being able to do us service.* Sir 
Henry Wallop was at once superseded in the 
treasurership by Sir George Carew [<^, v. land 
a few days arterwards Boyle received the 
office of clerk of the council of Munst^r. He 
was chosen by Sir George Oarew, who waa 
also lord preaident of Hunstar, to cooTey to 
Elizabeth tidings of the victory near Kinaale 
in December 1601, and after the final reduc- 
tion of the province he was, on 15 Oct. H10t2» 
sent over to England to give information in 
reference to the condition of the country. 
On the latter occasion he came provided by 
Sir George Carew with a letter of introduc- 
tion to tSir Walter Raleigh^ recommending 
him aa a proper purchaser for all his lands in 
Ireland ' if he was disposed to part with them.* 
Through the mediation of Oecil, t«rma were 
speedily adjusted^ and for the paltry ium of 
IjOOOf. Boyle saw himself the poaseasor of 
12fO0O acres in Cork, Waterford, and Tip- 
perary, exceptionally fertile, and present- 
ing unusual natural advantages for the de- 



velopment of trade. All, it is true, depended 
on his own energy and skiD in making proper 
use of his purchase. Raleigh had found it 
such a bad bargain that he was ghid to be 
rid of it. In the disturbed condition of the 
country it waa even possible that no amount 
of enterprise and skill might be rewarded 
with immediate success. Boyle^ however, 
possessed tbe advantage of bemg always on 
the spot, and of dopged perseverance in the 
li one aim of acquiring wejiltb and power, 
j Before the purchase could he completed Ra* 
\ leigh was attainted of high treason, but in 
I 1604 Boyle obtained a patent for the pro- 
I perty from the crown, and paid the pupchase- 
' money to Raleigh. There can indeed be no 
doubt whatever as to the honourable cha- 
ract^jr of bis dealings with I^leigh, who 
throughout life remained m\ friendly terms 
with him. Tlie attempt of Raleigh's widow 
I and son to obtain possession of the property 
I was even morally without justification. It 
I had becc>me to its possessor a source of im- 
' mense wealth, but tbe change was the result 
solely of his mar\'ellou8 energy and eutep- 
prise. CromwelU when he afterwards be- 
held tbe pmdigious improvements Boyle had 
effected, is said to have alHrmed that, if there 
had been one like him in every province, it 
would have been impossible for the Irish 
to raise a rebellion (Coi^ HiAt. Irelartdy 
vol. ii,) One of the chief causes of his suc- 
cess was the introduction of manufactures 
\xm\ mechanical arts by settlers from Eng- 
land. From his ironworks alone, according 
to Boate, he made a clear gain of 100,000/. 
{Ireland's Nat. HisL (1652), p. 112), At 
enormous e.Kpense he built bridges, con- 
structed harbours, and foundetl towns, pro- 
sperity springing up at his behest as if by a 
magicians wand. All mutinous manifesta- 
tions among the native population were kept 
in check by the thirteen strong castles erected 
in different districts, and defended by well- 
armed bands of retainers, A t the same time, 
for all willing t^ work, immunity from the 
worst evils of poverty was guarantee. On 
his vast plantations he kept no fewer than 
4,000 labourers maintained by bis money. 
His administration was despotic, but en- 
lightened and beneficent except aa regarded 
the papists. For hia zeal in putting into 
execution tbe laws against tbe papists he 
received from the government special com- 
mendation—a xeal which, if it arose from a 
mist^en sense of duty, would deserve at least 
no special blame \ but probably self-interest 
rather than duty was what chiefly inspired 
it, for by the possession of popish houses he 
obtained a considerable addition to his wealth. 
The services rendered by Boyle to the Eng- 



liili rale in the Bouth of Ireland and his 
jnitaoont itifiuence in ^funster marked bim 
out for promotion to varioue hi^h di^itieft. 
On the occasion of his second mamage on 
25 Jtdy 1603 to Catherine Fen ton, daughter 
of Sir George Fenton, principal secret arv of 
ttat«, he received the honour of knighthood. 
On 12 March 1606 he was sworn a privy 
eouocillor for the province of Munster, and 
12 Feb. 1612 a pri^'y councillor of state for 
the kingdom of Ireland. On 29 Sept. 1616 
he WAB created Lord Boyle, hturon of loughol, 
and on 6 Oct. 1620 Viscount Dun^rvan 
tod Earl of Cork On 26 Oct. 1629 he waa 
appointed one of the lords just ices of Irelimd, 
and on 9 Nov. 1631 he waa constituted lord 
high tPftwnrer. So greatly was he esteemed 
ibr his abilities and his knowledge of afliiirs 
thaty * though he was no peer of Englan<i» yet 
he was admitted to sit in the Ijord^ House 
u[K>n the woolaack utcorundantu* (Boklaeb^ 
deduction of Ireland^ 219). For his pro- 
motion and honours be was in a great 
degree indebted first to Sir George Carew, 
and afterwards to Lord-deputy Falkland. 
On the appointment of Wentworth^ after- 
wards Earl of Strafford, as lord deputy in 
1633^ he, however, discovered not only that 
the fountain of royal favour was, so far qs 
he was concerned, completely intercepted, 
" at that all his astuteness would be required 
enable him to hold his own against the 
atering will of Slraffurd. The action 
Strafford in regard to the immense tomb 
black marble which the e^irl had erected 
br bis wife in the choir of St. Patrick's Ca- 
' Ibedral, Dublin, was^ though not unjusttf- 
able^ sufficiently indicative of the ^neral 
chaxmcter of his sentiments towards him, It 
waa utterly impossible, indeed, that there 
ooold be harmonious action between men of 
such consuming ambition placed in circum- 
I where their vital interests so conflicted, 
; Strafford had the advantage, but the 
Fdf Cork's patience and self-controi, di*- 
i^llned by a long course of trials and hard- 
ihipSf never for a moment failed him. In 
the management of intrigue he was much 
more than a match for Strafford, who found 
bia purpoflee thwarted by causes in a great 
jiegTO© oeyond his ken, and ultimately fell 
"" victim to the hostility provoked by his 
ule of * thorouffb/ One of the first intima- 
lions made to the council after Wentworth's 
rival was the intention of the king to issue 
commission for the remedying of defeo* 
ve titles to estates. The real design of the 
aisaion was to enable the king to obtain 
aj by confiscating estatea to which the 
le was doubtful. It was too probable that 
be Earl of Cork, if an inquiry of this kind 





%vereset on foot, would not escape scat hele^ii>t« 
A charge was preferred against him in regard 
to his possession of the college and revenues 
I of Youghal. Wentworth, after hearing the 
I defence, adjourned the court, and sent word 
to the Enrl of Cork that, if he ccruHHrited to 
abide by his award, he would prove the best 
friend he ever hiid. The earl at once agreed, 
' whereuiKin he intimated the decision * that 
he should be fined fifteen thousand pounds 
I for the rents and profits of the Youghal Col- 
lege property , and surrender all the ad vow- 
sons ixnd patronage — everything except the 
college house and a few fields near the town.* 
Ihi learning the sentence Laud wrnte to 
Wentworth in high glee : * No physic is better 
than a vomit if it be given in time, and there- 
fore you have taken a very judicious course to 
administer one so early to my lord of Cork' 
(l^ud to Wentworth,* 15 Nov. 1633, Ze«^r# 
and DenpatcheM uf Thomas^ Earl €f Strafford^ 
i. 156). Deeply chagrined as the Earl of 
Cork no doubt was by this turn of affairs, he 
never permitted himself to indulge in ex- 
pressions of anger or to show any direct 
hostility to Strafford. "WTiile undoubtedly 
working to undermine his authority, he even 
took pains to let it be known indirectly to 
Stnifford how thoroughly he admired his rule. 
Laud, writing to Strafford 21 Nov- 16»J8, 
mentions that the Earl of Cork had spoken to 
him in high terms of bis ' prudence, inde- 
fatigable indu8try,and roost impartial just ice* 
{Letters of Strafford, l\. 245),to wliich the un- 
suspecting Stmfford replies : * It must be con- 
fessed his lordship hath in a judicious way had 
more taken from him than any one, nay than 
any six in the kingdom besides ; so in this pro- 
ceeding with me I do acknowledge hw in- 
genuity as well as his justice' (Letters^ ii, 271). 
Possibly the Earl of Cork deemed it best, in 
the uncertain condition of the struggle at 
this time, to be secure against any result ; but 
even to the last, when the fallof Strafford 
seemed inevitable, he avoided taking a pro- 
minent part against him. At the trial he bore 
witness with seeming reluctance. * Though 
I was prejudiced,' be says, ' in no less than 
40,000/. and 200 merks a year. I put off my 
examination for six weeks.' He also stittes 
that he was *so reserved in hisanswera^ that 
no matter of treason could by them be fixed 
upon the Earl of Straffijrd.' All the iMime, 
but for the Earl of Cork, StraiJbrd's Irish 
policy would veiT likely not have been met 
with the skilful and persistent opposition 
which led to his impeachinent ; and in any 
caae that the Earl of Cork's reluctance to bear 
witnesa against him was not inspired by affec- 
tion or esteem is sufficiently shown from an 
entry in his diary on the day of Slraflbrds 

I 2 



Boyle 



Boyle 



©recution: *This day tLt* Eiirl of Straftbrd 
iwrftflbplieaclt'd. No man died ninreimiversally 
hftted^ or Ifs^s In men ted hj tbe people/ 

Shortly after IiIk return from England — 
wliitlierhe had grone as a witness at Stratlord'a 
trial^tlie rebellion of 1641 broke out in Ire- 
land. Sudden as wus the outbreak, the earl 
was not tuken by eurprise^ for from the be- 
ginning he had carefully prepared agninBt 
8Ucb a contingency. In Mim^ter, therefore^ 
the rebeb, owin^ to the stand made by the 
Earl of Cork^ found themaelvea eom|detely 
checkmated. Repairing to Yoiighul be sum- 
moned all his t^nimtfj to take up armB, and 
plmeed his sons at their head without delay. 
In ft letter to Speaker Lent! mil, giving an 
account of his successes, lie stata«« that, Ids 
read^ money being all ispent in the payment 
of bis troops, he had converted his phite into 
coin (State Pa^rerf of the Ear i of Orrery^ \\ 7\, 
At the battle of Liscarrol, 3 Sept. 1645, his 
four SODS held prominent commands, and his 
eldeJ^t Fon was slain on the field. The Enrl 
of Cork died on 15 Sept. 1648, nnd wnri 
buried at YonghBh He left a lar^e funiily, 
many of whom were gifted with exceptional 
talentfi, and either by their achievements or in- 
fluential iilliancea conferred additional lustre 
on his nnme. Of his seven sons, four were 
ennobled in their father a lifetime, liichard 

fq, vj was fir^t earl of Burlington ; Roger 
q. V. J wa« first earl of Orrery ■ Robert [q. v.], 
the youngest^ by bin scientific achievements, 
beca^me the most illustrious of theBoyles; 
and of the eight daughter*^, fcieven were mar- 
ried to noblemen. 

[Earl of Cork s Tnie Remembraneen, print€^d 
in Birch a edition of Robert Boyle's wori** ; Bud- 
geir» Memoir* of tbo Boyle* (1737). pp. 2-32; 
A Colle<?tioiiof Letters chiefly written by Ricbanl 
Boyle, Rarl of Corke, and several mpmber» of his 
family in the seventeenth century, the originals 
of which are in the library of the Royal Iri*h 
Academy, nnd b copy in the British Museum 
HarleiflD MS. 80 ; various papers regarding his 
examiaation before the Privy CouneU in 1698, 
Add* M8. 19832 ; copies of variona of his letters 
from 1632 to 1639, Add. Ma 19832; copy of 
indenture providing for his children 1 March 
1624, Add. MB. 18023; Earl of Stratford^s 
Letters nnd Despntches ; Cal. State Piipers (Dom. 
Berie») reign of Charles I ; State Paper* of the 
Earl of Orrerv^ ; Cox*8 History of Ireland ; Bor- 
]Aae*s Beducrion of Irehind ; Biog. Brit. (Kippi»), 
ii. 4t5{i^71 ; Lodges Irish Peerafje, L 160-162; 
the Diary of the Earl of Cork nnd his corre- 
spondence, formerly at Lismore Castle, are irith 
other Liamore papers being pnldished (1886) 
under the editor&hip of Rev, A, B. Groeart, LL.B.] 

BOYLE, EICHARD (d. 1644), arcb- 
biebop of Tuatn, was the elder brother of 



Michael Boyle [q. v.], bishop of Waterford, 
and the second &on of Michael Boyle, mer- 
chant, of London^ and Jane, daughter and co- 
heir to IVilliam Peacock. He became warden 
of Youghftl on 1*4 Feb. 1602-3, dean of Water- 
ford on 10 May 160^^, archdeacon of Limerick 
on 8 May 16t}5, and bishop of Cork^ Cloyne, 
and Roa« on 22 Aug, 1620, these three prt?fer- 
ment^ being obtaintjd through the interest of 
his cousin^ the first Earl of Cork, He was 
advanced to the see of Tiiam on SO May 1638, 
On the outbreak of the rebellion in 1641, he 
retired with Dr. John Maxwell, bishop of 
Killala, and others^ to Oalwny for protection, 
where, when the town rose in arms againHt 
the garrison, his life was preserved through 
the influence of the Earl of Clanncarde. 
He died at Cork on 14) March 1644^ and was 
buried in the cathedral of St. Finbar. He is 
said to have repaired more churches and con- 
secrated more new ones than any other bishop 
of his time. By his marriage to Martha, 
daughter of Richard (or John) Wright, of 
Catherine Hill, Surrey, he left two sons and 
nine daughters. 

[Ware's Works (ed. Harri;*), i. 566. 616^7 ; 
Lodge's Peerage of Ireland (.Archdall), i. 145.] 

T, F. VL 

BOYLE, EICHARD, first Eabl of Btr»- 
LiNOTON and second Earl of Cork (1612— 
1697), was the second son of Richard Boyle 
[q, V.J, first e^rl of Cork, by Catherine, daugh- 
ter of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, imd w»s lx>m at t he 
college of Youghal on 20 Oct. 1012 (Eabl of 
Cork, True Eemetnbrance^^. On 1*1 Aug. 1624 
he was knighted at Youghal by Falkland, lord 
deputy of Ireland* In his twentieth year he 
was sent under a tutor to * begin his travels 
into foreign kingdoms/ his father allowing 
him a grant of a thousand ijounds a year 
(ib.) On the continent lie S])ent over two 
years, visiting France, Flanders, and Italy* 
Shortly after bis return he made the ac- 
quaintance of the Earl of Strafford, and com- 
mended himself so mucli to his good graced 
that he tirrnnged a match between him and 
Elizabeth, daughter and sole heiress of Henry 
Lord Cltilbrd, afterwards Earl of Cumber- 
land^ The marriage was solemnised in the 
chapel of Skipton Ca.stle^ Craven, on 5 July 
1635, This was the Countess of Burlington 
referred to by Pepys as * a very fine speaking- 
lady and a good woman' (LHai-y^ 28 Sept. 

I 166'8). Thrfjugh the marrkge he acquired 
an influential position at court, which \v& 

I greatly imj^roied by his devotion to the 
interests of the king* Wlien Charles in 163^ 

■ restdved on an expedition to Scotland, he 
raised a troop of horse, at the head of which 

I he proposed to serve under the Earl of Cum- 



Boyle 



Boyle' 



^ 

P* 



berland. On the outbreak of the rebellion 
in Ireiand in ] 642, he went to Uis father^a 
aAftistJince At Munster, dmt ingiiiMhlng him- 
ielf St the b&ttle of Liacarrol, He was mem- 
ber for Appleby in the Louj? parliament, but 
WM disftbled in 1643 (list in Cakltt.e'8 Crojnr- 
well). After the cessation of armn in Sep- 
tember 1043 he joined the king at Uxtbrd 
with hi« regiment. Some monthti previounly 
he hod succeeded his father an Enrl of Cork, 
bat the king as a «>ecial mark of fa vour raised 
him also to the dignity of Baron Ciit!brd of 
L&zie$borough, Yorkshire. Throughout the 
war he strenuously support e<i the cause of 
the king until that of the imrliament was 
completely triumphant, after which he was 
forced to compound for his estate fnr 1,63U. 
(1jI,otd, Memoirs, 678). During the protec- 
torate he retired to his Irish estattss, but in 
1651 hl« afiairs were in such a desperate con- 
dition that his countess was obliged to gup- 
plicate Cromwell for redret^a. Through the 
mediation of his brother Iloger,lord lirogliill 
[q. V,], he then obtained a certain amount of 
jelief from his grievances. Aft er this mat ters 
ved 'vvith him so considerably thi^t at th»5 
ration be wafl able to assist Charles II 
large sums of money, in consequence of 
which he was, in 1663^ raised to llie dignity 
^ Earl Burlington or Bridlington in the 
inty of York. Subsequently he was ap- 
lord-lieutenant of the West Riding 
^ ire and custos rotulonim. These 
retain«?d under James II, until he 
no longer support Iiim in hin uuconati- 
tntiofial designs. Although he took mi active 
in promoting the cause of William and 
he accepted no office under the new 
e. It w*as the Earl of Burlington who 
_ the first occupant of BurlingtcMi House, 
Piccadillv. Iledied 15 Jan, 1697-8, His son 
Charles, lord tlitlbrd^ was father of Charles, 
third earl of Ckirk, and of Henry, lord Car- 
Irton [q. v,] 

[Budg»U'fl MemoiriB of the Family of th© 
Bojl«a, pp. 32^; Lodg«'s Iriah Peerage, ed. 
1X89, i. 169-174 ; Biog. Brit. (Kippls). ii. 
71^0 T. F. H, 



BOYLE, RICHARD, third Earl of Bm- 
jjjroTOH and fourth Earl of Cobk (1595- 
11753), celebrated for his architect urnl tastes 
I And his friendship with artists and men of let- 
ter*, was the only son of Charles, third earlof 
Cork, and Juliana, daughter and heir to Henry 
[ ^oel, Luffenhajn, Rutlandshire. He was bom 
1 25 April 1695, and succeeded to the title and 
Bofhisfather in 1704. On 9 Oct. 1714 
I wia uwom a member of the privy c<>iincil. 
^ In May 1715 he was appointed lord-lieute- 
Ljuuit of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and in 



June following custos rotulorum of the North 
and West Ridinge. In August of the same 
year he was made lord high treasurer of Ire- 
land. In June 1730 he was installed one of 
the knights companions of the Garter, and in 
June of the folio wing year constituted captain 
of the band of gentlemen j>Gn!4ionera. Having 
before he attained his mBjority spent several 
years in Italy, Lord Burlington became an 
enthusiuiiitic admirer of tln< architectural 
genius nf Pal I ad io^ and on hiw return to Eng- 
land not only continued his architectural 
(Studies, but spent large sum.s of money to 
gratify hia tastes in this branch of art. His 
earliest project was about 1710, to alter and 
partly reconstruct Burlington House, Pic- 
cadilly, which bad been built bv his great 
grandfather, the first earl of Burlington. 
The pn>fessional artist engaged was Campbell, 
who in * Vitnivius Britunnicus,' published 
in 17:25, dimng the earl's lifetime, takes 
credit for the whole design. Notwithstand- 
ing thiis, ^\'alpole asserts that the famous 
colonnade within the court was the work of 
Burlington; and in any case it may be as- 
sumed that Campbell was in a great degree 
guided in his plans by his patron's sugges- 
tions. That Burlington was chiefly respon- 
sible for the character of the building is 
further supported by the fact that it formed n 
St ri ki ng an uHol it II ry exception to the bastard 
and comroonphiee architecture of the period* 
It undoubtedly justified the eidogy ot Gay : 
Ik-auty within ; without, proportion rergus. 
{Trivia, book ii. lino 49i.) 

But, as was the case in most of the designs 

of Burlington^ the useful was sacrificed to 

the omameutaL The epigram regarding the 

building attributed to Lord Hervey — who, 

j if he did make use of it, must have trans- 

i Iflted it from }^Iartittl, xii. 50 — contained a 

; spice of truth as well jus malice. He says 

I that it was 

I PoBSesaed of one great hall of state, 

I Without a room to sleep or eat. 

The building figures in a print of Hogarth's 
intended to satirise the earl and his friends, 
entitled * Taste of the Town,* afterwards 
changed to * Masquerades and Operas, Bur- 
lington Gate.' Hogarth also published 
another similar print entitled * The Man of 
Taste,' in which Pope ia repret^ented as white- 
washing l^urlington House and bespattering 
the Duke of Chandos, and Lc^rd Burlingtoa 
I appears as a mason going up a ladder. Bui^ 
! bngton House was taken down to make way 
for the new buildings devoted to science and 
! art. In addition to his town house Bur- 
, lington had a suburban residence at Chis- 
I wick. He pulled down old Chiswick House 



and erected nenr it, in 1730-6, a villii buill ' 
after th(^ model of the celebrated villn nf Ful- 
ladio. This building also provoked the sjit ire 
of Lord HerieVt wbo i?aid of it that * it wus 
too small to live in and too large to hijni? to 
a watch.' The |Brround.H were laid out in the 
Italian style, adom&d with temples, obelisks, 
and statues, and in theae * sylvan scenet? ' it 
W&6 the apeciiil delight of Burlington to en- 
tertiiin the literary and artistic celehrities 
whom he numberetl among his friend&. Here, 
relates Gay, 

Pojx' uukittds the houghs within his reach, 
The purplo viae, blue plum, and blushing peaeli. I 
{EptstU itn a Journey to &difr.) 

Pope addressed to Burlington the fourth 
epi**tle of hit! Moral Esgiiya, * Of the Ui*e of 
Kiches," afterwards changed to * On False 
Taste ; ' and Gay, whom he sent into Devon- 
shire to regain his health, addressed to him 
his * Epistle on a Journey to Exeter,' 1716. 
Both jjoets frequently refer m terms of worm ' 
eulogy' to his disinterested devotion to iite- ' 
rattire and art ; but Gay^ though he w*as en- I 
tertained hy him for montlig, Miien !ie lost i 
in the Sonth Sea wheme the money obtained ' 
from the publication of hi** poerag, expressed ' 
hl« disapjMiint men t that be had rec^eivetl from i 
him so *few real benefits ^ (Cox E, Life of 
Gfit/^ 24). This, however, was mere unrea* 
jsonable peevishnesj*, for undonbtetlly Bur- 
lington erred rather on the side of generosity 
than otherwise* %\'aliK>le says of him * he 
possessed every ana lily of a genius ami aiiist 
except envy/ He wa« a director of the 
Koynl Academy of Muf^it'for the wrfomioncL" 
of Handel's works, and ob>ut 1/16 received 
JIanilel into his house (Schoelcheh, £(/> of 
Jlajideff p. 44 )> At an early period he was a 
patron of Bishop Berkeley* The architect 
Kent, whose acquaintance he made in Italy, 
rewided in his house till his death in 1748, 
and Burlington used every effort to secure 
kini commissions and extend his fame. IBs 
enthusiastic adminition of Inigo Jones in- 
duced him to repair tlie church at Covent 
Garde n. It was a t h i ?^ i n 8 1 a nee a nd by h is hel p 
that Kent published the designs of Inigo 
Jones, and he also brought out a beautiful 
edition of Palladio's * Fahbriche Antiche,' 
1730. 

Burlington supplied deisigna for various 
buildings, including the assembly rooms at 
York built at his own exjvense^ Lortl Harring- 
ton's liouse at Petersham, the dormitorv at 
^Y est minster School, tbelHikeof Hidimond's 
house at Whitehall, and General Wade's in 
Cork Street. The laj^t two were pulled down 
many years ago* Of General W adeV bouse 
W alpole wrote, * It i& worse contrived in the 



inside than is conceivable, all tohnmour the 
beauty of front/ and L^jrd Chesterfield sug- 
gested that, * as the general could nc5t live in 
it to hia ease, he had l)etter take a house over 
agamat it and look at it/ Burlington * spent/ 
says Walpole, ' large sums in contributing to 
public works, and was kno\^Ti to choose that 
the expense should fall on himself rather 
than that bis ecnintry should be deprived 
of snme beautiful edifices/ On this account 
he became so seriously involved in money 
difficulties that be was compelled to port 
with a portion nf his Irish estates, as w© 
learn from Swift : * My Lord Burlington is 
now selling in one article 9,000/. a year in 
Ireland for 200,CKX)/., which won't pay hia 
dehW (Smff* ft Works^ ed. Scott, xix/l29). 
He died in December 17+j3. By his wife. 
Lady Dorothy Savile^ daughter and coheiress 
of William, marquis of llalitax^be left three 
daughters, but no male heir. His wife waa 
a great jmtroness of music, She also drew 
in crayons, and is said to have possessed a 
genius for caricature. 

[Tx^Jge's Irish Peerage, i. 177-8; WalpoVa 
Aneixlotes of Pain ting ; Works of Pope, Gay, 
and fiwift ; Wheatley s Kound about Piccadilly, 
46-^9.] T. F. H. 



BOYLE, Hon. R()BEKT (1627-1091), 
natural philosopher and chemiat, was tha 
seventh son and: faurtt?enth child of Richard 
Boyle, the * great * Earl of Cork, by his second 
wile Catherine, daughter of Sir Geoflfrey 
Fenton, princinid secretary of state for Ire- 
land, ancf was born at Lismore Castle, in tha 
province of Monster, Ireland, on 25 Jan. 1627* 
He learned early to siieak Latin and French, 
and won paternal predilection by his aptitude 
for study, strict veracity, and serious turn of 
mind. His mother died when he was threo 
years old, and at the age of eij^ht he waaaent 
to Eton, the provost then bemg his father'a 
fnend, Sir Henry Wot ton, described by 
Boyle as * not only a fine gentleman himself^ 
but very w ell skilled in the art of making 
others so.' Here an accidental perusal oi 
Quintus Curtiiis 'conjured up in him* {hoi 
narrates in on autobiographical fragment)^ 
* that unaatifiiied appetite for knowledge that 
is }'et as greedy as when it first was raised ; * 
while * Amadis de Gaule,* wdiich fell into hia 
bands during his recovery from a fit of tertian 
ague* produced an unsettling eflect, counter- 
acted by a severe discipline^ — self-imposed 
by a boy under ten — ol mental arithmeiio^ 
and algebra. 

From Eton, after nearly four years, he w 
transferred to his father's recently purchased 
estate of Stalbridge, in Dorsetshire, and his- 
education continued hy the Bev> Mr* Boachf; 



I 






•Jid liter by a French tutor named Mar- 

eooibefi. With him and his elder brother 

Fimncia he left England in October 1638, 

andypAseing through Parii% and Lyoofi, settled 

during twenty-one months at Geneva, where 

Ire acquired the gentlemanly accomplish- 

laent^ of fluent trench, dancing, fencing, 

and tennis^playing. From this time, when 

hi WMB about fourteen, he dated his * con- 

Tenkm^^or that expreea dedication to religion 

ftom which he never afterwords varied. The 

isniiiflduiteoccjLsion of this momentous resolve 

w&B the awe inspired by a thunderstorm. 

At Florenc** during the winter of 1*341-2 
ha maat«red Italian, and studied ^ the new 
paimdaxM of the great star-gajser Galile<i/ 
iHioee death occurred during his 6tay (8 Jan. 
1643i), He chose in Rome to nass for a 
FWnchman, and with the arrival oi the party 
at MftrseilleA, about May 1642, Boyle's record 
cf bia early years abruptly closes. A Berious 
anberFa^ment here awaited them. A sum 
of i!50/,, with difficulty rnised by Lord Cork 
dmiiig the calamities of the Irish rebellion, 
WIS eimbez2led in course of transmission to 
Ilia sons. Almost penniless, they made their 
war to Geneva, M. Marcombea' native place, 
ami there lived on credit for two years. At 
lengthy by the sale of some jewels, they 
raiaed money to defray their expenses home- 
wafda* and reached England in the summer 
of 1644, They found their father dead, and 
the countrj^ in «ucii confusion that it was 
nearly four months before Robert Boyle, who 
had inherited the manor of Stalbridge, could 
make hia way thither. 

But civil distractiona were powerless to 
extinpuiah scientific zeaL From the meet- 
infffi m London in 1045 of the * PbUo&ophi- 
cal/ or (as be preferred to call it ) the * In- 
ritihU College, incorporated, after the Re- 
ftoration, as the Royal Society, Boyle de- 
nired a definitive impulae towards experi- 
mental inf| airier, lie was then a lud of 
^ffhteen, but rose rapidly to be the acknow- 
ledged leader of the movement thus origi- 
nated. Chemistry was from the first hie 
favourite study. * Vulcan has so transported 
and bewitched me/ he wrote from Stalbridge 
to his sister. Lady Ranclagh, 31 Aug. ll>49, 
to * makp me fancy mv laboratorjr a kind 
,_^ Elysium/ Compelled to viait hiij disor- 
^Ared' IriAh estates m 1652 and 1653, he de- 
acribed bis native land aa 'a barbarous country, 
where chemical spirits were bo mis under- 
stood, and chemical instruments so unpro* 
curable, that it waj^ hard to have any Her^ 
metic thoughts in it/ Aided by Sir William 
i'tetty, he accordingly practiaea instead ana- 
'cal dissectbn, and satisfied himself ex- 
lentally aa to the circulation of the 




blood, t>u his return to England in June 
ltj54 he settled at Oxford in the society of 
6ome of his earlier philosophical asaociatea, 
and others of the same stamp, including 
Wallis and Wren, Goddard, Wilkius, and 
8eth Ward. Meetings were alternately held 
in the rooms of the warden of Wadham 
(Wilkins) and at Boyle's lodgings, adjoining 
University College, and experiments wefe 
zealously made and freely communicated, 
Boyle erected a laboratory, kept a number 
of operators at work, and engaged Robert 
Hooke aa his chemical assistant. Reading 
in 1057^ in Schott's * Mechanica hydraulico- 
pneumatica,* of Guericke's invention for ex- 
tuuisting the air in a closed vessel, he set 
Hooke to contrive a method less clumsy, and 
the result was the so-called * macliLna boyle- 
ana,' completed towards 1659, and presenting 
all the eaaential qualities of the modem air- 
pump. By a multitude of experiments per- 
formed with it, Boyle vividly illustrated the 
effects (at that time very imperfectly recog- 
nised) of the elasticity, compresaibility, and 
weight of the air ; inveattgated ita function 
in respiration, combustion, and the convey- 
ance ot sound, and exploded theobftcure notion 
of a/u^h vacui. A first instalment of reaults 
was published at Oxford in ie<M), with the 
title, ^ New Experiments Physiccj-Mechanical 
touching the Spring of the Air and it« Effects, 
made, for the most part, in a new Pneumatical 
Engine/ His * Defence against Linus,* ap- 
pended, with his answer to the objections of 
llobbes, to the second edition (UK12), con- 
tained experimental proof of the proportional 
relation between elasticity and pressure^ still 
known as * Boyle*s Law' {Work^f folio ed. 
1744, i. 100)- This approximately true prin- 
ciple, although but loosely demonstrated, was 
at once generalised and accepted, and was 
confirmed by Mariotte in 107o. 

Boyle meanwhile bestowed upon theolo- 
gical subjects nttcjution nw eame«t as if it 
had been undivided. At the age of twenty- 
one he had already written, besides a treatise 
on ethics, several moral and religious essaya, 
afterwards published. His veneration for 
the Scriptures induced him, although by 
nature averse to linguistic studiesi to learn 
Hebrew and Greek, Chaldee and Syriac 
enough to read them in the originals^ At 
Oxford he made some further progregs in this 
direction,with aspistance from H^'dej Pococke, 
and Clarke; applied himself to divinity under 
Barlow (afterwardg bbhop of Lincoln) ; and 
encouraged the writinga on caauistry of Dr. 
Robert Sanderson with a pension of 50/, a 
year. Throughout his life he was a munifi- 
cent supporter nf prmects for the ditfusion 
of the Seripturee* He bore wholly, or in 



n 



i 



part, the expenijt^of printing^ the Imliftn, Irish, 
md Wekh Bibles ( H185-8(5) ; of the Ttirkieli 
New Testament, and of the Malayan version 
of the Gospels and Acts ( Oxfnrd/1677 ). A& 
governor of tlie Corporation for the Hpread 
of the Gospel in New England, and as aireo 
tor of the EapSt India Company (the charter 
of which he was instruraentftl in procuring )» 
he made strenuous efforts, and gave liberal 
pecuniary aid towards the spread of Chris- 
tianity in those re^ons. He contributed, 
moreover^ largely to the publication of Bur- 
netts * History of the Kefurtuation/ bestowed 

• « splendid reward upon Pococke for his tmns- 

' Ifttion into Arabic of Grot i us' * De Veritatft,' 
ttnd during some time spent 1,(X)0A a year in 
private charity. Nor was science forgotten, 
liesideB kis heavy regular outlay, and help 
aflbrded to indigent »avant4if we hear in 16o7, 
in a letter from Oldenburg, of a scheme for 
investing 12,0001. in forfe^ited Iriali estates, 
the proceeds to be devoted to the advance- 
ment of learning ; and a looked-for increase 
to his fortunes in 1662 should have been simi- 
larly appUed, but that, being *cast upon im- 
propriations,' he felt hound to consecrate it 
to religious uses. 

On the Reatoration, he was solicited by 
the Earl of Clarendon to take orders; but 
excused himself* on the grounds of the absence 
of an inner ciill, and of his persuasion that 
ftrgumenta in favour of religion came with 
more force from one not profession ally pledged 
to uphold it. This determination involved 
the refusal of the provostehip of Eton, offered 
to him in 1605. He also repeatedly declined 
ft peerage, and died the only untitled member 

' of his large family. 

In 1668 he left Oxford for Tendon, and re- 
sided until Ills death in Lady llanelagh's house 
in Pall Mall. The meetings of the Koyal 
Society perhaps furnished in part the induce- 
ment to this move. Boyle might be called 

' the representative memoer of this distin- 
ffuisbed body* He had taken a leading part 
m its foundation ; he sat on its hret council ; 
the description and display of his ingenious 
experiments gave interest to its proceedings ; 
he waa elected its president 30 Nov. 1680, 
but declined to act from a scruple about 
the oaths, and was replaced by ^\ ren. His 
voluminous writings flowed from him in 
an unfailing stream from 1660 to 1691 ^ and 
procured him an immense reputation, both 
at home and abroad. Most of them ap^ 
peared in Latin, as weD as in English, and 
were more than once separately reprinted. 
In the 'Sceptical Chymist' (Oxford, imi) 
he virtually demolished, together with the 
peripatetic doctrine of the four elements, the 
Spagyristic doctrine of the tria primal tenta- 



tively substituting the principles of a * me- 
chanical philosophy,* expounded in detail in 
his * Origin of forms and Qualities' (1666). 
Founded on the old atomic hypothesis, these 
ac<;ord, in the main, with the views of many- 
recent physicists. They postulate one uni- 
versal kind of matter, admit in the construc- 
tion of the visible world only moving atoms, 
and derive diversity of substance from their 
various modes of grouping and manners of 
movement. Boyle added as a corollary the 
transmutability of tiitt'ering forms of matter 
by the rearrangement of their particles ef- 
fected through the agency of lire or otherwise ; 
referred ^sensible qualities' to the action of 
variously constituted particles on the human 
frame, and declared, in the obscure phrase- 
ology of the time, that * the grand efficient of 
forms is local motion' ( Work^^ ii. 483)* He 
acquiesced in^ rather than accepted, the cor- 
puscular theory of light, but clearly recog- 
nised in heat the results of a * brisk 'molecular 
agitation {ittid. i. 282)* 

In * Experiments and Considerations touch- 
ing Colours* (1*363) he described for the first 
time the iridescence of metallic films and 
soap-bubbles ; in ' Hydros t at ical Paradoxes ' 
(1060) he enforced, by numerous and striking 
experiments (presented to the Royal Society 
in May Hj(*4>, the laws of fluid equilibrium. 
Uis statement concerning the * Incalescence 
of Quicksilver with Gold* (PAi7. Trans. 
21 Feb. 1070) drew the serious attention of 
Newton (see his letter to Oldenburg in Boyle's 
Wotks^ v. 896), and a widespread sensation 
was created by his * Historical Account of a 
Degradation of Gold ' (1078)^ the interest of 
botli thei?e pseudo-observations being derived 
from their supposed connection with alche- 
mistic transformations* lioyle*s faith in their 
possibihty was further evidenced by the re- 
peal, procured through his influence in 1089, 
of the statute 5 Henry IV against * multi- 
plying gold; 

Amongst Boyle's numerous correspondents 
were Newton, I^cke, Aubrey, Evelyn, Ol- 
denburg, Wallis, Beale, and ifartlib. To him 
Evelyn unfolded, 3 Sept. 1059, his scheme for 
the foundation of a * physi co-mat hematic col- 
lege/ and Newt on » 1*8 Feb* 1079, his ideas 
regarding the qualities of the aether. Na- 
thaniel Highmore dedicated to him in 1651 
hia * History of Generation : * Wallis in 1*^9 
his essay on the ^ Cycloid ; ' Sydenham in lt¥J6 
his *Methodu8 curandi Febres,' intimating 
Boyle^s frf?<|uent association with him in his 
visits to his patients ; and Burnet addressed 
to him in 1680 the letters constituting his 
* Travels/ Wholesale plagiarism and theft 
formed a vexatious, though no less flattering, 
tribute to his fame* Hence the 'Advertise- 




Boyle 



ISI 



Boyle 



jaent about the loss of many of bis Writings/ 
f published in May 1688, in which he describled 
the various mischances, both by fraud tuid 
•ccident, having b<?fal!en them, and declaim J 
llijs intention to write thenceforth ou loose 
tflheets, AS offering less temptation to thieves 
Ethan bulky packets, and to send to preea with- 
ioui the dangerous delays of prolonged re* 
* don. In the same year he gave to the 
rorld ' A Di^uisition concerning the Final 
(Catisea of Natural Thingg; and in 1(J90 * Me- 
licina Hvdrostatica ^ and *The Christian 
Vinnoso/ setting forth the mutual service- 
ableness of science and religion. The last 
work pubhshed by himself wiis entitled * Ex- 
Iperimenta et Observationes Physicae/ part i. 
5(1*591 ) ; the second part never appear^. 
In 1689 the failing state of his health cora- 
Tielh?d him to suspend comraunications to the 
. Koyal SocietVi and to resign his post, tilled 
f-fiince ltS61, as governorof the Corporation for 
the Spread of the Gospel in New England, 
About the same time he publicly notified hia 
intention of excluding visitors on certain por- 
tions of four days in each week, thus refler^ing 
'eisure to * recruit ^ (aa he said) * his spiritB, 
^AnKe his papers, and to take aome care of 
Itis a££irs in Ireland* which are very much 
lisorderedf and havet!it?ir fac*> often changed 
fcry the pubhc cal ami t i es t here. ' H e was abo 
tirous to complete a collection of elaborate 
deal processes, which he is said to have 
tttrust^d to a firiend as * a kind of Hermetick 
y,* but which were never made known. 
ae secrets discovered by him, such a^ the 
eparatjon of subtle poisons and of a liquid 
r discharging writing, he concealed as mis- 
(ehievous. 

From the age of twenty-one lie had suffered 
I a torturing malady, of which he dreaded 
|the aggravation^ with the nppronch of death, 
' eyond his powers of patient endurance. But 
I end was without pain, and almost with- 
out serious illness. His beloved sister, Oa- 
liherine Lady Ranelagh, a conspicuous and 
fnoble personage, died 23 Dec, 169L He sur- 
Trived her one week, expiring three-quartera 
of an hour after midnight, 3(1 Dec., aged 
nearly tiiS, and was buried 7 Jan. 1892 in 
[l6t» MartinVin-the-Fields, Westminster^ Dr. 
Burnet preached his funeral sf^rmon* By his 
will he founded and endowed with 50/. a 
year the * Royle Lectures,' for the defence of 
Christianity against unbelievers, of which the 
^rst set of eight discourses was preached by 
Bentley in IG92. 

* Mr* Boyle/ Dr. Birch writes (Life^ p. S^\ 
* was tall of stature, but slender, and his 
countenance pale and emaciated. His con- 
stitution was BO tender and delicate that he 
had divers sorts of cloaks to put on when he 



went abroad, according to the temperature of 
the air, and in this he governed himself by 
his thennometer* He escaped, indeed, the 
small-pox during Ids hfe, hut for almost forty 
years he laboured under such a feebleness of 
body and lowness of strength and spirits that 
it waa astonishing how he could read, medi- 
tatef try experiments, and vvTite as he did. 
He had likewise a weakness in his eyes, which 
made him very tender of them » and extremely 
apprehensive of such distemperfi as might 
affect them.' To these disabditiea was added 
that of a memory so treacherous (by hi.? own 
account) that he was often tempted to abandon 
study in despair. He spoke with a slight 
hesitation; nevertheless at times * distm- 
guifihiMl himself bv so copious and lively a 
How of wit that Mr. Cowley and Sir ^\ illiam 
' Davenant both thought him equal in that 
respect to the most celebrated geniuses of 
' that age.* He never married, but Evelyn 
I was credibly informed that he had paid court 
in his youth to the Enrl of Monmouth's beau- 
tiful daughter, and that his pas.'^ion inspired 
the essay on * Seraphic Love/ published in 
16(50. It was, however, already written in 
11^48, and Boyle himself assures us, H Aug. 
of that year, that he * hath never vet been 
hurt by Cupid ' { Work^, u 155), 'fhe story 
is thus certainly apocryphal. 
The tenor oi his life was in no way in- 
. consistent with his professions of piety. It 
I was simple and impretendiDg, stainless yet 
j not austere, humble without aflectftt ion. His 
I temper, naturally choleric, he gradually sub- 
dued to mildness ; his religious principles 
j were equally removed from laxity and in- 
tolerance, and he was a declared foe to per- 
secution. He shared, indeed, in some degree 
I the creduloufiuess of his age* He publicly 
' suhscribed to the truth of the stories about 
the ^ demon of Maacon,' and vouched for the 
spurious cures of Greatrakes the *stroker.* 
Nor did he wholly escape the narrowness in- 
separable from the cultivation of a philosophy 

* tnat valued no knowledge but as it had a 
tendency to use»* His view of astronomical 
studies IS, in this res]>ect, characteristic. If 
the planets have no physical influence oti 
the earth, he admits his inability to propound 
any end for the pains bestowed upon them ; 

* we know them only to know them ' (ibid, r* 
124). 

Yet his services to science were unique. 
The condition of his birtli, the elevation of 
his character, the unflagging enthusiasm of 
his researches, combined to lend dignity and 
currency to their results. These were coex- 
tensive with the whole ruugH, then accessible, 
of experimental investigation. He personi- 
fied, It might be said, in a manner at once 



i 



^ 



^ 



I 



impres^ivp tnni conciliatorv, the victorious 
rffvolt aj.^ajii>! -rienlific dog-matism then in 
progrtiss. lit: nee bis unrivftlled populnrity 
and privilegtjd position, which even the moet 
rftncoroufl felt comj>oUed to respect. No 
fitnnger of note visited England without 
seeking an interview^ which he regarded it as 
an obligation of christian charity to grant. 
Tliree eucceKsive Icings of P^ngland converged 
familiarly with him, and he Avas considered 
to have inherited, nay outshone, the fame of 
the great Verulam. 'The excellent Mr. 
Boyle/ Hughea wrote in the * Spectator' 
(No. 564), * WM the person who eeems to have 
been deeigned by nature to succeed to the 
laboura and inquiries of that extraordinary 
genius. By innumerable experiments he, in 
& great measure, filled up those plans and 
outlines of science which his predecessor had 
sketched out.^ Addison styled him (No. 531 ) 
* an honoiu: to his cotmtrvj and a more dili- 
gent 6M well a* siicceisaful inquirer into the 
works of nature than any other one nation 
has ever produced/ *To him/ Boer baa ve 
wrote, ' we owe the secrete of fire, air, water, 
animals, vegetables, fossils ; so that from his 
works may oe deduced the whole system of 
natural knowledge ' (Methodus discendi Ar^ 
tetn Ifhdieamy p. 152). 

It roust be admitted that Boyle's achieve- 
ments are scarcely commensurate to pcnjg^ 
of which these are but a sample. Hia naijie^ 
is identified with no great discovery ; ho piir^ 
sued no subject far beyond the merely ill us* 
trative stage ; his performance supplied a 
general introduction to modern t*cience rather 
than entered into the body of the work. But 
Huch an introduction was indispensable » and 
was admirably executed. It implied an * ad- 
vance all along the line/ Subjects of inquiry 
were suggested, stri pped of manifold obscuri- 
ties, ana set in opproximotely true mutual 
relations. Above all, the fruitfulness of the 
experimental method was vividly exhibited, 
and its use rendered easy and famdinr. Boyle 
was the true precursor of the modi^rn chemist. 
Besides clearing away a jangle of perplexed 
notions, he collected a number of highly sug' 
gestive facts and observations. He was the 
first to distinguish definitely a mixture from 
a compound ; with him originated the defi- 
nition of an * element * as a hitherto unde- 
composed constituent of a compound ; he 
introdiicpd4.he use of vegetable colour-tests 
of acidity and alkalinity. From a bare hint 
as to the method of preparing phosphorus 
(discovered by Brandt in ilWiO) he arrived at 
it independentlv, communicated it 14 Oct, 
1080 in a sealeti pBcket to the Hoyal Society, 
and pubis 8 bed it for the first time in lt»82 
( Works iv, 87). In a tract printed the same 




year he accurately described the qualities 
of the new substance under the title of the 
* Icy Nocti I nca.* He, moreover, actually pre- 
pared hydrogen, and collected it in a receiver 
placed over water, but failed to distinguish 
it from what he called ^nir generated de 
novQ^ {ibid. i. 35). 

In physics, besides the great merit of having 
rendered the air-pump available for experi- 
ment and discovered the law of gaseous 
elasticity, he invented a compressed-air 
pump, and directed the construction of the 
first hermetically sealed thermometers made 
in England, He nought to measure the ex- 
pansive force of f reeling water, first used 
ireezing mixtures, observed the efiects of 
atmospneric pressure on ebullition, added 
considerably to the .*^ore of facts collected 
about electricity and magnetism, determined 
the specific gravities and refractive powers 
of various substances, and made a notable 
attempt to weigh light. He further a^cer- 
tatneu the unvarying high temperature of 
human blood, and performed a variety of \ 
curious exijerimentft on respiration. He aimed 
at being the disciide only of nature, Down 
to 1657 he purposely refrained from * seriously 
or orderly reading the works of Gassendi, 
Descartes, or *8o much as Sir F, Bacon's 
" Novum Organ um," in order not to l>e posr- 
sessed with any theory or principles till he 
had found what things themselves should 
induce him to think* {ibid, 194). And, al- 
though he professed a special revtrence for 
Descartes, as the true author of the * tenets 
of mechanical philosopliy ' {ibid. iv. 521), 
we find, nine years later, th^^ie had not yet 
carried out his intention of thorouffhiy study- 
ing his writings {ibid. ii. 458). Yet he was 
no true Cartesian ; the whole course of his 
scientific efibrts bort:? the broad Baconian 
stamp ; nor wiug the general voice widely in 
error which declared him to have (at least 
in part) executed what A^erulam designed. 

The style of his writings, which had the 
character rather of occasional essays than of 
systematic treatises, is free from rhetorical 
atfectations; it is lucid, fluent, but intole- 
rably piY>lix, its not rare felicities of phrase 
being, as it were, smothered in verbosity. He 
endeavoured to remedy this defect by pro- 
cesses of coinpulsorv concentration. Boulton*s 
first epitome of his writings appeared in 
1699^1700 (London, 3 vols. 8vo) ; a second, 
of his theological works, in 1715 (3 vols, 
Bv'o) ; and Dr. Peter Shawns abridgment of 
his pliilosophiciil works in 1725 (3 voLs. 8vo), 
The first complete edition of Iiis writings 
was published by Birch in 1744 in five folio 
volumes (2nd edition in 6 vols. 4ta, Ijondon, 
1772). It included his posthumous remains 



^ I 



Uid correspoiideiice, with a life of tlie author 
founded on mftteTi&b collectt^d witli ab^jrtj^e 
biographical designs by liumet and Wotton, 
and embracing B<)yle's iiDtinifihed nHrratire 
of his early yt'ars entitled * An Aeccnmt of 
Philaretii* durinp hi;* Minority/ More or 
less cjomplete Latin editions of his worki* 
urere i^ued at Geneva in 1677, 1(M), and 
1714 ; at Cologne in 1680-95; and at Wnict' 
in 1695. A French collection^ with the title 
' Recueil d*Exp6rience*,' appeared at Paris in 
1679. Of his sf?parate tri*atise8 the follow- 
ing, besides thoae already mentioned, deserve 
to be particularised: L * Some Considera- 
tians touching: the Usefulness of Experimental 
Natural Fhilo,«M>phy ' {Oxford, HJ63, 2nd part 
1(J71). 2. * Borne Conj^idenitions t^inching 
the Style of the Holy Scriptures' (1668), 
extract^ from an ' Essay on Scripture/ 
begun 16o2, and published, after the writer's 
death, by Sir Peter IVtt. 3. • Occasional 
Reflections upon several Subjects" (1664^ 
reprinted 1808), on early production tMitirised 
by Butler in his * Ucea.sional Uetlection on 
I>r. Charlton's feeling a Dog*B Pulse at Gres- 
hum College/ and by Swift in his * Medita- 
tion on a Broom Stick/ who neverthelese was 
fjrobably indebted for the firfjt idea of ' Gul- 
irer's iVavels ' Ui one of the little pieces thus 
caricatured ('Upon the Eating- of OysteJ:^,' 
Workji, ii, 219), 4. * New Experiments and 
Observations toucliing Cold, or an Experi- 
mental History of Cold begun' (1665), con- 
taining a refutation of the vulgar doctrine 
of * ant ijierii^taaifi ' ( in full credit with Bacon) 
and of Hobbes*B theor\' of cold. 6. 'A CJon- 
tinuation of New Exiieriments Phyeico- 
Me<*hanical touching the Spring and Weight 
of the Air and their Effects ' (1669, a third 
series appeared in 1682). 6. 'Tracts iib<iut 
the (Josmical Qualities of Thingfi' (1670). 
7. * An Essay aljcmt the Origin and Virtues 
of Gems' (1672). 8. * The Excellency of 
Theology compared wit h Nat ural Fhiloitophy ' 
(167i<). 9. ' Some Qjnsiderations aboot the 
iiecuncilableneM of Reason and Religion* 
( 1675), 10. 'The Aerial Noctiluca' (1680). 
11, * Memoirs for the Natural History of 
Human Blood' (1684). 12. ' Of the High 
Veneration Man's Intellect owes to God* 
(1085). 13. * A Free Emjuiry int^ the vul- 
garly re^ceived Notion of Nature' (1686). 
14. *The General History' of the Air de- 
signed and begun' (1692). 15. * Medicinal 
Experiments' (1692, 3rd vol. 1698), both 
pofitliumouh. 

Catalogues of Boyle's works were pub- 
lished at London in 1688 and gubsequent 
years. He be<jueathed his mineralogical col- 
lections to the lioyal S<3ciety, and his portrait 
by Kerseboom, the property of the same 



body, formed part of the National Portrait 
Exhibition in 1866. 

[Life by Bi rch ; Biog. Brit. ; Womf a Fasti Oxon. 
(Blias), ii. 2S6 ; Btirnet!* Funeral Sermon ; Watt'a 
BibL Brit. ; Hoefer's Hist, de la Chimie, ii, 165; 
Poggendortf^'n Gf»ch. d. Phyitik, p. 466 ; Libeff'« 
Hist, Phil, des Propfes de la Physique^ ii. 134 ; 
A. Cruin Brown's J>9Telopmc!nt of the Idea of 
Chemieal CompoBition, pp. 9-H.] A. M. C. 

BOYLE, ROGER, Baron Broghill, and 

first Earl of Orrery (1621-1679), stat-ea- 
raan, .soldier, and dramati&t, the third son of 
Richard Bo vie, first earl of Cork, and Cathe- 
rine, daughter of Sir Geoffrey Fen ton, was 
birn at Lisniore 2') April 1621. In recogni- 
tion of hi;> father'ii services lie was on 28 Feb. 
1627 created Baron Broghill. At the age 
of fifteen he entered Trinity College, Dublin 
(^BuDGELL, MemtiirJ^ of f/te Boi/kfi, p, 34), and 
according to Wood (At/ieuce^ ed. Bliss, iii. 
1 200 ) he also * received W5me of his lumdemical 
educiitinn in Oxon.' After concluding hi« 
university career he spent .some vearH on the 
continent, chiefly in Jninee and Italy, under 
a gfjvernor, Mr. Markhain, Soon after hi« 
return to England, he was entrusted by the 
Earl of Northumlx?rhind with the command 
of hi« troojj in the Scotch expedition. On 
ht<* marriage to Lady Margaret Howard, 
third daughter of the Earl of Suffolk, he set 
out for Ireland, arriving 23 Oct. 1641, on 
the very day that the great reMlion broke 
out. When the Earl of Cork summoneil his 
retainers, Li:>rd Broglull was appointed to a 
troop of horse, with which he joined the lA^rd 
President St. Leger. It was only BroghilPs 
acutene^ that prevented St. Leger from be- 
lieving the representations of Lord Muskerry, 
the leader of tlie Irish rebels, that he was act- 
ing on the authority of n commission from the 
king. Under the Earl of (.'ork he took part 
in the defence nf Lismore, and he held a com- 
mand at the iMttleof Lisciirrol^ 3 Sept. 1642, 
When the Jlanpiij^ of Ormonde rempied*^'' 
authority to the parliamentary commissioi 
in 1(j47, Lord Broghill^ though a zeal 
royalist, continued to serve under them until 
the execution of the king. Immediately on 
receipt of the news he went over to Eng- 
lantl, where he lived for some rime in strict 
retirement at Marston, Somersetshire. At 
last, however, he determined to make a str^ 
nuous attempt to retrieve his own fortunes and 
tlie royal eaiise, and, on the pretence of visiting 
a German spa for the sake of his health, re- 
solved to seek an interview with Charles II 
on the continent, with a view to concoct 
measures to aid in his restoration. With 
this purpose he nrrived in London, having 
meanwhile made application to the Earl of 



»d^ 
salffi^ 



^ 



^ 



^ 



Warwick for a pass, only cominiiiiicat lag* his 
real deaigii to certain ro3'alists in whom he 
had perfect confidetice. While wiiiting the 
result of hi» iipplictition, he was surprised by 
ft message from (3liver Cromwell of his in- 
teation to cull on him at hie lodgings, Crom- 
well at once informed him that the council 
were completely cognisant of the real charac- 
ter of his designs, and that but for bia inter- 
position be would already have been * clapped 
up in the Tower " (Mokkjcb, Menunn of the 
Mtri of Orrety^ p. 1 1 K lirogfhill thanked 
Cromwell warmly for his kindness, and asked 
his advice as to what he should do, whereupon 
Cromwell offered him a generura command 
in the war against the tris^h. No oaths or 
obligations were to be laid on blm except a 
promise on his word of honour faithfully to 
assist to the best of his power in subduing 
Ireland, Broghill, according to his biographer, 
ttiiked for time to consider * tht^ large offer/ 
but Cromwell brusquely answered that he 
must decide on the instant ; and, finding that 
*no subterfuges could any longer be made 
use of/ be gave bis consent. 

The extraordinary bargain is a striking 
proof both of Cromwell's knowledge of men 
and of bis conscioiLsness of the immense diffi- 
culty of the taiik he had in haiid in Ireland. 
The trust placed by him in UroghilFs stead- 
fastness and abilities was fully justified by 
the r esul t. By wha t e v e r mot i ves n e may have 
been actuated, there can be no doubt that 
BrogbiU strained every nerve to make the 
cause of the parliiuneut in Ireland triumph- 
ant* Indeed but for his af^sistance Cromwell's 
enterprise might have been attended with 
almost fatal disasters. With the commission 
of master of ordnance, Broghill immediately 
proceeded to Bristol, where he embarked for 
Ireland. Such was his influence in Munster 
that he soon found himself at the head of a 
troop of horse manned by gentlemen of pro- 
perty, and l/iOO \v*;U -appointed infantry, 
many of whom had deserted from Lord Inchi- 
quin. After joining Cromwell at ^V'exford, 
he was left by him * at Mallow, with about 
«ix or seven hundred horse and four or five 
hundred foot/ to protect the interests of the 
parliament in Munster, and distinguished 
himself by the capture of two strong garri- 
aona (Carlylb, Cromwetifh&ttercx'ix.) This 
vipDrous procedure greatly contributed to 
drive the enemy into Kilkenny, where they 
shortly afterwards surrendered* Cromwell 
then proceeded to Clonmel, and Broghill 
was ordered to attack a body of Irish under 
the titular bishop of lioss, who were march- 
ing to its relief. This forc« he met at Ma- 
croom 10 May 1650, and totally defeated, 
t&kiiig the bishop prisoner. While prepar- 



ing to pursue the defeated enemy he received 
ft message irom Cromwell , whose troops had 
been decimated by sickness and the sallies 
of the enemy^ to joiu him with the utmost 
haste ; and on his arrival CI on in el was taken 
after a desperate struggle. Cram well ^ whose 
presence in Scotland had been for some time 
urgently required, now left the ta«k of com- 
pleting the subjugation of Ireland in the 
hands of Ireton, whom Broghill joined at 
the siege of Limerick. News having reached 
the beai^r^s tlmt preparations were being 
made for tts relief, Broghill was sent with a 
strong detachment to disperse any bodies of 
troo]>8 that might be gathering for this purpose. 
By a rttpid march he intercepted a strong force 
under Lord Muskerry, advancing to join the 
army raised by the pope's nuncio, and so 
completely routed them that all attempts to 
relieve Limerick were abandoned. 

On the conclusion of the war Broghill re- 
main e<i in Munster to keep the province in 
subjection, w^ith Youghal for his headquarters 
(MoRRlCBp 19). While the war wjis proceed- 
ing he had been put in pojftsession of as much 
of Lord Muskerry's estates as amounted to 
1,000/. a year, until the country in which his 
estate was situated was freed from the enemy 
{CaL State Papers, Dom. 1049-50, p, 473), 
and at its close Blarney Caiitle, with binds 
adjoining it to the annual value of 1,000/*, 
was bestowed upon him, the bill after long 
delay in parliament receiving the assent of 
Cromwell in 16«j7 {ComtnortJi' Joutnal), Ire- 
ton, who had been so suspicious of BrogbilFa 
intentions as to advise that he should * be 
cut ofiy died from exposure at Limerick, nnd 
Cromwell, who throughout the war had relied 
implicitly on Brogbill's good faith, gradually 
received him into his special confidence. 
Broghill, on his part, realising that the royal 
cause was for the time hoj>eless, devoted all 
liis energies to make the rule of Cromwell a 
succees. Actuated at first by motives of self- 
interest, be latterly conceived for Cromwell 
strong admiration and esteem. In Crom- 
well's parliament which met in l6o4 he sat 
as member for Cork, and on the list nf the 
parliament of 1656 his mime ap]>ears aa 
member both for Cfjrk and Edinburgli. His 
representation of the latter cit^'' is accounted 
for by the fact that this year he was sent ad 
lord pretsideat of the council to Scotland. 
That he remained in Scotland only one year 
w^as due not to any failure to satisfy either 
the Scots or Cromwell, but simply to the 
condition he made on accepting office, that he 
should not be required to hold it for more 
than a yeiir. According to Robert Bail lie 
he ^gained more on the affections of the 
people than all the English that ever were 



among us* {Joumals, iti. 316). After his 
return to Engltind he formed one of a special 
council whom the Protector was in the habit ! 
of consult ill g- on mattera of prime importance 
(Whttelocke, Memorials ^ 6o6)» He wns 
also a raeml>er of the House of Lords, norai- 
iiHted bj Cromwell in December ItW (FftrL ' 
Mist. iiL 1518), It was ehiefly nt his in- 
stance that I he pari ifl men trewihed to recom- 
mend Cromwtdl to adopt the title of king < 
(Lfdlow, Memofrg, 24/ ), and he was one ' 
of the committee appointed to discusa the | 
nutter with Cromwell {Monarchy atserted \ 
to he the te^t, mo$t ancient ^ and l^aU fonn I 
qffforentfmntf in a cvnfcrenct held at Whitfi- 
hall with Oliver Lord Cromwell and a Com- \ 
mittee of Parliament ^ 1660, reprinted in 
tlie State Letters of the Earl of Orrery, 
1742). Probably it was after the faihire of 
this negotintion that he broiiglit before Crom- 
"well the remarkable proposal for a marriage 
between CmmwelFs daughter Frances and 
Charle» II (Mokrice, Me?noir^ of the Earl 
of Orrery , 2 1 K A ft e r t h e death of ( >1 i ver he 
did biM utmost to cojisnlidate the government 
of his ^jn Eicbard, who consulted him in his 
chief difBculties, but failed to profit sufli- 
ciently by bis advice. Convinced at last 
thttt the cBUi?e of Richard was hopeless, he 
piia&ed over to Ireland, and obtaining from 
the commissioners the command in Mimster, 
be, along with Sir Charles Coote, president 
of Comiaught, secured Ireland for the king- 
Tlta letter inviting Cbarlea to land at Corlc 
actually reached him before the tiret commu- 
nication of Monk, but the «tep8 taken by 
Monk in England rendered the landing of 
Charles in Ireland unnecessary. In the Con- 
vention parliament Broghiil eat as member 
for Arundel, and on 6 Sept. 1660 he waa 
created Earl of Chrery. About the close of 
the year he was api>ointed one of the lord 
justices of Ireland, and it was be who drew 
up the act of settlement for that kingdom. 
On the retirement of Lord Clarendon » the lord 
high chancellor, he waa oflered the great 
eeaU, btit, from coni^iderations of health, de- 
clined them. He continued for the mo,st 
part to reside in Ireland in discbarge of bi.^ 
autips a*< lord president of MuriBter, and 
in thif' capacity was f^ucceesful in defeating 
the ntttnnpt of the Duke of Beaufort, admiral 
of France, to land at Kinsale. The pre.«<i- 
dency of Munater he, however, re-signed in 
1668 on accovuit of disagreements with the 
Buke of Ormonde, lord-lieutenant. Shortly 
afterwards he was on 25 Nov. impeflched in 
the House of Commons for* raiding of moneys 
by bis oA\Ti authority upon hismajesty^Si^ub- 
ject^f defrauding the kingV subjects of their 
eetatee,' but the king by commission on 1 1 Dec, 



suddenly put a stop to the nroceedingii by 
proroguing both houses to 14 Feb. (Impeach- 
ment of the Earl of Orrerj-, Pari, Hut. iv. 
484-40), and no further attempt waa made 
aga i nst him, H e d i e<l from an a 1 1 ac k of gout 
16 Oct, 1679. He wan buried at Youghal. 
He left two sons and five daughters. 

The Earl of Orrery was the reputed author 
of an anonymous pampblet * Irish Colours 
diftplayedt in a re])ly of im English Protes- 
tant to a letter of an Iri#*h Homnn Cathobc/ 
1062. The * Irish Roman Catholic' waa 
Father Peter Wel^h, wlio replied to it by 
* Irish Colours^ folded.* Both \vere addressed 
to the Duke of Ormonde. That Orrery was 
the author of the pamphlet is not impossible, 
but the statement is unsup]>orted by proof. 
It is probable, therefore, that it has bHencon- 
founaed with another reply to the same letter 
professedly written bybim and entitled 'An 
Answer to a scandalous letter lately printed 
and subscribed by Peter Welsh, Procurator 
to the Sec. and Peg, PopiKli Priests of Ire- 
land.' ThiB pamphlet has for sub-title *A 
full Discovery of the Treachery of the Irish 
rebels and the beginning of the rebellion 
there. NeceRsary to be considered by all 
adventurers and other persons estated in that 
kingdom.* Both the letter of Welsh and this 
reply to it have been reprinted in the * State 
Letters of Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery/ 1742. 
In 1654 be published in six volumes the first 
part of a romance, * Partbenissa,^ a complete 
edition of which appeared in three volumes 
in 1665 and in 1077. The writnr of the 
notice of Orrery in the *Eiographia Britan- 
nica ' attributes the neglect of the romance 
to its remaining unfinished, but finished it 
certainly was, and if it bad not been, its tedi- 
ousnees would not have been relieved by 
adding to its length. More substantial merit 
attaches to his * Treatise of the Art of War/ 
1677, dedicated to the king. He claims ibr 
I it the distinction of being the first * Kntire 
I Treatise on the Art of War written in our 
language/ and the quality of comprehen.sive- 
ness cannot be denied to it, treating as it does 
of the * choice and educating of the soldiery ; 
the arming of the soldier^' ; the disciplining 
i of the soldiery ; the ordering of the garrisons; 
' the marcliing of an army % the camping of 
an army within a line or intrench men t ; and 
battles/ The treatise is of undoubted inte- 
. rest as indicating the condition of tbe art at 
the close of the Cromwell ian war&, and, like 
bis political pamphlet, is written in a terse 
I and effective style. 

Not content to excel as a statesman and 
a general, Orrery devoted some of his leisure 
to the cultivation of poetry ; but if Dryden 
is to be believed, the hours he chose for tbe 



* 



I 



i 



thereat ion were not the most atispicious. 

* The muses,' he »^\», * have seldom ♦:^mployed 
your thoughts? but when some violent fit of 
pout hrt8 Huatched you from aflairs of etate, 
utirl^ likt* the priestess of Apollo, you never 
come to deliver your oradea hut unwillingly 
jind in torment' (Dedication prefixed to The 
lUvaU), Commenting on t!iis, Wiilpole re- 
mtirked that the ^'out was a * very imj>otent 
muBe/ Like his relative Richard, second 
earl of Hurlington, Orrery was on terms of 
intimate friendship with many eminent men 
of lot ters— among others Davenant, Dry den, 
aud Cowley. Besides several dramaa he was 
the author of * A Poem on his Majesty^s 
Impiiv Restoration/ which he presented to 
the king, but which was never printed; * A 
Poem on the Death of Abraham C<iwlev,' 
UJ77t printi'd in a * (\>llection of Poems * by 
various authors, 1701, 3rd edition, 1716, re- 

fublisheil in Hudgell's ^ Memoirs of the 
amily of t!ie Boyles/ and prefixed by Dr, 
Spnit to hiK (ulition of Cowley's works ; ^ The 
Drt'iim ' — in which the genius of France is in- 
troduced endeavouring to j>er8uade Charles II 
to beeome dejjendeni on Louis XIV — ^pre- 
«t»nted to rbe king, but never printed, and 
now ioMt ; and * Poems on moiat of the Festi- 
vals of the Church; ItiJ^L S^^veral of the 
tinffwliea of (Irrt^ry attained a certain success 
in their day. They are written in rhyme 
wnth an eiiHV flowing diction^ and, if some- 
whiit b<mibftstic and extravagant in sentiment, 
are not without i^flVtetive sit nations, and mani- 
ft***t connidiTable command of pathos. The 
*?nrUeHt of his plays performetl was * Henry V/ 
at Lincnlu's Inn Fields, as is proved by the 
r*ifi*n>nei^ of Pepys, under (bite 1 3 Aug. 1664, 
\\v then saw »t acted, and he makes a 
latter reft^rence, under date 1*8 8ept. of the 
»iimt* yt'ar, to *Tbe Ueneral * a» * Lord Rrog- 
bilTs second pbiy.' Downes asserts that 

* Htniry \ * was not brought out till 1667, 
whrn the tln^atrr was reopened, but it waa 
tbeti only revived, and w^aK performed ten 
night a J*ucc<jssively, The play was published 
in R^iH. It is doubtful if Orrery was the 
author r»f * The General '—at least there is no 
proof of his having acknowledged it, * Mus- 
taphtt, the 8on of Solyraan the IMagnificent,' 
was broujjht out at Lincoln's Inn Fields 
3 April 1665, and played before their majes- 
ties at i-ourt m OcU 1666 {EvEi-T?f). * the 
Rlni'k IVimr,' published 1669, and played for 
the first time at the kings bouse Itf (Jet. 1667 
(pKrts), was not very successful, the read- 
ing of a Iftter actually causing the audience 
t^ hiicK. * Tryphon,' a tragedy, publi)*hed in 
1673, »nd acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields 
R Dec, lCMi8, met with some applause, but 
•Siim«id % Uck of invention, resembling hie 



other tr&gedies too closely in ita construction. 
These four tragedies were published together 
in 1690, and now form vol. i. of his * Dramatic 
Works. ' Of Orrery's t w*o comedies, * G meman ' 
and ' Mr. Anthony/ *the former,' according 
to Downes, * took very well, the latter but 
inditferent.' Pepys, who pronounced * Guz- 
man ' to be * very ordinary,* mentions it as 
produced anonymou!?ly 16 Aprd 1669. It 
was published posthumously in 1693. *Mr. 
Anthonv' was published in 1690, but is not 
inclndetl in the * Dramatic Works,^ Two 
tragedies of Orrery's were published posthu- 
mously, 'Herod the Great/ in 1694, along 
wnth bis four early tragedies and the come<iy 
* Guzman / and ^ Altemira ' in 1702, in which 
year it was put upon the stage by bis grand- 
son Charles Roylt?. Th« ' Complete Drama- 
tic Works of the Earl of Orrery,* including 
all his plays with the exception of * Mr, 
Anthony/ appeared in 1748. The Earl of 
Orrery is the reputed author of * English 
Adventures, by a Peri^on of Honour,* 1676, 
entered in the catalogue of the Hiith Li- 
brary. 

[State Letters of Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of 
Orrery, eoataining a series of correspoodence 
berweea the Duke of Ormonde and his lordship, 
irom the Reitomtion to the year 1668, together 
with some other lctt«<r8 and piecos of a difl^reat 
kind, particularly the Life of the Earl of Orrery by 
the Kev. Mr. Thomas Morrice, his lordship's chap- 
kio. 1742 ; Budgells Meniuirfl of *hf Boyles, 34- 
93 ; Earl of Orrery's Letter Br*ok whilst Goveraor 
of MiiD8ter( 1644-49). Add. MS, 25287 ; Letters 
to Sir John Malet, Add. MS. 32095, ff. 109^188; 
Ludlow's Memoirs ; "Whitelockes Memorial* ; 
Clarendoii'B History of the Rabelliun ; Old- 
niixou'fl History of the Stuarts ; Carte a Life of 
Ormonde ; CaL Slat© Papera (Dom.), especially 
during the Protectorate ; Pepya's Diary ; Efelyn a 
Diary ; Ware's Writers of Ireland (Uarria), iii. 
177 J Woofl's Athena^ Oxon. (Biiss), iii. 1200-1; 
Wtilpole's Rojjil and Noble Authors (Park), v. 
191-7; Gene&t's History of the Stage; Biog. 
Brit. (Kippis), ii, 479-92 ; Lodge slri^h Peerage 
C178&), i 178-192.1 T, F. H. 

BOYLE, ROGER(1617 ?-1687),bi8liopof 
Clogher, was educated at Trinity College, Dub- 
lin, where he wasek^cted a fellow. On the out* 
break of the rebellion in 1641 he became tutor 
to Lord Paulet, in whose family he remained 
until the Restoration, when in 1660-1 he 
became rector of Carrigaline and of Ringrone 
in the diocese of Cork. Thence he was 
advanced to the deanery of Cork, and on 
12 Sept. 1667 he was promoted to the aee of 
Down and Connor. On ^1 Sept. 1672 he 
was tranalat-ed to the ae© of Clogber. He died 
at Clones on 26 Nov. 1687, in the seventieth 
year of his a^, and was buried in the church 



^ mt Clonea. He was the mitbor of ' Inquisitio 
in fidem Chmtiaoorura hu'nm Saiciili/ Diib- 
liti, 1065, and *Siimmft Theologioe Cliria- 
tifto^* Dublin, 1 68L Hia commonplace boiik 
on vmnous subjects, togetber witb an abstract 
of Si? Kenelm Digby's * Treatise of Bodies/ w 
in mannscnpt in Trinity College Library, 
Dublin. 

[€>utt4>n*t Fnati Ecclest^e Hiberoicffi, iii. 80, 
tOT-S; Ware'f Worki (Harri»), I 190, 213, ii. 
«05.] T. F. H, 

BOTNE, Viacoirsrr. [See Hamilton, 

GuflfTATUa,] 

BOYNEy JOHN (d. 1810), water-Ksolour 
painter J caricaturist » and engraver, wm bom 
in county Down, Ireland^ between 1750 and 
1769. ftiB &ther was oriffinally a joiner by 
trmde^ but afterwuda held for many ye^r^ 
an appointment at tbe victunUing otHce at 
Deptiord. Boyne was brought to England 
wben about nine year^ of age, and gub^t^ 
quently articled to William Byrne, tbe lanrj- 
-^flcape-^ngraver. His maater dying just at 
be expiration of hi 3 apprenttcesbip, lie made 
attempt to carry on the busmeBS himself, 
but being idle and di^^^ipated in his habits, 
be was unsuccessful. He then joined a com- 
pany of strolling actors near Chelmsford, 
where he enacted some of Shalcespeare'a 
chAnicters, and assisted in a farce called 
* Christmas ; ' but soon wearying of this mode 
of life^ he returned to London in 1781, and 
took to the businei^ of peiirl-^etting, being 
employed by a Mr, Flower, of Chi client er 
Kenta, Chancery Lane. Later on we find 
him in tbe capacity of a master in a draw- 
ing school, first in llollK»rn, and afterwards 
in Gloucester Street, Quet»n Squnre, where 
Holmes and Heaphy were his pupils. Boyne 
died at his house in Pentonville on 22 June 
1810, His most importfint artistic produc- 
tions were heads from Shakespeare's plays, 
gpiritedly drawn and tinted ; aW 'ABftigna- 
tion, a sketch to the Memorj- of the Duke of 
Bedford ;' * The Muck Worm," and ' The Glow 
Worm,* His * Meeting of Connoisseurs,' now 
in the South Kensington Museum, was en- 
CTaved in stipple by T.Williamson. He pub- 
lished * A Letter to Richard Brinsley Sheri- 
dan, Esq., on his late proceedings as a 
Member of the Society of t ne Freedom of the 
Preet/ 

[Magnrino of the Fine Arts, iii. 222 ; Red- 
graTi^'t Dictionary of Artists of the Eogliali 
School, Loudon. 1878, 8vo,] L, R 

BOYS or BOSCHUS, DAVID (d. U51), 
Carmelite, waa educated at Oxford, and lec- 
turefl in theology at that university ; he also 
viflitad for purposes of study the university of 



Cambridge and several foreign universities. 
He became head of the Carmelite community 
at Gloucester, and died there in the year 1451. 
The following are the titles of works written 
by lioys: 1, * De duplici hominia immorta- 
litate/ 2. * AdversuB Agurenos/ il.* Contra 
varios Gentilium Ritus,' 4, * De Spiritus 
Brictrina,' 5, * De vern Innoceutia/ 

|Leland 8 Comm. de Scriptoribns Britannic is, 
p. 454; Villierede St. Etiann©, Bibliotheea Car- 
melitana.] A, M, 

BOYS, EDW^ARD (1599-1667), divine, a 
nephew of Dr, John Boys (1571-1625), dean 
of Canterbury [q. v.], and the son of Thomas 
Boys of Hoad Cburt, in the parish of Blean, 
Kent, by bis first wife, Surah, daughter 
of Richard Rogers, dean of Cftnterbur)% and 
lord suffragan of Dover, was born iff 1599 
(W. Bebey, County Geneahjtften^ Kent^ p. 
I 445), Educated at Eton, he was elected 
j Q scholar of Coipus Christ i College, Cam- 
bridge, in May 1620, and as a member of 
I that houae graduated B,A, in 1623, M,A, 
I in 1627, and obtained a fellowship in 1«5L 
He proceeded B.D., was apfiointed one of 
the university preachers in 1634, and in 
1639, on the presentation of W iUiam Pas- 
ton, his friend and contemporary at college, 
bec4ime rector of the tiny village of M nut- 
boy in Norfolk. He is said, but on doubtful 
authority, to have been one of the chap- 
lains to 'Charles I (R. Masteh.h, J^i^^. Cbr- 
f iwr Chritti Collffjt, pp. 242-3). After an 
incumbency of twenty-eight years Boys died 
at Mrtutboy on 10 Marc^ 1666-7, and was 
buried in the chancel {Blomeftbl]), Nor- 
folk, ed, Faikin, xi. 229-30). An admired 
scholar, of exceptional powers as a preacher, 
and in great favour w-ith his tidshop. Hall, 
Boys wa8 deterred from seeking higuer pre- 
ferment by an exceeding modesty. After 
his death appeared his only known pub- 
lication, tt volume of 'Sixteen HfTmons, 
I preached upon several occasions,' 4to, Lon- 
don, 1672. The editor, Roger hlynt, a ft^llow- 
I collegian, tells tis in his preface that it was 
with dilhcuhy he obtained leave of the dying 
author to malce them public, and gained it 
only upon condition Hhat he should say 
nothing of him.' From which he leaves the 
reader to judge * how great this man was, 
that made so little of himself/ He spealfs, 
nevertheless, of the great loss to the church 
* that such n one shoidd expire in a country 
village consisting onely of four farmers.' In 
1640 Boys had married Mary Heme, who 
was descended from a family' of that name 
long seated in Norfolk. Hig' portrait by W. 
Faitbome, at the age of aizty-six, is prefixed 
to his sermonfi. 



I 

I 
I 



[Chiilmvis's Biog, Diet. vi. 374-6; Masters'* 
Hbt. Corpoa CKr. Coil. ( LambV p. 3^3 ; Granger'i 
Biog. Hbt. of England, 2nd ed. iii. 295-6; 
6«u«tr&l Hist, of Norfolk, ed. J. Cb&mbers, i. 
249; ii. ISS6,] Gt, G. 

BOYS, EDWATiD (1785-1866), captain, 
son of Jokn Bnv8 (1749-1824) [q» v.], entered 
the navy in \79H, and ufter serving in the 
North Sea, on the t-oast of Ireland, and tn the 
Channel, was in June 1802 appointed to the 
Phoebe frigate. On 4 Aug. imH, Boys, when 
in charge of a prize, waji made priioner by the 
French, and Cf>ntinite<:l bo for six years, when 
af^er many daring and ingenious attempts he 
aueceede<l in effecting hif* escape. On his re- 
turn to Enp-land he wa.^ made lieutenant, 
and sened mosdy in the West Indies till the 
peace. On 8 Jii ly 18 1 4 he Jwcame commander ; 
but, conj4e<|uen( on tlip reduction of the navy 
from its war Rtrengtli, had no further em- 
ployment afiout, though from 1837 to 1841 he 
was superinren<if'nt of the dock^ftrd at Deal, 
thi 1 July 1851 liM n^lire^l with the rank of 
cjiptain, antl died in London on 6 July 1866. 
Immediately after his eacJipe, and whil/^t in 
the West In<li*^s^ he wrote for his family 
an ftccmint of hit* advent urn.'^ in France ; the 
riak of getting some of his French friends into 
trouble had, however, made him keep this 
account private, and though ahstracts from it 
had tound their way into the papers it was 
not till 182? that he wa« p:T8uaoed to pub- 
lish it, under the title of * TVarrative of a Cap* 
tivity and Adxentures in France and Flanders 
between the years 1803-9,' {>oat 8vo, It is a 
book of surpassing interest, and the source 
from which the author of * Pinter Simple' 
drew much of hia account of that hero's es- 
cape, more perhaps than from the previously 
published narrative of Mr. A.shworth'a ad- 
%'enture« [see A^hworth, Hbitky]* Captain 
Boys also published in 1831 * Remarks on the 
Practicability and Advantages of a Sandwich 
or Downs Harbour.' One of hiii sons, the 
present (1886) Admiral lTenr\^ B<^ys, was 
captain of the Excellent and superintendent 
of the Roval Naval College at Portsmouth 
186^-74, director of naval ordnance from 
1874-B, and second in command of the Chan- 
nel aeet in 1878-9. 

[O'Hyme's Diet of Nav. Biog, ; Berry's Kentifih 
Gonettlogios.] J, K. L. 

BOYS, JOHN (1571-1625), dean of 
(^(interhury't was descended from an old 
Keal ish family who boasted that their ance«*- 
tor came into Enghmd with the Coni^ueror, 
ond who lit the beginning of the seventeenth 
century had no less than eight branches, 
each with its capital mansion, in the county 
of Kent The dean was the aou of Thomas 




Boya of Eythom, by Christian, daughter 
ancl coheiress of John Searles of W^ye. He 1 
was bom at Eythom in 157 1^ and pro- 
bably was educated at the King's Rcbool in 
Cant-erbury, for in 1585 he entered at Corpus 
Cliriati College, Cambridge, whei*e Arch- 
bishop Parker had founded some scholarshipB 
appropriated to scholars of that school. He 
took his M.A. degree in the usual coursef but 
migrated to Clare Hall in 1593, apparently 
on his failing to succeed to a Kentish fellow- 
ship vacated by the resignation of Mr* Cold- 
well, and which was filled up by the election 
of Dr, Willan, a Norfolk man. Boys waa 
forthwith chosen fellow of Clare HaU. Hi* ) 
first preferment was the small rectory of 
Betshanger in hie native county, which he 
tells us was procured for him by his uucla 
Sir John Boya of Canterbury, whom he calls \ 
* my best patron in Cambridge/ He appean 
to have resided upon this benefice and to have 
at once tw'gun to cultivate the art of preach- 
ing. Archbishop Whitgiil gave hun the 
mastership of East bridge Hospital, and soon 
afterwards the vicarage of Tilmansttone^ but , 
tlie aggregate value of these preferments was ' 
quite inconsiderable, and when he married 
Angela Bargrave of Bridge, near Canterhuiy, 
in 15i)9. he must have had other means of 
subsistence than his clerical income. The 
dearth of competent preachers to supply the 
London pulpits appears to have been severely 
felt about this time, and in January 1593 
liMiitgift had written to the Yice-clmucellor 
and heads of the university of Cambridge 
complaining of the refusal of the Cambridge 
divines to take their part in this duty. The 
same year that the primate appointed Boys 
to Tilmanstone we find him preaching at 
St. Paul's Cross, though he was then only 
twenty-seven years of age. Two years after 
he was called upon to preach at the Cross 
again, and it was actually while he was in 
the pulpit that Robert, earl of Essex, made 
his mad attempt at rebellion (8 Feb. ltW»-l), 
Next year we find him preaching at St. 
Mary's, Cambridge, possibly while keeping 
his nets for the BJ>. degree, for he proceeded 
D*D. in the ordinary course in 1605 ; the 
Latin sermon he then delivered is among his 

Trinted works, Whitgift's death (February 
604) made little alteration in his circum- 
stanc-es ; Archbishop Bancroft soon took him 
into his favour, ann he preached at Ashford, 
on the occasion of the primate holding liis 
primary visitation there on 11 Sept. 1607, 

Two years after this Boys published hia 
first work, * The Jlinister's Invitatorie, being 
An Exposition of all the Principall Scrip- 
tures used in our English Liturgie ; together 
with a reason why the Church did chuse 



Boys 



129 



Boys 






tlie same.* The work waj» de<licated t^ Bun- 
croft, wlio Imd lately lK*eii mack* (^hftncetlor 
of the univCTsity of (Jxibrd^ and iu the *■ dedi- 
catorie epis^tle ' Boys srieaks of his * larger 
«ip<wition of the Gospels and Epi&tles * as 
shortly about to appear. It appeared accord- 
ingly next year in 4to, unoer the title of 
* An Exposition of the Dominical Epistleft 
and GoepeLs ua<^ in our Englie.h Littir^o 
throughout the wholu yeere/ and was dedi- 
cated to his * very dear uncl^e/ Sir John 
Boys of Canterbury, In his dedicAtioQ Buys 
takes the opportunity of mentiouing- hia 
oblifirations to Sir John and to Archbishop 
Whjtgift for having watered what * that 
Tcrtuoua and worthy knight ' had plantt?d. 
Hie work supplied a great need and had a 
very large and rapid sale; new editions fol- 
lowed on** another in quick succession, and 
it would be a difficult task to draw up an 
exbutistive bibliographical accoimt of Boye's 
publications. 

Archbishop Bancroft died in November 
1610, and Abbot was promoted to the pri- 
macT in th^ spring of 1611, Boys dedicated 
to him his next work/ An Exposition of the 
Festival Epistles and Ctospels used in our 
English Liturgie/ which » like its predeces- 
aora, was publisibed in 4to, the first part in 
3614, the second in the following year. 
Hitherto he had received but scant recogni- 
tion of his services to the churcb^ but pre- 
ferment now began to fall upon him liberally. 
Abbot OTeaented him with the sinecure rec- 
tory of Hollingbourne^ then with the rectory 
of Monaffhan in 1618, and finally, on the 
death of l>r. Fotherby, be was promoted by . 
the king, James I, to the deanery of Canter- 
burv, and installed on S May 1619. Mean- . 
while in 1616 he had put forth his ' Exposi- 
tion of the proper Psalms used in our English | 
Xiturgie/ and dedicated tt to Sir Thomas | 
Wotton, son and heir of Edward, lord Wot- J 
ton of Marleigh. In 1620 he was made a 
member of the high commission courts and 
in 1622 he collected his works into a iblio 
volume, adding to those previously published i 
fire miscellaneous sermons w bieb he calls | 
lactiurea, and which are by no means good | 
speotmens of his method or his style, These i 
were dedicated to Sir Dudley * Digges of. 
Clulham Castle, and appear to have been 
added for no other reason than to give occa- 
sion for paying a compliment to a Kentish 
ma^ate. 

On 12 June 1625 Henrietta Maria landed 
at Dover. Charles I saw her frir the first 
time on the 13th, and next day the king at- 
teaded service in Canterbury Cathedral* when 
Boys preached a sermon, which has been pre- 
served. It b a poor performance^ stilted and 

TOI-Tl. 




unreal as such sermons usually were ; but it 
has the merit of being short. 

Boys lie Id the deanery of Canterbury for 
little more than six years, and di«^ among 
his books, suddenly, in September 1625. 
There is a monument to him in the lady 
chapel of the calhedral. He left no chLU 
dreu ; hia widow died during the rebellion, 

Boys's works continued to be read and used 
very extensively till the troublous times set 
in ; but the dean was far too uucompromising 
an Anglican, and too unsparing in hit* denun- 
ciation of those whom he calls the novelists, 
to be regarded with any favour or toleration 
by presbyterians, or independents, or indeed 
by any who sympathised witli the puritJin 
theology. When he began to be almost for- 
gotten in England, his works were translat.ed 
into German and published at Strasburg in 
lt>S3, and again in two vols. 4to in 168o. It 
may safely be affirmed that no writer of the 
seventeenth century quotes so widely and 
so frequently from contemporary literature 
as Boys, and that not only from nolemicAt 
or exegetical theology, but from tlie whole 
range of popular T^Titers of the day. Bacon's 
* Essays' and 'The Advancement of Learn- 
ing,' Sandys^s * Travels/ Owen's, More*s, and 
Parkhufist's * Epigrams,' *The Vision of Piers 
Plowman,^ and Verstegan's * Restitution/ 
with Boys's favourite book, Sylvester's trans- 
lation of" Du Bartas'a * Divine Weeks,' must 
liave been bought as soon as they were pub- 
lished. Indeed Boys must have been one 
of the great book collectors of bis time. 
Boys's works are full to overflowing of homely 
proverbs, of allusions to the manners and 
customs of the lime, of curious words and 
expressions. 

[The workB of John Boys. D.D,. and Dean of 
Canterbury, folio. 1622. pp. 122,491,508, 530, 
972, iic,\ Remai ns of the Reverund and Famous 
pQstiller, John Boys, Doctor in Ditririitie, and 
late Dean of Canterburi© .... 4to, 1631 (this 
coataiDs * A Briefe View of the Life and Vertues of 
the Authour,' by R. T.) ; Fuller's Worthies, Kent ; 
MastersH History of Corpui Christi Oollsge, Cam- 
bridge, 334, 459; Wood's Athease Oxon. {Bliss), 
ii. 860; Faati, ii. 276, 345 ; NaBmitli's Catalogue 
of Corpus MSS. Nos. 215, 216 ; Le Nove « Faati ; 
Camb. Met. Soc, Proe, ii. 141 , Fuller's Church 
Hist B, X. cent, xvi, see, 19-24,] A. J. 

BOYS, JOHN (1661-1644). [See Bom] 

BOYS, JOHN (1614P-1661X translator 
of Virgil, was the son of John Boys (6. 1590) 
of Hoad Court, Blean, Kent, and nephew of 
Edward Boye, 1599-1677 [q. v,] Uis mother 
was MaiT, daughter of Martin Fotherby, 
bishop or Salisbury. He was bom about 
1614. His grandfather, Thomas Boys (d. 



i 



102fi>, brothftr of the denn, John Boys [q. v.], 
inherit ed the estnte of Hoad Court fTom his 
imcle. Sir John Boya, an eminent lawyer, who 
died without issue in 1612. On 24 Jan. 1659- 
1600 Boys presented to the mayor of Canter- 
hury a declamtion in favour of the assembly 
of a free parliamt^ntT drawn up by himself in 
behalf (as he asserted) 'of the nobility, gen try, 
ministry, and commonalty of the county of 
Kent,* ' But the declaration pave offence to 
the magistmteSt a^ud tlie author, as he ex- 
plained in his H' indiciition of the Kentish 
Declaration,- only eacuped impri^nment by 
retiring to a hiding-place. Several of his 
friends were less PuccessfuL In February 
H159-60 he went to London with hia kins- 
man, Sir John Boys [q. vj of Bonnington, 
and presented to' Monk, at Whitehall, a 
letter of thank ft, drawn up by himself ' ac- 
cording to the order and advice of tlie 
gentlemen of Eaflt Kent; He also prepared 
a speech for delivery to Charles II on bis 
landiiig at Dover on 25 May 1660 ; but * he 
was prevented therein by reason bis majesty 
made no stay at all in that town,* and be 
therefore sent Charles a copy of it. 

Boys chiefly prided himself on his clas- 
sical attainments. In IGfil he published two 
translations IVom Virgifs * -Eneid/ The first 
is entitled, * ^Kneas, liis De^scent into Hell : 
as it is inimitably described by the Prince 
of Poet* in the Sbcth of hia .Eneis/ Lon- 
don» 1661. The dedication h addressed to 
Sir Edward Hyde, and coiipratnlates him on 
succeeding to the office of lord chancellor. 
His cousin, Charles Fotherby, and his friend, 
Thomas Philipotl» contribute commendatory 
verses* The translation in heroic verse is 
of very mediocre character, and is followed 
by 181 pages of annotations. At their close 
Boys mentions that he has jtist heard of the 
death of Henry, duke of Gloucester (13 Sept. 
166t>), and proceeds to pen an elegy sug- 
gested by Virgirs lament lor Marcel las, The 
volume concludes with * certain pieces relat- 
ing to the publick,' i.e* un the political mat^ 
ters referred to above, and with a congratu- 
latory poem (dated Canterbury, SO Sept. 
1656) addressed to Boys's friend, William 
Somner, on the completion of his * Dictiona- 
rium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum.' Boys^s se- 
cond book is ciilled ' ^Eneas, his Erroura on 
hia Voyage from Ttov into Italy; an essay 
upon the Third Booli of Virgil's ^^^Eneis,'"'' 
It is dedicated to Lord Corabury, Clarendon's 
son, A translation of the third book of the 
'j^.neid' in heroic verse occupies lifty-one 
pages, and is followed by * some few bastr 
reflections upon the iprecedent poem/ Boys s 
enthusiasm for Vifgil is boundless, but his 
criticism is rather childish. 



BovB married Anne, daughter of Dr. Wil- 
liam k in gsley^ archdeacon of Canterbury, by 
whom he had three sons — Thomas, who died 
without issue ; John, a colonel in the army, 
who died 4 Sept, 1710; and Sir William Boys, 
M.D., who is stated to have died in 1744. Bovs 
himself died in 16lW)-l, and was buried in the 
chancel of the church of Hoad. 

[Haated's Kent, i. 5*>i>; Cors«r» Anglo-Foet. 
Collpct. ii. 323^; Brit. Mus, Cat; Berry's 
Kentish Geaealogies, p. 44&.] 8. L. L. 

BOYS, Sir JOHN (1607-1664), royalist 
military commander, was the eldest son and 
heir of Edward Boys of Honriinjyton, Kent, 
by Jane, daughter of Edward Sanders of 
Northbome. He was baptised at Chillen- 
dmi, Kent, on o April 1(X)7. In thn civil 
war he became a captain in the royal army 
and governor of Douninifton Csistle in Berk- 
shire. Tliis castle, which is within a mile of 
Newbury t was jt^arrisonwl in 1643 for King 
CTharles 1, and com ma ruled the road from 
Oxford to Newbury and the ^eat road trom 
London to Bath and the west. Boys, by 
the bravery with which he defended the castle 
during a long' sie^e, showed himself well 
worthy of the trust reposed in him. It was 
first attacked by the parlinmentsry army, 
consisting of 3,000 horse and foot, under 
the command of Miijor-general Middleton, 
who attempted to txkke the castle by assault, 
but was repulsed with considerable losa. 
Middleton lost at le^st 300 officers and men in 
this fruitless attempt. Not long afttrwards, 
on 29 Sept. 1644, C'olonel Horton began a 
blockade, having raised a battert^ at the foot 
of the hill near Newbury, from which he 
plied the castle so incessantly during a y>eriod 
of twelve days that he reduced it to a heap 
of ruins, having beaten down three of the 
towers and a ])Rrt of the wall. Nearly 1,000 
great shot ar^ said to have been expended 
during this time, Horton having received 
rt?inforcements sent a stimraons to the go- 
vernor, who refused to listen to any therms. 
Soon afterwards the Eiirl of Manchester came 
to the siege with his army, but their united 
attempts proved unavailing; and after two 
or three days more of ine&ctual battering 
the whole army ra«ie up from hnfore the walls 
and marched in different directions. Wlien 
the king came to Newbiu-y (21 Oct. 1644) 
he knight *fid the governor for bis good ser- 
vices, made him colonel of the regiment 
which he had befor*^ command ed as lieu- 
tenant-colonel to Earl Kivers, the nominal 
governor of Bon n in gt on, and to his coat 
armour gave the augmentation of a crown 
imiH-rial or, on a canton azure. During the 
second battle of Newbury Boys secured the 



I 



kin^*8 urtillerv under the castle walls. Af^er 
the battle, when the king hftd irone with 
his army to Oxford, t}w Earl of Essex with 
hi* whole force be^iieged Doritiington Castle 
yriih no better success than the others had 
He iibandoued the attempt before the 
retunied from Oxford for the purpo4?e of 
relieving Donningtoa on 4 Nov, 16^44, Tlie 
place was then revictualled, and hiB majesty 
«lept iu the ca^itle that nigh I with bi^ army 
loxiimd him. In August 1648 Boys made 
a^ fruitless attempt to rftise the siege of 
Deal Castle. A resolution put in the House 
of CVsmmODd at the same time to banish 
bim as one of the aeven rttyalists who had 
been tn arms against the parliament since 
1 Jan. 1647-8 was negatived. In 1659 he 
waa a prisoner io Dover Castle for petition- 
ing for a free parliament, but was released on 
23 Feb. 1*W59^60. He apparently received the 
office of receiver of customs at Dover from 
Cliarleg U. 

Sir John Boys died at his hr)use at Bon- 
Bin^on on B Oct. 1664, and wa* buried in 
the pariah church of Gr>odne8tone-next^ 
Wingbam, Kent. The inscription describes 
lus achievements in the wara. By his first 



[Berry's PcdijEreos of the County of Kent, 
p. 446; Gent Mag. xcv. (pt. I) 86-7.] 

T. F. H. 

BOYS,THOiIAS (1792-1880), theologian 
and antiqimiy, t^on of liear-admiral Tliomas 
Boys of Kentp wtin born at Sandwich, Kent, 
and educated at Toubridge gramraar school 
and Trinity Colleg:e, Cambridge, The failure 
of his beiiltb from over-study prevnuted his 
taking more than the ordiniiry degrees (B.A. 
1813, M.A. 1S17), and, finding an active life 
necessary to bim, he entered the army with 
a view to becoming a milit4iry chaplain, was 
attached to tht? military chest In the Penin^ida 
under Wellington iu 1813^ and wm* wounded 
at the battle oi Toulou;%e in three places, gain- 
ing the Peninsular medaL Me woh oitlnined 
deacon in 1816, and priest in 1822, While in 
the Peninsula hw employed bis leisure time m 
translating ihe Bible into Portuguese, a task 
he perlbnned so well, that his version baa 
been adonted both by catholiea and jjrotes- 
tants^ and Don Pe<lro 1 of Portugal publicly 
thanked him fur bis gift to the uatioii. In 
I^IK be was appointed iue urn bent of Holy 
Trinity, lloxton i but before that be had es- 



' "wife, Lucy, he had five daugbt^TS, He had J tablished bi.s reputation as a Hebrew scholar, 




onl} 

^HKov 
^Kwari 
■bnd 



being teacher of Hebrew to Jews at the col- 
lege, Hackney, from 18;30 to 1832, and pro- 
li^ssor of Hebrew at the Missionary College, 
Islington, in I8:i6. While holding this last 
post, he revi^ Deodati*s Italian Bihie, and 
also the Arabic BiWe. His pen was rarely 
idle. In 1825 he published a key to the 
Psahn!^, and in 1827 a ' Plain Exposition of 
the New Teslaraent/ Already in 1821 ho 
had issued a vobune of sermons, and in 1824 
a Ixiok entitled * Tact ica Sacni,' exjKmnding a 
theor>' that in the arrangement of the New 
Testament writings a parallel ism could be 
detected similar to that us^ed in the writings 
of the Jewish prophets. In 1832 he pub- 
lished ' The Suppressed Evidence, or Prools 
of the Miraculous I'aitb and Experience of 
the Church of Christ iu all ageJi, from authen- 
tic records of the Fathers, Wald ease*, Huss- 
it-es ... an historical sketrch suggested by 
B. W. NoeFs *♦ Remarks on the Kevival of 
Miraculous Powers in the Church." ' The same 
year produced a plea for verbal Inspinitiou 
under the title * A ^\ onl for the BiUe,' and 
1834 * A Help to Hebrew.' He wa<i also a fre- 
quent contributor to * Blackwoml 'of sketches 
>te * A General View of the Agricidture of | and papers, tor the most part de^xiptive of 

rt * jC tr,_* • f^cui _„j .... ii IT 1.:.. di,._: i .. : _ nri . - 



no children by his second imuriage with 
Lady Elizabeth Finch, widow of Sir Nathaniel 
Finch, »erjeant-Bt*law, itnd daughter of Sir 
John Foth«rby of Bar ham, Kent. 

There is a |K>rtrait of Boys engraved by 
6tow, and reproduced by Mr. Walter Money 
" ' • ' Battles of Newbury ' ( 1884). 

rendan's Hist, of the Bebellion (1843), 
499 ; Heath^s Chronicle of the Civil Wars. 
«2 ; Walter Money s Battles of Newbury (1884); 
Hasted'r* Kent, iii. 706 ; Lysoas's Berkshire, 356, 
^57 ; Berry's Pediijrees of Families iu Kent, 441 ; 
Onager's Biog. Mist, of Eogland (1821), iii. ol, 
4S2.] T, C. 



BOYS, JOHN (1740-1824 1, agriculturist, 
^only son of William Boys and Ann, daughter 
WiUiam Owper of Hippie, was born in 
ifovember 1749. At Betsbanger and after- 
ardfl at Each, Kent, he farmed with skill 
ttd success, and as a fsrrajsier was well known 
for his breed of South Down sheep. He was 
Q0» of the commissioners of sewers for East 
^^JTent, and did much to promote the drainage 
^^pfthA Finj^le^ham and Eas try Brooks. At 
^^■be request of the b>ard of agriculture he 

^^be County of Kent,* 1796, and an * Es^ay on 
Paring' and Burning-,* 1805. He died on 
16 Doc. 1824, By his wife Mur>', daughter of 
"be Hbw Richard Harvey, vicar of Eastry- 
a-Word, be had thirteen children, eight 
^uB and five daughters. 



I 




his Peninsular experiences. The most im- 
portant of these was ' My Peninsular Medal, 
which ran from November 1849 to July 1850. 
His acquai^utance with the literature and an* 
tiquities of the Jews was very thorough, but 
perhaps the best prools of his extensive leam- 

k2 



ing are to be found in tlie numerous letters 
and pii|»ers» sometimes under liis own name^ 
and wmietimes under the aasumed name of 

* Vedette/ cxjntri hut ed to the i^econd &erie« of 

* Notes and Queries/ Of theKe the twelve 
papers on Chaucer dlffieultieti are a most 
valuftlile eontribution to the study of early 
English literature. He died 2 Sept 1880, 
aged 88. 

[Timei, H Sept. 1880; Men of the Time. 
1872 ; Brit, Mtjji. Cat J II, B. 

BOYS, THOMAS 8H0TTER (1903- 
1874), water-colour painter and lithojsjrapher, 
waK born at Pentonville on 2 Jan, 1803* lie 
waa articled to George Coote, the enpraver, 
with the view^ of following that profeaaionf 
but when, on the expiration of hia appren- 
ticeship, he visited Pfiri*i, he was induced by 
Bonincton, under w horn he studied^ to de- 
vote himself to paiutin|r. He exhibited at 
the Royal Academy for the first time in 1824, 
and in Paris in 1827. In 1830 he proceeded 
to Brussebj but on the outbreak ol the revo- 
lution there retumetl to Enpljind, Paying 
another visit to Paris, he remained there until 
1837, and then again came to England for the 
purpow of lithogmpbing the w orks of David 
Robert j^ a n d C 1 a rkson St a n liel d , Boy s*s great 
work, * Picturesque Architecture in Paris, 
Ghent, Antwerp, Rouen/ &c>, appeared in 
1839, and created much admiration. King 
Louift-Pliilippe sent the artist a ring in re^ 
co^ition of its merits. He also publinhed 

* Original Mews of London as it is/ drawn 
and lithographed by himself, London, 1843, 
Re drew the illustrations to Rlackie^s * His- 
tory of Englaud/ and etched some plates for 
Ruskjn*s ^btones of Venice/ Boys waa a 
member of the Institute of Painters in Water 
Colours, and of several foreign artistic so- 
cieties. He died in 1874. The British Mu- 
se um pofeses^ses two fine views of PariB by 
him J drawn in water-colours, and another is 
in the South Kensington Museum, 

[Ottley'6 Biographiciil and Criticnl Dictionary 
of Et^cent and Living Painters and Enpravors, 
London. 1866, Svo; MS. notes in the British 
Muatum.] L. F, 

BOYS, \\TLLIAM (1785-180S), surgeon 
and topographer, was bom at Deal on 7 Sept, 
1735. He was of an old Kent family (Has- 
ted, Ilwiojy of Kfjtt, iii. 109), being the 
eldest fion of Commodore William Boys, 
R.N,, Heutenant-govemor of Greenwich Hos- 
pital, bv his wife, Elizal>eth Pearson of Deal 
( Gent. Muff, Uxiii. pt . i. 421-3). About 1 765 
he wet f^ a sui^eon at Sandwich, where he was 
noted for his untiring explorations of Rich- 
borough Cafitle, for skill in decipheringancieot 



manuscripts and inecriptionF, for his zeal in 
enllecting antiquitiea connected with Sand- 
wich, and for hi.«! studies in ast rono ray t natural 
history, and mathematics. In 1759 he married 
Elizabeth Wi^e, a daughter of Henry Wise, 
one of the Sandwich jurats (tfr.), and by her 
, he had two children. In \7^\ he was elected 
I jurat, acting with his wife's father. In the 
I «inie year, 1761, she died, and in the next 
year, 1762, he married Jane Eullertcoheireas 
I of her mu'le, one Jnim Panunor of Staten- 
I borough {ib.) In 1767 Bt>ya wa^i mayor of 
I Sandwich* In 1774 his fathtvr died at (Green- 
wich ( N1CHOL8, Lit. Anerd, ix. 24 ».) In 1 775 
apjieared his first publication^a memorial 
I to resist a scheme for draining a large tract 
I of the neighbouring land, which it wa^s thought 
would destroy Sandwich harbour. Boys drew 
it up as one of the commissioners of sewers, 
I on behalf of the corporation, and it was pulj- 
lished at Canterburv in 1775 auonymouslv 
I (Gent. Mfig, lxxiii.pt. i. 421-3). In 1776 
Boys was elected F.S.A. In 1782 he again 
; ser\ed aa mayor. In 1783 his .second wif» 
died, having borne him eight or nine children 
(ik, and lUaTEn, HUt. of Kent, iv. 222 n.) 
I In t he sa m e year Boys f urn i sh ed tb c Rev . John 
Buncombe with much matter relating to the 
i Reculvers, printed in Buncombe's ^ Antiqui* 
I ties of Reculver.' In 1784 was published 
I 'Teptacea Minuta Rariora/ 4to, being platens 
and description of the tiny shells found on 
the seashore near Sandwich, by Boys, * that 
inquisitive naturalist* (Introd.pi). 'The book 
waa put together by George Walker, Boys 
himself being too much occupied by hia pro- 
fe-s^ion. In 1786 Boys issued pn>posals for 
I publishing his * Collections for a History of 
I Sandwich ' at a price which should only cover 
its expenses, and phiced his materials in the 
hands of the printers (Nichols, Lit. 111. vi. 
613). In 1787 Boy? published an * Account 
of the Loss of the Luxborough/4to (NiCHOI^^ 
Lit. AneciL ix. 24), a case of cannibalism, in 
which his father (Commodore Boys) had been 
one of the men compelled to resort to this 
horrible means of t^reserving life. Boys had 
a series of pictures hung up in his parlour 
jjortraying the whole of the terrible circiun- 
etancee (Pennant, in his Journey from Lon- 
don to the Me of H't^Af, quoted in Nichols's 
Lit. Anted, ix, 24 n.) in this * Account,* as 
a separate publication, there h now no trace ; 
but it appeara in full in the * History of 
I Greenwica Hospital,' bv John Cooke and 
John Maule, 1789^ pp. llO et seq.; it is also 
fitated there that six small paintings in the 
council room of the hospital (presumably 
! replicas of tkose seen by Pennant in the 
possession of William Boys) represent this 
j passage in the history of the late gallant 



d 



an: 





lieutenant-govBrnor, In 1788 appeaiN?d the 
tiret. pan of* Sandwich/ and in l7Hy liitys woa 
^ipointed surgeon to the ^ick and woUDded 
aettjoen at DeaL Over the se€<*iid part of 
* Saadwich ' there was coofllderable delay and i 
anxiety (Letter from Denne, Nichols's | 
,ii. III. rl 613); but in 1792 the volume i 
a«? i5«ued at much pecuniary loss to Boys, 
1792 Boya aleo sent Dr. b^iramons some 
Obeeryationfi on Kit's Coity House/ which 
■were read at the Society of Auti!|uarie8, aud 
appeared in vol. xi. of * Arehie<>logia/ In 
^ he gave up hia Sandwich practice aud 
to reside at Waliner, but returned to 
ch at the end of three years, in 17!K>. 
health had now declined. He had apf>- 
ic attacks in 1799, and died of apoplexy 
15>Urch 180;3, ag©d68. 
Boys was buried in St. Clemen t*8 Church, 
;wich, where there is a Latin epitaph to 
iemory,ft suggestion for a monument with 
doggerel ven*es^ from a correspmident to 
the ' Gi^ntleman's Magiusine ' (Ixxiii. pt. ii. 
' having fallen through. He was a 
imber of the Linnean Society, and a con- 
ibutor to tbe * Gentleman*s Magazine ' (In- 
yol. iii. preface, p, Ixxiv). A new fern 
' hyhimatSaudwich was named Sterna 
after him> by Latham in hia *■ Index 
lologicna/ 

P^ati'i BibL Brit,, whero •Sandwich* is «aid, 

>ng|y, to have consisted of threo parta^ and to 
,vo kiaiiu puMii^hed in London ; Qent« Mag. 

h. pt, L 293, 421-3 ; Hastod's* Kent. iii. 109, 
7 fi. u, iv. 222 n, i ; Nichoh's Lit. 111. iv. 676. 

613. 653, 685. 687 ; Nichols « Lit, Aupcd. ix. 

27 fwi.] • J. H, 

BOYSE, JOSEPH (1660-1728), presby- 

\ i«;rimi ministi^r, born at Leeds on 1 4 Jan. 1660| 

l^asone of sixteen children of Matthew Boyae, 

i puritan, formerly elder of the church at Row- 

[ley. New England, and aftenvarda a resident 

I for about eighteen years at Boaton, Miias. He 

Iwaa admitted into the academy of Richard 

f Frankland, M.A., at Nathind»near Kendul, on 

lt> April 1675, and went thence in 1678 to 

the acarflemy at Stepu>\v under Etiward Veal, 

B.D, (ejected from the senior fellowship at 

Trinity CoUeife, Dublin, in 1*><>1 ; die^l 6 J one 

1708, aged 76). Boyse's first ministeriul eii- 

I jfagement wiw at dloasenbury, nejir Cran- 

I ortHik, Kent, where he preached nearly a year 

I (from the autumn of 1679), He wfts next 

domestic chaplain, during the latter ludf of 

1681 and spring of 1682, to the Dowager 

I Countess of Douega! ( Letitia, daughter of Sir 

William Hickesj in Lincoln's Inn Fields. 

For six months in 1682 he ministennl to tlie 

Brownist church at Amsterdam* in the ab- 

eeoce of the regular min^teri but he did not 



swerve from his presbyterianism. He would 
have settled in England but for the penal 
laws against dis^nt. On the death of his 
friend T, Haliday in 1683, he succeeded him 
at Dublin, and there pursued a popular 
miniat ry for forty-ti vh years, H is ordinat ion 
sermon was preached by John Pinney, ejef!ted 
from Broadwinaor, Doraetshtre. 'the pres- 
byterianism of Dublin andthesouth of Ireland 
was of the English type; that of the nortlt 
Wiia chiefly Scottish in origin aud dijicipline. 
But there was occasional co-operation, and 
tliere were from time to time congregations 
in Ihiblin adhx^riug to the northern body. 
Boyee did his part in promoting a eommunity 
of spirit between the northern antl southern 
presbyterians of Irelaud. Naturally he kept 
uj) a g(X>cl denl of comuiuuication with Eng- 
liflh brethren. From May 1691 to June 170'2 
Boyse had Eml\Ti iis his colleague at Wood 
Street. Meanwhile Boyr^e came forward as a 
controversialist on birbalf of pre^byterian dis- 
sent . In this CJiptLcit y he proved hims*»lf can- 
tious, candid, ami powerful ; * vindicution,' the 
leading word on many of his jwlemical title- 
pagf>s, wt^ll describes his constant aim. First of 
his works is the * Vindicij© Calvinisticie/ 1688, 
4to, an able epistle (with the pseudo-signa- 
ture W. B., DJ).), in reply to William King 
(lOrjO-1712), then chancellor of St. Patrick's 
Cathedral, who had rit Jacked the presbyterians 
in bis * Answer* to the H'onsiderations^ of 
Peter Manby (d. 1BJ)7), ex-dean of Derry, 
who hud liirne<l cntliolic. ^Vgain, when Go- 
vernor Walker of Den'v dei^cribed Alexander 
Osborne (a presbyttsrian minister, originally 
from CO, Tyrone, who had been called to 
Newmarket, Dublin, Dec. 1687) as * a spy 
of Tyrcnnnel/ lioyse put forth a ' Vindica- 
tion,^ 16J>0, 4to, a tract of historical value. 
He was a second time in the Jield against 
King, now bishop of Derry (who bad fulmi- 
nated against presbyterian forms of worship)^ 
in * liemarks/ 1694, aud * Vindication of the 
Remarks,' 169o. Early in the latter year ho 
had printed anonymously a folio tract, 'The 
Case of the Protestant Dissenters in Ireland 
in reference to a Bill of ludulgence/ &c., to 
whit!h Tobias Fiillen, bishop of Dmmore, 
wrote an anonymous answer, and Anthony 
Dopping, bishop of Meat h, another p^ply, like- 
wise anon vtnoiis. Both prnlHt^^s were against 
a legal t nl erat io n fo r I r i h h d i sse n t . Boyse re- 
torted on them in * The Case . . . Vindicated/ 
169o. But the day for a toleration wn^ not yet 
come. The Irisli parliament rejected bill after 
bill brought forwnrd in the interest of dis- 
sent era. The harmony of Boyse*8 ministerial 
relations was broken in 1702 by the episode 
of his colleague*s deposition, and aubsequent 
trial, for a blasphemous lib^ on tho groimd 



■ 



Boy 



se 



134 



Boyse 



of an unti-tritiitiiriiiti publitaition [st*e Emltk, 
Thomas], IJoy&t' ( who bad hiinHiL^f bet* n under 
some auspicioii of Peln^iunism) moved iji the 
matter wjth manifest reluctaiRv, hud iioband 
in thn public proe€M3UtinTi, and mndit? strt*uuous, 
HJid lit length suceesfiftil, et^brtfi to free Emlyn 
from Incarcerflt Ton. Hny^e drew op, wit h miirh 
iDwlenitiont * The Difference between Mr, E. 
ond die Dishientin^ Ministers of IX tndy re- 
presented;' jitid piiblis!ied *A Vindication 
of the True Deity of o\ir lllew^etl Saviour/ 
17CKI, 8vo t^nd ed. 1710, >>voJ» in an8w^er to 
Emlyn'3 * Humble Inquire/ Emlyn thinks 
thuT linym- nii^ht have abstiiined fnnn writing^ 
ii^uiiist him while the trial wiis jiendiiig ; but 
it is |»rohnljIe that li^^yse'^ able aefence of tlie 
doctrine in dittpute gave weiglit to his* inter- 
ceswinn. lioyfte at tliis early dutv takeH nott? 
thftt * the iinitiiriims are eoming over to the 
[deists in jwint of doctrine/ Emlyn » place as 
f Boyee's collejigne was supplied by liicbard 
OhOpj>in, a Dublin man (licensed 1702^ or- 
dMned 1 704, died 1741), In 1 708 BovHe issued 
u volume of fifteen jsermons, of winch tlielfUit 
wii» an ortlinat ion discourse on ^ The Office of a 
S<:riptunilHif<iinp/with n polemical iippendix. 
Tliis received answers from Edward Drury 
and Matthew Eni>neli, curates in Dubliiu and 
tiie discourse itself was, without Doyse's con- 
aent, rejirinted separately in I70t^ Hvo. He 
Lad, however, the opport unity of addinjff a vo- 
luminous pobrscript, in which be nqdied to the 
iihove answers^ and he continued the contro- 
versy in ^A Clear Aecount of the Ancient 
Episcopacy/ 1712. Meanrime the reprint of 
ki» sermon ^ with postscript, wa*> burned hj 
the common hnngman, by order of the Irish 
llou^e of Ijords, in Novemljner 1711* This 
WiiA Kin^r's lujsir argument against I^yse: now 
the artbbif*hiip at Dnlilin writeR to Swift, 
I* we bnnied >Ir. lioyse's book of a scriptural 
bishop.* ihn-e more Boyse came fonvard in 
defence of diA^ent, in * Hemarks/ 1716, on n 
pamphlet by Willinni Tirnhdl, D^D.^ vicar of 
Btslfastf resjH^ct ingtbe sacrament al t ei*t, Boyae 
had bi»ea oue of the/*ri/m«i of tlu^ academy at 
Whitehu ven (1708-19), under Thomas Dixon, 
M.D,, iind on its cei^mtion he had to do with 
the settlement in Dublin of Erancis Hutcbe* 
son, the ethical writer, as head (till 1729) of 
a somewhat similar institution, in which 
Boyse taught divinity. He socm became in- 
volved in the lumsubseri^Jtion Cf>ntroversy. 
At the synod in Belfast, 1721, be was pre^nt 
asacommi.**sioner from Dublin : protested with 
bia coHeagnt\ in the name of the Dublin pres- 
bytery, against tlie vrttewl lowing a voluntary 
Bubscription to the Westminster dnifeRfiion ; 
and 8ucce<*ded in carr^-iuga ' charitable decla- 
ration/ freeing nonsubscrihers from censure 
and recommeudiiig mutual forbearance. The 




?pefRC© to Abernethy a ' SeQeonnhle Advice/ 
722, and the postscript to Lis * Defence ' of 
the same, 1724, are included among Boyse's 
collected works, thougli signed also by his 
Dublin brethren, Nathaniel Weld and Chop- 
pin . In ibe same year he preached (24 June) 
at Lomlonderri' during the sitting of the 
general synod of Ulster, His text was John 
viii. '^Uy Sij, and the publication of the dis- 
course, which strongU* deprecated di^unton^ 
was urged by men of Ixitb parties. Next year, 
being unable through illness to offer peaceful 
counsels in person, he printed the sermon. 
Perhaps his psiciiic endeavours were dis- 
counted by the awkward circumstance that 
at this synod ( 1 723) u letter was received from 
him announcing a jirojwsed change in tho 
management of the reffium d^num^ viz. ihat 
it bt? dislrtbuted by a body of trustees in Lon- 
don, with the expr&ss view^ of checking the 
high-handed party in the synod. The rupture 
betw^een the southern and northern preeby- 
terians was completed by the installation of 
a nonsubscriber, Alexiinder Colville, M-D., 
on 25 Oct. 1 725 at Dromore, co. Down, by the 
Dublin presbytery ; Boyse w^as not one of the 
installers. He published in 1726 a lengthy 
letter to the presbyti'dan ministers oi: the 
north, in * vinuication ' of a private commu- 
nication on their disputes, which bad been 
printed without his knowledge. Writing to 
the Eev. Thomas Steward of Buiy 8t, Ed- 
munds id. IQ Sept. 17«i8, aged 84) on I Nov. 
172(J, Boyse speaks of the exclusion of the 
nonsubscribers fis ^ the late gbameful rup* 
ture,* and gives an account of the new pre«hy- 
terv which the general synod, in pursuance 
of Its separative policy, hfui erected for Dub- 
lin. Controversies crowded rather thickly 
on Boyse, considering the moderation of bia 
views and temper. He always wrote like a 
gentleman. He published several sermons 
against Komenists, and a letter (with appen* 
dix) 'Concerning the Pre tended Infullibility of 
the Romish Church,* addressed to a protectant 
divine who had written against Home. His 
* Some Queries oHered to the Cons idem t ion 
of the Peo]>le caUed Quakers, &c./ called 
foiih, sliortly before Itinyse's death, a replv 
by Samuel Fuller, a Dublin school muster It 
is possible that in polemics Boyse sought a re- 
lief from d«>mestic sorrow, due to bis fion*8 
career. He died in straitened circumstiincea 
on 22 Nov. 1 7 28, leaving a son, Samtiel [q. v.] 
(the biogmpbors of this son have not usually 
mentioned that he was one of the deputation 
to present the address from the general synod 
of Ulster on the accession of George I), and a 
daughter, married to Mr. Waddington- He 
wa.«t succeeded in his ministry by Abernethj 
(in 1730). Boyse a works were collected by 




^ 



himself in two huge folios, London, 1728 
(usually bound in one ; they are the earliest if 
not the only folios published by a pr^byterian 
minitter of Ireland), Prefixed is ft recom- 
mendation (duted 23 April 1728) sigrted by 
Calamy and tive other London uiiiiisten^. 
Thw finst volume contains nevunty-ont? ser- 
mona (several beinj^ funeral, on! in at ion, and 
anniversary diBcourseJ*; many had already 
be*n collected in two volumes, 1708-10, 8vo)j 
and several tracts on juat ili«'atioo. liimhedded 
among the sermons (at p. 3i26) m a verv c*i- 
rioYUi piece of puritan autobiography, 'Some 
Itemarkahle Paiaages in the Life and Death of 
Mr. f^dmnnd Trench/ The necond volume is 
illy controversial. Not included in these 
^luxDjedaj^: L * Vindication of Osborne *(§ee 
mbove). 2, * Sacramento! Hymna collected 
(chiefly) out of eucli ruB?<u.gejs of the New Tes- 
tament aa contain the most suitable matter of 
Bivine Pmi«e># in the Oelehratjouof the Lord's 
Supper, &e.; Dublin, 1098, f*mall 8vo, with 
another title-pag**, London, 1698. (This 
little book, overlooked by his bio^aphers, is 
Taluable as illustrating lJoy»e^s tlieolngy : it 
nnminaUyctrntainn twenty-three hymns» hut 
reckoning doublets in different metres there | 
wtt forty-one pieces by Ilny«e,one from George 
Herbert, und two from Mr. Patrick, i,e. Simon \ 
Plitrick, bi&hop of Ely. In a very curious 
preface BoyaediHcluimK theposseiiaion of any j 
tic genius; but hi« verse.s, publi,Mhed thir- 
yeare before Inaac Watt^ came into the 
Id^are not without merit. To the volume is 
refixed the approval <if six Dublin mhiiaters, 
eadet! by * Tiio» Toy,' and including ' Tho. 
Emltn/) ' 3. * Oase of the Prfitt^stant Pis- 
•enters * (see above. Thy tract is so rare that 
lid knows only of tlie copy at Trinity Col- 
lege, Dublin. Thti vindication of it is in the 
Works'). 4. 'Family I lymn.M for Morning 
Evening Worship. AVith some for the 
liord^ftDays. . , , All taken out of the Psalms 
of David,* Dublin, 170L l6mo, (Unknown 
^to bibliogmpherF* Contains preface, recom- 
endation by six Dublin miuwters, and 
lYenty-six hymns, in three parti?, with music, 
oyse admits * botTDwing a few expressions 
from some former versions.* The poetrv is 
superior to his former effort. A copy, un- 
eatalogiied, in in the Antrim Pre^bv-tery 
Library at Queen's College, Belfast. 1 fj. * The 
Difference between Mr, E. and the Dissenting 
Ministers of D., kcJ (sw^ above* Emlyn re- 
prints it In the appendix to his * Narrative," 
1719, and siivs iWse drew it up). Of his 
fieparat« publications an incomplete list is 
ished by Witherow. The biblinoraphy 
earlier ones is better given in Ileid. 
wrote the Lutin inscription on the 
pedestal (1701) of the eq^uestrian 




8enl 

^^i 





statue of William HI in GoLlege Green, 
Dublin. 

[Choppin's Funeral .%rmoi), 1728 ; Towers, in 
Biog. Brit. ii. (1780)» 531 ; Crtbmy's Hist. Ace. 
of oiy own Life, 2nd wL 183tK ii. S16; Thorn's 
Liverpool Charehea and Clmpela, 1864, 68 ; 
Witfierow's Hist, and Lit. Mera. of Presbytia 
rianism in Irelamh l«t ser. 1879, p. 79. 2Bd iwr. 
1880, p. 74 ; Beid'g Uiat, Preab. Ch- in Ireland 
(ml. KiUf'ti), 1867tVols.ii. iii. ; Anderson « British 
Foeta, 1794,x. 327; Monthly R«pos, 1811, pp. 204, 
261; Christian Moderator, 1826, p. 34; Arm- 
HtroDg'ii Appendix to Ordination S^rvics (James 
Marti neau)» 1829. p. 70 ; Ixjdge's Peerage of Ire- 
land (ed. A rchdiitl ), 1 78l> (re 0ountefis Donegal) ; 
Winder's MSS. in Heoshaw Street Chapel Li- 
brary, Liverpool (r* Whitehaven) ; Narrattvo of 
the Proceedings of Seven Geraeral Synods of th« 
Northern PrBabyferiana in Ireland, 1727, p. 47 ; 
manuscript extra«rts from Minutes uf General 
Synod, 1721; Smith ^s Bibhoth. Anti-Quak. 1782, 
p- 82.] A. a 

BOYSE, SAMUEL (1708-1749), poet, 
was the »on of Jf)Peph Roy?ie [q. v.l a die»ent- 
ing minister, and was honi in Dublin in 1708. 
He WELS educate<i at a private «;hool in Dul>- 
lin and at the uuivergiity of Glasgow. Hia 
studies were interrupted by his marriage when 
twenty with a Miss Atchenaon. He returned 
to Dublin with hia wife, and lived in hia 

ritliout adoptin 

Rir died in 172! 
Boyse went to Edinburgh. He had printed 
a letter on Lil^erty in the * Dublin Journal,' 
No. xcvii-, in 1726, but his regular com menc«- 
ment a^n an author dates* from 1731, when he 
printed hift first h<Mikj * Translations and 
Poems/ in Edinburgh. Hw was patronirw'd 
by the Scott i.'^h nobility, and in thif* volume 
and in some later poems wrote in praise of hia 
pat rnns. An elegy on thedeat li of Viscountess 
Stormont, called'* The Tears of the Muses,* 
1736, procured for Boyso a valuable reward 
from her husband, and the Dnchesy of Gordon 
gave the poet an introduction for a post in 
the customs. The day on which he ought to 
have applied was stormy, and Boyse chose to 
lose the place rather than face the rain. Debta 
at length compelled him to fly from Edin- 
burgh. His patrons gavB him introductions 
to the chief potit of the day, Mr. Pope, to the 
lord chancellor, and to Mr. Mumiy, after- 
wards Lord Man.sfield, and then solicitor- 
general, Boyse had, however, not sufficient 
steadiness to improve advantages, and wasted 
the opportunities which these introductions 
might have given him of procuring a start in 
the world of letters or a settlement in life. 
Pope happened to be from home, and Boyse 
never cjilled again. The phrases of Johnson 
may be recogmsed in a description of him at 



father's house without adopting any profes- 
sion. His father died in 1728, and in 1730 



I 



this time, which r«lat«8 that * he ha<i no power I 
of maintaining the dignity of wit^ and t liotigh | 
hie understanding was verr *xten«ive, yet but 
a few could discover that he had any g-enius 
above t he common rank. Ue had so atrong a 
propen»ion to groveling that hu acquftintaiice 
were gnenerally of (iiieh a caat m could be of 
no service to him ' (Cibbeb, Liven of th* Poet^, 
1763, V. 167). In 1739 Boy»e publii^hed ' The 
Deity : a Poem ; ' in 1742 * The Pmine ot 
Peace, a poem in three c«.nt08 from the Dutch 
of Mr* Van Haren/ He translated F^nelon 
on the demonstration of the existence of God, 
and mmleniised the * Squire's Tale' iind the 
* Coke's Tale ' from Chaucer. Thpi^» with se- 
veral papers in the 'GentlemanV Magazine ^ 
signed AlcieuB^ were his chief publications in 
Liindon, At Keading, in I747,hepubli*;hed» 
in two volumen, * An Historical Revii^w of the 
Transactions of Europe, 1739-4r>/ When 
the payments of the h<xiks**ller9 did not satisfy 
his wants, Boyse begged from !*ectarie«, to 
whom hifi father's theological reputation was 
known, and when theirpat ience wjis exhausted 
from any one likely togive. Twoof his begging 
letters are pre^en^ed in the Britisli Museum 
(Sloane M%\ 4033 B). A sentence in one 
of these shows how abject a beggar the poet 
had become. * You were pleased,' he writes 
to Sir Hans Sloane, * trO give mv wife the en- 
closed shilling last nights 1 ^oubt not but 
you thought it a good one, but as it happened 
otherwise you will forgive the trouble occa- 
sioned by the mistake* The letter is dated 
14 Feb. 1738. Two years later he was re- 
duced to greater straite. * It Avas about the 
year 1740 that Mr. lioyse^ reduced to the last 
extremity of human wretchedness, had not a 
shirt, a coat, or any kind of apparel to put 
on ; the sheets in which he lay were carried 
t6 the pawnbrokers, and he wus obliged to be 
confined to l)ed with no other covering than 
a blanket. During this time he had some 
employment in writing verses for the maga- 
zines, and whoever had seen him in his study 
must have thought the object singular enough. 
He sat up in bi»d with a blanket wrapped 
about him, through which he had cut a hole 
large enough to admit his arm, and placing 
the pai>er upon his knee scribbled, in the best 
manner he could, the verses he waa obliged 
to make ' (Gibber, Lti^^ of the Foet«, v. 169), 
Nficessitv is the mother of invention, and 
Boys6*s indigence led him to the discovery of 
pftper coUars, 'Whenever his distresses so 
pressed as to induce him to dispose of hia 
ahirt, befell upon an nrtitjcial method of sup- 
plying one. He cut some white x>aper in 
ehpg, which he tyed round bis wrists, and in 
the same manner r^upplied his neck. In thia 
plight he fre<|uently appeared abroad, w^ith 



the additional inconvenience of want of 
breeches ' (Cibbeb, v. 169). In the midst of 
this deser>*ed eHiualor, and with vicious pro- 
pensities and ridiculous affectations, Boyse 
had some knowledge of literature and some 
interesting, if untrustworthy, conversation. 
It was this and his mi»enes, and some traces 
w^hich he now and then showed of a religious 
education, not quite obliterated by a neglect 
of all itsfirecepts, which obtained for bim the 
acquaintance of Johnson. Shiers * Life of 
Boyse' t Cibbeb, v. 160) contains Johnson's 
recollections. Mrs. Boyse died in 1745 at 
Heading, w^here Boyse had gone to live. On 
his return to London two years later he mar- 
ried again. W\b st^(.'ond w ife $eems to have 
been an imeducated woman, but she induced 
him to live more regularly and to dress de- 
cently. His last illnesa had, however, begun, 
and after a lingering phthisis he died in 
lodgings near *Shoe Lane in May 174f*. John- 
son could not collect money enough to pay 
for a funeral, but he obtained the distinction 
from other patipeni for Boyse, that the ser- 
vice of the churdi waa separately performed 
over bis corpse. 

Besides his literary attainments, Boyse is 
said to have had a taste f*ir painting and for 
mtisicand an e.Tteiisfve knowledge of lieraldrj*. 

* The Deity, a Poem/ is the best known of hia 
works. It appeared in 1729, w^ent through 
two editions in the nuthorV lifetime, and baa 
been since print ^fd in several collections of the 
Knglisli poets (*Tlie British Poets,' Chiswick, 
182li,vohlix.; Park's *British PoetVl^ndon, 
1808, vol. xxxiii.) FieMing (juotes some lines 
from it on the theatre of time in the com- 
parison between the world and the stage, 
which is the introduction to bfxik vii, of 

* Tom Jones/ He prtti!*eH the lines, and aaya 
that the miotatiou * is taken from a poem 
called the Deity, published about nine y^^tn 
ago, and long since buried in oblivion. A 

S roof that good books no more than good men 
always survive the bad.' It w^a-s perhaps 
a knowledge of Boyse's miseries which made 
Fielding praise him. The poem was obvioui^ly 
suggested by the * E.<say on Man/ and the 
arrangement of its parts is that common in 
theologica! treatises on the attributes of God* 
The edition of 1749 contains some alterations. 
These are unimjjortant, as * celestial w^isdom ' 
(1739) aUeretl to * celestial spirit* (1749); 

* doubtful gloom ' (1739) to Miibious gloom' 
(1749) ; while the few added lines can neither 
raise nor depress the quality of the uoenL In 
some of l^f>yseV minor jioems recoil eel ions of 
Spenser, of Milton, of Cowley, and of Prior 
may lie traced. False rhymes are not un- 
common in his verse, but the lines are usually 
tolerable. Some of his best are in a poem on 



Brabazon 



Brabazon 



.Ixicb Hian, in which Lnird Stair^a chsrocter is 
lieonipar^d to the steadfjif-t rock of Ailaa, with 
A coincident all u si on to tJie Stair crest and 
the family motto * Firm/ Four six-line verses 
ntitled * Stanitaij to a. Candle/ in which the 
utbor compare* hifi fadinjj career to the flick- 
ring and huraing out of the candle on his 
liable^ are the most original of aU Boyse^A 
poems. Tliey are free tVom afl'ectation, and 
show Boy»e lor once in a true poetic mood, 
neither racking his hrnins for imagery nor 
I'Qdin^ his memory to help out the verse; not 
writing at threepence a line for the IxiokseOer, 
but recording a poetic association clearly de- 
nTed from the ooject before him. 

[Cibb«rB Lives of the Poets, 1753, vol, v, ; 
'Bcwwell'i Life of JohuFon, 17»1 ; Sloane MS, 
4033 B; Boj«es Worltx.] N. M. 

BBABAZON, ROGER le (d. 1317), 
Hudge, descended from nn ancient family of 
iJi^onmindyf thr founder of which, Jacques le 
r Brabazon of Brabazon Castle, came over with 
William the Con<jueror, hia name occurring 
in the Roll of Battle Abl>ey. The name h 
Tarioualy sjjelt Brabazon, Brubun^on, and 
Brab&ixfion, and was origimilly given to one of 
the roving bands of mercenurief* common in 
the middle ages. His groat -grandson Thomas 
acquired the ©state of MoFeley in Leicester- 
ehire^ by auairiaga with Amicia^ heiress of 
John de Moaeley. Their son, Sir Roger, who 
further acquired East will in the samecoimty, 
married Beatrix, t he eldest of t he thr^e sisters, 
f uid coheirs of Mansel de Biaset, and by her 
' bad two 8onB, of whom the elder wa.-^ Roger, 
the judge. Roger was a lawyer of consider- 
able learning, and practised before the great 
L judge De Hengbam. Hh first legal office was 
"m justice itinerant of pleas of the forest in 
Lancashire, which he held in 1287, In 1289, 
when almost all the existing judges were re- 
moved for extortion and corrupt practices, 
Brabazon was made a juatice of the kin g*8 
b^neh, receiving a salary of 33/. (is. Hd. |>er 
annum, being as much greater { viz. 6/, 13*. 4cf, ) 
than the salaries of the other puisne i ust ices as 
it waB less than the .salary of the cluef justice. 
When Edward I, though acting as arbitrator 
between the rival claimants to the crown of 
Scotland, resolved to claim tlie suzerainty for 
himself, Brabazon (though not then eh iet jus- 
ticiary as one account ha.s it, the ofRce then 
no longer existing) was einployetl to i^arcli 
for some legal justilication fur the claim. By 
warping the facts be succeeded in making out 
fiome shadow of a title, and accordingly at- 
tended Edward and his parliament at Nor- 
h&m» The Scottish nobles and clergy assem^ 
Med there on 10 May ]29t, and Brabazon, 
Ifpeaking in French, the then court language of 



Scotland, annoimcetl the king's determination, 
and stated the grotinds for it. A notary and 
witnesses were at hand^ and he called on the 
nobles to do homage to Edward as lord para- 
mount of Scotland^ To this the Scotch de- 
m u rr cd , a nd a^ keil t i me for del i berat i on . Brn * 
bazoo referred to the king, and appointed the 
day following for their decision ; but the time 
[ was event ually extended to I June. Brabazon, 
I however, did not remain in Scotland till then, 
but ret nmed south to the business of his court , 
acting as justice itinerant in the west of Eng- 
I land m tlits year. After the Scottish crown 
had been adjudged to Baliol, Brabazon con- 
' tinned to be employed upon a plan for the 
subjection of Scot land. He was one of a body 
' f}f commissioners to whom Edward referred a 
complaint of Roger Bartholomew, a burgeon 
I of BerAvick, that Englit^h judges* were exer- 
' cising jurisjfliction north of the Tweed; and 
when the Scottish king presented a petition, 
I alleging that Edward had promised to obsene 
I the Scottish law and customs, Brabazon ro- 
I jected it, and held that if the king had made 
liny promises, while the Scottish throne was 
vacant, in derogation of bis just suzerainty, 
siueli promises were temporary' only and not 
binding; and as to the conduct of the judges 
they were deputed by the king as »u|>erior and 
I direct lord of Scotland, and represented his 

I' jers^m. Eneonrage<l by this decision, Mac- 
^uJf, earl of Fife, appealed against the Scottish 
king to the English House of Lords, and on 
the advice of Brabazon and other judges it 
\va» held that the king must come as a vassal 
to the bar and plead, and upon his contumacy 
three of his castles were seized* lie is foiuid 
in 1293 sitting in Westcbepe, and with other 
iudgefc sentencing three men to mutilation by 
loss of the right hand. But, although sitting 
as a puisne judge, Brabazon, owing to the 
p<ditical events in which he was engaged, had 
eonipletely overshadow^ed Gilbert de Thorn- 
ton, the chief jimtice of his court. The time 
was now arrived to reward him. In 1295 
Gilbert de Thornton was removed and Bra- 
bazon fiucc^eeded him, and being reapjwinted 
immediately ujjon the accession of Eaward 11, 
6 Sept. 1 307 1 continued in that office until his 
retirement in 1316. He had l>eena commis- 
sioner of arra}' for the counties of Nottingham^ 
Derby, Lancaster, Cumberland, Westmore- 
land, and York, in 121^6, and was constantly 
summoned to the parliaments which met at 
AVej^t minster, Salisbury, Lincoln, Carlisle, 
Northam]>ton, Stamford, and York up to 
1314. In 12l>7 Brabazon'jv posit ioti pointed 
to him naturally as a member of the council 
of Edward, the king^s son, when left by his 
father in England as lieutenant of the king- 
dom. On 1 April 1300 be was appointed to 



I 
I 






"^ ' id caUUioaSenito 
In laOSkkoaiiwdwitli Jolaid« 
Litis M an addfUooal jnatm in caae of need 
in Sumex.fSomj,Ken%mnd HiddlQiec, dot- 
■uumt to an ordinance of tnilbaetoot and al- 
tlKMirii tlio writ is cancelled, ha oerlainljr 
acHeC for he aat at OutldhaU ' ad recspieodaa 
hillaa ntper articolia de tiailhaston.* In 
the aame year, bain^ praaant al the parlia- 
ment held at Weatnunater, ha waa appointed 
and awoni in aa a eoauniaataiierlo treat willi 
the Sootrb r«>n rn t en tatiTei eoneeming^ the 
gorem -tland. On 29 Oct. 1307 he 

iat at 1 1 )f London on the trial of the 

Earl of A thole and convicted hinu In 1306, 
haring been appointed to trv obtain oom- 
nlaiata against the bishop ot CoTentir and 
licfaileid, Brahaxon wu ordered (19 FiA>.) to 
adjourn the bearing, in order to attend the 
coronation of Edward IX. He waa twice aa^ 
signed to hold pleaa at York in 1309 and 
131^, waa detained apeciallT in London in the 
summer of 1313 to ad^iae the king on matters 
of high importance, and was sttU inreated 
with the office of conuniasioner of forests in 
Staiford, Huntingdon, Rutland, Salop, and 
Oxon, sa late as 1316. 

All these labours told ae^'erelTonhts health. 
Broken by age and infirmity Le, on 23 Feb. 
1316, asked leaire to resign his office of chief 
justice. Leave was granted in a very lauda- 
tory natent of discharge ; but he remained a 
memoer of the privy council, and was to at> 
tend in parliament whenever his health per- 
mitted. He was succeeded by William Inge, 
but did not long survive. Heditxl on 13 June 
1317^ and liis executor, John dv Bmbtaon, 
had masses said for bim at Dunstable Abbey. 
He was buried in St. Paufa Cathedral. lie 
appears to have had a hi^h diameter for learn- 
ing. To his abilities his honours and offices 
hear testimonv^ whatever blame may attach 
to him for bia course in politici*- He was 
a laudowner in several count ie<^. hi 1296 he 
is enrolled, pursimnt to nn ordinnijc^e for the 
defence «f tfie s«n-c*)ttsr, us a knight liolding 
lands in Kft.«*o\, but iiuji-reHident, iiud in the 
year fallowing ho wart .^unimontMl ns a tnnd- 
owner in No(tiiij^ham>*Lirt*ti!id Derby shireto 
attetirl in |M*r»nn wt tb«* tuitw(t»r at Nnttingham 
for military wrvrcc in Hvjtl Innd with arms and 
borH#M. In K'ilO lit' \mA bindn in I^ucwxter- 
ahirn, and in N^IH n\ Silbrrlnfl nnd Siilhy lit 
Knrthiiin]>t*«i«!iirf», itt Knnt lh'iil|^<dVird and 
nnwkiiNWorrh in Nnrtiuifhumnliinv and at 
l{4)llriglit in Oxfordwhin^ Tlie prnjM«rly ut 
KiLwt Hridp"f(>rd wimi? t<» bim throngb hiw wit'ti 
Itetitrix, f!auglitf*r of Sir John dt* Sproxton, 
with the rtdvuwHon nf the cknrch upjHirtenant 
10 the mjinur, Aa to t his ho was lung engaged 




ta a dsipiKte» far alter he had pretonted a clerk 
to the liTi^ and the ordinary bad inatituted 
him, one BoiiiliMiiis de Saluee or Saluciis, 
claiming Mpanotly through some right con- 
nected with the diapel of l^kehtiU, intruded 
upoo the liring and got POWMiion» and 
though Brafatooo pedttcnied fiir hia removal 
aa wij aa ISOQ^ the intruding priest was 
atill unotisted in 1315. Brabason li^ no iasuep 
his one son haring died youns' ; he had a i 
daughter, AlhredAy who married William lo < 
Oraont ; hia p rt i p e r tj paased to his brother 
Matthew, mm whom deaoend the present 
^rls of Meath, barons Brabaaon of Ardee, in 
Lneland. 

[Fobs 8 Lires of the Jodges ; CampbsU a Lirea 
of the Chief Jastieea, i. 7S ; Dagdala's Origincs ; 
TyiLor's Seadand, i, 80 ; History of the Fitiiulj 
of Bmhaaoo ; Rot. Pau 9 £dw. 11 ; Thurstoo'a 
Kotta. i. 294; Biographiral Peerage, ir. 30; 
Roberts s CaUad. 6«aealogtcam, 461 ; Parlia- 
nieoUry ROIs, i. 13^, 318» ^67, 301 ; Palgravea 
Parliameatary Wriu, i. 490. ii. 681 ; Lnard'a 
Annalea Monaatici. iii, 410, ir, 506; Stabbs*s 
Chronides Edw. I and II, i. 102, 137, 149, 280 ] 

J.A^H. 

BRABAZON, Sir WILLIAM (d. 1652), 
Tice-treasnrer and lord justice of Ireland, 
was descended from the family of Roger le 
Brabaaon [*y t.], and was the son of John 
Brmbason of Eastwell^ Leiceaterahire, and a 
daughter of — Chaworth. After stiooeedinfl 
his &ther he waa knighted on 20 Aug. IC 
and appointed Yice-treasurer and 
receiver of Ireland. In a letter &om Chief- 
justice Aylroer to Lord Oomwell in August 
1535 he IB styled * the man that presented 
the total niin and desolation of the king- , 
dom/ In 1536 he prevented the ravages 
of O'Connor in Carberry by burning sevml 
villages in Offaly and carrying sway great 
spoil. In the same year he made so effec- 
tive a speech in support of establishing the 
king's authority in opposition to that of the 
pope that he persuaded the parliament to 
pass the bill for that purpose. As a result 
of this, many religious houses were in 1539 
surrendered to the king. For these and 
other services he was, on 1 Oct. 1543, con- 
stituted lord justice of Ireland, and he was 
ngidn appoioted to the same office on 1 April 
I Iri4t3. lu the same year he drove Patrick 
0"Mur*i and Brian O Connor from Kildare* 
In April 1547 he was elected a ujember of 
the privy council of Ireland. In the spring 
of li>48 he assisted the lord deputy in sub- 
duiriff a sedition raised in Kildare by the 
I sons of ViBrount Baliinglass. lie waa a 
' third time made lord jastico on 2 Feb. 1549. ' 
In August 1550^ with the aid of 9,000/. and 
400 men &om England, ha subdued Charlee 



Brabourne 



«39 



Brabourf 



D-Ar^-Cttvenagh, who, ikher makiug Bub- 
mueioD and renouncing Lis name, receiiecl 
p&rdon. Brabftion died on 9 July 1552 (as 
IS proved by the inquisitioue taken in the 
year of hi*; death l^ oot in 1548 as recorded 
on his tombptone. His heart was buried 
with his ancestors at Ea^twell, and \m body 
in the chancel of St. Catherine's Church, 
Dublin. By his wife Elizabeth, daughter 
and coheir to Kicholae Clifford of Holme, 
he lelt: two sons and three daughters^ 

Pjodge*B Peerage (.Ire ti(!iiU)J. 26fi-70 ; Genea- 
logical History of ibe Family of Brabazon ; Cal. 
State Pap«r«, Irish Series; CaL State Papers, 
Bom. Series, Henry VIII; CaL Carew MS8, 
▼oL i,; Co3c'e HisWy of Jr^bind ; B^igweLL^a 
Ireland tuider the Tu<lors. vol. i.] T. F. H. 

BRABOUBNE, TIIEOPHrLUS (&. 
1590), writer on the Subbatli {|uestion, was 
a natiTe of Norwich. The date of his birth 
la fixed by hie own statement in 1654 : * I am 
64 yeares of age ' (Atmrer t*t C/twffn/, p. 75). 
His father was a puritan hosier, who edu- 
cated his eon at tbeti*ee ,-?chooI of Norwich till 
he wa» fifteen yeem of age, and designed him 
for the? churcli. Incidentally be mentionH 
some curious particulars of Sunday tradini^ 
in Norwich during his schmdboy days, and 
sayj5 that the city wmi^ played regufarly at 
the market cro^s * on the latter part of the 
Lord^s dav/ in the preineuce of thousands of 
people. Wiieu the lad should have gone to 
Canibridge, the silencing of many puritan 
miniKt^rs for non-compliance with the cere- 
moniea induced the father to talce him into 
hia own bueinea^i^ and Bend him to London^ 
aa factor for ielling j^tockings wholesale. lie 
remained in Ixmdon till hii* marriage to 
Abigail^ daughter of lloj^tr and Joane Gal- 
liaro. ITe was thiLH brother-in-law of Ben- 
jamin Fairfax who married Sarah Galliard. 
After his ma rriage.Bru bourne lived for two or 
ihfee years at Non^'ieh with hi« father, and 
neauming his intention of entering the minii*- 
try, he studied privately under * three able 
divinea/ He i^em.s to have been episcopally 
ordained before lti:f8, and it h probable that 
he oHiciftted (CoUings ^ays he got a curacy 
of 40/. a year) in Norwich ; there is no in- 
dication of hiK having been connected with 
any other place af^er lie left London^ though 
'Wood, probably by a clerical error, calls 
him a Suffolk miiiieter. In 1028 appeared 
hi» 'Biscour.He upon the Sabbath l>ay,' in 
which he impugiiK the received doctrine ofi 
the sabbatical character of the Lord h day, 
and maintains that Saturday is still the 
B&bbath. Hence Hobert Cox regard* him 
aa ' the founder in En^^land of the sect at 
firet known as sablwitiirians, but now calling 



themselves seventh -day baptists/ This is 

?[uite incorrect; Brabourne was no baptist. 
bunded no twct, and, true to the original 
piuitan 8tand|K)iut [see Rbadvhhaw, Wil- 
liam], wrote vehemently against all separa- 
tists from the national churchy and iu fa- 
vour of the supremacy of the civil power in 
matters ecclesiastical. His attention had 
been drawn to the Sabbath guestion (* Dis- 
course/ p. o9) by a work publit»hed at Ox- 
ford in 1621 by Thomas Broad, a Glouces- 
tershire clergyman, 'Three Questions con- 
cerning the obligations of the Fourth Com- 
mandment/ Brtxid n*sfs the authority of 
the Lord's day on the custom of the early 
church and the constitution of the church of 
England. Bnibourne leaves it to every 
man's conscience whether he will keep the 
sabbath or the Ijord*s day, but dtn-ides that 
those who prefer the former are on the safe 
side. He took stronger Sabbatarian ground 
in his ' Defence . . . of the Sabbath Day/ 
1(5'32, a wtjrk which be had the boldness to 
dedicate to tvharles I. Prior to this publica- 
tion he appears to ha^ e held discussions on 
the subject with several puritan ministers in 
his neighbourhood, and clnimed to have al- 
ways come off victorious. He tells us that 
he held a conference, lasting 'many days, an 
houre or two in a day,' at Ely House, Hol- 
bom, with Francis White (bishop of Nor- 
wich I62y-:il, of Ely lfi4ll-8). This was 
the beginning of his troubles ; in his own 
words, be was * tossed in the high commis^ 
sion court near three jrears.' He lay in the 
Gatehouse at W^efltmmster for nine weeks, 
and was then publicly examined before the 
high commission. * near a hundred ministera 
present (besides hundreds of other people)/ 
The king^s advocate pleaded against nim, 
and Bishop White * read a discourse of near 
an hour long ' on his errors. Sir IL Martin, 
one of the judges of the court, moved to sue 
the king to issue his writ de hofreika cotnbu- 
rendof but I^aud interposed. Bralioume waa 
censured, and sent to Newgate, where he 
remained eighteen months. When be had 
been a year in prison, he wha again exa- 
miued t^fore Laud, who told him that if he 
had stopped with what he said of the Lord's 
day, namely that it is not a sabbath of 
divine institution, but a holy day of the 
church, ' we should not have troubled you.' 
Ultimately, he made his submission to the 
high commission court. The document ia 
called a recantation, but when safe from the 
clut^'hes of the court, Brabourne eA'pliiined 
that all he had actually retracted was the 
word * necessarily.' He had atlirmed * that 
Saturday ought necessarily to be our sal^ 
bath;* this he admitted to be a 'raab and 




Brabourne 



Brabourne 



^ 
^ 
^ 

^ 



presumptuous error/ for hia opinion, though 
true^ was not * a necessary truth/ Bra- 
boume*B book was one of the re&eons which 
moved Charlea I to rebsue on IH Oct. 1633 
the declaration commonly known as the 
Book of Sports ; it wag by the king a com- 
mand thfit Bishop Whit4^ wrote his * Treatise 
of the Sabbiith Day/ lt>.V>, 4to, in the dedi- \ 
cation of which (to Laud ) is a short, account | 
of Brabourne. It^-tuming to Norwich in | 
1635, Brabourne probably resumed hii* mini»- i 
try ; but he got some propt^rty on the death of 
a brother, and thenceforth gave up preach- 
ing. In 1B54 he writes in his reply to John 
Collings, formerly of St. 8ayioiir's, then of 
8t, Stephen «, >torwich, * I have left the 
pulpit to you for many years past, and I , 
think I may promise you never to come in it I 
a^^ain/ Collings was' a bitter antagonist of 
his non-preabytorian neighlxiurs. Brabonnie \ 
had written m m'hi ' The Change of Church- i 
Discipline,' a tract against sectaries of all 
Borts. This Htirred (5)Uing8 to attack him 
m * Indoctus Doctor Edoctua/ &c. 1654, 4to. 
A second part of Braboume^s tract pro- 
voked ' A rJew I^^son for the Indoctus 
Doctor/ &c., 1654, 4to, to which Brabonme 
wrote a * Second Vindication ' in reply. This 
pamphlet war is marked by jwrson all ties, in 
which Coliings excels. Cbllinga tells ua 
thai Brabourne, after leaving the ministry, 
had tried several employ mentiii. He had 
been bolt-poakf, weaver^ hosier, maltster (in 
St. August ine'i* parish), and was now *a 
nonsensical scribbler/ who was forctnl to 
publish liis books at his own exp<3n:*e. While 
this dispute with t-ollings was going on, 
Bmboume brought out an * Answer * to 
the * Sahlmtum lledivivumj' kc, of Daniel 
Cawdrey, rector of (ireat Rilling, North- 
amptonshire. Cawdrey was dissatisfied with 
WhiteV treatment of the question in answer 
to Brabourne, and of course Brabourne was 
uncon'^'inc^d by Cawdrey. Five years later 
he wrote on his favourite theme against 
Ives and Warren. Nothing further is heard 
of Braboiime till after t!ie Restoration, when 
he put out pam[)hlets rejoicing in liberty of 
conscience, and defending the royal supre- 
macy in ecclesiastical matters. In these 
fiamphlets he si>eEs his name Brahoum. The 
ast of them was issued 18 March 1661. 
Nothing is known of Brabourne later. 

He published: L * A Disconrse up<3n the 
Sabbath Day . . . Printed the l*3th (mc) of 
Decern h. anno dom. 1628/ 16mo (Brabourne 
maintains that the duration of the sabbath is 
* that space of time and light from day-peep 
or day-hreak in the morning, until day be 
quite ofl' ihe sky at night), 5. * A Defence 
of that most ancient and sacred Ordinance 



of God's, the Sabbath Day. , , . Under- 
taken against all Anti-Sab bat harians, both of ' 
Protestants, Papists, Antinomians, and Ana- 
baptista ; and by name and especiaJly against 
these X Ministers, M. Greenwood, M. Hut- 
chinson^ M. Fiimacej M* Benton, M. Gallard, 
M. Yates, M. Chappel, M. Stinnet, M. John- 
son, and M, WaHe. The Becond edition, 
corrected and amended ; with a supply of 
many things formerly omitted. . . / lt>32, 
4to (accordmg to Watt, the first edition waa 
in 1631, 4to, and thexe was another edition 
in 1660, 8vo. * M. Stinnet ' is Edward Sten- 
net of Abingdon, the first English seventh- 
day baptist minister, who published *The 
Hoyal Law contended for/ &c., 16*j8). 3. *The 
Change of Chiirch-Disciplino/ 1653, 16mo 
(not seen). 4. *The Second Part of the 
Change of Church-Discipline. . , . Also a 
Repl? to Mr, Collins his answer made to 
Mr. Braboume's first part of the Change of 
Church- Discipline . . ,* 1654, 4to (the reply 
has a separate title-page and pagination, * A 
Heply to the ** Indoctus Doctor Edoctu;^,*' * 
1654, 4t«), 5. * The Second Vindication of 
my first Book of the Change of Discipline ; 
being a Reply to Mr. Coltings his second 
Answer to it. Also a Di!*pute between Mr, 
Collings and T. Braboui-ne touching the 
Sabbath DaVt* 1654, 4to (not seen). 6. * An 
Answer to M. Cawdry^s two books of the 
Sabbath lately come forth/ &c, 1054^ 12roo. 
6. * Answers to two books on the Sabbath : 
the one by Mr. Ives, entitled Saturday no 
Sabbath Day ; the other by Mr. Warren» the 
Jews Sabbath antiquated,' 1659, Svo (not 
i seen ; Jeremy Iv©s*s book was published 1659| 
4to J Edmund Warren^s (of Colchester) was 
also published 1659, 4to). 7. ^ God save 
the King, and prosper him and hi.s Parlia- 
ment' . . . 1660, 4to (puhliished 9 Augf.) 

8. ' The Humble Petition of Theophilus^ | 
Braboum unto the hon. Parliament, that, as 
all magistrates in the ICingdoine doe in tlieir 

* office, so Bishops may be required in their 
office to own the King's supremacv/&c, liWilf 
4to (published 5 March ; there is * A Post- 
script, {sic ) ' Of many e v i I s * ( mc ) which fo! low 
I upon the King's grant to Bisho|Js of a coer- 
I cive power in their courts for ceremonies *). 

9. * Of the Lavvfnluesa (#ic) of the Uath of 
allegiance to the King, and of the other 
oath to his supremacy. Written for the 
benefit of Qmikers and others, who out of 

I scruple of conscience, refuse the oath of 
' allegiance and supremacy/ DRU, 4to (pub- 
lished 18 March, not included in Smith'a 
* Bibliotheca Anti-Quakeriana/ 1872). 

[Wood's At beaa? Oxon. i, (1691), 333 ; lirooVs 
Lives of the Puritans, 1813, ii. 362; Burhiirn** 
Collier » Eccl. Hist. 1841, viii, 70; Hunt'dReh 




Bracegirdle 



T4t 



Bracegirdle 



I 



• 



Thought in England^ 1870, i. 135 seq. ; Hook's 
LiTPS of the Archbuhope of Canterbury, xi, 
1075 (Laud). 237 ^. ; Cons Literature of the 
Sabbath Question, 1875, i. 443, &c.; Brownes 
Hist, of Congregationabsm in Norfollt and Suf- 
folk, 1877^ 494 « ; works cited abov©.] A, G, 

BKACEGIKDLi; ANNE (1668 P-1748), 
one of the most poptilar and brilliant of Eng- 
lish actreisea, was bom about 1663, presu- 
mably in one of the midland counties. Curll 
( History of the EnglM Stw/e) calla her the 
daughter of Justinian llrncegirdle, of North- 
amptonshire (? Northampton), ♦?9q,, savB 'she 
baa the good fortune to be well placeo when 
an infant under the care of Mr. Betterton and 
his wife,* and adds that * she performed the 
page in "The Oqihan,'' at the Diike> Theatre 
in Dorset Garden, before she was six years old.* 

* The Orphan * wa^^ first played, at Dorset 
Gurden, in 1680. With the addition of a de- 
cade to Mrs, Brncegirtlle's age, which thia 
dat^ renders imperative, this story, though 
without iiuthority and not undisputed^ is re- 
concilable with mcts. IkiwnQS { Hosciits An- 
fflicanufi) first mentions Mrs. Bracegirdle in 
connection with the Theatre Royad in 1688, 
in which year abo pleyeil Lucia in ShadwelTs 
' Squire of Alpafiii.' Maria in Mountfort's 

* Efiwarc! III/Emmelioe in Dryden's * King- 
Arthur/ Tamini in DTJrfey'i* afteration of 
Chapman's *Bur8V d'Ambois/ and other 
similar parts followed. In 169.3 Mrs. Brace- 
girdle made^ as Aramint« in the * Old liache- 
lor/ her first appearance in a comedy of 
Con^rreve, the man in whose work^ her chief 
triumphs were obtained, and whose name 
has subsequently, for good or ill^ been mos^t 
closely associated with her own. In the 
memorable opening, by Betterton, of the 
little theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, in 1695, 
with *■ Jjove for Love/ Mrs. Bracegirdle 
played A ngelica* Two years later she enacted 
Belinda in the * Provoked Wife* of Van- 
bnigh, and Almeria in Congre've^B* Mourn ing- 
Bride/ To these, which may rank as her 
principiil *creationH,* may be added the he- 
roines of some of Rowb's trageflieB, Selina in 
' Tamerlane,' Lavinia in th« ' Fair Penitent,' 
and in such alterations of Shakespeare as 
were then customary; Isabella (* Measure for 
Meamire'), Portia (^ Merchant of Venice'), 
Beedejnona, Ophelia, Cordelia, and Mrs. Ford, 
with other characters from plays of the epoch, 
showing that her range included both comedy 
and tragedy. In the seasfin of 1706-7 Mrs. 
Bittceginlle at the Haymarket came first into 

^jlmpetition with Mrs. Oldfi eld, before whose 
itar, then risijig, her own went dr» wn . Accord- 
ing to an anonymous life of Mrs. Oldfield, 
published in 1730, the^ear of her death, and 
quoted by Geneet (voh li. p. 375), the question 



whether Mrs. Oldfield or Mrs. Bracegirdle 
was the better actress in comedy was left to 
the town to settle, * Mrs. Bracegirdle accord- 
ingly acted Mrs, Brittle' (in Betterton's 
* Amorous Widow ') *on one night, and Mrs, 
Oldfield acte<l the same part on the next 
night ; the preference was adjudged to Mra. 
Oldfield, at which Mrs. BracL*girdle wa*^ very 
much disgusted, and Mrs. Oldfield's benefit, 

! being allowed by Swiney to be in the season 
before Mri*. Bracegirdle s, added so much to 
the affront that she quitted the stage irame- 
diately.' That from this time (1707) slie re- 
fused all oflTers to rejoin the stage is certain. 
Once again she appeared u|»on the scene of 
her past triumphs. This was on the occasion 
of the memorable benefit to Betterton, 7 and 
13 April 170t^ when, with her companion 
Mrs. Barrv, sht* canit" from her retirement, 
and playetl in * Love for Love* her favcHirite 
I role of Angelica [see Bettbrton, Thomas], 
i After this date no more i-^i publicly heard 
of her until 18 Swpt, 1748, when her Ijody 
was removed from her house in Howard 
Street, Strand, and interred in the east 
cloisters of WestmiTifsrer Abljey. Of her 
long life less than a third was direi'tly con- 
nected with the stage. An amount of pub- 
licity unusual even in the case of women of 
I hor profefwion was thrust upon her during 
her early life. To tliis the murder of 
Mountfort by Captain Hill and Lord Mohun, 
due to the passion of the former for Mrs, 
Bracegirdle and his jealou.sy of his victim, 
contributed. An assumption of virtue^ any- 
thing but common in those of lier ijosition 
in the days in which she lived, was, however, 
a principal cause. Into the inquiry how far 
the merit of 'not being unguarded in her 
private character,' which, without a hint of 
a sneer, is conceded her by Colley Cibber, is her 
due, it ia useless now to inquire. Evidence 
will be judged differently by different minds. 
Macaulay, with characteristic confidence, de- 
clares * She seems to have been a cold, vain, 
and intereflted coquette, who perfectly under- 
stood how much the influence of her charma 
waa increased by the fame of a severity 
which cost her nothing, and who could ven- 
ture to flirt with a succession nf admirers 
in the just confidence that no flione which 
she might kindle in them would thaw her 
own ice * {Histortf of England^ iii. S80, ed, 
I 1864 ). For this statement, to say the least 
, rash, the authoritiea Macaulay quotes, un- 
friendly as they are, furnish no justification* 
I Tom Brown, of infamous mt^mory, utters 
I sneers concerning her Abigail being * brought 
to bed,' but imputes nothing directly to 
I her; and Gildon, in that rare and curious 
I though atrocious publication, * A Comparison 



; 



I 



^ 



between Two StAgei^' expresses hk wmnt of 
{kith in the story of her nmoeenee, oonomi- 
in^ which, without ami|ming it, he »yt (pu 
18), * I beliere no more on't than I believe 
of Jc^hn MAnderil/ Wholly valiielfiss is this 
evidence of tboie two todirect sstttlsnts 
sgmlnst tiie ^oeral verdict of m linie known 
to he cen^onotu, Mre. Bn<»|rinile naj %t 
least cljiim to hsve hsd the hi^ieil rapatft- 
tion for rrrtue of any womftn of her sgo; snd 
her ben^vol(>nce to the imemplo}red poor of 
Clsre Msrket &nd adjacent districts^ ' so tlitl 
the could not pass that ueigfabouriiood with- 
out the thankful acclamations of peo^ of 
all degrem, so that, if any one ftflfoated hsr, 
they would have been in don^ of being 
killed directly ' (Toa^T Aflrrojr), is s plennnff 
trait in her character. The stoiy is worth 
repeating that 'Lord Halifax^ overhearing 
the jiraise of Mr$. Braoe^rdle's ^nrtuous be- 
haviour by the Dnk^ of Durst't and Devon- 
ahire and other nobler, said^ ^* You all com- 
mend her virtue, i&c, hut why do we not 
present thii* incomparable woman with some- 
thing worthy her oooeptance ?" His lordship 
deposited 200 fi^uiness, which the rest mode 
up to SOU and sent to her * (Tour Asroir). 
Wliether, as 10 insinuated in $ome quarters, 
she yielded to the advances of Congreve, 
whose devotion to her, like the similar de- 
¥Otioii of Rowe, leemed augmented by her 
success in his pieces, and whose testimony 
in his poemft appear^f like all other tes^timony, 
to establish her virtue, remains undetei^ 
minisd. In her own time she was suM)ected, 
thnugh her biofrraphers ignore the lact, of 
be ill (7 married to Congreve, In a poem 
csllfsd 'The Benefits of a Theatre/ whick 
appean in * The State Poem«/ voL iv. p, 40^ 
ana is no more capable of bein^ quoted th&n 
are the other contents of that valuable but 
unnavourv receptacle, Gongreve and Mrs. 
BracTegirdle^ unmistakably associated under 
th» names of Valentine and Angelica^ ore 
dii(tinctly, though doubtless wronfliy, stated 
to be married. Congreve left her in his will 
a legiicy of 'JGOl Garrick, who met Mrs. 
Braoegirdle after she had quitted the stage, 
and heard her repeat some lines from Shake- 
speare, is said to have expressed an oninion 
tnat her reputation w^as undefle(r\^ed. Uolley 
Gibber denied her any * grater claim to 
beauty than what the most desirable brunette 
might pretend to,' but states that *tt was 
even a fashion among the eay and young to 
have a taste or t^ndre for Mm Brace^^trdle.* 
She inspired the best authors to wnte for 
her, ana two of them, Congreve and Rowep 
'whan they gave her a lover^ in her play, 
seemed nalmhly to plead their own passion, 
and maae their private court to her in ficti- 




lioiis diarmcter-* Aston, bitter In tongue 1 
he ordinarily is, shared bis father's belief in 1 
her purity, and has lelt a sufficiently tempting * 
pietnn of her. * She was of a lovely height^ 
with dark^-brown hair and evebrows, black 
^arUing eyes and a fresh Hauij oomplexion, 
siady wboDevar she exerted herself, had att 
tnvolantary flushing in her breast, neck, and 
hcef having ooQ tin ually a cheerful aspect, and 
a §tmt set or even white teeth, nev^ making 
an axit but that she left the audience in an 
of her pleasant oountenonce ' ( Brief 
pp,a-lO). 

[Genest's History of tb^ Stags ; Gibber s \po- 
ker* by Bellchonibera ; Egertoos life of Ann 
OUflskL 17SI ; Stanley*! Historieal Memorials 
of WosUaiustsr Abbey; W. Clark RosssU's 
Bspnaentotive Actors ; A Comparison betWMn \ 
the Two Stages, 1702 ; Tony Astoas Brief 9ap- . 
plemeot to CoUey Gibber, a. 4 ; Downers Eoseius 
An^ticaana.] J. K. 

BRACEGIRDLE. JOHN (rf. lOlS-14), 
poet, is suppoeed to have been a son of John 
Brooegirdle, who was vicar of Stratford-upon- 
Avon from I06O to 1569, He was matricu* 
latedos a sixor of Queeu** CoUcm, Cambridge, 
in December ir»88, prt>ceeded 1b,A. in 1691- 
15^, commt'nced M.A. in 1595, and pro- 
ceeded BJK in KK*:*. He was inducted to 
the viearag\5 of Rye in Sussex, on the pre- 
sentation of Thomas SackviUei lord Buck^ 
hurst, \'2 Julv 1002, and was buried there on 
8 F^b, ltU3-*U. 

He is author of * F^ychophormacon, the 
Mindes Medicine ; or the Phisicke of Philo- 
aophie, contained In five bookes, called the 
Consolation of Philosophte, oom|uled by 
Anioius Manlius Ton^uatus Sever in us Boe- 
thiu«/ tmn^lat^d into English blank verse, 
except the metre*, which are in manv dif- 
ferent kinds of rhvme, Addit MS, 11401. 
It id dedicated to ^omas Sockville, earl of 
Dorset. 

rWhciler a Stimtfori-upofi-AvoQ. 31 ; Coopers 
AtbeoiD CantAb. ii. 430; Sqsmx ArchKotqgical 
Cullectioi», xiii. 274.] T. C. 

BRACKBN, HENRY, MJ>.(16»7"17(H), 
writer on farriery, was the son of Henry 
Bracken of Lancaster^ and was baptised 
there 31 Oct, U?97, His earlv education 
WAS ^ined at Liinca^t^r under ^r. Bordley 
and thf^ Uev« Thomits Holmes, and he was 
afterwords apprenticed to Dr. Thomas Worth- 
mfftoiii a phyoioian in extensive practice at 
wigao. At the expiration of his appren- 
tioeahipp about 1717, be waot to Li>ndon, 
and paned a few month! aa a pupil at St. 
Thomat*6 Hoapital. Hmoa be want over to 



Bracken 



143 



Brackenbury 



PftriB to attend the H6tel-Dieu, and gii»b»e- 
quently to T^yden, where lie j^tudied under 
H email n Boerhaavt*, und took his dt^pjee of 
M.D., but his name is omitted from the *A1- 
hnm Studiosorum Academiic Lujjd. Bat./ 
printed in 1875. On his return to London be 
attende<l the ]>racticc* of Tim, Wadaworth and 
Plnmtree, and Hioti began to iiractise on his 
own account at I^ncaster^and before lon^r be- 
came widely known a^ a surfjenn and author. 
About 1740 he wa.«? eharped with abetting the 
Jacobite rebels and thrown into pri^n, but 
was discharg-ed without trial. there apparin^ 
to have been no frround for his arrest ; indeed^ 
he had previously rendered a service to the 
Idnpr by intercepting a messenger to the 
ndndi^jand sending the letters to the general 
of the king's force», and for this act he had 
been obligf?d to keep out of the way of the 
Pretender's followers. He received mii(di 
honour in his native town, and wa.? twice 
elected mayor — in 1747-6 and 1757-8, In 
bia method of practice aa a medical man he 
wa« remarkably simple, discarding*" many of 
the umial noMrums. In private life be was 
liberal, ^neroim^ chiiritabU% and popular j 
but hh love of hors*>-rneing, of conviviality^ 
and of smuggling, which he called gambling 
with the kingt prevented him from reaping 
or retaining the full fruitf of hin succe^. 
He published several books on horses, 'RTit- 
ten in a rough, unpolished style, but abound- 
ing in such sterling sense as to cause him to 
be placed by John Ijiwrence at the head of nil 
veterinary writers, ancient or modem, Tiieir 
dates and titles are a»s follows: in 17S5, an 
edition of Captain William Burdon*s * Gentle- 
man's Pocket Farrier/ with notes ; in 17*%t 
* Farriery Improved, or a Com pleat Treatise 
upon the Art of Farriery,* 2 vols., which 
went through ten or more editions ; in 1745, 
'The Traveller^ Pocket Farrier:* in 1751, 
' A Treatise on the True Seat of fTlanders in 
Horses, together with the Method of Cure, 
from the French of De la FoKse*^ Re wrote 
ili*o* The Midwife's Companion,' 1 7S7, which 
He dedicated to Boerhaave (it was i-i^sued 
with a fresh title-page in 1751 ) ; * Lilbiasis 
Anglicana; or, a Philosophical Enquiry into 
the Nature and Origin of the Stone and 
Gravel in Human Bodies/ 1739; a transla- 
tion from the French of Ma it re- Jan on th** 
eye; and some pa]>er^ on small-pox^ &c. 
On the establishment of the Ij^:nidon Medical j 
Society, Dr. Fothergill wrote to request the ' 
^terary assistance of Bracken, * for whose I 
" 'liliea/ he obeerved, * I have long had a 
eeteein, and who has lal)oured more 
taooessfiilly for the improvement of me<iieine 
than most of his contemporariea/ Bracken ! 
died at Lancaster, IS Nov, 1764. 



' [Pri^frtces to Brneken's writings : Letter to Dr, 
' Prt'ston Christopht?r8on, priuted in the Pre»ton 
fTtianlitm, 4 8ept, 1880; fJeorgiiiti Era, ii. 661 ; 
I John Lawrence 8 TrL*at isr oti Uorwe*!, 2nd ed,l802, 
I I. 29-32 ; iaformation furnialieil by Alderman W, 
j Roper of LancH»ttjr ] * C, W, S. 

I BRACKENBURY, Sm EDWARD 
(1785-1864), lieuteniint-folonel, a direct 
descendant from 8ir Robert Brackenbury, 
; lieutenant of the Tower of London in the 
time of Richard III, was second son of 
Richard Brackenbury of Aswardby, Lin- 
colnshire, by bis wife Janetta, daughter of 
George Gunn of Edinburgh, and was bom 
in 17S5. Having entered the army aj* an 
ensign in the 6l!4t regiment in 1803, and b^ 
come a lieutenant on 8 Dec. in the same 
year, he served in Sicily, in Calabria, at 
8cylla Castle and at Gil>raltar, 1&07-8, and 
in the Peninj*ula from IHTO to the end of the 
] war in 1814, At tlie battle of Salamanca be 
I took a piece of artillery from the enemy, 
guarded by four soldiers, cloae to their ^^^- 
tiring column, without any near or imme- 
diate support, and in many other important 
enffflgementR conducted himwelf with distin- 
giiiahed valour. Ab a reward for hifj nume- 
rous services be received the war medal with 
nine clasps, 

Gn 22 Jnly 1812 he was promoted to a 
captaincy, and after the conclusion of the 
war was attached to the Portuguese and 
SpanLfth army from 25 Oct. 1814 to 25 Dec. 
1816, when be w^irt placed on half-pay. He 
Ber^'ed as a major in the 28th toot from 
1 Nov. 1827 to 31 Jan, 1828, when he was 
agai n pla ced on b al f-pay , His foreign se rvi ce a 
were ftirtlier recognised by his being made a 
kmght of the Portuguese order of the Tower 
and Sword in 1824, a knight of the Spanish 
order of St. Ferdinand, and a commander of 
the Portuguese order of St. Bento d'Avig. 

Bmckenburv% who w«s knighted by the 
king at Windsor Cai^tle on 26 Aug. 1836, 
wiLS a mag^Btrate and deputy-ljtnitenant for 
I he county of Lincoln, tie attained to the 
rank of lieutenantn'olonel on 10 Jan, 1837, 
and ten years afterwards sold out of the 
army. He died at Skendleby Hall, Lincoln- 
shire, on I June 1864. 

He was twice married: first, on 9 June 
1827, to Maria, daughter of the Rev. Edward 
Bromhead of Ueepbam near Lincoln, and, 
secondly, in March 1847 4.0 Eleanor, daughter 
of Addison Fen wick of Biiihopwearmouth, 
Durham, and widow of W, Brown Clark of 
Belford Hall, Northumberland. She died in 
1862. 

[Gent. Mag. 1864, part ii. 123 ; Cannon*8 Tho 
Sixty-first Regiment (1837). pp. 24, 31, 67.] 

G. C. B. 



Brackenbury 



144 



Bracton 



BEACKENBURY, JOSEPH (1788- 
1864)» |Mi«'t, was boni in 1788 at Laiigton, 
probably Lincolnshire^ where he spent his 
eftrly years. On 28 Oct. 1806 he wiui a etu* 
dent at Corpuii Christ i College, Cambridge. 
In 1810 he publishtKl his *Xfttale Solum and 
other P<jetical Pieces' by subacription. In 
1811 he proceeded B.A. (Romillt, Grad, 
Cant. p. 4o) ; in 1812 he became chaplain to 
the Madras eiitAbliehmeut, and retumiQ^ after 
gome years' service proceeded M.A. in 1819. 
From 1828 to 1866 lie waa chaplain and secre- 
tary to the Magdalen Ho«[ntal, Blackfriars 
Koady London. In 1862 he became rector of 
Quendon, Essex, and died there, of heart - 
disease, on 31 March 1864, aged 76. 

[Braeke&bury'd Natal# Solum, Sic, pp. 2, 10, 
28, 68. 120; Geat. Mag. 1864, p. 668 ; Brayley's 
Bnrrey, t. 321 ; prtrate information.] J. H. 

BRACKLEY, THOMAS EGERTON, 

Viscount. [See Egekton.] 

BK ACTON, BRATTON, ot BRETTON, 
HENRY DE {d. 1 2^38 )^ecclei<iastic and judge, 
was author of a comprt/bensive treatise on the 
law of England. Thrt^w places have been con- 
jecf orally jiHsigiied as the birthplace of this 
distingiiislied jurist, viz. Bratton Clovelly, 
near Okehampton in DevonHhire, Bratton 
Fleming, near Burnjstaple in the same county, 
and Bratton Court , near Minebead in Somer- 
8et^bire» Thn pretensions of Brnt ton Clovelly 
\ seem to rest entirely upin thn fact that an- 
ciently it was known as Bracton. Sir Trnvers 
Iwisa, in his edition of Bnicton's great work, 
* De Legibiw et Consiietndinibns Anglife/ in- 
clines in favour of Bratton Fleming on the 
gT<3imd that one Odo de Bratton was per- 
petual vicar of the cburcb there in 1212 
{ RoL Lit. Pat I. 93 ^), when the rectory was 
conferred on WiDium de Ilalegb, a justice 
itinerant, whose roll, with that of Martin de 
Patesbull, Bracton is known to have bad in 
Mb poBsessirjn almost certainly for the pur- 

5 OSes of bis work. Bmcton cites Ralegh's 
ecisiona less fretiuently indeed than those 
, of Pateshull, wboin he sometimes refers to 
with a familiarity which seema to imply per- 
sonal intimacy, si^s * dominns Marttnus, or 
simply Mart in US (lib. iv,, tract i., cap. xxvii., 
foL 205 hf xxvlii fol. 207 A), but more fre- 
(juen tly than those of any ot her judge. Ralegh 
was treasurer of Exeter in 1237. From these 
dtita, which it must be owned are rather 
slight, Sir Travers Twiss infers that Bracton 
atood to both Piiteshull and Ralegh in the 
relation of a pupil, and that it was while the 
J latter was rector of Bratton Fleming that he 
eame into connection with bim. Collinson, 
the hktorian of Somersetabire, ia mistaken 



in affirming that Bracton, or Bratton, suc- 
ceeded one Robert de Bratton, mentioned in 
the Black Book of the Excheqtier as holding 
lands at Bratton, near Minebead, under Wil- 
liam de Mohun, 12 Henry H (116<i), and 
that he lies buried in the church of St. 
Michael in Mineheiid under a monument re- 
presenting him in his robe^, since it has been 
established b^' Sir TraveraTwiss that Bracton 
was buried in the nave of Exeter Cathedral 
before an altar dedicated to the Virgin a 
little to the south of the entrance to the 
choir, at which a daily mass waa regularly 
said for the benefit of his soul for the space 
of three centuries after his deceaise. At the 
same time, if Bracton was realiv a landowner 
in the neighbotirhood of Minebead^ a monu- 
ment may have been put up to his memory 
by his relatives in the parish church there. 
It seems impossible to decide upon the claims 
of the three competing yiUages. Some uu- 
j certainty also exists as to tbe orthoaraphy 
of the judge*8 name, of which four principal 
varieties^Bracton, Bratton, Brettoa, and 
Bry ckton — are fo n nd » Bry ckton may be dis- 
missed without hesitation as corrupt, and 
Bret^on is almost certainly a dialectical 
variety either of Bracton or Bratton. Be- 
tween Bracton and Bratton it is less easy to 
decide. The form Bracton is held by Nichols 
to be a mere clerical error for Bratton, aris- 
ing from the similarity between the U and 
the ct of the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- 
tnry hand^Titing, The passage cited by Sir 
Travers Twiss (i. x-xi, iii.liv-v) as evidence 
that the judge himself considered Bracton to 
be the correct sj>el!ing of bis name appears 
rather to militate against that view. The 
passage in question refers to the fatal effect 
of clerical errors in writs. According to the 
reading of a manuscript (Rawlinsoft, c. 160, 
in the Bodleian Library) which, in Sir Travers 
Twiss's opinion (1. xxi, lii), has been faitb- 
fully copied from a manuscript older than 
any now extant (Bracton, ed. Twiss, iii. 
212), the writer says that if a person writes 
Broctone for Bractone, or Bractoae for Brat- 
tone, the writ is equally void. If any infe- 
rence can be drawn from the passage, it 
would seem to be that, in the author's opinion, 
Brattone, and not Bract one, was the true 
form of the name. That it was so in fact 
eeems to be as nearly proved as such a thing 
can be by a series of entries on the Fine Rolls 
extending from 1250 to 12(37, i.e. during 
nearly the whole of Bracton*s official life, and 
numbering nearly a hundred in alL While 
Bratton and Brett on occur with about equal 
frequency, no single instance of Bracton is 
discoverable in these rolls. Further, of five 
entries in Bishop Branscombe^s register cited 



i^ 




\>y Sir Tmvers Twisa, four Irnvf Brnttcm and 
ne Bract on. Tlie dewl of 1*272 iMid owing 
chiintrv for the benefit of his soul sj)eHk>i 
if Henry de Bmtton, and so does the de«d of 
with II like object. This chant rv% which 
td ujitil the reign of Henry VIII, seems 
e been always known us BnitronV 
ihjmtTj*. The earliest extant hioprapbical 
Qtice of Bract (m occurs in Ij*?ljind*8 * Coni- 
rii de Scriptoribus Britannieis * (i. cn\y. 
I,} He ^ys he took it * ex inscnptione 
libri Bmnomenstg bibliotheae/ Bale^ in hij? 
* niii^riiiia Majoris Britjinnire Script onim 
'" *o^ib/ appropriates his account very 
uch && it Ktand.^» adding only that Bracton 
OA of good family, that hin university was 
ixford, iind tliat he was one of the ju^ticej^ 
jtinerant before he became chief just ice» The 
fer»?nce to the * Branomensis bibliotheca ' 
^e &uppre.*ises, probablv beaiiise he could 
make nothing of it. Tanner, wlio also I'e- 
lealA Leland, tries to emend the text by 
iserting ' edidit ' iit^er * librum/ and appends 
£pll0wing note: * " In Bravionen.sis t^eu 
* insip bibliotheca* serie f|undum leg^i 
ue retinui/* Ita legit M8. Let 
nn.' It Is clear that in any ease tlie ]>a9f*axe 
corrupt. The suljf^^quent biographers of 
^Bmeton until Foss do little more than repent 
!B«le*8 statements, and these are only very 
iftlly confirmed by the recordj*, Dugdale 
entions liim a> a justii'e itinerant in Not- 
inghamshire and Derby rehire in l:i4"), and 
luLces him in the commission of the follow- 
ig y e4ir for No rt 1 m m l>erla nd , Wei?t m ore land , 
umberland, tind LjinciiHliire. As In* is de- 
Wrilx^d as a justice in the rect>rd of a fine 
levied in this vear, preserved in the Register 
f Walt ham "Abtje>; {Ilarl. ^fS. m\, ihl 
1), in close connect i(m with Henry <le Ba- 
;1ionia and Jeremiah de Cuxton^ Ixith jus- 
ices of the Curia Kegift^ it is probable that 
was then one of the r**^ular justices, 
inst this, however, must bt» set the fact 
the series of entries on the Fine Rolls to 
which reference has already been made d<te« 
not be^in until liinO^ After 124t! Dtirfdale 
ignores him untU 12(M), Irom which ditte 
lintil 12*37 he mentions him pretty frequently 
a justice itinerant in the western counties, 
ter l!2<i7 till the records are silent as to his 
oing^t During- a portion of his career he 
ms to have Mood well with the king; for 
in 1254 he had a grant by letters patent of 
the town bous** of the Eiirl of Uerby, then 
recently deceased, durin/r the minority of the 
keir, being' therein deniM^uited * dilecto clerico 
D08tro/ In 12(13-4 (21 Jan,) he was up- 
|>innted archdeacon of Bju'nstanlei but re- 
si|ijfued the poat in the following^ May on being 
created chancellor of the cuthedrtil of Exeter. 

TOL. VI* 




He also held a prebend in the church of 
Exeter, and tinother in that of Bosham in 
Sussex, a peculiiir of the bishops of Exeter» 
from some date prior to 1237 until his death, 
which occurred m \'2i\S^ and iirobably in the 
summer or early autumn ot that year, as 
Oliver de Tnicy succeeded him as chancellor 
of Exeter Cathedral on 'i Sept., and Edward 
DeljMiron^ deiin of Wells, and Richard de 
Ease in the jjrebendK of Bokhara and Exeter 
respectively in the following November. He 
is known to have left some manuscripts to 
thechnptijr of Exeter by his will^und it may 
have beefi one of these tlutt Leland saw, sup- 
posing' * Exoniensis bibliothecju' to be the 
true reading. For the statement I hat he dis- 
charged the duties of chief justice for twenty 
years no foundation is now discoverable. 
During the earlier portion of his otBciiil life 
{l24<l-58) the office was in abeyance, and 
if Bractou was ever chief justice, it must 
have been either before 1258 or after 12(^, 
It is possible that, while the ottice wiis iu 
abtn'unce, the king ent rusted his 'dear clerk* 
with some of the duties incident to it* It 
is alsfj possible, os Foss lias conjectured, that 
Bnu?ton held the fjlfic during th^ interval 
between the death of flut^di h} Despenser and 
the appointment of Robert Bruce (8 51 arch 
1207-8) ; but it is very unlikely that, if bo 
was ever reg^nlarly appointed, no record of 
the fact should have survivi^d. Of his al- 
leged connection with tJxford it is also im- 
pissible to discover any positive evidence. 
That he wns an Oxford man is intrinsically 
probable from the character of his treatise, 
* De Le^ibus et Consuetudiuibus Anglite.* 
It Iwars such evident traces tlmmghout of 
the influence of the civil law as to leave no 
doubt that the author wa,s familiar not merely 
with tliM Siimma or manual of the civil law 
comjiiled by the ct*lehrated glossator, .\20 
of Bologna, but with the Institutes and 
Digest of JiLstinian^ ami Oxford wjis at that 
time the seat of the study of the civil law 
io this country. Moreover^ Bract on 's first 
two books, * De Kerum Div^Isione* and ' De 
acouirendo Rerum Dominio,* have a deci- 
dedly iicademic air, for they are carefully 
mapped out according to logical divisions 
.such iLH a professor writing for a society of 
St udents woidd naturally afreet ; and though| 
from a reference to the can' lidatui*e of Richard, 
earl of Cornwall, for the imperial croiivni in 
the latter book {ii. cap, xix. § 4, foL 47), it 
is clear that that passage was written as late 
as 1257, it by no means foUows that the 
book as a whole does not belong to ti much 
earlier date. At the same time, it cannot be 
affirmed with any confidence that Brncton 
could not have acquired the accurate and 



Bracton 



146 



Bracton 



sSvelciiowledjcre cifthe Hottiun luw which 
lie uiKioubtiHUy did posr^fss without rt'jriiding' 
in Oxford, uiid neither the title ' doiiiimis ' by 
wbiich he is usumllydesijfnHt^^d in eeclesiiist Iciil 
records, aiid which, u5; Sir Travers Twiss lias 
jiointed out, wiis tb' |iroper iipindkrion nf a 
profeAHor of law at the univerjiil v of licdng-iia 
iintltr the prlxileg** accorded hv I'rederie I iit 
the diet of Houciiglia (H*i^)t nor that of 
*miigister' ifiven him hy Gilbert Thornton 
(chief justice)* who e])i!(>mis^^l his work in 
1292| can \yv reVwd oit hm neressHrily imjHjrtiiig 
an acAdemiciil sitatus. The diite of tlie com- 
position of his work is ujiproximately fixed 
oy a reference to the Statute of Merton 
(I2»ir>) on the one hnnd, and tin* ah.'*enee of 
any notice of the chnn^e8 in tlie law iiitr<>- 
duced by the Provisions of WestminsTrr 
(1^59) on the other. The work seems nev<T 
to Inive received a final riiM'isifni, and it is 
prohiihle that the order of arnmiLifemcnt of 
the several treiitiwes dot^s not in oil ciii^fiw 
CorresiKmd with (lie order of compo^iition. 
Bracton s relation to the civil and canon law 
has been ahly discus'^ed by Professor Giiter- 
bock of Kcinigslierg, who agrees in the main 
with the view taken by SiJ*mce^ that he did 
not m much romanise English law as syste- 
matise the re**nltt* which a series of clericiil 
judgies, themselves fimiiliar with the civil 
and canon codes, and using them to t^upple- 
ment the inadequacy of the common law, 
hftd already produced, a conclusion which is 
in ftC43ordance with t!ie strictly practical 
purpose apmrent throughout the treatise, 
taii« view IS also adopted by Sir Travers 
Twiss. Bracton'rt position in the history 
of Engflkh laiv is unique, Tlie treatise * jiv 
Legibns et Consuefudinibus Anglim * Is tlie 
first attempt to treat the whole extent of 
the law in a mam it- r at once systematic and 
practical The subject-matter of the w^ork 
is defined in the prt^^em to he * fiicta et casus, 
qui a not idle emer^funt et eveniunt in regno 

■ Anglian,' and to this he for the most part 
stricdy limits himself, citiiig^casew in .support 
of the principles he enunciates in the most 

^ exemplary manner. Hence the influence of 
the work was both immediate and enduring. 
Besides the aliridgment by Thornton, of 
which, though none is now known to exist, 
Belden had an imperfect copy, two other simi- 
maries of it were coinpih'd during the reign 
^Edward £ by two anonymous authors, one 
^ Latin, of which the title ' Fleta' is thought 

'"to concealsomt^^erence either to the Fleet 
Prison or^^^^^treet , the other in Xorman- 
French knJBTas Hritton. Through Coke, 
who hiid a high respt-ct for Bracton, and fre* 
^Fntly cited him, both in his judgments and 

[•fn his * Commentary ' on Littleton, his inflvi- 



ence has been eifective in moulding the exist- 
ing common law of England. Some remark- 
able pasj^iges relating to the prerogative of 
t!ie king I i. cap. viii. § 5, foL 5 ; ii. cap» xvi. 
§ 3, foi; ;i4 ; iii, tract i. cap. ix, fol 107 b} 
were cited hy Bradshaw in his judgment on 
Charles I, and by Milton in his * Defence of 
the People of England/ as showing that the 
doctrine of jiaseive obedience was repugnant 
to tlie ancient common law of this country. 
The bibliography of Bracton may be put 
into ver%* small compass, A consideraWe 
portion of the treatise found it^* wMiy into 
print in l5or, in the sha]>e of quotations 
made bv Sir William Staundeford in his 
* Flees (iel Coron.' The first printed edition 
of the entin? work was publishefl by Richard 
Tottell in lo<t9 (fob), with a preface by one 
T, N. (wdio.^e iilentitv has never been deter- 
mined), in which credit is taken for a careful 
recension of I lie text. The next edition (4to> 
a]>]>enred in UUO^ l)eing 11 mere reprint of 
that of 1 5i)9. In Hjute of the labours of T. N. 
the text remained in so unsatistactory a con- 
dition that 8elden never cited it without 
collation with mannscripts in liis o\ni pos- 
session. No other edition appeared until 
1878, wdien Sir Tra vers Tw^tss issued the first 
volume of the recension and translation un- 
dertaken liy him by the dirt^ction of the 
master of the njlls. ITie sixth and last vo- 
lume appeared in 188:3. For information 
concerning the apparatus criticns available 
for the establishment of the text reference 
may be made to vol. i. pp. xlut-lxvi of thi^ 
editicm, to the * I^aw Magazine and Review,' 
N.a., i. mO-l, ii. .'198, to the * Athemeum* 
(19 July 1884), where Pnifessor Vinogradoff, 
of Moscow, gives an intere.Hting account of 
the dificoverv bv him among the Additional 
JfSS. in the British Museum (Addif. MS. 
122<i9) of a collection of cAses evidently com- 
pile for Bracton's use^ and actuallv used and 
annotated by him for the purpose of hia work, 
and alao to an article in the * Law Quarterly 
Heview ' for April 1885, in w Inch the same 
writer suggests one obvious and two unwar- 
rantable alterations of the text, impugns the 
authority of llawl. MS. c. 160, on whicli 
Sir Travers Twmas^s reeen.sion is based, on the 
ground that it contains an irrelevant disqui- 
sition on degrees of alfinity, and argues from 
other passages that the text as it stands is 
the result of the gradual incorporation with 
Bracton's manuscript of the glosses of suc- 
cessive ctunment-ttrieB. 

P^ysfaiN's Dtivoiishirt'. ii. 6G, 67 ; Dotne»dBy 
Book, fol. 96, ini A, 105ft, lt>7: Colli nsonV 
8oaaerset shire, ii* 31 ; Eseerpta e Rot. Fin. ii. 
82; Brit ton (ed. Nichols), i. xxiii-xxv: Valor* 
Eccl ii. 294, 297 ; Madox's Hist. Exch. ii. 257; 




Bradbridge 



Spenc^'a Equitable Juri«dic'tion of Court of 
CDHuctrj, i. 120; Tiitiner'ft Notitia Munnfttlca 
(e»1, Nasmith), 8iisee?x, t. ; Fourth Heport of Dep. 
Keep, of Publ. Rec. 161 ; Bale. Script. Brit. Cat., 
cent* ill. iwt. xcfiii,; Tannftr'a Bibl. Brit,; Dug- 
daVs Orig. 66; DiigdAle'» Chron. Ser. 12, 10 .- 
L« XeTe'ft Fwti (H&rdyJ, i. 405, 417; Bracton 
(ecL Twi»i), i. ix-xviii, ii, vii-xiii, iii. Iv-lvii, v. 
Ixxx ad fin,. vL lix-btiii ; Cobbt-tt's State Trials, 
it 693. ir. 1009 ; Milton's Defence of the People 
of Englaud^ cap. viii. ad fin.; Htinricus de Brae- 
t4ni und sein Verbal tniw 7.\im romiBcIieii Recbte 
Ton Dr, Carl Gtiterbock, Berlin, 1862 {thb work 
htts beeti tmnalat^ by Briiiton Coxe, Pbikdel- 
phiA. 1866) ; Foai^s Lives of the Judges.] 

J. M. R. 

BR ADBERR Y»8(>met imes called BRAD - 
BURY, DAVID (17;i6'18a3), nonconfor- 
mist miiiisterf a]i|>eHrs t«» Imvo benn msident 
itt London in 176*3, and fr^r a tinn^ was minis- 
ter of the conjn't'giition at Glovers* Hall, Lon- 
don, wbich then belonged to the baptists; 
bnt be went from Ramsg'ate to Mancbester^ 
whtre he succeeded the Ri'V. Tiniotby Priest- 
ley, brotberof Joseph Priestley, 14 Au^. 1785^ 
OB the minister of a congreg:ational church in 
Caxtnon St reet. He was not very successful in 
his mini«rry, which was disturljed by con* 
troversy, egpecially with some Scotch ni em- 
bers, who were anxious to import, the fashion 
,of* ruling elders/ and whoerentually seceded 
• •ad erected in Moiiley Street what wa« then 
the largest dissentioe' chapel in Lanca^^hirt* 
(Halley), He re.Mgned his position in 
1794 and left the neig-hbourhood. He is 
huried in Bunhill Fipldej where his grave- 
stone states that he *died V3 Jan. 1803, aged 
67 yeara; having been a preacher of the 
gospel forty-two years.' 

Bradberry was the author of: L * A Chal- 
lenge sent by the Lord of Hosts to the Cliief 
of Sinners,' a sermon upon Amo« iv. 12, Lon- 
don, printed for the author, 176B, 2. * I>etter 
rektive to the Test Act/ 1789. 3. 'Tete- 
lettai, the Final Clo^e/ a poero, in six parts, 
Manchester, 1704. Thi^ p>em de^cribetn the 
day of judgment from an * evangelical ' stand- 
pointi and is remarkable for its unusual 
metre. The book is also a literary curiosity 
from iu long and (juaint dedication, addressed 
to the Deity, who is styled, among many other 
titlest * His moet auhlLme, most hiprh and 
mighty, most puissant, most sacred, most 
faithful, most gracious, most catholic, most se- 
rene^ most reverend,' and * Governor-general 
of the World, Chief Shepherd or Archbishop 
of Sonls, Chief Justice of Final Appeals^ 
Judge of the Last Assize, Distributor of 
Rights and Finisher of F'ates, Father of 
Mercies and Friend of Men ' (cf, NofeA and 
Qtifriejtf 2nd series, vols. ix. x. xi. xii.) 




[Manual of the Chorlton Road Congre^tional 
Chun^b. 1877 ; Wil»on\s Dissenting Churches, iii. 
220 ; HnlU'y'ti Latjcaishiro, its Puritanism, &C, ; 
British Museum Geaernl Catalogue; Allibone's 
Dictionary; Geat. Mag. vob lutxviii. pt. ii, 
p. 616; Jones's Bunhill Memorials. 1849, p. 11.) 

W. E. A. A. 

BRADBRIDGE or BROPEBRIDGE, 

WILLIAM (loOl-157B), bishop of Exeter, 
sprang from aS^jmt'^setslu^* fiiTuily now ex- 
tinct, but variously knnwn m liradbridg«.% 
Bred bridge, or Bnxlbridge. William Brad- 
bridge was bom in London in 1 50 1 . Frf un the 
fact that be succeeded one Augustine Brad-d 
bridj;(e an chancellor of Chichester, who wa« i 
I afterwards* appointed treasurer and preben- 
dary of Fordington^ diocese of Siinim, ui lotMi, 
and who died the next year, it is p 
the lalter was a brother. (Ine Isicbolaa-] 
HrudbridiTe was prebend of Lincoln in 1508, 
and a J one aiul George Bradbridgw were 
n^si>ectively martyred during the Marian 
persecution at Maidstone and Canterbury'. 
William look his B.A. degree at Magdiih^n 
College, Oxford, on 15 July 151^8, hut wlietber 
an demy or non-foundationer does not appear. 
In 1529 he became a fellow of lii.s college, 
j M.A. on 6 June 15:j2,B.D. on 17 June 153, 
* being then arrived to some eminence in the 
theological faculty' (Wood), (hi 2t* ^farch 
lodrj he supplicatetl the university for a D.D. 
degree, but was not admitted. Vet Strrpe 
{Piitrket\ book iv. 4) calU bim D.D. He 
espoused the reformed religion^ and bad to 
flee witli Barlow, Coverdale, and other fugi- 
tives in 1553. He is found, however, in 
England again in 1555, when, 17 May, on 
the presentation of Ralph llenslow, be was 
a]>]j(iinted prebendary of Lyme and Halstock, 
Sarum. He was also a canon of Chichester, 
and in lolil a dispensation was granted him 
on accotuit of this as regarded part of his 
term of residence at Salisbury. He .^ub- 
scrilM.*d the articles of 15(J2 as a membt^r of 
the lower house of convocation, and when 
the piiritanical six articles of the same year 
were debated in that assembly, in common 
with all thoise memberH who had been brought 
into triendly contact with the practice of 
foreign churches during the reign of Mary, 
he signed them, but was outvoted by a 
minority of one. He also subscribed the 
articles of 1571. Bradbridge was collated 
to be chancellor of Chichester on 28 April 
16(^2, and was allowed to hold the chancel- 
lorship in Cfymmendam ^^ihis bishopric, 
Chi Low Sunday 1563 he l^H^^^^^^' annual 
Spittal sermon, and on 2ii jlB|of the same 
year, sliowlni^: bimself conformable to the 
discipline which was then being establiiM^ 
was elected dean of Salisbury bv letters from 



I 



J 



Bradbridge 



Brad bridge 



L-Queen EUjtabetlu in the plact? of the Tttilian* 
f plater Viinues. Il^re lie was n contemporary 
of Foxe, Mie murtyrolog-ist^ and Harding, the 
chief np]h>ni'nt of Jewell. On 'Ii\ Feb. 1570-1 
the quetni icwned Iier sigiiificavit in his favour 
to the archbishop, and hi» was duly elect-ed 
bishop of Exeter on 1 March. After a de- 
claratinn of the queen's supremacy nnd doing 
homage, the teniponilitieH fd' t!ie see were 
restored to him no the 14th. Me is still 
termed B.D. {Sfntf Pajifri^^ Domestic, Eliz. 
vol Ixxxii.) His election was contirmed 
the next day, and he was eon-He-cniTt'd at 
Lambeth on the 1 8th hy Archbishop Parker 
und Ifehops** Home and Bid lingham of Win- 
chester and W« >rce?ter. Although Wood says 
*he landtiblv governed the stJt* for about 
eight ye^u'a, his administration was some- 
what halting and void of vigour^ the weak- 
neea of age probably colounng his judgment 
and prompting him to love retirement, lie 
exerted himself, however, to collect i*riO/* 
among the ministers of Devon and Cornwall 
for the use of Exeter Cnlleg**, whence his 
name is inserted in its list of btmefactors. 
Oliver believes that either by his predecessor, 
Bishop Alloy, or hy him, portions of the 
palace at ExotiT were taken down as being 
I Buperfluoas and burdensome to the diminished 
resources of the see. The bishop still kept 
lip his scholart^hip. In lo72 the Books of 
Mose« were allotted to him to translate for 
the new edition of the Bishop's Bible, at 
leoat to one * W. E./ whom Strype takes 
fnr * William Exon.' Hoker, howwer, says 
{AfififpipI}egonption of^jet^r} : * He was a 
professor of divinity, but not taken to be so 
well grounded as he pt^rsuaded hims^^f. Tie 
ynM Eeahnis in religion, but not so forwards 
MS be was washed to be/ In 1570, when 
papists on one side and schisraatica on the 
other were troubling thtj church, a glimpse 
is obtained of Bmdhridge^s administration. 
He tried to reason with some Cornish gentle- 
men wdio would not attend church, but 
could not induce them to conform. At 
length as he saw * they craved ever respite 
of time and in time grew rather indurate 
than reformed/ in compliance with an order 
that such should be sent up to the privy 
council or the ecclesiastical commission held 
at Lambeth * to be dealt withal in order to 
their red ucement,' he wrote on the suhjectto 
the lord treasurer, and sent up three, Robert 
Beckote, Richard Tremaine, and Francis 
Ermyn, He begged the treaj^urer to prevail 
with the archbishop or bishop of Ijondon ' to 
take some pains with them,* adding that * the 
whole country longed to hear of their godly 
determination, x'lz. w*hat success they should 
have with these gentlemen/ In tne same 



year another dangerous opinion in his dio- 
1 cese troubled him. A certain lay preacher, 
' a schoolmaster at Liskeard, affirmed that an 
cmth taken fm one of the gosjiels * was of no 
more value than if taken upon a rush or a fly/ 
All Cornwall was greatly excited at this, and 
on the binliop proceeding to Liskeard the man 
maintained his view^ in writing* As the towTi 
wuis in such confusion that no trial could 
be held with any pntspect of justice, the 
j bishop remanded the case to the assizes. In 
the meantime he sent for Dr. TremayUj the 
archbiflhop^s commissary, and other learned 
divines, and con.snlted on the }>oint, saying 
* that truly the Cornish men were, many of 
thtun, subtle in taking an oath/ and that if 
the reverence due to scripture were abated 
it would let in many disorders to the state. 
Ihiluckily 8trype does not give the conclu- 
sion of these trials. 

About this time the bishop wiu very imeaay 
regarding an ecclesiai^t iciil commission which 
he heard would probably be grant lhI to several 
in his diocese. I>r. Treniayn headed a party 



Iv in- 



against him, hut the bishop withstood him, 
and wrote to the trt^asurer that the com: 
eion was not required, adiling thai * ho 
somewhat of experience, that his diocese 
great, and that the sectaries did daily in- 
crease. And he jwrsuaded himself he t^hould 
be able easi*»r to rule thost* whom he partly 
knew alriMidy than those which by this means 
might get them new friends.* Indeed he 
found the cares of his |M»sitii>n m heavy that 
he earnestly siipplieated the treasun^r (11 
March 157(5) that he might be siifFered to 
resign the bishopric and return to bis deaneiy 
of Sarum, urging * the time servt'th, the place 
is open/ In his latter years he delighted 
to dwell in the country', which proved very 
burdensome to all who had business with 
him* Newton Ferrers wa.^ his favourite re- 
sidence, the iK'nefice of which, together with 
that of Ltzante in Cornwall, the queen had 
aUowed him to hold in comviendam in con- 
sequence of the impoverished state of the see, 
as had been the Q.&B4* witli liis predecessors. 
Benefices were given to his successor also. 
At the age of seventy he embarked largely in 
agricultural speculations, which eventually 
ruined him. * Hitherto,' says Fuller, * the 
English bishops had been vivacious almost to 
a wonder ; only five died in the first twenty 
years of Elizabeth's reign. Now seven de- 
ceased w*ithin the compasse of two years,' 
Among them was Bradbridge, who died 
suddenly at noon 27 June 1578, aged 77, 
no one f>eing with him, at Nf.n\i^on Ferrers. 
Izacke (Memormk of Rveter) sums up the 
prevailing opinion of him, *a man only me- 
morable for this, that nothing memorable ia 




d 



Brad burn 



149 



Bradbury 



^ 
^ 



N 




N 



recorded of liim gaviiig that he well gnvemed 
this church iibout eight years/ When he 
died he was indebted to the queen l,4O0/. for 
tenths and siihsidies received in her behalf 
from the clergT^', so that inimttdiately alU^r 
his death ^he seized upon qII bis goods. The 
patent book of the see records that be * had 
not wherewith to biiry hiro/ He wiv« buried 
in hia own cathedral, on the run'th side of 
the choir near the altar, under a plain altar 
lomh, and around him lie liia brother pre- 
lates^ Bishops Jlar-abiil, StJipledon, I>acy, and 
Wooltxsn. A simple Latin inscription was 
put over him, now inueb defacwX record- 
ing that he wai? ' nui>er Exon. Episcopuj^/ 
A shield eontainiiig- bis arm 8 still remains, 
* Aiure, a pbeon's lif^ad ardent,' His will is 
in the Prerog-ntive Office. Nrt portniit of liim 
18 known to exi.st. His rep^ister concludes 
his act5 with the ohl formula, ' Cujus aaimiB 
propitietur Dtni8. Amen/ 

[Wood's Albense Oxoo. (BliBs), ii. 817; 
Strypca Anaak of tho Eefomnition, 8vOj Cmn- 
mer, Parker, I 377^ ii* 416; CartlwelFs Coo- 
ferencest p. 119 ; La Neve*s Faati ; Joneses Fasti 
Ecclesin? a-irish. pt. ii. 1881, pp. 399, 320 ; Hok^r 
and laicke'e Memorials of Exfttr ; Ful U*r'§ Chnrch 
Hiutory, 16th C^nturj ; Olivtr'ij Lires of the 
Biahops of ExBter.j it, G. W, 

BRADBUBN, SAMUEL (1751-lftl6), 
metbodist pr^iiicher, wax an HMSoeiate of Wes- 
leVi and an intimate disciple of Fleteber ot 
Madeley. He was the 8^>n of ti private in the 
army, and war* born at riibiiiltar. On bis 
father's return to Eng-bind, wheti he was 
about twelve yf^ars old, be was apprenticed \ 
to a cobbler at Chester, and after a course 
of youthful profligacy became a raelhodist at 
the ag^e of eighteen, entered the itinerant 
ministry about thn^a yearn? later, and con- 
tinued in it more than forty years till his 
death. Bmdbuni wa?, according^ to the tefiti- 
mony of all who heanl him, an extraordinary 
natural orator. He had a commandinij figure, 
thongh he g7»nv corimlent early in life, a re- 
markably easy carnage, aiirl a voice and in- 
^ lation of wonderhil powi-r and beauty. By 
issiduous study he hecarue j>erhaps the great- 
est preacher of bin day, and was able constantly 
t o sway and f asc i na t e v list m asse ?? of t he peop 1 e. 
Hifl natural power^i manifested Hjcmselvea 
firom the first time that be wtts called upon 
to speak in public. On that occasion he was 
suduenly impelled to take the place of an 
absent preacher, and spoke for an hour with- 
out hesitation, though lor months previously 
be had been trembling at the thought of 
8uch an ordeaL In the eveuing of the same 
day a large concourse came together to hear 
him again, when he preached for three hours, 




and found, at the saoie moment in which he 
eiercised thi* |K)wers, that he bad obtained the 
fame of an orator, Bmdbum was a man of 
great simplicity, generosity, and eccentricity. 
Uf this once famous preacher nothing remains 
but a volume of a few posthumous sermuns of 
no particular merit. 

[BradburnV Life (written by his daughter in 
the same year tliat ht^ dietl) ; a second biography 
(1871), by T. W. BUoJtbmi, under the somewhat 
affected titles of The Life of Bamuel Bradbum, 
the Methodist B^jinosthones.] R. W. D. 

BRADBURY, CtEOUG E ( </, 1 69f>),j udge, 
was the ehlest son of Henry ltradhur\' of St. 
Martins Fi elds , M idd lese x . Of h i s early years 
nothing is known. He was admitted a mem- 
ber of the Middle Temple on 2H June 1660, 
was created a ma.^ter of arts by the universitj 
of Oxford 28 Sept. l{1t>i, and was called to 
the bar on 17 May l<3t57. For some time his 
practice in court was inconsiderable. He first 
occurs as jimior counsel againi^t Lady Ivy in 
a suit in which she asserted ber title to lands in 
Shadwell,3Juiiel684. Thedeeds upon which 
she relietl were of doubtful authenticity, and 
Bradbnry won commendation f rom Chief-jus- 
tice Jefli'eys,w!io was trying the case, for ingfl- 
niously pointing out that the date which the 
detnls bore described Philip and Mary, in 
whose reign they purported to have been exe> 
cuted, by a title whicn they did not assume 
till some years biter. But the judge'^s temper 
was not to be rvdied upon, Ilradhury repeat- 
ing his comment, .Jenreys broke out upon 
him : ' Lord, sir I yon must be cackling too ; 
we told you your objection was very Inge- 
nioui«i, but that must not make you trouble- 
some. You cannot lay an egg but yon must 
be cackling over it.* Bradbury s name next 
occurs in 1*581 , when he was one of two trus- 
tees of the marriage settlement of one of the 
Carva of Tor A bbey , I tis posit ion in bis pro- 
fesston must consequently have been consider- 
able, and in December l*i88, when the chiefs 
of the bar were (jummoried to consult with 
the peers upon the political crisis^ Bradbury 
was among the nural>er; In the July of the 
year following lie was assigned by the Hou.<ie 
of Jjords m counsel to defend Sir Adam Blair, 
Dr, Elliott, and others, who were impeached 
for dispersing prochimations of King James* 
The impeachment was, however, abandoned, 
thi ^ July, upon the death of Bsron Carr, he 
was appointed to the bench of the court of 
excbetjuer, and continued in nthce until his 
death, which trsok place 1'2 Ft-b. 16116. The 
last judicial act recorded of him is a letter 
preserved in the treasury in support of a 
ptition of the Earl of Scarborougn, 19 April 
160a 



Bradbury 



Bradbury 



[Fott s hiroB rif tht» Judges ; State TrittU, z I 
616. 626; Luttrdl"* Dmrj. i. 4&0, 555, 557, iv 
117; PiirUainentnry HiPbiry, v. 36*i , Put. I W 
nnd M. p, 4 ; Nicholla's Herald and Geneiilogiift, 
viii, 107 ; liedaiiarton'* Trea«upy Pajwre^ i. 438; 
QtJU Oxford Graduates ; Woulrych'ii Life of 
JeifoftyaO J. A, H, 

BRADBURY, HENRY (1831-'l860)j 
writt?r OH printing, was the eldest son of 
William Bradljury, of the firm of Bradbury 
& Evani*^ proprietors of' Punch,' founders of 
the * Daily News/ the * Field/ and other 
periodicAb, and publii^hers for Bickens and 
Thackeray. In 1 8.10 he entered aa a pupil in 
the Imperial I'rinting Office at Vienna, where 
he bi»came acqiuiinted with the art of natare 
printing, a process whereby natural objects 
are impresijed into plate**, and afterwMrds 

Erinted from in tlie natural colours. In 18Afj 
e produced in folio the fine * nature-printed ^ 
platea to !Mooi>^ and Lindley's ' Ferns of Great 
Britain and Ireland/ These were followed by 
* British Sea Weeds,' in four volumes, royal 
octavo, and a reproduction of the * FeniB,' also 
in octavo. In t he 6a m^^ year, and ligain in 1 860, 
be h>ctured at the Royal Institution of Great 
Britain on the subject of nature printing, 
lie paid much altention to the production of 
buna notes and the security of paper money, 
on which he discoursed at the Koval Insti- 
tution. This lecture was publlshea in IBfjH, 
in quarto, with plates by John Leighton^ 
F*.S,A* In 18(30 this subject wa» pursued by 
the public^ition of * Speciinena of Bank Note 
Engraving/ &:c* Anot her address on * Print- 
ing: its iJawn, Day, and Destiny/ was issued 
in 1858. He died by his own hand *2 Sept. 
1860, aged '29^ leaving a business he had 
founded in Fetter l^ane, and afterwards 
moved to Farringdou Street, which wm car- 
ried on under the name of Bradbury^ Wilkin- 
son & Co. At the time of his death lie thought 
of producing a large work in folio on the 
gi'aphic arts of the nineteenth cenlur}% hut 
be never got beyond the prt>nf of a prospi^ctus 
tluit wa^ amjih* enough to indicate the wide 
^cale of hts design, 

[Infonuation supplied hy Mr, John IjofghtOQ, 
F.S.A,; iSigninro and Wymiin'ts Bibliogr* of 
Printing, i, 23, 77-8 ; Pr^xu-CHiiiigfe of Royal In- 
fltitutioo.] C. W, S. 

BRADBURY, THOMAS (1677-IT59), 
congregational minister, bonv in Yorkshire, 
was educated for the congregutional ministry 
in an academy at Atterclitfe. Of llnidburv' 
a* a student we have a glimpsi' {2i) March 
lB!>'j) in the diary ">f (Jliver Hey wood, who 
gave him books. He imniched his first ser- 
mon on 14 June IH^Mi^ and went to reside as 
assistant and domestic tutor with Thomas 



Whitakeri ministtT of the indef»endent oon- 
gregat ion, Call Lajie, Leeds. Bradbury sp43aks 
of Whitaker's ' noble latitude/ and commeada 
him Jie being orthodox in opinion, yet no sIatb 
to 'the jingle of a iwirty ' (* 7%f Faithful 
Ministers I^arewelt^ two sermons [Act* xx. 
32] on tlie death of Mr. T. Whitaker/ \7l'J, 
8vo). From I^eeds, in 1697, Bnidljim^ went 
to Ik'verlev, liS a supply ; and in 1(1^)9 tt> New- 
cast lenin-Tyne, first ttwsisting Richard Gilpin, 
M.D* (ejected from Grey stock, Cumber- 
land), afterwartls Bennet, Gilpin's succe^^sor, 
both Presbyterians. It seems that BradbuTy 
ex|)€H!ted ft co-pastomtep and judging Irom 
Tunier*a account (Mon, Mepw, 1811, p. 514) 
of a manuscript * Speech delivered at ^Jiidam 
Partis' in the year 1706, by Mr, Thtks. Brad- 
bur)'/ his after influence was not without its 
efiet't in causing a split in the congregation. 
It is fligniticant that Bennetts * Irenicum/ 
172^, did more than any other publication 
to stay tbf* divisive e fleets of llradbnrT^''s 
action at Sjilters' Hall. Bradbury went to 
London in 1 703 as assistant to Ualpine, in 
the independfr^nt congregation at Stepney. 
On 18 Sept. 1704 he was invited to become 
colleague with Samuel Wright at Great 
Yarmouth, but declined. Alter tlie death 
of Benoni Howe, iJmdbury was np|K>inted 
(16 March 1707) paf^tnr of the indej>endent 
cnngregiitinn in New Street* by Fetter Lane* 
He was ordained 10 July 1707 hy ministers 
ofdiflerent denoininations j his confession of 
faith on theix'casiou (which reached a fifth 
editimi in 17211) is remarkable for its unconi- 
iiri>mis«ingCalvini3m,but is exjiressed entirely 
1 n words of scr i pt ure . His brot 1 1 er Pet er be- 
came his assist ^ult , Bradbury' tf>i>k part in the 
various weekly dissenting lectureships, do* 
1 iveri ng a famous serieji^ at the Weiglihouse on 
the duty of singing {1708, Hyo), and a sermon 
before tbe Societies for Hefonnal Ion of Morals 
( 1 7 08, 8 v o ) . His jm d 1 1 icnl senn n n s at t racted 
much at tent ion, from the freedom of theirstyle 
and the quaintness of their titles. Among 
them were *Tbe Son of Tuljeal [Is. vii. o-7] 
on occaf*ion of the French invasion in favour 
of the Pretender/ 1708, 8vo (four editions); 
' The Divine Higbt of the Kevolntion ' 
[1 Chrou. xii. 23], 1709, 8vo; * Thewracy ; 
the Government of the Judges apjilied to the 
Revolution ' [Jud. ii. 181, 1712, Hvo : * Steadi- 
ness in Religion . . . tlie example of Daniel 
under the Decree of Dariuw/ 1712, 8yo;^ 
* Tbe Ass or the Serpent ; Issachar and Dan 
compared in their regard for civil liberty' 
[U^n. xlix. U-18], 1712, 8yo (a 5th of N«v 
vember sermon, it was reprinted at Boston, 
U.Sr, in 1768); *Tbe Lawfulness of resist- 
ing Tyrants, &c.* [1 Chron. xii, 16-18], 1714, 
8vo (5 Nov. 1713, four editions) ; EUitm 



J 



* 



I 
I 



BtKr&Xuc^; tt s<?rmoii {\lo». vii, T] iirnaclitid 
J29 MiiVt with Appendix of puptrt; muting to 
the Ittstomtion, 16tiO, ami tUo pivstMit setrl**- 
ment/ 1715, 8vo ; * Non-reei stance without 
Priest cmft^ * [ Il< un, .\iii ► 2 j, 1 7 1 -">, Hro {'i Nov. ) ; 

* Th*f EMtabushment tif t\w Kin^'^dotn in the 
haiid of Solomon, applied trj the Hrvolntion 
jind the Iiei|,fn of Kiiii^ G^orpfe ' [t IC ii» 46], 

1716, 8vo (il Nov,); *The iJivine Right of 
Kings itiquintid into' fPmv. viii, 15], 1 718^ 
8vo; * The Primitive Tories; or . . . Perse- 
cution, liebellion, and Priei^lcraft '[Jndc 11], 
1718» 8vo (four editions). Brudhury honored 
of being tho first to proclaim I iforg^i* I, wbicli 
he did on Simday, 1 Aug. 1714, l»jiu|>' jip- 
prised, while iu his pulpit, of theileuth of Anne 
hy the concerted aijsrnal of ii handkerchief. 
The rtJport wiir current thnt he preaclied from 
2 K. ix. 34, * (to, see now this cursed woman 
and bury her, for she i» » kiri|j^'8 dau^liter ;* 
but perhups he only quntefl the text in con- 
veTi*«ilion. Anr>lher stur^- m to the effect 
that when, on 24 Sept., the difts+'nting mi- 
nisters went in their bljick gowns with an 
addre^ to the new king, jl courtier asked, 

* Pray* air, it* this h funeriil I'' ' On which 
Bnidbury repliinh * Yes, air, it is the funenil 
of the Schism Act, and the resurreclion <^f 
liberty.* liobert Winter, DJ)., Brttdbun h 
<3ejw:enilant, in rfc^KjxniiJsihle for the wtHtement 
that there had been a plot to assii^Binate bun, 
And that the any whu wo* sent to Fetter Ltme 
WHS con vert ea by nnidhnry'.s preaching. On 
the other hand it is mul thiit Harley had 
'^i^red to stop hii^ mouth with a bishopric. 
Bmdbury's political harangues were some- 
times too violent tor nwn nf Im own jwtrty. 
IWoe ^TOte ^ A Frieudly Epistle hy way of 
rtepmof from one of the people called (Quakers, 
to T. B,, a dealer in many word.s/ 1715, 8vo 
(two editions in same yt^r). With the re- 
ference of the Exeter controversy to th« 

judgment of the dis&entmg ministers* of Lon- 
don, a large part (yf rSnulhiiry « vehenieTice 
passed from tfie ijinliere *)i politics to that tjf 
theolti-^'. Th« ori^nn of t lie dispate belongs 
t-o the life of James Peirce (1674-1720), the 
letwler of dissent agahist WelU and Nicholk. 
Peirce, the minister of James's^ Meeting, 
Exeter, wai* accused, along with others, of 
favouring Ariunism» The Westeni Assembly 
\vm dispost^d to salve the matter over by ad- 
mitting the orth<Kioxy of the decliLrat ions of 
faith made by the parties in Sept<'mlj4'r 1718. 
But the Vnly of thirteen trustees who lie hi the 
property of the four Exeter meeting-honsi\s 
Appealed to London for further advice. After 
much negotiation the whrih:^ b<Kly of London 
dissenting minist*»rs of the three denoniiTia- 
tions wn^ cofiveneiJ ol Sabers' IIrII to con- 
eider a <lraft letter of ad v ice to Exeter. Bnid- 



bury* put himself in the front of the conserva- 
tive party; the real mover on the opposite 
side was the whig politician John Sliute Bar- 
rington, viscount Uarrington, a member of 
Bradbnrv^^s congregation, and afterwards the 
Piijkhiian of Lardner's letter on the Logos, 
The conference met nnThnrHday, 19 Feb. 171ii 
(the dav after the royal assent to the repeal 
of the 8chism Act ), when Bradhury proposed 
that, after days of faj*ting and prayer, a de- 
putation shfjuld be stmt to Exeter to oHer 
advice on the spot ; this was negative<l» At 
the second meeting, Tuesday, 24 Feb., Brad- 
bury moved a preamble to the letter of advice, 
embodying a dwlamtion of the orthodo.xj of 
the conference, in worfh* taken from the As- 
semhly*s catechism. This was rejected by 
ti ft y-se ve n t o fi ft y -t 1 1 ree . S i r J osepii J ek^l 1 , 
master of the rolls, who witnessed the scene, 
i.^ author of the often-tjuoted ftaying, * Tlib 
Bible carried it by tour.' At the third meet- 
ing, iJ Manli, till' prop rsit ion was renewed, hut 
the moderat<jr,.loshua I Hdfiehl,wouldnot take 
a second voTt^. i h <t sixty ministers went up 
into the gnller}^ und suhscrihed a declaration 

I of adherence' to the first Anglicaii article, and 
thetifth and-iixth answers of the As.'4t?mhly*4 
catechism. They tlien left the plac<^ amid 

I his.ses, Bradbnry charftcteristicall}^ exclaim-^ 
ing, * ■ Tis the voice of the serpent, and tnay 

I be expected against a xeal for the sewd of the 
woman.' Thas perisht_»d the good accord of 

j English dissent. Principal CliahDers, of 
King's College, Old Aberdeen, whet was pT<^ 
sent at the third meeting, and m strong 
sympathy with Hradbury's side, rejtorted to 
Cahimy that * he never saw nor heard of such 
strauge conduct and managt^meiit before,' 
T\\n nonsnhscribing majority, to the num- 
ber of seventy- three, met again nt Salters* 
Hall on 10 March, and agreed ajKuj their ad- 
vice, which was sent to Exeter on 17 March, 
Bradhury and his subscribers (IM, ij<t, or 09) 
met sejnirately on 9 March, and .sen! ntY their 
advice on 7 April. The rir'markahle thnig is 
that the two *id vices(batingthe preauiWe) arts 
in snbstancw and almost in terms identicjil ; 
and the letter accompanying the nonsuW 
seribers' advice not only disowns Arianism, 
hut declares their * sincere l)elief in the 
doctrine of the blessed Trinity and the pmper 
divinity of our Loni Jesn.-^ Christ, which they 
apjirehend to be clearly revealetlin the floly 
Scriptuivs,' Both ad\ ices preach pence and 
chanty, while owning the duty of congrega^ 
tions to withdraw from ministers who teach 
what they deem to be serious ern>r. Neither 
WHS in time to do good or harm, for tlie Exeter 
tnisteeshad taken the matter into their own 
hands by formally exchidiug Peirce and hia 
colleague from al 1 1 he meet ing-houses. Brad- 



I 



Uiirr liftd hie shaft' in the ensuing jMjmphlet 
war, which wa» [x)! iticiil as wt4l iia religious, for 
u pchiifra in dtssfnt waf^di-pn^catrMl as inimical 
t o t b e w b i g in t t^rvi^t . 1 1 e pri ii t »f J 'An A n m\v *_t 
ti> Hfime Keproaches ciiHt on thoH«' IHASfUtiii^ 
!^I i n i .ST f* n? w b o su bscri b**t] , &. v . / 171 9 , 8 vo ; 
a strinon on 'The Xeotv'^^ity of contending 
for Ke veal ed Heligiou' [Jnde ii], 1720, 8vo 
(bplM' Dried i.s » Wtter from Cotton Mat her on 
the late dispiitf'S) : ant! * A Iji4ter to John 
Barrington Slmte, Esq./ 1 7l?0» 8vo. Ihirring- 
ton left Rradbun'i? eongre^itiont jnid joine<l 
tbat of Jeremiah Hunt, IKIh, independent 
minis^terand nonsukieribert at Pinners' Hall- 
Hradburv wns bmuj^dit io htmk bv *a Dis- 
senting ]^ii3niun* in *Cljn.stinn Lil;4?rty as- 
serted, in opposition to Protejstant Popery/ 
17l!r^, Hvo» a letter addressrd trN bim by name, 
and unswertvl by 'it Uentiemnn of Exon/ 
bi * A Modei^t Apology for Mr. T. BnAdbiir^/ 
1719, 8vo. Hut most of the pnnipldeteere 
passed bim by as ' an angry timn^ tluit makes 
some bnstle ttmongyou' {Leffer of A fit ire to 
tAe Pn^f. DtMM., ]7J()» 8vo) to aim at Wil- 
liam Tong, Benjamin UnbinMou, Jeremiah 
Smith, and Tbnnias Kl'v nobis, lonr presby- 
t*rian ministers who lui<l issued a wlnp for 
the Suiters' Htdl conference in tbe snb>cril>* 
ing intereM.and whosuljaequently pubbf^hed 
a jrMnt defence of the doctnne of I he Trinity. 
In 17-0 un attempt wiis mude to oiii^t Brad* 
bur^' from tbe Pinners' Hall leernresbip; in 
tile same year he started an anti^Arian Wed- 
nesday lecture lit Fetter Ltme. This did not 
mend matters* Tbere aiijjearetl * An Appeal 
to the Disseming Ministers, occasioned by tbe 
Bebavionr of Mr, Thomas Bnidbiirv/ I7if'-', 
8vo ; and Thomas Morgan (the * Moral Philo- 
sopher/ 17»J7), wbo had made an nnnsnally 
ortliodox confession at his onhnatio'n [seei 
BowDKN^ JoitN'] in I71»i, but was now on 
bis way to 'Cbri?itian deism/ wrote his * Ab- 
surdity of opjK>Hing Faith to Beason * in reply 
to Bradbury'*' oth of November sermon, ]7'J'2^ 
on * The Nature of Faith.' He ha{l previonsly 
attacked Bradburv^ in a postscript to his 
* Nature and Con.Hetjnences of Entbusiasin/ 
1719, 8vo. Uetnnijng to u former topic, 
Bradbury published in i7l'4^hvo, 'The Power 
of Cbriftt over Pbigues and Health/ prelix- 
ing an iiccount rif the anti-Arian lecf iiresbip. 
He published also ^ The Mystery of Ootlli- 
ness considered,* l72H^8vo, 2 vols, (sixty-one 
sermons, reprinted Ed in. 179oi. h\ 1728 
bis position at Fetter l.^ine became uncom- 
fortable ; he left t taking with bim his brother 
I'eter, now his colleague, and most of hi^ flock. 
The presby t eriiin meet ing-honse i n N ewConrt , 
Carey Street ^ Lincoln's Inn Fields, was \ aeant 
tkn^ugb tbe removal of JameK Wootl (a sab* 
scriber) to the Weighhoiist? in 1 727 ; Brad- 



bury wa^ asked, 20 Oct, 1 7:?8, to New Court, j 
and accepted on condition tbat thecongregm-j 
tion would take in the Fetter Lane seoedera- j 
and join the independents. Tbis aiTauffi&-- j 
meat, which has helped to create the false 
impression that at Suiters' Hall the preeby- 
tenans and indej>endents took op{>08ite sides 
as denominations^ waj? made 27 Nov. 1728^ 
Peter continuing as bis brothers colleague 
(he probubly died about 1 7tiO, as Jacob Fowler 
succeetled him in 1 7til ). Bradbury now pub- 
lish**d *Jeivus Christ the Brightness of Glor}%* 
172S>» 8vo (four sermons on Heb. i. 3); and 
a tract 'On the UepHd nf the Test Act V 
I7H2, Hvo. His last publication seems to 
have l»een * Joy in H**aven and Justice on 
Eflrtb/ 1747, 8vo (two sermoiis)| imless his 
discourses on baptism, whence Caleb Fle- 
ming drew * The Character of tbe Rev, Tho. 
Bradbury, taken from his own j>en/ 1749,. 
8vo, are later. Houbtless he was a most 
elective as well as a most unconventional 
preacher; the lampoon (about l7.'i(J) in the 
Blackmore pajiers may be accept e<l us evi» 
deuce of his 'melodious^ voice, his *head 
uidifteil/ and his * dancing hands/ The stout 
\ orkshi reman reached a great age. He died 
on Sunday, 9 Sept. 1759, and wiu* buried in 
Bnnhill h ields. His wife's name was Rich- 
mond ; he b»ft two daughters, one married 
(174-1) to John Winter, brother to Richartl 
Winter, whtj succeeded Bradbury , and father 
to Hobert %\'intrr» D.D., who siu-reeded 
Richard; the other daughter married (1768) 
(ieorge Welch, a bunker. Besides tbe publi- 
cations noticed above, Bmdburj* printed seve- 
red fnnenil and other sennons, including two 
on the death of llolxTt Bragge (died 1 738^ 
* eternal Bragge * of Lime St reet , who preached 
f >r four months on Joseph 'seoat ). His * Works/ 
i762, 8vo^ 3 vols, (second edition 1772), con- 
sist of fifty-four sermons, mainly pi>liticaL 

[Memoir by John Brown, Berwlek, 1831;. 
Piilfinr's Nouooaf. Memorial, 1802. ii. 367. and 
iudBX ; Thompson's MS. List of Ac:idemii?6(wiLh 
ToiilmiD's and Kentish s additious) m Dr. Wil- 
liams* Library ; Hunter's Life of O. Hey wood,. 
18't2.p. 38.5 i Chris^tian Reformer, 1847. p- 309; 
Bogue aud Beoaet'a Hist, of BifiSBaters, vol. ili. 
1810, pp. 489 setj. ; Men. Hepos. 1811. pp. 614^ 
722; Bi^wne's Hist, of CoagrpgationaMsra in 
Norf and h^uff., 1 877, p- 242; Jame» « Hist. Prtsb, 
Clwpeb and Chnntifs, 1867, p|.i. 23 s^vq,, 1 1 1 wq.p I 
690, 705 seq. ; r»ildmy"» Hist. Account of ray own 
Life, 2adLd. 183t>, ii. 403 Htq. ; .^^almon'sCliTonol. 
Historind. 2nd ikI. 1733. pp. 406^7; Cbr. Mode- 
rator, 1826, pp. 193 si-q. ; Pnmphk^ts of 1719 oik j 
the 8alterB* Mull t'oufereaee, esp. A True Re- ' 
latioi}, ^c. (the enhseriljers' account), An Au- 
th en tick Account, &c. (oousiubscn bets'). An Im- 
partial State, &c. (these giro the main tact« ; th«» < 
argumentative tracts are legion); Blackmor^l 




Braddock 



Braddock 



^ 



^ 
^ 
P 



N 
^ 



I^ipcrs in posfifisftion of R. D. Dftrbishiro. Miin- 
cheet'T (the veTsea on Uie Lundou roiiiLHters 
tire given in Noti»s and Queriea, Int ser, i. 454, by 
A. B. R.. i.e. Robert Brook Aspland).] A. G. 

BRADDOCK, EDWAUI) (1695-17mT), 
in^j'^T^'^iieraK whs son nf M M.j<i^r-g^eiier(il Ed- 
ward Br»iddfH:'k,rf»^rinit'ntul Itenteoant-colonel 
of ilie C< ddsti^ftm guiirda iu 1703. A ft er nerv- 
ing wit h credit in Flanders find Spain t li« elder 
Brnddock retired from the service in 17 15, and 
died on 15 June 1720 at Hath, where he was 
buried in the Ablx?y Church. Brnddorls the 
younger entered the army as ensign in Colnn^l 
Cornelius Swann'a compimy of his fiither'ft 
regiment on *29 Au^. 1710* and l>ecame a lieu- 
tenant in 1716. Hu is said to hnve fonght 
A duel witii sworda and pistols with u. Colonel 
Waller in H jdf- Park on 2« ilay 1718. Bot h 
battnlions of the Cohktreams were then en- 
camped in the park. He became lieutenant 
of the g-renadier company in 1727, and Ciip- 
tain and liiMitenaTit-eoUmel in the re^nment 
in 173o. \Vali>olM {Letter^f, II 4tJO'2> has 
raked up .some discredit uhle storie.s of him 
At this period of his life, which pojii^ihly need 
qualification ; \Val]iole in, at any rate, di»- 
tinctly wrong in stating that Hraddock was 
Bubsequeutly * governor * nfOi bra Iran lie bf> 
came aecoud major in theColdetreamgin 174U, 
first major in 1745. and lienlenant-eolonel 
21 Nov. of the same year. His first recorded 
'War service is in September 174(3, when the 
second battalion of his regiment, under his 
command, wa^ fuent to join, hut did not actu- 
ally take part in Admiral Leatock's descent 
on L*(Jrient, after which the battalion re- 
turned tti London. He embarked in com- 
mand of it again in May 174(^i, and procewled 
In Holland^ where he s^ened under tlie Prince 
of Orange in the attempt to raise the giege 
of Bergen-op-Z<xmi, antl was afterwards tjiiar- 
tered at Breda an*! elnt^where aniil the bat- 
t ttl ion re 1 rned h < >me i n Hece m l>er 1 748 . ( )n . 
17 Eeb, I7fy*j Braddock wa-s promoted frnm 
the Guards to the colonelcy of th** 14th foot 
at Gibraltar, where he joined his regiment, am 
then was customary ; but there is no record 
of his having exercised any higher command 
in t h a t g arr i s'ln . H e beca m v a muj or-geii era I 
^ March 1754, and soon after waj^ appointed 
to the cnmuiand in America, with a view to 
driving the French from their recent encroach* 
ment s. The warran t of appoint meat » of which 
there is a copy in the archive^* at Philadel]jhia, 
appoints Braddock to l>e * general and eora- 
mander-in-<:'hief of all our troojis and forces 
y' are in North Americ^i or \' shall be !*ent 
or rais'd there to vindicate onrjnst rights and 
pOMistJdions/ Braddock, who must have been 
then about sixty, was a favourite with Wil- 




liam, duke of Cumberland, tn whom he pro- 
' bably owed the appointment, although his. 
I detractors alleged that hii* sturdy begging for 
plac!e under prejtsure of his gambling debts - 
' was the real caiiae. He arrived at his reai- 
I dence in Arlington Street from France on 
6 Nov., and left tor Cork, where hi;* rtnnforce- 
ment8 were to rendezvous on t he •lOt h- Before 
leavbig he executed a will in favour of Mr, 
Galcraft, the army agent, and his reputed wife, 
better known as Mrs. George Anne Bellamy 
[q. v.] This hidy, a mitural daughter of an 
old brother olficer, had been petled from her 
earliest years by Braddock, whom she calls 
her second father* luul who, she admitSj wa^ 
misled as to her relations with Cidcraft ( Bei> 
LAMt, AjHiltMjij^ iii. 21)6). Delays f occurring 
' at Cork, Braddock returned and sailed from 
the Downs with Commwiore Keppel on 
24 Dec. 17r>4p arriving in Hampton Roads, 
Vireriiiia, :K) Feb. 1 7o5, He found every t hing 
I in tlie utmost (tonfusion. Tlie colonies were 
at variance; everywhere the pettiest jea- 
lou?4ie.'^ were rife; no magazines had been 
collected ; the [iromisi-d provincial troops had 
not even be+'ri raisi*d, and the few regtilara 
already there were of the worst descrijiitinn. 
' Braddock summoned a council of provincial 
I govenmr.*! to concert measures for cum' iug 
I out hiH instructions. Eventunlly it was re- 
' Folved to despatch tour ex]>editions — three in 
the north against Niagara, Crown Point, and 
' the French posts in Nova Scotia; one in the 
8<nith against Fort IHiquesne, on the jjreisent 
site of Pittsburg. The troons for the latter 
I rendezvoused, under Brad doclts command, at 
F'ort Cum In-r hind, a stcK'kaded pust on the Po- 
' tomac, ah* nit halfway between the Virginian 
fiea)x)ard atid Fort Ducjuesne, a distance of 
I two hundred and twenty miles ; and after de- 
lays causetl by what George Washington, then 
a voung officer of provincials and a volunteer 
I with the exj>edition, termed the * vile mi&- 
' management ' of tlie horse-transp<:)rt, and tho 
desertion of their Indian scouts, arrived at a 
spot known as Little Meadows on 18 June, 
where a camp was formed. Hence Braddock 
' piLshed f>u with twelve hundrt*d cho.*en men, 
regulars and provincial^!, who reached thcMo- 
nougahehi river on 8 July, in excelletit order 
undspints,and crossed the next morning with 
colours flying and music playing. 1 hiring the 
advance on the afternoon, 9 July 1755, when 
about Beve!i miles from Fort Durjuesne, the 
head of the column encountered an ambuscade 
I of French and Indians concealed in the long 
grass anil tangled undergrowth of the forest 
o]>eningB. Flank attacks by unseen Indians 
threw the advance into wild digi^vrder, which 
communicated itself to the main body coming 
up in support, leading to terrible a laughter, 



Braddock 



Braddcx:k 



and finling, after ( it b said) twoboara' iSglif- 
iiig, in a panic-«trickHn rout. BraddcK-k, who 
strove bravely to r»>form his mnn, after having 
8«vt*rttl horses ahot undtr him, was him8«4f 
»{ ruck down by a bullet^ which passf^d t hrtjug^h 

[llis riffht arm and kxlginl in tnt» body. His 
iid&-at?-camp Orme and some provincial otfi- 
I with great difficnky had liira carried off 
the fields lie ruUied sufficiently to pvij di- 
rections for succouring the wounded, but jfra- 
dunlly sank and died at sundown on Sunday, 

wis July 1755, at a balting-pbice called Great 

'Meadows, between fit>y and sixty mileeirom 
the bji 1 1 1 e fie I d, * We fihal 1 know bet t er bow t o 
deal with them next time ' were his la«t wonls 
as he rallied momentarily beforeexpiring. He 
wa« buried before da\\^l in the middle of the 
tracks and the precaution was taken of passing 
the vehicle,** ot the retreating force, now re- 

t duced to mme degree of order, over the grave, 

[to efface whatever might lead to desecration 
by the pursuers. Ijong alter, in 18:?3, the 
grave wasrittt^ by labourers emphnW in the 
construriion of the iuitiomil rood bard by, nod 
aome of tb«* bones, still disi inguij^hitble by mili- 
tary trappings, were carried off. Others were 
bitrit'd nt the foot of a broad spreading oak, 
which marks or onirked the locality, about a 
mile to the we^nt of Fort Nt^^essity, 

No jMirtrait of Braddock is known to exist, 
but he is deacribed as rather short and stout in 
person in his later yean?. Tu failings coinmoii 
jimoiig inilifary men uf bis dii^y be added the 
unpopular detects of a hasty temper and a, 
coarse, self-(is.sertive manlier^ but his fidelity 
and hnnaur a^ a public servant hiive never 
been que^Htinned, even by tho,se who have por- 
trayed hiscbaracter in fhirke.st culnurs. He was 
aseveredisciplinariiin, but his severity, like his 

[alleged incapiicity as a pMieral, has probably 
been exaggerated. The dirticullte.'!^ he uppesii-s 
to have encountered at every step have been 
forgot ten, ru^ well as t he fact that the ]Kji!deroiis , 

J>di8cipline in which he had l>eeii tniined fmm 
Ilia youth up, and which whh .still iissoeiiited 
with the best traditinns of the Entflish font, 
bad never before been in serious collision with 
the tactics of the buckw^ondH. Tw*o shrewd 
observers among thvise who knew him peraon- 
ally judged him less harshly thsiu have most 
later critics, Wolfe, on the tirst tidings of 
the disaster^ wrote of Braddock a>H ' a man of 
courage and good sense, jilthougb uot a master- 
of the art oi war/ and added emphatic tes- 
timony to the wretched discipline of most 
line regiments at the time (Wright^ Life of 
H*o(fe^ y. M-i). Benjamin Franklin said of 
bim : ' lie was, 1 think, a brave man, and 
might hiive made a good figure in some Ku- 
ropean war, but he had too much self-confi- 
dence^ and bad too high an idea of the validity 



of European tnic^jis, and too low a one of ' 
Americans and Indiana ' (Sri^RKS, Frarddmf 
i. 140), One of Braddock s order-books, said 
to have belonged to Washington, is preeerved 
in the library of Congress, and a silken mili- 
tary sa.**h, worked with the date 1707, and 
much stained as with blood, which is believed 
to have been Bniddtn^k's sash, is in the posaes- 
sion of the family of the late General Zachary 
Taylor, United States army, into whose bantls 
it came during the Mexican war. lu after 
Years more than one individual sought a 
shameful notoriety bv claiming to have trai- 
torously given Braddock his death- wound 
during the light, Mr, WinthrtJp Sargent baa 
eX]>osed the absurditj of the^ sturie^. One 
is reproduced in * Notes and Queries,* 3rd 
ser. xii. o. Braddock bad two sisters, who 
received fnim their father ft respectable fbi^ 
tune of 0,000/,, and both of whom predeceased 
their brother. The unhappy fate of Fannj 
Braddock, t he surviving sister, wbocommitted 
suicide at Bath in I7.H9, has been recorded by 
Goldsmith {Mij>cel/n aeons Works^ Prior's ed. 
iii, 294 ), iK'^eMndaut s of a bri «ther wereststed 
in * Notes and Queries' (1st ser. xi. 72) some 
time bflckto be living at Martham in Norfolk, 
in humble circumstances, and to believe them- 
selves entitled to a considerable amount of 
money, the pajters relating to which had been 
lost. No account has been found of moneys 
standing to the cre<lit of Braddock or his re- 
presentatives in any public securities. 

The accounts of the Fort Dnquesne exj>e- 
dition jHiWished at the time appear to have 
been mostly catclipenny productions; but 
two authentic narratives are in existence?. Of 
these one is the manuscript journal of Brad- 
dock's favourite aide-de-camp, Captain Orme, 
Coldstream guanis, who aftenvar^ls retire<I 
from the service and died in 17HL This is 
now No. 212 King^s MSS. in British Museum, 
The other is the nuinuscript disiry of a naval 
otticer lit t ached to Hjtiddoek's force, which is 
now in the iK-tssession of the itev, F. U. Morris 
of Nunhurnholme Rectory, Yorkshire, by 
whom it was published some years ago under 
the title, * An Account of the Battle on the 
Monagahela lliver, from an original docu- 
ment by one of the survivors " (London, 1854, 
8vo), Copies of these journiils have been em- 
b<^)died with a mass of information from Ame- 
rican and French sources by Mr. Winthrop 
Sargent, in an exhaustive monograph forming 
vol, v, of* Memoirs of the Histnricul Society 
of Pennsylvania* (Philadelphia, 1850). A 
map of Iiraddock*s route was prepared frt>m 
traces found still extant in lH4t>, wdien a rail- 
way survey was in progresK in the Iwality, 
and hrst appeared in a Pittsburg periodical, 
entitled MJlden Time' (vol, ii.) An excel- 



Braddocke 



"^55 



Braddon 



I 



* 



lent iiccoimt of BraJdock's expedition and of 
the events leading up to it ib given in Park- 
man's * Montcalm and Wolfe/ vol. i. Some 
brief military criticisms were contributed by 
Colonel MaUeson to the 'Armv and Navy 
Mftgiutine; yUivch 1885, pp. Wl, 404-0. Tlie 
Home Ofiice and Wtir Otiiee Wiirniiit and 
Hilitary Entn* Books in the liecord < llHce in 
London contain references to the ex])edition, 
but none of any special note. 

[Mackinoon'd Origin of Coldstreatn Guards 
(Laodon^ 1832), i. 388-9, voL iL Appt'udix ; Homo 
Office Military Eurry Books, 10-27 ; Cunnon's 
H ist . Hecord 14 th ( Bucki ii ghtHB-nh i re ) Foot ; 
Carters Hist. R^jcord 44th (Ea^st Essex) Fcxit ; 
Walpole's Letters {od. Cunninghajti, 18o6), ii. 
4eOL.2 ; Apology for the Life of G. A. lielkmy 
(5 vols., Londoiip 1786), iii. 209 ; Beataon^a Narnl 
And Military Memoirs, vol. iii. ; Hume and Smol- 
lett's Hist. (1854), ix. 2i>6 et seq, ; Mumoirs Hii^t. 
Soc of Pent! sylvan in, vol, v. ; Parkiiian*si Mont- 
cmlmaiid Wolfe (Loo tioD, 1884); Army and Navy 
Ha^. Uii. 38^-405 ; American Magazine of His- 
tor>% ii. 627, vi. 63, 224, ^62, viii. 473, 500, 602: 
HlBt. 5188, Comm. 8th RejKjrt, i. 226 «; Notes 
And Queries, Ist set. ix. 11, 562, xi. 72. 3rd Ber. 
xii, 5.] H. M. C. 

BEADBOCKE, JOIIX (1656^1719), di- 
ine, was a native "f ShnipHhire^ and received 
ie ediM»tion at St, Catlinrine*» IIull» Cmn- 
idfite, where hi* was elected to a fellowship 
(BX 1674, M.A. 1678). On leaving? the 
university about WHi), Jio became clmphiin 
to Sir Jame8 Oxenden, hart., of Deiui, near 
Canterbiir\^, and chnpliiiTi to l)r, John Biit- 
telv, rector of the neiglihouring prirL^h of 
Aclisham. In 1H94 he was nominated by 
ArchbiBljop TeniMon to the perjH'tiiinl curacy 
of Folkestone, and r»n I A])ril U)98 lie was 
preaentml to tlie vicanifre of St. Steplien'.s 
Alias Hack infTt'^n, near Canterbury. On tlie 
promotion of l>r. Otl'>prinfr Blackalh his con- 
temporary at coUejje and intimate friend^ to 
the see of Exeter in 1707, Braddocke was 
made the bijHlrop\s chaplain, thoufrh lie ^rot 
Dolhini;^ by the o|ipointnient rxcept the title. 
In 17(Ji) he was coihitetl t»y Art^lihi^iop Teni- 
mon to the innsterj^hiji of KiuMbrid^^e hosiatal 
in Kent. He died m his vicariig^e hou^se on 
14 Au^. 1719, in hi.^ ftixty-fourth vear. 

He wrote r I. ' The Doctrine of tlie Fathers 
and Si'hooU considered, concerning; the Ar- 
ticles of a Trinity of IHvine Persons and the 
Unity of God. In unswer to the Animad* 
versions on the Dean of St. Paiira Vindica- 
tiou of the I>octrine of the Holy and e\er 
Blessed Trinity, in defi'nce ofthi^se sacred Ar- 
ticles, aj^In.Ht the objections of tlie S<iciniatjs, 
and the misrepresentations of tlie Animad- 
verter' Part I, ItJOo, 4to. 2. * Deus unuii et 
\n\iB,* 4to, This was entirely printed, e.xcept 




the tith»-page, but was suppressed, and never 
piibht^heil, by the desire of Archbishop Teni- 
son, who thought the controversy ought not 
to be continued. 

[MS, Addit. 6863, f. 114 ft; Cantab rigiensea 
Grailuati (1 787), 40 ; llasted*a Kent, iii. 388, 60J , 
iv. 628d T. C. 

BEADDON, LAURENCE (d, 1724), 
politician, the second son of Willijim Brad- 
don of Treworg;;!^, in St. Genny*s, Cornwall^ 
wa^ called to the bar at the Middle Temple, 
and for j^ime time worked hard at his pro- 
fession. Wlien the Kiirl of Essex died in 
the Tower in liSH^i, Braddon adopted the 
belief that he had been murdered, and worked 
actively to col lei'twulificieTit evidence to prove 
the murder. He set on foot inquirie-s on 
the subject in L«>ndon, and when a nimour 
reachetl him that the news of the ea-rre death 
WBs known at Jlarlborough on the very day 
of, if not btitbrt?, the oci'urrenee, he poj*ted oti* 
thither. When his action ht'came tmown at 
court J he was arrested and put under restraint. 
For a time be wa^ let out on bail, but on 
7 Feb. 16H8-4 he wa.s tried with Mr. Hugh 
8peke at thf king^s bench on the accusation 
oj twnspiring to spread the belief that the 
Earl of Essex was murderetl by some j>ersonH 
iibont him, and of endeavouring to suborn 
witne.s^es to te.stifv the same, Itmddon waa 
found guilty on all the counts, but Sjwke 
was acquitted of the latter charg^e. The one 
was fined 1,000/. and the other 2,000/., with 
sureties for good beluiviourduring their lives, 
Braddon remained in prison until the landing 
of William HI, when he was liberated. In 
h'ehruarv IBl^ri he was upijointed solicitor to 
the wine licence office, a place valued at 1(X)/. 
per annum. His death occurred on Snndav, 
'29 Nov. 1724. 

Most of Brad don's works relate to the 
death of the Eiirl of ICssex. The * Enquijy 
into and Detection of the Barlmrous Mitrther 
of the late Earl of l'>Mex *(l*iis9) was prohably 
fnun his pen, and he was undoiibtediy the 
author of * Essex's Innocen ry iind Honoiir 
vindicated' (ISIKJ), • Murther will out* 
{\i)^2)f *True and Impartial Narrative of 
the Murder <»f A rthur, Earl of Kssex * { 1729), 
as well as * Ifehop liurnet^a late History 
charged with great PartiftUty and MLsrepre- 
aentiition* (1725) in the hisltoirs account of 
this mysterious atiair. Bradtlon als*j pub- 
lished * Tlie Constitutions of the Company of 
AVutt*rmen and Lightermen,' and an * Ab- 
stract of the Hule^, t)rders, and Conpititw- 
tions'of the same company, both of them 
issued in 1708. * The Miseries of the Poor 
are a National Sin, Shame, and liang>*r * was 
the title of a work (I717j in which he 



argii€d for the establishment of guardians of 
the poor and irifipeotora for the encourage- 
ra**nt of arts and man u fact ure^i. Five years 
later he brought out 'Particular Answers to 
the uaiist miitHrial (Jbjectiotm mady to the 
Proposals for relieving the Poor/ The. re- 
port of his trial was printed in 1(>H4, and 
r»?printed in * t*nhbett s State Trials/ ix, 
1127-1228, und hin bnpeaciiment of Bishop 
Burnet's ' Histor)' ' \b reprintetl in the same 
volume of Cobbett, pp. 1 221)-! 332. 

[Hist, Register (1724), 51 ; Kippia's Biog. 
Bnt ill. 229-30; North* Ex:iiiien, 38fi-8 ; 
Wilt^ ArchiDoloi^iml Miig. iii. 367-78; Noten 
and Qiierie^s (1863), 3rd ser. i?, 6*J0 ; Ralph* 
Hist, of Enghmd, i. 761-''); Liittreirs 8late 
Aflfeirs, i. 286, 2119^306, iii. 441 ; Bibl Cornub. 
i. 40. iii, 1001 ; niat, M8S. Coinm. 7th Report, 
40«-7.] W, P. C. 

BRADE, JAMES. [See Braid.] 

BBADE, WILLIAM (/. HHo), an Eng- 
lish musician, was vioHst to the Dok*! of 
Uolstein-Gottorp and to the town of Ham- 
burg at the beifinnine- of the seventeenth 
centur)'. Ho wtis living iit Ilamhnrg on 
19 Aug. 1601 >♦ when he dedicated a volume 
of his compositions to Johann Adolph, duke 
of Schle^wi^^j and he probsildy remained at 
tho same town until 14 F*ib. HU9, when 
he wa8 appointed capcllmelster to Johann 
Sigismund, margrave of Brandenburg. His 
8alar>' in thi.s post was rRK) thalers per an- 
num^ bettideii a thaler a weelt for * kostgeld' 
when at court, and when following the mar- 
grave abroad, six dinners and all other meals 
weekly, with sufficient bf>er, a »toup of wine 
daily » free lodgings, and all disburse mentis. 
He also received t wo suits of clothes (*Ehren- 
kleid*), and hit* son, Christian Brade, had 
300 thaleri?, with clothe.^, brjots, shoea, and 
maiotenanco, Brade had full authority over 
the court baud, but the care of the hoys of 
the chapel was given to a vice-cnpellmeister. 
He doeri not seem to have remained long at 
Berlin, as a report on the murjfraveV huiid, 
drawn up in 1620, speaks of him as one of 
the past capellmeisters, and in the following 
year Jacob Schmidt is mentioned as occupy- 
ing his post. Nothing more is known of 
Lim \ hut Dr* Rimhault (an untrustworthy 
guide) says (Gnovu, Diet, of Mtmr^ I 260 a) 
that he died at Frankfurt in 1647, the 
authority for which statement cannot be 
discovered, 

Tlje greatest confusion exij^ts m to the 
bibliogTaphy of Brade's works, all of which 
are extremely rai*e. F^lis and Kimbault 
copy Gerber s * Lexikon der Tonkiinstler * 
(Leipzig, 1812), i, 4t^S, with the exception 
that Rimbault prints Frankfurt a. d. Ouer aa 



Frankfort, which is additionally misleading. 
The list given by these authorities differs 
materiallv from the following, which is taken 
from Moller*s * Cimbria Literata/ 1744. ii, 
103, and is reprinted in the * Lexilcon der 
bamburgisehen Schriftsteller,* 1861, L 364: 
L * Musical ische Concerten,* Hamburg, 1609, 
4to. 2, *Newe ausfierlesene Padiiaiien,Gal- 
liarden, Canzonen, Alamanden und Couran- 
ten, auf allerlei Inst rumen ten zn gebrau- 
chen,* Hamburg, 1610, 4to. 3. ♦ Newe 
auaserlesene Paduanen und Cralliarden, midt 
6 Sf immen, auf allerhand In.strumenten, in- 
sonderheit Violen, zu gehrauchen,' Hamburg, 
1614, 4to. 4. * Newe ausserle^ene liebliche 
Branden, Intrnden, Jlasq^ieraden, Balletten, 
Alamanden, Couranten, A olten, Anfziige imd 
fremkle Tiintze, samt schcinen lieblichen 
Frtihlirigs- und Sommer-Bliimlein, mit 5 
Stimmen ; auf allerlei In^trumenten, inson- 
I dftrheit Violen, zu gebrauclien,' Liibeck, 1617, 
8vo. 5. * Newe lustige Volten, Couranten, 
Bfilletten, Paduanen, Gultiartlen, Masquera- 
den, ituch iillerlei Arten newer franztisijicher 
Tfintzt% mit 5 Stimmen, auf allerlei Instni- 
menten zu gebrauehen,* Herlin, 1621, 4to. 
F^tis omits 4 in his list, and gives the date of 
2 lUH l(X)i.), and the place of publication of 5 
ae Fraiilrfiirt u. d. Oder. Bohn's *Biblio- 
graphie der ^(usik-Druckwerke bis 1700^ 
(p, 74) describes a copy of 2, and quotes the 
title-page, by which it would seem that BKH* 
is the right date. A rarmuscnpt * Fancy* by 
Brade is in the library' of the Royal College 
of Music, 

[The ivuthoritii's quoted above t FAtis'a Bio- 
gniphie des Musieitms (1837). ii. 293 a ; Mendel's 
MusiknlisL'hcs Lix'con, i. Ifi2; Drnnd'a Biblio- 
thtcn Litironim Germatiicoruni CtiKsfiiea (1611), 
555; L.Hcbrn'idpfs Gt!ichiphtederChtiTfarBtlich- 
BrandenburgiMchen und Kotiiglich-Pr«uasi»chea 
Capelle, pp. 29. 30, 31.] W. B. S. 

BRADFIELB, HENRY JOSEPH 

STEELE (iHOiVl 852), surgeon and author, 
was bom on IB May \i^h in Derby Street, 
Westminster, where his father, Thomns Brad- 
fiekl,was a coal merchant. "Whilst still under 
iif^e he published in 1825 * Waterloo, or the 
Rritish Minstrel, a poem.' He wus bred to 
the art of surgery, und on 26 April 1826 left 
England in the schooner Unicom in Lord 
Cochrane^s expedition to Greece, during 
which he was prt*sent in severid engiigementft 
by laud and sea. After his return he pub- 
lished *The Athenaid, or Modern Grecians, 
a p{>em,' 1880 ; * Tales of the Cyclades, poems,"^ 
1830; and in 1839 edited a work entitled *A 
Riisaian^s Reply to the Marquis de Cu8tine*» 
" Russia."' On I Sept. 1832 he received from 
the King of the Belgians a commission aa 
so US-lie utenaut iu the Bat ail Ion Et ranger 



Bradford 



IS7 



Bradford 



' tiowever, 



|*©f BelgiuiOy and wm appointed to the lat 
] v^iinent of Ijiaoere, At on<? time Im lielJ a 
eommiBsion in the Royal West Middlesex 
Militia. He wius appointed on 31 Dec. 1835 
€tipeudiiiry magistrate in Tobago, from which 
' he was removed to Trinidad on 13 May 
1836. He waa reappointed to the southern 
or Oedrofl district on 13 April 1839, but 
fioon returned to EnfjUndy having be«^n »m- 
peTBeded in con^ieiiiieneL* of n (luurrel with 
•ome other colonial officer. In 1841 he 
ag&in went to the West Indies in the f?ipa- 
city of private secretary to Colonel .Mac- 
douald, lieutenant-governor of Dominica, and 
in 1842 he acted for some time as colonial 
^ in Barbftdoa. The charge.^ which 
©Oiiaioned his previous netura were, 
r, renewed, and the gov«rnment can- 
celled his appointment. From that period 
lie liTed very precnriouslj^ and for many 
jeajB solicited in vain a reversal of his sen- 
tence at the colonial office. He turned hia 
moderate literary talontst to account, and 
amoi^ Aome communications he made to 
the * Gentleman*^ Magazine * were articles on 

* The Last of the Paleologfi ' in January 1843, 
and a * Memoir of Major-general Thomas 
Dundas and the Expedition to Guadaloupe* 
in August, September, and Uctober in the 
same year* Latterly he practised all the arts 
of the professional mendicant. He com- 
mitted suicide by drinking a bottle of prussic 
iicid in the eotlee-room of the St. Albania 
Hotel, 12 Charles Street, St. James's Squ&re, 
London, on 11 Oct, ISo^. 

[Cochniae's Wandt^rings in Greece (1837). p. 
SO; Gent. Mag. (1863), xxiix. 102; Morning 
Post, 13 Ocl. 1852, p. 4, and 15 Ot?t, p. 6.] 

G. C. B. 

BRABFOED, JOHN (1510 P-1555), pro- 
testant martvT, was born of gentle parents 
tthout 1510 in the parish of Manchester. A 
local tradition claims him a^^ a native of the 
fiSlApelry of Black Iwy. He was educated at 
the grammar school, Mancbester. In hia 

* Meditations on the Commandments,* written 
during Ids* imprisonment in the reign of Queen 
Mru7, he speaks of the * particular Ijenefits ' 
that he had received from liis pai*ents and 
tutors. Foxe records that Bradford entered 
the service of Sir John Harrington of Exton, 
Rutlandshire^ who was treats urer at various 
times of the king'd cumps and building;^ in 
Boulogne. At the siege of Montreui! in 
1544 Bradford itcted as deputy-paymaster 
under Sir John Ilarriiigton. Un 8 April L>i7 
ho entered the Inner Temple as a student of 
common law. Here, at the instance of a fel- 
low-j^tudentj Tiioma^ Sampson, afterwarda 
dean of Christ Church, he turned his attention 





to the study of divinity. A marked change 
now came over his character. He sold liis 

I * chiiins, ritigi*, brooches, and jewels of gold/ 
and gave the money to the poor. Moved by 

' a sermon of Latimer, he caused restitution to 
be made to the crown of a sum of money 
which he or Sir Jolm Harringt(>n had frau- 
dulently iippropriated. The facts iire not 
very clear. Sampson in his addresfi * To the 
Christian Header/ prefixed to Bradford a 

, * Two Notable Sermims,' lo74, states that the 
fraud was committed by Bradford and with- 
out the knowledge of ius master; but Brad- 

I ford^a own words, in bis last examination 
before Bishop Gardiner, are : * My lord, I set 
my foot to hifi foot, whosoever he he, thai can 
come forth and justly vouch to my face that 

j ever I deceived my master. And as you are 
chief justice by <»ffice in England, I desire 
justice upon them that so slanaer me, because 
they cannot prove it ' {Kitimtnativn of Brad- 
ford , London » 1561, sig, a vi.) In May 1648 
lie published tran.Hlations from ArtopoBUS 
and Chrysostom, and in or alwut tiie follow- 
ing August entered St. Catharine*B Hall, 
Cambridge, where his * diligence in study and 
profiting in knowledge and godly conversa- 
tion ' were such, that on 19 f>ct. Iij49 the 
university bestowed on him, by special grace, 
the degree of master of EU'ts. Tlie entry in 
the grace btKik det^cribes him as a man of 
mature age and approved life^ who had for 
eight years been tliligently employed in the 
study of literature, the arts, and holy scrip- 
tures. He was shortly afterwards elected to 
a fellowship at Pembroke Hiill. In a letter 
to IVaves, written about Noveml)6r 1549, he 
gays: *My fellowship here is worth seven 
pound a year, fbr I have allowed m© eighteen- 
pence a week^ and as good as thirtv-tliree 
shillings toui'pence a year in money ^ wsides 
my chamber, launder, barber, &c. ; and I am 
bound to nothing but once or twice a year to 
keep a problem* Thus you see what a good 
Lord God is iinto me.^ Among his pupils at 
Pembroke Hull was John Whit gift, after- 
wards Archbishop of Canterbury. One of bis 
intimate friends was Martin Bucer, whom he 
accompanied on a visit to Oxlbrd in July 

I 1550. On 10 Aug* of the same year he wiis 
ordained deacon by Bishop Hid ley at Fidbam, 

I nnd received a license to preach. Tlie bishop 

I made him one of his chaplains, received him 
into his own boufie, and held liina in the 
highest esteem, * I tliank Gcid lieartily,' wrote 
Ridley to Bemhere [q. v .] after Bradford's 
martyrdom, * that ever I was acqudnted with 
our dear brother Bradford, and that ever I 
had such a one in my hoi we,* On 24 Aug. 
1551 Bradford received the prebend of 
Kentish Town, in the churcli of St. Paid. A 



Bradford 



Bradford 



few months later be wns appointed one of the former was lodged In the same room as Cran- 
king's six chuplains in ordinary. Two of the mer, Latimer, and llidley, th*? Tower being 
chaplains remained with theking^ and four then very ftiU owing to the imprisonment of 



preacbe<! throughout the country. Bradford 
preaclied in many towns of Lancasihire and 
Uheehiref also in London and Saffron Wal- 
den, Foxe says tliat * aharply he ojjened and 
reproved sin; sweetly he preached Christ 



Wvatt and his followers. Latimer, in hi* 
protest addressed to the queen^s conunt&- 
aioners at Oxford ( Works, ii. 258-9, Parker 
Society), tells how he and his fellow*prisoners 
* did together read over the New Te«t4kment 



crucified ; pithily he impugned heresies and with creat delib*>ration and painful study/ 
errors : earnestly he persuaded to godly life,' On 24 March Bradford was transferred to the 
John Knox, in his 'Godly I^etter/ 1554, K in g*s Bench prison. Here, probably by the 



epeaks with admiration of his intrepidity in 
the pulpit. Bradford's sermons ring with 
passionate eame^tness. He takes the first 
worda that come to hand, and makes no at* 
tempt to com^truct elaborate periods. ' Let 
ma, even to the wearing of our tona^e to tl 



favour of Sir ^\ illiani Fit«william,the knight- 
marshal of the prison, he was occasionally 
allowed at large on his parole, and was suf- 
fered to receive visitors and administer the 
sacrament. Once a week he used to visit 
the criminals in the prison, distributing 



atnmpa, preach and pray/ he exclaims in the charity among them ancf exhorting them to 
* Sermon on Repentance;* and not for a ' amend their lives. On 22 Jan. 1554-6 he was 
moment did he slacken his energy. He spoke brought up for examination before Bishopa 
out boldly and never shrunk from denouncing Garcfiner, Bonner, and other prelates. There 
the vices of the great. In a sermon preached | is an account (first published in 1561 ) in hia 
before Edwartl \*I he rebuked the worklliness own words of his three separate examinations 
of the courtiers, declaring that God*s ven- Wfore the commissioners on 22, 29, and 
geance would come upon tlie ungodly among , SO Jan, The commissioners questioned him 
them, and bidding them take example by the closely on subtle points of doctrine, and en- 



sudden fate that had befallen the late Duke 
of Somerset. At the close of Iiia sermon, 
with weeping eyej* and in u voice of lamen- 
tation, he cried out aloud : * God pimished 
him ; and shall He spare you that be double 
more wicked P No, He shall not. Will ye 
or will ye not, ye shall drink tht* cup of tlie 
Lord's wrath- Judicium Domini, Judicium 
Domini 1 The judgment of the Lord, the 
judgment of the Lord! ' 

(>n Iti Aug. 1553, shortly after the acces- 
eiori of QiiMen Mtiry, a sermon in defence of 
Bonner and againat Edward VI was pruuched 
at St. Paul s Cross by Oilijert Bourne [q. v.], 
rector of lligli Ongar in Ivssex. and afterwards 
bishop of Bath and Wells, Tht? serinon giive 
great otlence to the hearers, who would have 
pulled him out of the pulpit and torn him to 
pieces if Bradford and Jonn Rogers, vicar of 
St, Sepulchre's^ had not interposed. On the 
same day in the afternoon Bradford preached 
at Bow Churnh» Cheapside^and reproved the 
people ffir the violence that had been offered 
in the morning to Bourne. Within three 
days after this occurrence Bradford wait sum- 
moned Iw'fore the privy council on the charge 
of preacliiug seditious Bermons, and wascom- 

Lmitted to the Tower, where he wrote his 
treatise on * The 11 urt of Ilearing Mass.* At 
iirst he whm pe^nnilted to see no niun birt his 
kee]>er ; afterwards this severity was relaxedj 
and he was allowed the .society of his feUow- 
prisoner, Dr. Sandys, On 6 Feb. 155:i-4 
Bradford and Sandys were seniirated ; the 
latter was sent to the Marshaisea, and the 



deavoured to convince him that hjn viewa 
were heretical ; but he answered their argu* 
j ments with imperturbable calmnes^i, and r&- 
I fused to l)e convinced. Accordingly he was 
condemned as an obstinate heretic, and was 
committed to the Compter in the Poultry. 
It was at first determined to have him burned 
' at his native town, Manchester; but, whether 
in the hope of making him recant or from 
fear of enraging the people of Manciiester, 
the authorities nnally kept him in London 
and waited some months before carrying 
out the sentence* At the Compter he was 
visited by several catholic divines, who en- 
de4ivoured uiL^uccessfully to edect his conver- 
sion. Among t hese were Archbishop Heath, 
Bishop Day, .\lphojisus a Castro, afterwards 
archbishop of CompoHtella, and Bartholomew 
Carranza, confessor to Kin^ Philip, and after- 
wards archbishop of Toledo. At length, as 
he refused to recant, a day was tised for car- 
rying out the sentence. On Sunday, *dO June 
1555, lie was talten late at night Irom the 
Compter to Newgate, all the prisoners in 
tetu's bidding him farewclL In spit© of the 
lateness of the hour great crowds were abroad^ 
and as he passed along Cheapside the people 
wept and prayed for him. A rumour spread 
tliat he was to be bunied at four o'cIock the 
next morning, and by that hour a great con- 
course of people had assembled ; but it was 
not until nine o'clock that he was brought to 
the stake. ' Then,' siivs Foxe, * was he led 
forth to Smitbfield with a great company of 
weaponed men to conduct hmi thither, as th& 



like was not seen at no mau*a btiming ; for 
in every comer of Sraitlifielri there were some, 
besides tbo^e who stood about the stake." A 
young miin named John Leaf wob h'w fellow- 
mart jr. After taking a faggot m his hand 
and kissing it, Bradford desired of the shenlfa 
that big servant mi^ht have his raiment. 
Consent being given, lie put off' Ivi*? raiiuent 
and went to the stake. Then holding up his 
hands, and looking up to heaven^ he cried : 
'O England, England, repent thee of thy 
sins, re^ient thee of thy sins. Beware of 
idolatry, beware of false antichrists* ; take 
heed they do not deceive you.' As he was 
speaking the sheriff ordered his hands to be 
titfd if he would not keep silence. * O master 
aheriff/ said Bradford, * I am quiet, God for- 
give yon this, master sheriff/ Then having 
asked the people to prny for him he turned 
to Jolin I^af and siiid : * Be of good t^omfort, 
brother, for we shall have a merry auppt^r 
with the Lord thia night.' Ilis laat words 
were : * Strait is the way and narrow is the 
gale that leadeUi to salvation, and few there 
be that find it.' 

Bradford was a man of singularly ^ntle 
character. Parsons, the Jesuit, allowed that 
he was * of a more soft and mild nature than 
many of his fellows.* ITiere is a tradition 
that on seeing some criminals going to exe- 
cution he exclaimed : ' But for the grace of 
God there goes John Bradford.' ( >ften when 
eDm;ed in conversatton he would BUtldenly 
fall into a deep reverie, during which his eves 
would fill with tears or be radiant with smiles. 
In all companie.>; he would reprove sin and 
misbehaviour in any ^xirson, * etipeeially 
swearers, filthy talkers, and popifih prnters ; ' 
but the manner of his reproof was at once so 
earnest and so kindly that none could take 
ofience. His life was pissed in prayer and 
study. He seldom slept more than four hours, 
and he ate only one meal a da). In person 
he was tall and slender, of a somewhat *an- 

r'ne complexion, nnd with an auburn b«'ard. 
portrait of him (which is engraved in 
Balnea's * History nf Lancashire, ii. 243) is 
preserved in the Chetham Library at Man- 
chester. A more modem portrait is in Pem- 
broke Hall^ Cambridge. 

The following is a list of Bradford's wri- 
tings : 1. * The Divisyon of the Places of the 
Lawe and of the Gospelljgatberi^d owt of the 
hooly scriptures by Petrum Artopceum . . . 
Translated into Engl iwh/ Loudon, 1548, 8vo. 
2, *A Godlye Treatise of Prayer [by Me- 
lanchthon], translated into English,* l^ondon, 
n. d. 8vo. d. * Two Notabk* Sermonjii^ the one 
of Re|ientance, find the other of the l^orde's 
Supper; Ijondon, 1574, 1581, 151M>, 1617 ; the 
• Sermon on Eeiientftncp ' hnd Ijeen issued se- 




parately in lo63 and 1558. 4. * Complaint oF ] 
Veritye,' 1559 ; a short metrical piece printed 
in a collection i.ssued by William Copland. 

5. *A Godlye Medytacyon/ London, 1559. 

6. * Godlie Meditations upon the Lordes 
Prayer^ the Beleefe, and Ten Commande- 

' ments . . . wherf*unto is annt^xed n defence 
of the doctrine of God's eternal election and 
predestination/ London, 15t52,157K, lH*M,&c, 
t, * Meditations ; * from his aotogriiph in a 
copy of Ty nd al ti s Ne w Teh tarn en t . 8. * Med i- 
tationsand Prayers from manuscripts in Em- 
manuel College^ Cambridge, and ejs<*where.*" 
9. * All the Examinacions of the Constante 
Martir of God, M. John Brudforde, before 
the Lord ChanceHour, B. of Winchester, 
the B. of London, and other comij^gioners ; 
whereunto ar annexed bis priuate talk and 
conflietes in prison tifler his eondemnncion,' 
iS:c. 1561. 10. *■ Hurte of herin>r Ma.s(^e,' n. d. 
(printed bv Copland), 15N), 1596. 11. * A 
Iruitefidl ^Treatise and full of heaveulv con- 
solation against the fejire of death/ n. d. 
12. Five treatises, namely (1) *The Old Man 

; andtheNewf (2) * The llesh and the Spirit;^ 
(3) ' Defence of Election ; ' (4) * A^inst the 
Fear of Death ;* (5) * The Restoration of all 
Tilings.] 13. *Ten Declarations and Ad- 
dresses * 1 4. * A n E X horta tiou to t h e Brt?t b ren 
in England, and four farewells to London, 
Cnmltnd^e, Ijimcashire, and Chesliire, and 
Sidfron Wahhm ; ' from Coverdale's * Letters 
of the Martyrs 'and Foxe^s ' Acts and Monu- 
ments.* 15. ^ Sweet Meditations of the 
Kingdom of ChriHt/ n. d. 16, Letfers from 
Foxo a * Acta and Monuments/ 1563, 1570, 
and 1583; Coverdale's * l^»tters of the Mar- 
tyrs/ St rypi^'s * Ecclesiastical Memorials/ and 
manuscripts in Emmanuel Collegia, Cam- 
bridge, and British Museum. It is prctbable 
that Bradford contributed to *A Confuta- 
cion of Four Romish Doctrines/ a treatise en- 
titled *An Exhortacifm to the Carienge of 
Chryste'scrosse^ with a true and briefe confn* 
tacion of false and papiaticall drjctrvne,' n. d., 
printefl abroad. A complete collection of 
Hrnrl ford's writings, very carefully edited 
by Hev. Aubrey To wnsend, wns published at 
Cambridge for the Parker Society, 2 vols^ 
8vo, IWH^Sa 

FLife by Rev, Aubrey Townsend ; Foxe's Acts 
Rnn Monutuenta; Strype; HolHngworth's Man- 
cuiiieiiHis, ed. 1839, pp. 67-76; Bjiitii^'i^ Lancn- 
shirf. ii. 243-.i4 ; Fuller b Worthies ; Tariner's 
Bihl. Brit. ; Not^ei and Qut-ries. 2nd Her. i, 125; 
C<M'>per*H Athenflp Canuibrigieuses.] A. H. B. 

BRADFORD, Eakl OF. [See Newport, 
Fiuxci.s.] 

BRADFORD, JOHN {d, 1780), Welsh 
poet, wos bom early in ibo eighteenth cen- 



Bradford 



i6o 



Bradford 




tury. In 17*iO, while sit ill a boy^ he wa* ed- 
mitted a * disciple* of the bardic chair of 
Ohimorgtin, in which chiiir he hiiJii*i'lf pnv 
liidtHl in 1 TrvO. Some of [i\» |K>fmj*, * moml 
pieor>i nf greiii merit/ i4c**onliiig to l>r. Uwen 
ruirlns vivrv printed in h t.iitit«mi>onin'WeUh 
perio<iicul entitled the * Eargniwn.* 

[Oven Pughe'a Cninhniin Biography.] 

A» M. 



BRADFORD, JUHX (1 7 ri<l-l 805), dis- 
senting mini.'^ter, wa.s bom ftt H+>refnrd in 
1750, the M(in of ii clnrhier.eiUicateil nt Here- 
ford grtimmiir school, and nt Wndham Col- 
lege, Oxfont, where he tnok the degree of 
B,A. (Jn leaving c<«|le|y^ he accepted a 
curacy at Frelsham in Berkshire, where he 
murrieil when t wenty-eiizht yenr^ of ajje, and 
bad a fjvtnily of twelve children, Alxnit this 
time liis ndijirionp^ opiiii^niK ht««eiime dtH-ndedly 
CulviniHtic^ and he preached in several of 
Lndy Hnntin^ilonV clinprt^. On acconnt of 
this irri^^^iilnnty the recti»r di!*cliftrifed liim 
from hif* eiinicy* !Ie then jnineil the Countesj^ 
of Huntin)?d<>nV corm^^ction, fiTKl, after sp4'nd- 
itig some imw in Soutli Wides, n*movwl to 
Birming^ham, and pn?rtcbed with parent popu- 
larity in the old phiyhouHe» whieli the eoimteiis 
Imd purchased and made into a cha|)el for 
him. Subseipiently he It^ft the connection 
of the count ens for a new chapel in Bar- 
tholomew Streett supplementing" hh f^mall 
income by mnkin^ wittch-dtains< Not Iw^ing- 
mufX^easfulT he removed to Ijtitnlon in 171)7, 
ftnd preach*Hl till his death in the City Cbaj>el, 
Omb Street. He died 1(5 July 1805, and 
wnJihiiried in Bnnbill Fiehb. Some account 
of bis life is f^iven in an octavo volume, chtetly 
con t rovers i aU by b i .^ w ucce^jsor, W i 1 1 ia m W a 1 e.n 
Home. Bnvdford pul>li.«ibed : 1. *Tlie Law 
of Faitli o]ipo>5ed to the Law of Works/ Bir^ 
minj^hani^ 1787 (bein^an an^^wer to the baj)- 
tist circidar letter siiBpned Joslnia Thomo>«i). 
2. ' An Addre.sa to the Inhabitants of Now 
Btninswick, Nova Scotia, on the Mission of I 
two Ministers sent by the Count es^s of Hunt- I 
iiif^don/ I7KH. -i. * A {^1llectinll of Hymns* * 
(some i^t them composed by himself), 17^*2. 
4 *The Diilerence between True and False 
Holiness.' o. *A Chri.'?ti«n'N 3feetnes« for 

t Glory*' 6. M>mfort for the Freble-niinded/ ' 
7. * The Gospel spirit nrilly discerned/ H. *Gne 
Baptism.' A tine octavo edition of * Bun- 
yan's Fil pirn's I'rojrn^ss, wi^l^i Notes l*y John 
BrndfoTfl,' was pnhlishe<l in 1792. Mr. Odor 
K says, ^ These notes are very vahuible.* i 

' [Banyan's Works (od, Qffor), with notes to 

the ril^rim by Brailforil ; Oadsbv's Memoirs of i 
Hymn Writora ; Home » Life of the Rev. John j 
Bradford, 1806,] J. H. T. 



I BRADFORD. SAMUl'L, D.D. ( 1*152- 
; 173J), bishop sucoe^ively of Carlisle and 
; Rochester, wm the son of William Bmdford, ^ 
II citizen of Ixmdon, who diHtiii<fuished him* 
' s(df asa parish officer at the time of the plague,! 
and was born in St* Aime*s, BUckfriari, oa 
20 Dec. hio2. He \sha educated at 8t. Paur«i 
School ; and when the school vrtif^ closed, owii 
to the plague and the fire of London, he at 
tended the Charterhouse, He was admitted] 
to C^>r|nLH Christi, Cambridge, in I04t9, but 
left without a degree in conseouence of : 
lij^-ious scruples. He devoted hiiu.self for i 
time to the study of medicine ; but, his forme 
Hcffiples being removed, he waj* admitted in 
ltl80, through the favour of Archbisiiop San- ' 
croft, to the degree of M. A. by royal mandate, 
and was incorporated at Oxford on 13 Jidy 
l»»f>7. He shrank from taking orders until 
after the Revolution, and acted as private 
tutor in the families of several country gen->| 
tlemen. Bradford was ordained deiicou and 
priest in 1090, and in the spring of the foUoW'^J 
ing year was elect+ni by the governors of St, I 
Thomas's 1 lospitnl the ministerof theircburch-l 
in Southwark. He soon received the lecture-" 
ship of St. i[ar)*4e-BoWp and was tutor to the 
two grandsons of Arebbishop Tillotson, with 
w!iom be rt^sided at Carlisle House, Lambeth*, J 
In NtH ember U>9'1 l>r, Tillotson collated ■ 
Bradford to the rt3ftor>' of St. Mary-le-Bow ; 
he then resigned his minor eccleftiastical pre- 
ferments, but soon after acceptLnl the lecture- 
shijj of All Hallows, in Bread Street. 

Bradfonl was a frequent preacher l>efore 
the coqxjnition of I^ndrm, and was a staunch 
whig and protest ant. On 30 Jan. 10U8 he 
preached before William HI, who was so 
much pleast^l that in Mnrch lidlowing he ap- 
pointed Bradford one of the roval charilains 
in nl i n a ry . The 1 1 pi>o i u t me nt \\ aa cont i n ued 
by CJueen Anne, by whose com man d be was 
created DJ>. on the occH^ion of her visit to 
the university of Ciimbridgt% li\ April 1705; 
and on 23 Feb, 1708 was made a prebendary 



L 



ot" AVV'st minster. 

In ami Bradford delivered tlie Boyle lec- 
ture in St. Paul's Onthedral, and preached 
eight sermons on * The Credibility of the 
Cliristian llevelatioUp from itslntrinsick Evi- 
d e n€t\ ' Tb ese , \>' i t b a n i n t h senn o n preached 
in bis own church in Januarv' 1700, w^ere is- 
sued with other Boyle lectures delivered 
between WH and \7'4'J, m*\ Defence of Na- 
tural and R<-veale<j Ibdigion/ &c% 3 vols. foL, 
London, 1739. 

Bradford w^as elected master of Corpua 
Christ i College on 17 May 17 U\; and on 
21 Aiiril 1718 was noniinated to the bishop- 
ric ot Carli^le^ to which he wa^ consecFtited 
on 1 June following. In 1723 he waa triuis- 



Bradford 



i6i 



Bradford 



^ 



Idted to the see of Il<>che.Ht<^r, nnd was ttlg*:^ 
appointed to the deanery of Westminster, 
wliicU he held m cftmmemlam with the bi- 
shopric of Roehe»ter, In \7'2\ Bradford re- 
signed the toast«erj*hip of CorpiUJi Ohriftti, and 
in 1725 became the tirst dean of the revived 
order of the Bath. He died on 17 May 1731, 
lit t he dennery of West mi iiat er, and was buried 
in the abhey. 

Bradford *s wife, who wurvivtwl him, was 
a daughter of Captain EHi» of Medboume 
in LeiceJ?ter3shire^ and Ijore him one son 
and two daughters. One f»f die hitter wus 
nmrried to Ur, l^uben CI ark e, archdeacxm 
of Eeuiex, and the other to Dr. Jolin Deiine, 
archdeacon of Rochester. Wis son, the Rev. 
WilUam Bradford, died on 15 July 1728, 
a|[ted thirty-two, when he wa^ archdeacon of 
Bocheftteir and vicar of Newcastle-on-Tjne. 

Bradford published more than a score of 
eeparate sermons. One of these — a *■ Discourse 
oanc^ming'Bapri*'rnal and Spirit ual Regenera- 
tion/ 3nd ed., Hvo, London, 1709 — attained a 
Btngiii ar popiil ari t y . A n inf h edi t ion w as pub- 
lish ed in 1819 by the Society for Promofin^ 
Chri.stian Knowledge. 

[Orndujitt Cantab. 1787; 6«nL. Jklag. Mi%y 
1731 i Chronolofrifial Diary. 1731 : Birch's Life 
of Archbishop TilIoUon» 1752; IT i. story and An- 
tiqmtiea of Kochwter, &c.^ 1817; R. Mautorss 
HisL Corpus ChriKti Colt (Lamb), 18S1 ; Lo 
NeT©« Fasti, 1831.] A. H. G. 

BRADFORD. Sm THOMAS (1777- 
1853), general, was the oddest son of Inomas 
Bradford of Woodlands, near Doncaater, and 
Ashdown Park in Sussex^ and wii8 born on 
1 Dec. 1777. He entered the army as ensign 
in the 4th regiment on i30 Oct. 1793. He was 
promoted major into the Nottinghamshire 
Fencible^^ then stationed in Ireland^ i^i 1795, 
He gave pn>of of military ability during the 
Iriah rebellion, and in 1801 wa« promoted 
brevet lieutenant-c^tlonel, and apiwinted as- 
sistant adj utant-general in Scotland. He was 
again bronght onto the strength of the army 
aa major m ISOo, and serve<J with Auchmuty 
aa deputy adjutant-general in 1806 in the 
expedition to South America. In.Tnue 1B08 
he accompanied the force under Sir Arthur 
Welli»8ley to Portugal^ and was present at 
the battles of Vimeiro and Corunnn. f>n his 
return to England he became ttsslstant adju- 
tant-general at Canterbiiiy, and lieutenant- 
colonel in stxcce.^sion of the 34th and 82nd 
reciments in 1 609. In 1 8 10 he was promoted 
colonelf and took the command of a brigade 
in the Portnguese array. He proved himself 
one of the moat miecessful Portuguese briga- 
dier*i, and at the attack on the Arapiteg in 
the battle of Salamanca Bradford's brigade 

TOL. TI, 



k. 



showed itself worthy of a place beside the 
British army. In 1813 he was promoted 
major-general, and made a mariscal de eumpo 
in the Portuguese service, receiving the com- 
mand of a Portuguese division. He com- 
manded this divisiutr nt Vittoria, rit the «iege 
of San Sebastian, and in the battle of the 
Nive. At the battle before Bayonne he was 
BO severely wounded that he had to return to 
England. 

In 1814 he was placed on the staif of th© 
northern district, and made K.C.B, and 
K.T.8. ; hut he missed the battle of Water- 
loo, at wliich his younger brother^ Lieutenant- 
colonel Sir Henry Holies Bradford, K.C.B,, 
who had also bei^n a stad* uilicer in the 
Peninsula, was killed. He commanded the 
-Seventh division of the army of occupation 
in France from 1815 to 1817, and the troops 
in Scotland from 1819 till he was promoted 
lieutenant-general in May lH2o, and was then 
ttppointed commander-in-chief of the troopfl 
in tlie Bombay presidency. He held this 
command for four years, and on his return to 
I England in 1829 Received the colonelcy of 
the 38th regiment. In 1831 he was made 
G.C.H,, in 1838 G.C.B., in 1841 he was pro- 
moted general, and in 184t» exchanged the 
colonelcy of the 3Sth for tliat of the 4th regi- 
ment, lie died in London on 28 Nov. 1853, 
aged 75. 

[Royal Militaiy Calendar ; obituary notices 
in thts Times, Ooot. Mag., and Colbum's Uuited 
Service Magazine.] H. M. S. 

BRADFORD, WILLIAM ( 1 590-1 657), 
aecond governor of Plymouth, New England, 
and one of tbe founders of the colony » waa 
bnni in a small village on tbe southern border 
of Yorkshire. The name of the village is in 
Mathers * Magnaha,' the chief authorilv on 
his curly life, wrongly printetl An.steriield, 
and \V!i;« first identified as Aui*tertield by 
Jo.seph Hunter (Oillections concerning the 
Early HiJ^ktr^ of the Fomiders of Nem Eng- 
land). William was the elde^nt son and third 
child of William Bradford and Alice, daughter 
of John Hanson, and according to the entry 
.still t<} b+j found in the parish register was 
baptised 1 9 March 1 rj89-90. The family held 
the rank of yeomen, and in 1575 hhs two 
grandfathers, William Bradford and John 
Hanson, were the only pt^r-ions of property in 
the township. On the death of his father, 
on lo July 1591, he was left, according to 
Mather, with 'a comfortable inheritance,' 
and ^ was cast on the education, first of his 
grandparents and then of his uncW, who de- 
voted bim, like his ancestors, unto the aJfairs 
of liusbiuidry/ He ij* said to have had serious 
impressions of religion at the age of twelve 



Bradford 



Bradford 



or thirteen, aiui shortly afterwurtlM bt>gtLn to 
ttttetid the minisfry of rht^ liev. Mr. CliftoTj, 
puritftTi rtK'torof Bttbworth. Xotwith^tflnd- 
mg the 8trr>n|? op|K^*«irion of hin relatione and 
thescoffe of hi^ nei(flibt»iirs, lii^ juined the com- 
pany of puritan fn-parat hln, or Brnwnists, who 
liret met at the hoiLst* of William Brewster 
[q,y,] At Scrooby^ NottTn|rhniiif«hii^Jn I00i», 
and w«*re trresided over by Clifton. Tlie com- 
immity within a Bhort period obtained con- 
siderable acceH8ion8, but, beiii^ thrt^ateiit'd 
witli jierKecution.reHolved to remove toHol- 
hmd, Bnidford, alonj,? with the principal 
members oi the party, entered into nejfi^tia- 
tions with a Dutch captain who agreed to 
embark tliem at Bfiston^ but betrayed their 
intent inn to the miigintrate®, who sent Bome 
of them to prison^ and compelled others to 
return to their homej*. Brnaford after Heve- 
ral monthw' imprisonment succeeded, in the 
enriiig^ of the following: year, in reaching 
Zealand, and joining his friends in Amster- 
dam, he beenme Mpprnnticed to a Fn^ntdi 
protefitunt who wan enira^rtxJ in tliemanufac- 
t lire of silk. Ci n com i n ^ of ji pe h e con vert ed 
hiB e^tttte in England into money, and entered 
into burliness on his own account, in which 
he IS said to have bt^en somewhat unsucceBS- 
fiil. About BM)9 he removed with the com- 
munity to Ley den, nutl when, actiuited by a 
desire to li\'e as Englishmen under English 
rule, they resolved to emiprate to !*ome Eng- 
lish colony, he was anions the most zealous 
nnd active in tliepromotion of the enteqirise. 
Their choice lay b€*tween Guinea and New 
England, and ivas finally decided in favour 
of the latter. By t he assijitance of 8ir Edwin 
Sandys, treMj;urer, and aftervvarda govenior 
of Virifinia, a patent was prranted them for 
a tract of country- within that colony, and on 
f) Sept. 1020 Bradford, with the first com- 
]>any of * Fil^im Fathers/ numbenng' in all 
a hundred men, women, and children, em- 
barked for their destination in the Maytlower 
at Southampton. By stre.'iH of weather they 
were |ireventetl laiuUng within the territory of 
the Virginia Company, and thuling themselves 
in a reg;ion beyond the patent, I hey drew up 
and signed a compact of government before 
landing at the harbonrof Plymouth^already 
so named in Smith^ts map of ItUti lender 
this compact Carver was ehoN'u the first 
governor, and on his death on 21 A]>ril 1621 
the choice fell upon Bradford, who was elected 
every year continuously, with the exception 
of two intenals respectively of three years 
and two years at his own special request- 
Thin fact suHiciently indicates bis paramount 
influence in the colony, an influence due both 
to the unHelfiehness and gentleness of hia 
nature, and to his great practical abilities as 



a governor. Indeed, it was chiefly owing to 
his energy and forethought that the colony 
at the most critical period of its history waa 
not vi.«iited by over^^'belming disaster. Among 
the earliest acts of his administration was to 
aend an embassy to confirm a league with the 
Indian sachem of Masassoit, who was revered 
by all the natives from Narragansett Bay to 
that of Massachusetts. Notwithstanding hi» 
friendship it w as found necesaary, in 1622, on 
account of the threats of the sachem of Narm- 
gansett,to fortify the town, but no attack wa» 
made. Another plot entered into among cer- 
tain chiefs to exterminate the English wan, 
through the sacbem of Masassoit, disclosed to 
Bradford, and on the advice of the sachem 
the ringleaders were seized and put to death. 
The friendship of the Indiana, necessary as it 
was in itself, wbh also of the highest advan* 
tage on account of the threatened extinction 
of the colony by famine. The constant ar* 
rival of new cohinists frequenth' reduced 
them almoKt to the i*tar\ing point. The 
scarcity wa* increased by the early attempts 
at communism, and it was not till after an 
agreement that each family should plant for 
them^lyes on such ground as should be as- 
signed them by lot, that they were relievq^^ 
from the necessity of increafiing their suppla^H 
of provisions by traffic with the Indians. ^^^ 

In 1*129 a patent was obtained from the 
I coimcil of New Englaiul, vesting the colony 
I in trust in William Bradford, his heirs, asso- 
ciates, and afifiigns, confirming their title to 
a certain tract of land, and conferring t he- 
power to frame a constitution and laws. In 
I framing their laws, the model adopted by 
' the colonists was primarily and principally 
the ^ancient plattorm of God's law/ and 
secondly tlie laws of Englflud. At first the 
I whole body of freemen assembled for legis- 
lative, executive, and judicial business, but 
; in \iSM the governor and bis assistants were 
I constituted a judicial court, and afterwards 
the supreme judiciary. The firist assembly of 
represent at i^'es met in 1639, and in the fol- 
lowing year Governor Bradford, at their re- 
quest, surrendered the patent into the hands 
of the general eonrt, reserving to himself 
only his proportion as settler by previous 
agreement. He died on 9 May liW. His 
first wife, Dorothy May, whom he married at 
Ley den on 20 Kov. 1013, was drowned at 
Cape Cod harbour on 7 Dec. 1620, and on 
14 Aug. 1623 he married Alice Carpenter^ 
w^idow of Edward South worth, a lady with 
whtim he had l)een previously acquainted in 
England, and who, at his request, Imd arrived 
in the colony with the view of being mar- 
ried to him. By his first marriage he had 
one son, and by bis sectuid two sons and a 



Bradford 



163 



idford 



ma 

Kbe 



i 



slighter. His sotL William^ by the second 
arriage (bom on 17 June 1624^ died on 
I Feb, 1703-4), was deputy-governor of the 
lony, and attained high distinction during 
le wars witb the Indinns, 
Though not enjoying Hpecial educational ad- 
tagea in early liie, Bradford poHsessed ' 
ore literary culture than waa common I 
kmong those of similar occupation to him- 
self. He had 8ome k^pw ledge of Latin and j 
Greek, and knew suihcieDt Hebrew to enable 
him to *8©e with bia own eyea I he ancient , 
oractea of God in their native beauty/ He * 
WM &Uo well read in hij?itory and philosophy, 
And ui adeut in the theological disciii*«ion 
peculiar to tbe time. He employed much of | 
ma leisiu-e in literary composition, but the 
inly work of his which appeared in his life- 
e wtis * A Diary of Oeeurrencea ^ during 
e first vear of the colony, from their laud- 
g at Cfape Cod on 9 Nov. 1620 to 18 Dec. 
1621. Thit* book, written in conjunction 
with Edward W'inslow, was print^^tl at 
London in 16:^1*^ with a preface signed by 
G. Mourt. The manuscripts he left behind 
him are thus referred to in a clause of hi« 
will : * I commend uuto your wisdom and 
discretion soma small hooka written by my 
own hand, to be improved as you shall see 
meet. In aptK'inl I commend to you a little 
Ijook with a black cover, wherein there is a 
word to Plymouth, a word U^ Boston, and a 
word to New EuglandJ These books are all 
written in verse, and in the Cabinet of the 
Historical Societ vof Massachusetts there is a 
transcript copy of these verses which bears date 
1657. It contains (1) *Some observations 
of God*8 merciful dealings with us in this 
wildeniess,' published tirst in a fragmentary 
form in 1794 in vol. lii. Ist series, pp. 77-84, 
of the 'Collections of the xMassachusetts His- 
rical S<iciety,' by Bittlknap, among whose 
pers the fragment of the original tuanu* 
ript was found, and in I808 presented 
the society ; publialied in complete form 
in the * Proceedings' of the society, 1869-70, 
jp. 465-78; (2) 'A Word to t^lymouth,* 
firat published in * Proceedings,' 1B69^70, 
pp. 478-82 ; (3) and (4) * Of Bost<)n in New 
England/ and * A Word to New England,' 
published in 1838 in vol. vii., 3rd series of the 
'Collections;' (5) ' Epitaphium Meum/ pub- 
liahed in Morton's ' Memorial,* pp, 2(U-5 of 
Bavis's edition ; and (6) a lon^f piece in verse 
on the religious sects of New England, which 
has never l>een published. In 1841 Alexander 
Young published * Chronicle* of the Pilgrim 
Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth from 1602 
to 16:25,' containing, in addition to other 
tract.s, the following writings belonging t<.» 
Bradford : (1) A fragment of his 'Hij^tory of 




the Plymouth Plantation,' including the his* 
tory of the community before its removal to 
Holland down to 1 620, when it set sail for 
America, printed from u manuscript in the 
records ot the First Church, Plymouth, in 
the handwriting of Secrettiry Morton, with 
the inscription, * This was originally peaned 
by 3Ir, Wm. Bradford, goverunr of New 
Plymouth;" (2) the * Diary of Oecurrencas* 
reierred to above, first printed 1622, again 
in an abridged form by Purchas 1625, in 
the fourth volume of his * Pilgrims,' thus re- 
printed 1802 in vol. viii. of the Masaat^bu- 
setts Historical Society * Collections,' and the 
portions omitted to the abridgment reprinted 
with a number of em^rs in vol, xlx, of the 
'Collections/ from a manuscript copy of the 
original made at Philadelphia ; (tl) * A Dia- 
logue or the Bum of a Conference between 
some young men boni in New England and 
sundry ancient men that came out of Hol- 
land and Old England/ 1648, printed from 
a complete copy in the recortls of the First 
Church, Plymouth, into which it was copied 
by Secretary Morton, but existing also in 
a fragmentary form in the bandivriting of 
Bradiord in the Cabinet of the MuKKucbu- 
setts Historical Society ; (4) a * Memoir of 
Elder Brewster,' also copied by Morton from 
the original manuscript intf) the church re- 
cords ; (5) a fragment of Bradford's letter- 
book, containing letters to him, rescued from a 
grocers shop in Halifax, theearlie^nd more 
valuable part having been destroyed. Brad- 
ford was the author of two other dialogues 
or conferences, of which the second has ap- 
parently perished, but the third, *concerniug 
the church and govermnent thereof/ having 
the date 1652, was found in 1826 among some 
old papers taken from the remains of Mr* 
Prince s collection, belonging to the old South 
Churcb of Boston, and published in the * Pro- 
ceedings ' of the Ma.'vsaebusett.^ Historical So- 
ciety, 1869-70, pp. 406-iM. Copies of 86Ydr«l 
of his letters were published in the * Collec- 
tions 'of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 
voL iii, Ist series, pp. 27-77, and his letters to 
J ohn Winthrop in voL vi. 4th series, pp.1 66^61 . 
The manus-cripts of Bradford were made use 
of by Morton, Prince, and Hutchinson for 
their historical works, and are the prinripnl 
authoritie^s for the early history of the colony. 
Besides the maniisc*ripts idready mentioned^ 
they had access to a connected * History of 
the Ply mouth Plant at ion/ by Bradiord, which 
at one time existed in Bradford's own hand- 
writing in the New England Library, but 
was suppo.sed to have been lost during the war 
with England. Li Anderson's * History of 
the Colonial Church,' pubUshed in 184^, the 
manuscript was reierred to as * now in the 

h2 



Bradford 



Bradford 



pometsion nf the Bishop of Tendon/ but 
the statement not liaving comv' under thf* 
notice of any one in New England intert?«ted 
in the mutter, it waa not till 1 860 that wr- 
tuin parttffraplw in a *Hi8t<iry of the Vto- 
test&nt ™iiiCT>pal Church of America/ by 
Samuel Wilberforce^ published in 1846, pro- 
femedly <|uott?d from a * MS. History nf Ply- 
mouth in the Fulham Library/ led to its 
ident ifieat ion. The*te para^^plis w«re shown 
by J. W. Thornton to the liev. Mr Barr>% 
author of * The IIisifor\^ of ^lasHnchiisetts/ 
who brought them iiTid€*r the imtict^ of Sam- 
G. Drake, by whom they were at once iden- 
tified with certain passages from Bradford*;^ 
* History/ ouoted by the earlier historians. 
On inquiry m England the siu-mine was con* 
firmetl, and a copy havingr be4?n made from 
tho manuscript in Bradford's liandwTiting in 
the Fulhani Lihrarj% it was published in 
ToL iii. (1850) of the 4di series of the * Col- 
lections ' of the Ma8s. Hist. Soc. Th^ maou- 
acript y supposed to ha ve been taken t o Eng- 
lana in 1774 by Governor Hutehinsnn, who 
h the la«t person in America known to have 
had it in hh po8se*<ion. The printed book- 
plate of the TSew England Library in pasted 
on one of the blank leave8. 

[The chief original sources for the life of Brad- 
foKi are his own writings ; Matlters Magnaha, 
Tol. ii. cliap. 1. ; ShurtTeff's Riswjllectiona of tbe 
PilgriniH in Kuewieirs G-aMlt^ to Plymouth; Mor- 
tiOn's Memorial ; Hunter's Collections concerning 
the Early History of the Founders* of Now Ply- 
mouth, 1849. ^walso Belknap'g Americaa Bio- 
graphy, ii» 217-51 ; Young's Chronicles of the 
Pilgrima; Feeaenden s Geneiilogy of the Bradford 
Family ; Savage's Oeaealogical Dictionary of the 
YiTst Settlers of New England, i, 231 ; Eaine's 
Hktory of the Parish of Blytij HutcblmcMi^s 
History of Maasachusetts ; CoHectiona of th« 
Hassacbusetts Historical Society, 4th s«riea, 
Tol. iii. ; Winsop's Governor Bradford's Manu- 
flcript History of Plymouth PJautation and itJi 
Traosmisiiion to our Times, 1881 ; Dean's Who 
identified Bradfoni's Manuscript? 1883.1 

T. k H, 

BTLABFORD, WILLL^M (16G3-1752), 
the first printer in Pennsylvania, was the 
aon of William and Anne BrafHord f>f Lei- 
cest^TBhire^ where the family had held a f^ood 
position for several ;?enerat ions. He is usually 
said i^ have been born in lfjo8, and ou his 
tombstone the date h IfKX), but both dates 
are contradicted by the * American Almanac* 
for 1739^ printed by himself, where, under the 
month of May, the following' entry appears : 
' The printer bom the 20th, 1063/ He learned 
hiB art in the office of Andrew Sowles, Grace- 
church Street, London. Sowles was an inti* 
mate friend of Wilhom Penn and George F*ox, 



and his daughter Elixabeth married Bradford. 
It pays much for the enlightened forethought 
of Penn that he indueed Bradford to ac- 
I company him in his first voyage to Penn- 
I aylvania, on which he mailed 1 Sept. 1^2. 
Bradford returned to London, but he set out 
again in 1*185^ hoping to **mbrace within his 
operations the whole of the middle colonies. 
In 1092 he was printing for Pennsylvania, 
New York, New Jersey, and Rhode Island^ 
and in 1702 abo for Maryland. The earliest 
issue from his press is an almanac for U^l 
(printed in I680), entitled * AmericA's Mes- 
seng*^r/ of which there 18 a copy in the 
Quakers* Library, Ijondon. In 1686. along 
with 6ome Gemiaua of the name of Uitten- 
hoUHe, he erected on the Wissahickon, near 
Philftdelphia, the first paper-mill ever esta- 
bliehed in America. Apart from almanacs 
his first publication was in 11388, a volume 
entitled *The Temple of Wisdom,' which in- 
cluded the essays and religious meditAtiona 
of Francis Bacon. t)f this bo^^k there is 
I a copy in the Quakers' Libmry, London. 
The honour of being the first to propose the 
printing of the Bible in America is Uj^nualiy 
^ URHigned to Cot ton Mather, but in 1088, seven 
I years before Mather, Bradford had entered 
upon the project of printiuga copy of the Holy 
' Scriptures with marginal notes, and with the 
Boott of Giimmon Prayer. In 1689 he was 
summoned before the governor and council 
I of Pennsylvania for printing the charter. 
,i During t6e disputes in the colony caused by 
I the proceedings of George Keith, Bradford, 
\ who sided with Keith, was arrested for pub- 
I lishing the ^\^*itings of Keith and Budd, and 
his press, type, and instruments were seized. 
Not only» however^ were they reetored to him 
by Met eher, governor of New York, during his 
temporary administration of Pennsyh^ania, 
but at the instance of hlt^tcher he went to 
New York, where, on 1:2 Oct. 1*V93, he was 
appointed royal printer at a salary of 40/,, 
which was raised in 1096 to &}L, and in 
1702 to 75/. In 1703 he was chosen deiu^on 
of Trinity Church, New York, from which 
he received ♦iO/. on bond, to enable him to 

?rint the Common Prayer and version of the 
'salms, and when the enterprise did not jmy 
the bond was returned to him. In \72l^ he 
began the publicfltion of the *■ New York 
Ga2ette,*the first newspaper published in New 
York, which he edited until his eightieth 
year. lie was also api>ointed king's printer 
for New Jersey, a« appears from the earliest 
copy of the laws of that state printed in 1717* 
He died on 22 May 1752 at the age of eighty- 
nine. He was buried in the groimds of 
Trmity Ohurch, New York, where there is 
a monument to his memorv. His character 



IB thus summed up in the * New York Ga- 
zette * of 25 Mny 1751* : * He was a mail of 
great sobriety and industry, a real frieod to 
the poor and needy, and kind «.nd utrahli? to 
jilL He was a true Englishman. His t<?m- 
perance was exceedingly conspicuous, and he 
was a stranger to sic]me8fi all his life; 

j;New York Gazette, 25 May 1 762 ; New York 
Historical Magazine, ill, 171-76 (containing ca- 
talogue of works printed by him), vii. 201-11 ; 
Simpiion's Livea of Eminent Fhiladf^lphiEina, 
1869, pp, 124-0; Peningtoii'8 An Apostate ei- 
posed, or Qeorge Keith contradicting himself 
and hia brother Bradford, 1695; tlitj Trjah. of 
Peter Boss, George Keith, Thomas Budd, and 
Wm. Bradford, Qnaken;, for several great mi»- 
demeanouTK (as was pretendkl by their adver- 
nries) before a Court of Quiikersi, at the Bes«ion 
held at Philadelphia, in Pe^nnF^vlvatiia, Dlh. luth, 
and 12th day of December 1692, printed first 
beyond the aea, and now leprtated io Loadon 
for Rich. Baldwin, in Warwick Lane, 1693.1 \ 
■ T. F.H. 

^BRADICK, AVALTEK (1706-1794), a] 
merchant at Lisbon, v,a» ruined by the earth- , 
ouake which destroyed that city in 175*1, 
Returning to England Iw had tht^ further 
misfortune to lo»e hijri (r^yesight, and in 1774, 
on the nomination of the queen, he was ad- 
mitted to the ChortLThoose^ whert> he died 
on 19 Dec. 1794. He published, 1765, ^ Clio- 
ileth, or the Royiil Freachi^r,' a poem, and he 
i the author of * jieveral detuched puWica- 
A contemponiry recorfl of his death 
as that ^Choheleth' * will be a luijting 
timony to hia al>ilitieft/ but it may be 
ubted whetht^rthe work iji now tL\tant. 
rpnfomitttion from Master of CharterhonHo j 
Gent. Mag. Ixv* pt, i, d3.] J. M. S. 

BRADLEY, CHARLES (1789-1871), 
eminent as a preacher and writer of sennona 
publiahed between 18 lb and Iftfi^l, belonged 
to the evangelical Kdnwl of tlie chundi of 

ttrland. He was lx>m at Hal^tead, p^stM?x, 
February 1789. His parents, Thf>mas and 
n Bradley, were both of York.shire origin, 
Ijut settled in Wallingford^ where their son 
Otarles, the elder of two stjui?, pusijed the 
ttter part of the first twenty-five years of 
I life. He married, in 1810, Catherine Shep- 
of Yattenden, took pupil** and edited 
eral school fxjoks, one or two of which are 
I in use* He wa?*, for a t ime after hie mar- 
e, a member of St. Edmund Hall, OxJVird, 
at waa ordained on reaching^ the age of 23, 
without proceeding to a degree, and in 1812 
became curate of High Wycombe. Here for 
many years he combined the work of a 
private tutor with the sole charge of a large 
parish. Among his pupilB were the late 




Mr, Smith O'Brien, the leader for a abort 
time of the so-called national party in Ire* 
land ; Mr, Bonamy Price, professor of poli- 
tical economy in the uniyeri*ity of Oxiord; 
and Archdeacon Jacob, well known for more 
than half a century in the diocese and city 
of Winchesters IIii« powers na a preacher 
soon attracted attention. He formed the ac- 
quaintance of William Wilbt*rforce, Thomas 
Scott, the commentator, Daniel Wilson, and 
others ; and a volume of sermons^ published 
in 1818 with a singularly lV«licitoug dedica- 
tion to Ijord Liverpool, followed by a second 
edition in 1820, had a wide circulation. The 
sixth edition was published in 1824, the 
eleventh in l8o4. 

Li the year 1825 he was presented by 
Bishop Ryder (then bishop of St. Davids, 
aftenvards of Lichlirld ) to the vicarage of 
OlasbiiT} in Brecknockshire, HeJ*e a volume 
of sermons was published in 1825, which 
reached a ninth edition in 1854. He retained 
the living of Glasbury till his death, but in 
the year 1B29 bocame the first incumbent of 
St, James's Chajiel at Chipham in Surrey, 
where he resided, with some periods of absence, 
till 1852. 

By this time his n^pntatinn as a preacher 
was fully est libl i^ihed. His si riking fact^ and 
figure and dignified and imprcKsive delivery 
added to the effect produced by the substance 
and style of his sennons, which were pre- 
pared and written with unusual care and 
thought. A volvime of sermons published in 
1831, followed by two volumes of * Practical 
Sermons* in 18*36 and 1838, by * Sacramental 
Sermons ' in 1842, and ^ Sermons on the Chris- 
tian Life' in 185ii, had for many years an 
exceedingly large circo lut ion , and were widely 
preached in other pulpit h than his own, not 
only in England and \\ ales, but in Scotland 
and America. t)f lute years their sale greatly 
declined, but tlu3 interest taken in them hfia 
revived, and a volume of selections was pub- 
lished in 1884. 

Quite apart from the eluiracter of their 
contents, as enforcing the practical and spe- 
culative side of Christianity fi'om the pt>int 
of view of the earlier leaders of the evange- 
lical party in the cluircb of England, the 
literary merits of Bradley's sermons will 
probably give I hem a lasting place in litera- 
ture of the kind. No one can read them 
without being struck by theif singular sim- 
plicity and force, and at the same time by 
the sustained dignity and purity of the lan- 
guage. 

Bradley was the father of a numerous 
family. By his first wife, who died in 18^il, 
he had thirteen children, of whom twelve 
survived him. The eldest of six sous waa 




the late Rev. C, Bradley of S/iuthgate, well | 
known in educational circles. The fourth is • 
the present deMi of Westminster (Inle master 
of UniverBity CoUege, Oxfonl.and formerly of 
Marlbirough College). By hm second mar- 
riftge in 1840 with Emma^ daughter of Mr, 
John Linton, he also left a large family, one 
of whom is Herbert Bradley, fellow of Mer- 
ton College, Oxford ^ author of a work on 
ethics and another on logic ; another, Andrt^w 
Cecil, fellow of Balliol, m professor of English 
literature at Liverpool. 

Bradley spent the last period of his life at 
Cheltenham, where he died in August 1871. 

[Personal knowledge.] G. G. B. 

BRADLEY, GEORGE (1816^1803), 
jonmalist^ was horn at Whitby in Yorkshire 
in 1810, and apprenticed to a firm (if printers 
in his native town. .4Jlter l>eing for several 
ye4irB a re]K>rter on the *■ York Herald * he 
was appf)inted editor of the ' Sunderland and 
Durham County Herald/ and abowt 1848 \w 
became editor and one of the prnpriftora of 
the * Newcastle Guardian,* He resided at 
Newcastle until his death on 14 Oct. \mS, 
being greatly respected, and for a consider- 
able period an influential memlx^r of the 
town council. Bradley published * A Con- 
cise and Practical System of Short *hand 
Writing, with a brief Hij*tory of the PrognMS 
of the Art. Illn.strated by i*ixreen engraved 
lesflons and exercises/ London, 1843, l2mo. 
The system is a variation of Dr. Mavor s. 

[Whitby Time^^, 23 Oct. 1863; Rtxikwells 
Teaching, Practice, and Liiorature af Shorthand, 
70.] T. C, 

BEABLEY, JAMES (1693-^1762), as- 
tronomer-royulp was the third son of William 
Bradley, a descendant of a family seated at 
Bradley Ciistle, county Durham, from the 
fourteenth century, by his murriage, in 1678, 
wilh Jane Pound of Bishop's Danning in 
Wiltehire. He was hwn at Sherboum in 
Gloucestershire, probably in the end of March 
1693, but the date is not precisely ascertain- 
able. He was educated at the Nort bleach 
grammar school, and was admitted as a com- 
moner to Bailiol College, Oxford, 15 March 
171 1, when in his eighteenth v ear, proceeding 
B.A. 15 Oct, 1714, and M.aI 21 June 1717. 
His university career had little i*hare in 
moulding his g;eniiLs. His uncle, the lie v. ' 
James Pound, rector of \\'anstead in Essex, 
was at that time one of the best astronomicjil 
observers in England. A wnrm attnchroent 
sprang up between him and his nephew. He 
nursed him thronj^h the small-pox in 1717; 
he reinforced the scanty supplies drawn from 
ft &onij strait enefl home; above all, he 



discerned and cultivated hia extraordinary 
talents, Bradley quickly acquired all his 
instructor's skill and more than his ardour. 
Every spare moment was devoted to co- 
operation wiJh him. His handwTiting ap- 
pears in the Wanstead books from 1715, and 
the journals of the Rovul Society notice 
a communication from Lim reg»irtiing the 
aurora of 6 March 1716. He was formallv 
introduced to the learned world by Halley, 
who, in miblishing his observation fif an ap- 
pulse of Palilicium to the moon, 5 Dec. 1717, 
prophetically described him as *eruditua 
iu%'enis,qui simnl industna et ingenio pollena 
his Btudiis promovendis aptissimns natus 
est' {PML Tram. xxx. 863). The skiO with 
which he and Pound together deduced from 
the opposition of Mars in 1719 a solar paral- 
lax between 9"" and 12% was praised by the 
same authority (ik xxxi. 114), who again 
imparted to the Royal Society * some very 
curious observations' made by Bnidley on 
Mars in October 1721, implying a parallax for 
the sun of less than 10^' ( Journal Books M. 
Soc. 1(5 Nov. 1721). The entr>^ of one of 
these states that ' the 1 5-ft*et tu1>e was moved 
by a machine that made it to keep pace with 
the fitars' (Bbableit, MUoellaneons Works^ 
p. 350), a remarkably early attempt at giving 
automatic movement to a telescope. 

Doubtless with the view of investigating 
annual parallax, Bradley noted the r^tive 
l>ositions of the component stars of y Virginis, 
12 March 1718, and of Castor, 30 March 1719 
and I Oct. 1722. A repetition of this latter 
observation about 17^9 brought the di.scovery 
of their orbital revolution almost within hia 

frasp, and, transmitted by Maskelyiie to 
lerschel, !<er\'ed to confirm and correct it» 
theijr)* {PhiL Trarnt, xciii. 363). 

Bnidley s first sustained res4!arch, however, 
was concerned with tlie Joviiin svstcm. He 
early begun to calculate tlie tabular errors of 
each eclijjse observed, uud t he ooHation of older 
observations with his own afforded him the 
discover>^ that the irregnlaritiei* of the three 
inner Kntellites (rightly attributed to their 
mutual attraction) recur in the same order 
after 437 days* His 'Corrected Tables 'were 
finished in 1718, but, though printed in the 
f(d lowing year with HiillevV * Planetjiry 
Tubles,' remained mipuhlished until 1749, by 
which time they had become obsolete. The 
appended * Remarks ' (Work^^ p, 81), de- 
scribing the -i:i7-day cycle, are stated by the 
minutes to Im^e been read before the Royal 
Society 2 July 1719. Bradley was then 
iilready a fellow; he was elected 6 Nov* 1718, 
on the motion of Hulley, and under the pre- 
sidential sanction of Newton, 

The choice of a profession meantime l»- 



Al 



* 



I 



* 



I 
I 



* 



I imperative. He Imd been broufflit up 
to the cLurch, and in 1719 Hotttlly, Disliop 
of Hereford, presented him to the vicjimgtj of 
Bridstow. Un thi* title, accordinglv, liw wjis 
ordained deacon at St. Paurs, 24 May« and 
priest, 26 July, 1719. Early in 1720 the sine- 
cure ivctory of Lliindewi-Velfry in IVm- 
broke*jhire was pri»cured for him by his friend 
Samuel Molyneux, t^ecretary to the l*rince of 
W«iles, and he aUo became chaplain to the 
bishop of Hereford. II iy prospect** of promo- 
tion were thus con^idt^nibfe, but be continued 
to frequent Wanstead, luid took an early op- 
portunity of extricatinf^ hims^elf from a poj?i- 
tion in which hh duties Wf re M variance with 
his indinAtiouB. The tSaviliHii chair of as- 
tronomy at Oxford heeame vacant by the 
death of Keill in Auffust 1721. Bradley was 
elected to till it ^l Oct,, and, immediately re- , 
atjming bi^ preferment?*, fciiitid himself free to 
follow hig bent on an income which amounted ' 
in 1724 to \mi. ^s. m. He read bis in- I 
auifural lecture 20 April 1722. 

in 1723 we find bim iisKLSling Ms nnele 
in experiments upiin Hadley*H new reflector 
{Phil. Trans, xxxii. ^2} ; iind Had ley *s ev- | 
Ample and inatructions encouraged him, abiut j 
the same time, to attempt the grinding of 
specula (Smith, A Comphat System af Op- I 
ticks f ii. 302 J, In this be was only partially 
«iicce8«ful, thouj^b bis mechanical skill sufficed 
At all times for the repair and adjust meiit of 



Ilia inatrumenta. Hi« observations and ele- 
ments of a comet discovered by H alley 9 Cfct. 
1723 formed the subject of his first paper in 
* Philosophical Transactions* (xxxiii, 41 ; Bee 
Newton b Principia, ^ird edit. lib. iii. prop. 42, 
p. 523, 1 726 ). Bmdley waB the first Buccessor 
of Halley in the then laborious task of com- 
puting the iirbit*< of comets. He published 
purabolic elemental for thoKe of 1737 and 1757 
{Phil. Tram. xl. iii, L 408), and by lii.s com- 
munication to Ijeraonniet of the orbit of, and 
procetts of Ciilculation applied to, the comet \ 
of 1742, knowledge of nis method became 
diffused abroad. 

By the death of Pounds which took place 
16 Nov, 1724, he lost *a relation to whom he 
was dear, even more than by the ties of blood/ ] 
He oontinued, however, to obi^r^'e with bis ; 
iastrumentSp Jind to reside with hiH widow 
(visiting Oxford only for the delivery of his 
lectures) in a small house in the town of 
Wanfitead memorable m the scene of hi.** chief 
discoveries. On 26 Nov. 1725, a 24:J-ftwt te- 
lescope by Graham was fixed in the direction 
of the zenith al the honseof Mr.Baiuuel Moly- 
neux on Kew Green. It hud been resolved by 
bim and Bradley to subject HookeV supposed 
detection of a large parallax for y Draconis to 
A searching In(^uiry^ and the first observation 




for the purpose waa made by >Iolyneux at 
noon 3 Dec. 1725. It waa repeated by Bradley, 
'chiefly through curiosity,' 17 Dec, when, I o 
bis Kurprihe, he found the ntar p/uss a little more 
to the south wanl. Tbi?* unexjxected change, 
which wail* in the opjwsite directitm to what 
eould have been produced by parallax, con- 
tinued, in Hpite of every precantifin against 
error, at the rate of about V* in three days ; 
and at the end of a year's obser^^ation the »tar 
bad completed an oscillation 39" in extent. 

Meanwhile an explanation waa vainly 
sought of this enigmatical movement, per- 
ceived to be shared, in degrees varying with 
their latitude, by other ^tars. A nutation of 
the earthV axis \va.s firnt thought of, and a test 
star, or ^anti-Uracn,' on the oppo^site side of 
the pole (35Camelo]iardi) was watched from 
7 Jan. 1726; buttheyjw/ifr/yof its motion was 
insulficient to 8upi>ort that bypotliesis. The 
frienda next considered * what refract i<m 
might do/ on the snp|)osition of an annual 
change of figure in the earth's atmosphere 
through the action of a resisting metlinm ; 
tills too was discarded on closer exomi nation. 
Bradley now resolved to prf>cure an instru- 
ment of his own, and, 19 Aug. 1727, a 2enith- 
stK*torof 12^ feet radius, and 121^*^ range, wa^ 
mounted for him by Graham m the upper ! 
part of his aunt's bouse. Tlienceforth ho 
triisteil entirely to the Wanstead results. A 
year'ft asyiduims Uf^e of this instrument gave 
him a set of empirical rules for the annual 
apparent mot ions of stars in various parts of 
the sky ; but he had almost desnaired of being 
able to account for them, when an unex- 
pected illumination fell upon bim. Acconi- 
mnying a pleasure fmrty in a »<ail on the 
Thames one day about Septemher 1728, be 
noticed that the wind seemed to shift each 
time that the bout put about, and a question 
put tot!ie bnatnnin brought the (to bim) signi- 
ficant reply that the cbange^^ iu direction of 
the vane at the top of the mfu*t were merely 
due to changej^ in the bont*s course » the wind 
remaining steady throughout. Hi is was the 
clue be needed. He divined at once that the 
progressive transmission of light, combined 
with the advance of the earth in its or hit, must 
cause an annual shifting of tht? dirfctmn in 
which the heavenly bodies are seen, by an 
amount de]iendiug upon the ratio of the two 
velocities. Working uul the proljlem in de- 
tail, he found that the conftfMjiiences agreed 
perfectly with the rules already deduced from 
observation, and announced his memorable 
discovery of the * aberrution of light ' in the 
form of a letter to Halley, read before the 
Royal Society U and 16" Jan. 1729 {PhiL 
Trans, xxxv, 637}. 

Never was a more niinutely sattsfictorj 



Bradley 



t68 



I 



I 



I 



i'XplAiiatioti offf^ml uf n highly complex plie- 
nomenon. U wiw n<?v<*r disputed, and li&s 
aoaroelv bi*eii mrrwted, Jiradli>y found the 
' con8tiint ' of ftbcTTntion \o be 2()-25" ( rediie- 
in^it, however, in 1748 t(»2t>"). St nive fixed 
it at 20'44*V'. Hnullry ormcludfd, from the 
amniint of alM^mitinn, the velocity of light to 
lie suHi fts to brinp: it from tho nun to the 
ciirth m H" 1*5*. Hltlioiig^h Hopmer had, from 
nctuttl <ilj*eniiti«»ti| wtirantiMl the inttrvftl at 
U'". Tlu» b****t rHCHiil deteniiiniitirm (Oln^e- 
imppM) of fho Mi^dit e^^ujitintr ig 8"* 21'. 
HnidUy'K di'moti*<trHtinn nf Ins rules for 
nbi'rnition n'miiiutnl unpnhli»lied till 1832 
( }iHrk9,ii. *j87 ). ^ '♦' c>l>8rrved only the effects 
in dtTliuHtiou; but hit* tljei^ni w»s verified as 
n^gnnlM rl^hi nweiision iilw». hy Eustnohio 
jiaufn^d* jtt IVilogriH in ITl'V*- Tho subject 
waa fully invent iffwtod by Clairaut in 1^;^ 
(M^. tf^ f^f"^ 1 ^^^^' P- '■^^^>- *'^" iniportant 
i^coridan' inferi'nce fnmi the ^\ anntead ob- 
eer\Httion8 whk rhut of rh*' viist di^tflntvK of 
even the hntrhter f*tan^. Hmdley stated deci- 
piveh thai tli*' pnniUnx neitherof y DrBConis 
nor of n I'l^f*^ IMiiions rcadit'd 1'', and be- 
lieved that lier^hould bave deUMttnl half that 
quantity iPMi. Tnni». xxxv. *i*J^l Dmihh 
paml luxes are tlier^' ^]Milten of). This well* 
grounded a.^nuranee j*lio\v,s an extrnordinary 
advance in exnctne.*iH of observjitinn. 

Bradley 8uceeede«l Whiteside a*t lecturer 
on ex pri mental phsluf^ojjby nt Oxford in }72% 
and re.siptied tlie jmi^e in 17<)(>, after the close 
of his !ie\enty-ninlh course. There was no 
end<>wnient^ Lord ( VeweV iM^nefiiction of *MH. 
|M;'r annum beeonun^ payabh* only in 1749; 
but ItM^^R f*f thrt'c j^nineuj^ a course, with Hti 
avenige attendance of fifVy-neven, produced 
einoluments sufficient lor hi^ wants. His 
lectures were delivennl in the Ashjnotean 
MuSfunii of which he vainly sought the 
keepership in 17^11. In 1 73t^ he took a share 
in a trial at sea of 1 ladley'ft sextants, and wrote 
a letter w a nnly com mend at ory of the inven- 
t ioi I ( W V/rA'^T p- ^Ut*i ) . H is re m o^ii 1 to i J xtord 
occurred in May of I be same year, when he oc- 
cupied a houm- in New (Vdlege Ijine attached 
ro hii^ ]>rofej<«f>rHhiiK His aunt, 1^1 ra* Pound, 
accompanied him, with two of her nephews, 
and lived with him there five years. He I nui«- 
ijorted thither most of \ih instruments^ hut 
left Graham's s^ector undif^turhed. An im- 
portant invefitigation wa<^ in progress by its 
njean^*, for the purposes of whicn he made duT- 
inp the next bfteen years jjeriodical visitfl to 
\Vansteftd. 

It is certain that Halley desired to have 
IJnulley for \m succes^r^ ami it is even said 
I bat he offered to resign in bis fiivoim But 
death anticipated hiw project, 14 Jan» 1742. 
Through the urgent representat ion sof George, 



Bradley 



lemri of Mncclf^eld, who quott^l to' Lord- 
chancellor Ilardwicke NewtouV dictum that 
le WB* Mbe be^.t astronomer in Europe/ Brad- 
A^.r^^JlPP?'"**'*' astroncimer-roval 3 Feh. 

I i/4^. The honour of a degree of DT) ^ 

! ST L^ "P^" ^^^ ^y ^ploi^a at Oxf< 
I ;,- ^**^7 J"^'^ »" J^«? he went to live _ 
Green w,eh His first care wii« to remedv, bo' 
(ar as p..s8ible, the miserable state of the in- 
BtmmentH, and to procure an afisiatatit in lh% 
person of John Bradley, son of his eldest 
brother, who, at a stipend of 26/.. diligently 
carried out bis in.^truetiona during fourteen 
andTireen^''* "^pl^t^^^ siiccesei vely by Ma«on 

' Witii untiring and well-directed zeal Brad- 
lev laboured at the duties of his new office. 

I "% r^^i-h' ^'?^ ^''^^^^^ ^^ Greenwich 
! -> July 1 . 4l>. and by the end of the ve4ir IfiOO 
had bt^en entered. The work done in 1743 
1 wa. enormoui.. The records of ob^rvntiona 
with the transit instrument fill 177, with 
he quadrant 148 folio pagt*, o^ g Aug 
2o5 determinations of the former, 181 If 
the hitter kind were made, Hi« eflbrtu t^ 
wartl* a bigber degree of accuracy were un- 
\ cewmg and successful ; yet he never poe^ 
fi«wediin achromatic telescope. HerecoffnSS, 
j It as the hrst duty of an n^tronomer to make 
] liimsell acqufiinted with the peculiar defecU 
ol his nistruments, and was indefatigable in 
testing and improving them. By the atldi- 
tion of a finer mjcrometer screw*, 18 July 1745 
be succeeded in measuring intervals of half a 
second with the eip^bt-foot quadrant erected 
by Graham for Halley, but was deterred from 
attempting further refinements by discover- 
in;? it a year later tf> be sensibly eccentric. 
At various times between 1743 and 1749 ha 
madeexr^erinientson tht- length of the seconds 
pendulum, y^iving the most accurate result 



^.^.,„ , — ., „,p, — ,^...^,^ — ^^ 

previous to Kilters in Iwlw. The great com t^ 
of I74ti was first seen at Greenwich :^fi Dec* 
and was observed there until 17 Feb. 1744. 
Bradley roughly eomjuitetl its t raj ec ton', but 
went no furtber, it is conjectured, out of "kind- 
ness towards young Bet ts, who had the ambi- 
tion to try bis hand nn it, lie also obsened 
the first comet ot" 1748, aiul calculated that of 
1707. His observat if ms of Hal ley's comet 
in 17r>i) have for the most part j>eri6hed. 

The time was now^ ripe for the publication 
of his second great discovery. From t be first 
the Wanstead <>l»seri'utioni( hud shown the 
displacements due to al>erration to be at- 
tended by a * residual phenomenon/ A slight 
progressive iue{|uality was detected, occasion* 
nig in «tars near the e<^[uinoctial colureaan 
excess, in those near the solstitial colures a 
defect of movement in declination, a* com- 
pared with that required by a precession of 






^ 



I 



60", Tlie tnie cxplaEfltion in a 'nodding' 
movement of the ajcis, due to tlio m'lou's 
unequal iiction upon ibe equatorial piirtts of 
the earth, was more tlian bu^peeted early in 
1732 ; but Bradley did not cou8id«?rt be proof 
complete until he had trucked each star 
through an entire revolution of the moon's 
nodes 08*6 vears) back to \ti^ raenn place ( ftl- 
lowimce being made for annual precession). 
In September 1747 he was nt hni^th fully 
satisfied of the corresiwindence of bis hypo- 
the€ii9 with fact^s ; and 14 Feb- 174H u letter 
to the Earl of Ma« cler^field, in which be set 
forth the uj>jibot of his twenty yenri^' wntcb- 
ing and waiting, was read before the Koyal 
Society (PhiL Trans. x\v. \). The idea of w 
possible nutation of the earthV axis was not 
unfamiliar to a8tr<^nomeri? ; aiid Newton bad 
predicted the t>ccnrrenee of ii ^^mi-atmual, 
but ^'artely sensible, effect of the kind. A 
pUennmeiion 6ucb a^ Bradley detected, how- 
ever, depending on the position of the lunar 
orbit, was unthouj^dit of until it(< necessity 
became evident with the fact of it;* existence. 
The comnlete development of its theory went 
beyond liif* mathematical powers, and he 
invit<?d assistance, promptly rendered by 
D'Alembert in 1749. Bradley's coeihcient 
of nutation (9") lias proved nearly a quarter 
of a second too small. He might probably 
have gone even nearer to the truth bad he 
trusted more implicitly to his own obsena- 
lions. His confidence was, however, em- 
barrasfied by the proper motions of the stara» 
the ascertainment of whieb be, with his 
u&ual clear insight into the conditions of exact 
•■tn'inomy, urtjed UfH>ji well-provided obser- 
*^iers. ; while bis sagacious bint that they 
tDight be mere optical effects of a real trans- 
hit ion of the solar system {F/iil Traiijt, xlv. 
40) gave the fir%t opening for a scientiiic 
treatment of that remarkable subject. 

As regards nutation, the novelty of his an* 
nouncement Imd heen souiewhat taken off by 
TireviouB disclosures. On bis ret nrn from Lii^i- 
land^ Man pert uis consulted him as to the re- 
duction ot his observ^ations, when Bradley 
imparted to bim, 1*7 Oct. 1737, hi si incipient 
diacover^'. Maunertuis was not bound to 
uecrecy, nor did he oheene it. He trans- 
mitteti the information to the Paris Academy 
(M^i, dc PAr. 17:i7, p. 411), while Lalande 
published in 174o (Hk 1745, p, 512) the con- 
nrmntory results of obsen ations undertaken 
nt Bmdley'si suggestion. 

The discover)' of aberration earned for its 
author, 14 Dee, 17Ji{0, exempt inn on the part 
of the Royal Society from all future poy- 
mentg ; that of nutation was honoured in 
1748 with the Copk^y medal. His hei^ditened 
reputation further enabled bim to ask and 




obtain a new in.Htru mental outfit for the Royal 
Observatory', He took advantage of the annual 
visitation by members of the Royal Society 
to represent it.** absolute necessity ; and a 
petition drawn up by bim and signed by the 
president and members of eonncil in August 
1748 produced an cjrder for 1 ,000/. under the 
sign-manual, paid, as a note in Bradley's 
handwriting inlV>rms us, by the treasurer of 
,, the navy out of the proceeds of the sale of 
old stores. The wise ex]>Hnditnre of tliia 
paltry sum laid the firm foundation of modem 
practical astronomy. Bradley was fortunate 
in the co-operation of John Bird. Theeight- 
j foot mural quadrant, for which be paid bim 
' ^300/., was an instrument not unworthy the 
, eye and band that were to use it. He bad 
; also from bim a movable quadrant forty 
1 inches in radiugi, and a trangit-instrnment of 
eigbt-feet focal length. From Shttrt u six- 
, foot reflector was ordered, but nttt delivered 
I until much later; and 'JOi. was paid for a 
, magnetic appiratusj changes in dip and va- 
riation havnig been oi»jectH of attention to 
Bradley as early as 17l*9. For the Wanstead 
sector^ renjoved to Greenwich in July 1749, 
45A was allowefl to bim. 

The first employment of Bird's quadrant 
was in a series of tdjiservations, 10 Aug. 1760 
to 31 July 1763, for the puqunst- of deter- 
mining the latitude of the obserA'ator>' and 
the hiws of refraction. Simultaneously with 
Liicailh* and Mayer, Bradley iutrodnced the 
improvement of c^trrecting these for barome- 
trical and thermonietrical fluctuations. His 
formula for computing mean refraction at 
any altitude closely represented the actual 
amounts down to within 10° of the horizon 
(Grant, Hijff. Phyn. Ajttn pp. 31^-^). After 
its publication by Mat^kelyne in 17(13, it wa« 
generally adopted in England, and was in 
use at Greenwich down to 1833. 

In 1751 Bradley made obseriations for 
determining the distances of the sun and 
moon in concert with those of Lacaille at 
the Cape of Good Hope | 3fe7«. de tAc. 1752, 
I p. 424), I'rom the combined results for 
Mar«, Delisle deduced a sr)lar parallax of 
10-3^' (Bhadlky, j>/i>c. Workjt, p. 481). A 
series of 230 compiHsons with the heavens 
of Tobias Mayer's * Lumtr Tables/ between 
Dt'cemljer 175o and February 17otHj enabled 
Bradley to refiort them to the admiralty as 
accurate generally within 1'. His hopes of 
bringing the lunar method of longitude* into 
actual use were thus revived; and be under* 
t«iok, aided by Mason, a laborious correction 
of the remaining errors founded on 1,220 
observations. The particulars of these were 
inserted in the ^Nautical Almanac^ for 1774; 
but the amended tables, completed firom 



Bradley 



170 



Bradley 



them in 1760, never saw tbeli^lit, iind were 
supersedtxi by Mftyer*8 own improvpmentd in 
lliil The regular work of the observatory^ 
comtHting in mt»ridmn obflervatious of the 
eun, m«K>iit planets, and stars, waa meanwhile 
carried on with unremitting diligence and 
unrivulletl skill. 

The salary of astronomer-royal w&s then, 
as in I'lamsteed's time, KX>/. a year, reduced 
to 90/. by fees at public of^Ree.*«, Tliii^ pit- 
tance was designetl to he KUpplemented bv 
Mr. Pelham's offer to Ikadley, in the kings 
name, of the vicarage of Greenwich ; which 
was, however, refufietl on the honoiirahle 
ground of incnmpitibility of clerical with 
official obligations, Hia dkinterefltedness 
wtis compensated by a crown pension of 
250/. per annum, granted under the privy 
^eal 16 Feb. 1752, and continued to his huc- 
oesaora. Honours now fell thickly upon him. 
From 17*25 he had freijuently been chosen a 
member of the council of the Koyal S<?ciety, 
and he occupied that position uninterrupttHlly 
from 17r*2 until his death. In .Inly 174ti 
Euler wrt^te to announce his admission to 
the Berlin Academy of Sciences; he was as- 
Bociftted to those of Parii^ and St. Petersburg 
respectively in 1748 and 1750, and, probably 
in acknowledgment of bis serv^ices in super- 
intending the construction of a quadrant by 
Bird for the latter body, complimented wltli 
ha full membership in 1754 ; while the in- 
stitute of Bologna enrolled hia name 10 June 
1757. Scarcely an astronomer in Europe 
but sought a correspondence with him, 
which he usually dt*clined, being averse to 
WTitingy and leaving many letters unan- 
swered. 

No direct descendant of Bradley survives. 
He married, 25 J u lie 1 744, Susannah, da lighter 
of Mr. Samuel Peach of Ohalford in Glouces- 
t^irshire* She died in 1757, leaving a daugh- 
ter, Susannah, horn at Greenwich in 1745, 
who married in 1771 her tirst c^iusin, the 
Rev. Samuel Pejich, and had in turn an 
only daughter, who died childlH,s.*i in l8t)6. 
Bradley's intimacy with the Earl i>f Mac- 
clesfield grew closer after his removal to 
Oxford in 17^32. He co-operated with him 
in the establishment (about 17^19) of an ob- 
servatory at Shi rb urn C'astle, and in the 
reform of the calendar, calcuhitiug the tables 
appended to the bill for that purpose. Until 
near the close of his life he continued to re- 
side about three months of each year at Ox- 
ford, but resigned his readership through ill- 
hejilth in 17(10. For several years he had 
felt the approach of an obscure malady in 
occasional attacks of severe pjiin. II is labours 
in correcting the lunar tables overtasked his 
hitherto robust strength^ and from 1760 a 



I heavy cloud of depression settled over his 
spirits, inducing the grievous apprehension 
of surviving his mental faculties, which re- 
mained neverthelejss clear to the end. He 
attended, for the last time, a meeting of the 
Royal Society 31 Jan. 1761, and drew up n 
paper of instructions for Mason, on his de- 

fiarture to observe the transit of \ enus, the 
atest iistronomical event in which he took 
an active interest. But already in May lie 
wiLS obliged to ask Bliss to replace him, and 
I when the day of the transit, 6 June 1701, 
' arrived, he was unable to use the telescope. 
He, however, took a final observation with the 
transit-instrument in September, after which 
I his handwriting disuppeiire from the Green- 
I wich registers. The few mont lis t hat remained 
he spent at Challbrtl, Wing much attached 
I to his w^ife's relations, and there died, in the 
' house of his father-in-law, after a fortnight*a 
acutesuffering, Ki July 176l*, in his seventieth ] 
year, and was buried with his wife and mother 
at Minchinhampton. His disease proved on 
examination to be a chnmic inflammatioii 
of the abdominal vtstTera. The case waa 
described by Daniel Lysons, M*D«, in the 
* Philosophiciil Triinsactions ' (lii. 636). 

In character Bradley is described as ' hu- 
mane^ benevolent, and kind; a dutiful son, 
an indulgent hushand, a tender father, and a 
steady friend' {Suppl. to New BifJtj, Diet,^ 
1767, p. 58). Many of his poorer relatives 
experienced his generosity. His life waa 
bhuneless, his habits abstemious, his temper 
mild and placid. He was liabitually taci- 
i urn, but was clear, ready, and or>eu in ex- 
plaining his opiiiinns to others. No homagft 
coidd overthrow his modesty or disturb hiM^ 
caution. He was always more apprehen- 
sive of injuring his reputation than san* 
giiine of enhancing it, and thus shrank from 
publicity; pcdLsbed comj>osition, moreover, 
was irksome to him. His only elaborate 
I pieces were the accounts of his two leading 
discoveries ; and the preservation of severaL 
I unfinishetl drafts of that on aberratiou afford^ 
' evidence of toil unrewarded by felicity 
' expression. Nor hud he any taste for ab- 
stract mathematics. His great powers were 
those of sagacity and persistence. He pos^ 
sessed *ft most extraordinary clearness of 
perception^ both mental and organic ; great 
accuracy in the combimition of his iaeas; 
and an inexhaustible fund of that ** industrjl 
and patient thought" to which Newton a^ I 
cribed his own discoveries' (liiOAUD, iM>-| 
moirs of Brndlfif^ p, cv)- Less inventival 
than Kepler, he surpassed him in 8«*briety and 
precision. No discrep»incy was too minute 
for his considenition ;liis scrutiny of possible 
causes and their conae<jwences was keen, dis- 



Bradley 



Bradley 



pagsioDftte^ and comp)<^te ; bis metital gmsp 
was clo«e and uart*lajting. He rimka as Ihe 
founder of modem observational iL^tronomy ; 
nor by the example of his * solicitous accu- 
racy* alone orcliieillj, though thirj was much. 
But his discoveries of aberr»tirjn and nuta- 
tion first rendered jMissible exact knowledge 
of the places of the fixed stars, aud thereby 
of the movements of the other celestial bodies. 
Moreover, he bequeathed to posterity, in bi« 
diligent and faltliful record of the state of 
the heavenB In his time, a mass of docu- 
mentttry evidence invaluable for the testing 
of theory, or the elucidation of change. 

The publication, for the benefit of hJa 
djiughter, of his observations, contained in 
thirteen folio and two quarto volume*?^ was 
interrupted by official demand.-^ for thetr pos- 
^eeeion, followed up by a lawsuit commenced 
by the crown in 1 707, but abandoned in 1776. 
The Rev. Mr. Pencht Bradley*s ■ion-in-law, 
thereupm oflered them to I^rd Korth, to bo 
printed by the Clarendon Press » and after 
many delays the fiii^t of twr* volumes ap- 
peared in 17118, under the editori5hi|i of Dr* 
Horosby, with the title * Asitronomieal Ob- 
servations made iit the Koyal Observatory 
at Greenwich, from the year 1760 to the year 
1762;' the second, edited by Ih, Abram 
Robertson, in 18<io. They n umber ak)ut 
€QfiOOt and fill close upon IfiOO large folio 
pages. A sequel to Bradley's work, in the 
observationjf^ of Bliss and Green down to 
15 March 176o, was included in the second 
vol n me, A ca t alogue of 387 s tars , co m put ed 
by Ma^u from Bradley's original manuscripts, 
and appended to the *Nautie-al Almanac' 
for 17/3, formed the basis of a .similar work 
insert edbv Homsby in vol i, (p, xxxviii); and 
1,041 of liradley^s stars^ reduced by Pilati, 
were added toPittzzi'asecond catalogue ( 1814)» 
In the handjs of l^ssel, however, his obser- 
Tations assumed a new value. With extra- 
ordinary skill and labour he deduced from 
them in ISIH a catalogue of .3,22*2 *itars for 
the efxirh 1756, so authentically determined 
OS to aJford, by compari.son with their later 
places, a sure criterion of their prn|)er mo- 
tions. The title of * Fuudamenta Astrono- 
mij«* fitly expressed the importance of this 
work. More ace unite valuer for precession 
and refraction were similarly obtained. Brad- 
ley's observatioiw of the moon and planets, 
when reduc^ by Airy, supplied valuable 
data for the correction of the theories of 
those bodies. 

Portrait* of him are preserved at Oxford 
(by Flud*f<>n), at Sbirburn Castle, at Green- 
wich, and in the rooms of the Royal Society. 
A dial, erected in 1831 by command of 
William I^' j marks the sp)t at Kew where 



H A dial. 



he began the observations w^hich led to the 
discoveries of aberration and nutation. His 
communicationa to the Royal Society, besides 
those already adverted to, were on ^ The Longi- 
tude of Lisbon and the Fort of New York, 
from Wanstead and London, determined by 
Eclipses of the First Satellite of Jupiter' 
(PAiV. Tran«, xixiv, 85) ; and * An Account 
of some Obsor^^ationa made in Loudon by 
Mr, George Graham, and at Black Kiver in 
Jamaica by Colin Campbell, Esq., concerii- 
ing the going of a Clock ; in order to detw- 
mine the Dinerence between the Lengths of 
Isochronal Pendulums in those Places* {ib. 
xxjtviii. 302). His * Directions for using 
the Common Micrometer ' were published hj 
Maj?kelyne in 1772 {ih. Ixii, 46). The origi- 
nals q{ Bradley's Greenwich obaer\^atioiia 
having been deposited in the Ik>dleian, the 
confused mass of hi** remaining papers, dis- 
interred by ProlVsaor S, P. Kigaud, atforded 
materials for a large quarto volume, pub- 
Ikhed by him in 1832 at Oxford, with the 
title * Miscellaneoui* Works and Correspon- 
dence of Jaxiie:<i Bradley, D.D., Astronomer- 
lio} ai' It iuclude-s, besides the Kew and Wan- 
stead journals, every record of the slightest 
value m his handwriting, not omitting papers 
already printed in the * Philosophical Trans- 
Jictions,* with many letters addressed to him 
by perbons of eminence in England and abroad, 
and in Kome cases his replies. The prehxed 
memoir embodies all that the cla**est inquiry- 
could gather conceming him. The investi- 
gation of his early observationa, thua brought 
to light after nearly a centiity'a oblivion, 
was made the subject of a prize by the Iteyal 
Society of Copeuhageu in 1832; whence the 
publication by Dr. Busch of Konigsberg of 
' Reduction of the Observations made by 
Bradley at Kew and Wanstead to determine 
the t^uantitie^ of Aberration and Nutation' 
(Oxford, 1838). 

lEigaad*8 Memoirs of Bradley ; Nt?w aud Opq. 
Biog. Diet. xii. 64, 1767; Biog. Brit. (Kippia); 
Fcmchy'fi Elogu, MAm. de TAc. des Sciences, 
1762, p. 23 1 (Hi»t.); Hametmns, in Annual R«ff. 
1 765. p* 23, and G^nt* 31ag. xxxT. 361; Delambrra 
Hist, de rAsiroQurnie au xriu* si&cle, p. 413 ; 
Thurason'i HiiL of K. Soc p. 3*4 ; Watt's BihU 
Brit.] A. M. C. 

BRABLEY, RALPH (1717-1788), con- 
veyancing barrister, was a contemporair of 
James Booth [q. v.]} who has beencaUedtho 
patriarch of modern conveyancing. Bradler 
was called to the bar by the society of QmjB 
Itm^ and practised at Stockton-on-Tees with 
great success for upwards of half a century. 
He is said to have managed the concerns of 
almost the whole county of Durham, and. 



i 



I 



thougit & provincial coan^el.hia opinions wera 
everywliert? rect-'ivtxl with the ^^^ateet respect. 
His drafts, like Booth'ti, were prolix to exce«8, 
but some of them were, to a very recent period, 
in use as pri^cedents in the northern count iee. 
He publijshed (London, 1779) * An Enquiry 
into the Nature of Property and Estates ii» 
defined by Eag^Ush Law, in which are con- 
sidered tbe opinions of Mr. Jiu^tice Black- 
stone and Lord Coke concerning Real Pro- 
perty.* 'Hiere waa al«o published in 1804 
m Londou ' Practical Points, or Maxims in 
Conveyancing, drawn from the daily experi- 
ence of a late eminent conveyBncer (Brad- 
ley)^ with critical observatioiiB on the various 
part^ of a Deed by J, lijtJion.' lliia was 
a collection of Bradley's notes on points of 
practice, and the technical minutipe of con- 
veyancing as they were «u;?gested in the 
course of biw professional lifc. liitaon was 
a contemporary and fellow-townsman of 
Bradley. The latter by his will left a con- 
Biderable sum (40,000/.) on trust for the 
purchase of book** calculated to promote the 
intert5stB of religion and virtue in Great Bri- 
tain and the hiippiness uf mankind. Lord 
Tburlow, by a decree in chancery, set aside 
the charitable disposition of Brndley in favour 
of his next of kin. Bradley died at Stockton- 
on-Tees on 28 Dec. 1788^ and was buried in 
the parish church of Grcutham, where a 
mural monument waa erected to his memory 
on the north side of tbe chancel. 

[Glint. Mftg, vol. Iviii. pt. ii, p, 1184; David- 
son's Convi*yaDcing, 4th ed. i. 7 ; Marvin'« LegnJ i 
Bihhograph, p. 141 ; Surt^ea's Hint* of Biirhnm, 
iii. HO.] R. H. , 

BEAD LEY, RICIL^RI) (df. 1732), bo- 
tanist and horticuilural writer, waw a very 
populiir iiml voluminous author. II is hrst 
essays in print wert^ two pap«*r8 puhiisbed in | 
the * Philosophical Transactions* for 1710, 
on moiildinesj? in melons* and the motions of 
the sap. He was elected F.R.8. in 1720, 
and professor of botuny at Cambridge on | 
10 Nov. 1721, the hitter bv means of a pre- 
tended verbal recnmineiidation from Dr. Wil- 
liam Sherartl to Dr. Bent ley, with pom]K7U8 
assurances that lie would found n jmblic bo- 
tanic garden in the university by hit^ ])nvate 
purse tmd interest. Very soon after hi^ elec- 
tion the vanity of his promises was seeji, and 
bis entire ignorance of I^stin and Greek ex- 
cited great scandal : Dr. Martyn, who after- 
w^ards succeeded liim, was a]>pointed to read 
the prescri^*ed eourstus of lectures, in conse- 
quence of Bradley s neglect to do so. In 
1729 he gave a course of lecturt.*« on * JIa- 
teria Medica,* which he aften^-ards published. 
In 1731 it is stated that • he was grown so 




scandalous that it was in agitation to turn 
him out of his proft^^sorship/ though the 
detads of his delinquency do not appear to 
be given. He died at Cambridge 5 Not. 
1732. 

Tile use of Bradley's name was paid for 
bv the publishers of a translation of Xeno- 
plion'a * Economics ' solely on account of his 
pf_ipularity» as he laiew nothing of the ori- 
ginal langUH^r,\ II in b«»tanic*l publications 
8how^ acutenejss and diligence, and contain 
indications of much observation in advance 
of his time, 

Adanson, Necker, and Banks, in succes- 
sion, named genera to commemorate Bradley, 
but they have not been maintained distinct 
bv succ*^*ding botanists. 

ILs works include: 1, * Ilistoria plantii- 
riim succulent arum, vtc.,' Lonihm, 171B-27» 
5 decades, 4to, reissued together in 1734. 
2. *New Improvements of Planting and 
Gardening,' London, 1 7 17 {t%voeditions ), Bvo, 
1731. 3. ' Gent lemaifs and Farmers Calen- 
dar,' Ijondon, 1718, 8vo ; French translations 
(1723, 17+3, I7/16). 4. * Virtue and Us© of 
Coffee with regard to the Plague and Con- 
tagious Distempers,' London, 1721, 8va- 

5. * Philosophical Account of the Works of 
Nature,' London (1721 and 173^), Svo. 

6. ^ Plague of Marseilles considered,* London, 
1721, 8vo. 7. *New Experiments and Gb- 
servations on the Generation of Plants,' 1724, 
Svo. 8. • Treatise of Fallowing/ Edinburgh, 
1724, 8vo, 9. ^ Sur\'ey of Ancinnt Hus- 
bandry and Gardening collected from Cato, 
Varro, Columella, &c./ London, 1725, Svo, 
and several small tnmti&ee on gardening and 
agriculture. Part II. of Cowell's * Curious 
and Profitable Gardener^ concerning t he great 
American Aloe/ has been attributed with 
little reason to Bradley. 

[Pultoney's Bi*ig. Sketches of Botfvny (1700), 
ii. 120-33; Nichols*! Lit. Anecd. i. 444-51, 
709 ; Chalmers's Gen. Biog Diet., new ed* vi. 
(1812), 415-16 ; Reei'e Cyclop, v. art. ^Bnnlley'; 
Sugniers Bibl. Bot. 343-6; Haller'a Bibl. Bot. 
ii. 133-7 ; Priu*r« Theaatirus, p. 3L id. ©d. 2, 
p. 38,] B. D, J. 

BRADLEY, THOMAS (1597-1670), 
divine, a native of Berkshire, statea that he 
was 72 years old in ltJtJ9, and was therefore 
born in 1597, He becajne a battler of Exeter 
College » Oxford, in 1616, and proceeded B.A. 
on 21 July 1 62€. He was cnaplaiii to the 
Duke of Buckingham for several years, and 
accompanied him in the expedition to Ro- 
chelle and the l^le of Rhr^ m 1627. After 
Buckingham's murder in the following year he 
became chaplaui to Charles I, and on 16 June 
1629 a captain in the expedition to France ap- 




^pUed to the council to take Bradley with him 
lis chApkin of his ship ( CaL State Papers, Dom. 
Il638-&,p,579). Soon afterwards (5 Mfflyia*il) 
iSnidley married Frances^ the daughter of Sir 
John Savile, baron Savile of Pontefraet, and 
be waa preaented hv his father-in-law about 
the same time to the livings of Castleford 
[ Knd Ackworth, near Pontefract. As a staunch 
[ loyalist, he was created D.D. at Oxford on 
10 Dec. 1642, and was expnlled a few years 
_ftt^r by the parliamentary committee from 
both hiB Yorfeshire livings. * IIi.«! lady rind 
«11 his children/ writers Walker, ' wert* turned 
at of door& to seek their bread in desolate 
»la<!6e,* and his library at Castleford fell 
Into the hands of his oppressors. He pub- 
lished in London in 1^58 a curious pamph- 
let entitled * A Pr^^^ient for Ctip^ar of 100,000/. 
in hand and 50^00*3/. a year/ in which he re- 
commended the extortion of first-fmita and 
tithes according to tht^ir true value* The 
work is respectfully dedicated to Oliver 
Cromwell. At the Ilestoration he was re- 
Btored to Ackworth, but he found it necessary 
to iHndicate hh pamphlet in another tract 
entitled * Appello Caeearem ' (York, 1661). 
But hia conduct did not satisfy the govern- 
ment, and in an assise sermon preached lit 
Y'ork in 1663 and published as 'Caesars Due 
end the Subjects Duty/ he said that the 
Idng had bidden him ' preach conscience to 
the people and not to meddle with state 
. affairs/ and that he had to apologise for Ms 
^ iermons preached a^inst the excise and the 
excifiemenf the We^*9tminisrer lawyers, and 
^the rack-renting landlords* nod depopida- 
tow/ He also expre-Ki^ed regret for having 
>BUggest-ed the restonition of the council of 
the north. In 16613 he was made a pre- 
bendary of York, He died in 1670. 

His puhli cations consist entirely of ser^ 
mons. The earliest^ entitled * Comfort from I 
the Cradle/ was preached at Winchester and 
published at Oxford in 1600; four others, I 
preach jyi at Y^ork Minster, were published at 
I York between 1661 and 1670, and six occa- 
doiuil sermons appear to have been issued col- 
lively in London in 1667. Walker de- 
I Bradley as * an excellent preacher ' 
and * a ready and acute wit.' 

A ion, Savile, was at one time fellow of 

^New College, Oxford^and iifterwards fellow of 

rilagdalen. Wood, in his autobiography, tells 

a carious BtoTY about his ordination in 1661. 

[Wood'w AtheiifiB Oxou.^ «*d. Bliss, i. xliii, iii, 
L719; Fasti Oxon. i. 392. ii. 62 ; W^ilkor* Suffer- 
ingji, ri. 85 ; Watt's BibL Brit. ; Brit. Mus, Cut.] 

S. L. L. 

BRADLEY, THOMAS, M.D. (1751- 
1813), physician, waa a native of Worcester, 



where for some time he conducted a school 
ill which mathematics formed a pnjrainent 
study. About 1786 he withdrew from edu- 
cation, and, devoting himself to medical 
studies, went to Edinburgh, where he gra- 
duated M.D. in 1791, his dia«,ertati<m, which 
waa published, being * De Epispast icorum 
1^811 in variis morbig tractandin.* lie H«.^ttled 
in Ix^ndon, and on 22 Dec. 1 791 was admitted 
lieentinte of the College of Physicians. From 
1704 to 1811 he was physician to the West- 
minster Hospital. For many vears he acted 
a.H editor of the ' Medical and i*hysical Jour- 
nal/ He publishetl a revised and enlarged 
edition of Fox's 'Medical Dictionary-/ 1803, 
and also a * Treatise on Worms and other 
Animals which infest the Human Btidy/ 
1813. In the practice of his profession he 
wa^ not ver\' successful. He died in St. 
George's Fields at the close of 1813. 

[MonVs Coll. of Phys. (1878), ii. 419-20; 
Bmt. Mng, lixxiv. (pt. *i.) 97-8.] 

BRADLEY, WILLIAM (1801-1857), 
portrait painter, was horn at Manchester on 
16 Jan. 1801. He was hfft an orjilmn when 
three years old, and commenced life as an 
ermnd-boy ; but having a natural talent for 
art» he at the a|^e of sixteen advertised him- 
self as a * portrait, miniaturaj and animal 
painter, ancl teacher of drawing/ and drew 
portraits at a tihilling apiece. Having re- 
ctuved some loHSoni* from Malher Brown, 
who waa then living at Manchester, be came 
to London when about twenty -one, and, ob- 
taining an introduction to Sir Thomas Law- 
rence, established himself in the metropolis, 
where he enjoyed some practice as a por- 
trait painter. Between 1823 and 1840 he 
exhibited thirteen ]>oi-traits at the Royal 
Academy, twenty-one at the Free Society of 
Artists, and eig'ht at the Rrittsh Institution. 
He returned in 1847 to bis native city, broken 
down in liealth, itnd he died in poverty on 
4 July 1857. Bradley's portraits were suc- 
cessful as likenesses, and well drawn. Among 
his sitters were Lords Beresford, Sandon, 
Brtgot, and Ellesmere, Sheridun Knowles, 
W, C. Macready» and the Riffht Hon. W. E. 
Gladstone. His portrait of the la^t-men- 
tioned has been engraved in mezzotinto by 
\\\ Walker, 

ntcflgr,ive*s Dictionary of Artietfl of the Eng- 
li»fi 8dif>oL Painters, ic, Loudon, 1878. 8vo ; 
MS. notes in the British Mueijutii.] L. F. 

BRADOCK, THt4MAS (> 1676-16t)4), 
translator, was educated at Christ's College, 
Cambridge, proceeded B.A. 1576, and was 
elected fellow of his college in 1678. In 1579 
his name appears in a protaat agaiiiAt tlie 



Bradshaigh 



174 



Bradshaw 



^ 
N 



action of Dr. Hiiwford, the mttst<?r» in with- 
holdings hie fellowship from Hugh Broughton- 
In 1580 he proceeded M.A», and wm incor- 
porated M.A, at Oxford in 1584. In 1588 
tie WHg elected head-master of the f^rammar 
schrwl at Keadinif^ and in 1501 wb5 presented 
to the vicarage of Stanstead Abl)Ot** in Hert- 
fordshire, which he resigned in 159;i The 
idvowson of Great Munden in Hert ford- 
shire was granted 11 July 1604 to a certain 
Thoma* Nicholson upon Inm to present it to 
Bradi>ck. Bradock nevt*r obtained the pre- 
sentation^ which did not fall vacant till I61ti ; 
he probably died before that date. Bradock 
translated into Latin Bifshop .TeweU's confu- 
tation, in 8ix part.s, of th« attack of Thomas 
Hartling-on Jeweirs *Apoloe"ia Ecclesiip An- 
glicaniJD/ The translation^ talcing up 637 folio 
pag^, was published at Geneva in 1600, and 
was undertiiken that, foreign scholars and di- 
vines might he able to follow the controversy 
which the ' Apologia ' had occasioned. It is 
dedicated to John Whitgilt, archbishop of 
Oanterhury, 

[Cooper B Athenfp Cantab ii, 3i>5 ; Wood'a 
Athen» Oxon {Hlif««). i. 394 ; Fasti i. 228 ; Clut- 
terbucks Hprtfordshiro iii. 247 : Coate's Rt-ad- 
lug, 335 ; Strype's Annals, ii. A pp. 136. liS. 490, 
App. 201 [ Cat. SUta Papers (Dom. 1603-10).] 

BEADSHAIGH, RICHARjBLlSee 

Bakton.] 

BRADSHAW, AKK MAMA (1801- 
1862 )t actress and vocalist, was bom in 
London in August 1801. Her maiden name 
waB Tree» and her father, who lived in Lan- 
caster Bni Hinge, St. Martin's Lane, waa in 
the East India House. After a training in 
the chonia at Drury Lane, and a short ex- 
perience in Bath, she appeared in 1818 at 
Covent Ghurden tt« Ho|M^in * Tlw Barber of 
Seville/ Subaeqnentff ^ne played, princi- 
pally ttis a Kubstitute tor Mlm Foote or Miss 
Stephens, Pattv in ' The Maid of the Mill,' 
Susannah in *1'h« Marriage of Figaro/ and 
other similar characterji* ller hrat recorded 
appearance in an original role weems to have 
btsen as Princei^s Stella in the * Gnome King,' 
a spectacular piece produced on 6 Oct. 1819 
at Covent Garden. On 11 l>ec. of the same 
year e^he appun^d aa Luc i ana in an opera 
founded by Heynolds on * The Comedy of 
Errors.' This led to the aeries of Shal-e- 
apearean performances on which her fame 
rests. In variruiii rendering:!, miisietil and 
otherwi.se, of 8hakespenrejin comedy, nhe 

L played with success Ariel, Viola, Imogen, 
Julia (in the ' Two Gentlemen of Verona^), 
Ophelia, and Ro.snlind. With the exception 
of ft solitary appearance at Drury Lane on 



^ 



19 April 1823, when she waa lent by her own 
management, she apnears t<j have remained 
at Covent Garden tiU her retirement. Thia 
took place on lo June 1825 in two of her 
original characters, Mary Copp in * Charles II,' 
hy Howard Payne, and Clan in the opera ot 
that name, by the same author. Snortly 
afterwarda she married, under passably ro- 
mantic drcumstancea, and after, it is said, an 
attempt at auicide, Jamea Bradshaw, a man 
of property. She died on 18 Feb. 1862. Of ^ 
medium stature and pi easing figure, and with 
no special claim to beauty, she owed her 
popularity to the pathos in her voice. Though 
inierior to her singing, her acting won com- 
mendation. She was much praised for tho 
modesty of her performance in male attire. 
Her sister» Ellen Tree, became the wife of 
Mr. Charles Kean. 

[Genest's History of th« Stage; Oiberry'a 
Dmmattc Biography } The Brama or Theatrical 
Poekt't Magazine ; Era Almanack.] J.4^^ 

BRADSHAW, GEORGE (1801-1853), 
originatnr of railway guides, only son of 
Thomas Bradshaw, by his wife, Mary Rogers, 
was bora at Windsor Bridge » Pendleton, 
Salford, on 29 July 1801. His parents taxed 
their limitetl means to give a good education 
to their only child by placing nim under the 
care of Mr. Cbward, a bwedenborgian minis- 
ter; thence he removed to a school kept 
by Mr. Scott at Overton, Laneashir*^, On 
leaving school he was apprenticed to Mr, J. 
Beale» an engraver, who liad acquired some 
reputation by the execution of the platea of 
*lhe Art of Penmanship Improved,* hy 
Duncan Smith, 1817* In 1820 he accom- 
prmied his parents to Belfast, and there esta- 
blished himself as an engraver and printer^ 
hilt, not finding adequate occupation, returned 
to Manchester in the following year, Hia 
attention had been for some time dirt'cted ta 
the engravinff^f mops, and in 1827 he de- 
termined to ^K'ote himself more especially 
to that branch of art. The tirst map pro- 
jected, engraved, and published by him waa 
one of Lancashire J his native county. This 
was followed in 1830 by his map of the 
canals of Lancashire, Yorkshire, &c. Thia 
map eventually became one of a set of three 
known as * Bradahaw^a Maps of Inland Navi- 
gation/ Soon after the commencement of 
the railway system, Brad«huw, the originator 
of railway guides, produced * BradshaVa 
Railway time Tables \n 1839, a small 18mo 
book» boimd in cloth, price tyd. In 1840 the 
name was changed to * Bradi* haw's Railway 
Companion,' which contained more matter, 
with sectional maps, and was sold at Ia. It 
waa not published periodically, but appeared 



Bradshaw 



ns 



Bradshaw 



^ 
^ 



I 



^ 



occasionally, and was su]) piemen ted by a 
monthly time-sheet. The agent in London 
for the sale of this work waa Mr. William 
Jones Adams, M*ho, it would appear, was 
the first to suggest t!ie ideji of a regular 
monthly book at a lower price ^ as an im- 
provement on * The Companion/ Thi5 idea 
was taken np by Bradshaw, and the result 
was the appearance in December 1841 of 
No. 1 of * Bradshaw's Mont lily Railway 
Guide/ in the well-known yeOow wrapper, 
ft work which haa gained for itself a world- 
wide fame. Another undertaking waa ' Brad- 
thaw's Railway Map,' produced in 1838. 
Among his other publictitionB may be men- 
tioned * Brad-shaw^'ft Continental Railway 
Gnide/ printed in Manchester, but of whicn 
the first number was pubUi^htid in Paris in 
June 1847 ; and *Bradsliaw^8 Cleneral Rail- 
wa? Directory and Shareholder a Guide,' 
which first appeared in 1849, 

^^^^haw when a young man joined the 
Society of Friends, and was an active co- 
adjutor of Cobden, Pease, Sturge, 8coble» 
Ekhu Burritt, and others in holding peace 
conferencefi, in the attempts to ei^tabli?^h an 
ocean penny postage^ and other philanthropic 
labours. Part of his time he dcTOted to the 
eatabliahmen t of schoola for the poorer classes. 
Bradabaw joined the Institution of CiYil En- 
gineers as an associate in February 1842. In 
August 1853 he went to Norway on a tour 
combining busine^ and recreation^ and on 
6 Sept., w^hile on a visit to a friend in the 
neighbourhood of Christian i a, he was seized 
by Asiatic cholera^ rmd died in a few hours. 
He w*as buried in the eemeterj* belonging to 
the cathedral ol" Chrietiania. 

He marrietl, on 10 May 1839, Martha, 
daughter of William Darbyshire of Stretton, 
near Warrington, and left a «on, Christopher, 

][Maache«t«r Guardian, 17 Sept. 1653| p. 7; 
litnutes of Proceedings of InHtitution of Civil 
Engineers (1 854), xiii. 145^9; AtH^um,27l>6C. 
1873, p, 872, 17 Jan. 1874, p. 95, 2i Jan. p. 126 ; 
Nol4?ii iind Queries, 6th ser., riii. 45, 92, 338, 
». 15.] [^ . G. C. B. 

BRADSHAW, HENRY (d. 151S), Be- 

nedictine monk and po<?t, wa^ a native of 
Chester, Being from childhood much ad- 
dicted to religion and learning, he was, while 
young, received among the monks of St. Wer- 
Durgh's. Tlaence he waa sent to Gloucester 
College, Oxford, and there passed hia courts 
in theology- He then returned to his monai?- 
tery. He wrote * De Antiquitate et magnifi- 
centiaUrbls Ce^trife ;' *Chronicon and a Life 
of St. W>rburgh/ in English verse, includ- 
ing the * Foundation of th*^ City of (liester,' 
the * Chronicle af the Kings/ &c. The date 




of his death is fixed at 1513, by * A Balade 
to the Auctour,' printed with this jK>em. A 
full description of this rare volume is given 
bv Dibdin ( Txfpographical Antif^uities^ ii. 491), 
The title is, * Here begynneth the Holy Lyie 
and History of Saynt Werhnrge, very frute- 
full for all chrinten people to rede. Imprinted 
by Hicharde Pv-nson ... A" mbixi.* 4to, 
Three ballads follow ; at the end of these 
\A tlie colophon, *And tliua endeth the 
lyte and historye of Sa^-nt Werburge, Im- 
printed, &c.' Herbert {Tyjmjraphical An- 
titpntif9, i. 270) says that a few years before 
he wr{)te, the very existence of thia book 
was questioned. Five copies are, however, 
known to be in existence, one in the Minster 
Library at York, two in the Bodleian Li- 
hmry { Catat. iii, 802), one, the copy described 
by Dibdin ns Heber's, in the British JIu- 
seum, and the fiflli in Mr. Miller*s collec- 
tion (BemaiTHfj Sfc. Chef ham Soc. xv.) It 
was reprinted for the Chethitm Society in 
1848, being edited by E. Hawkins. Copioua 
extracts are given, nut always exactly, by 
Wart on. The main body of the poem' is a 
translation from a Latin work then in the 
library of St. W^erburgh^s, caUed the * True 
or Third Passionary,' by an author of whom 
Bradshaw saj's * uncertayne was his name.* 
W'arton^s conjecture, then, that this w^riter 
was Go|^fen, w^ as Hawkins points out (In- 
trod. (^Bham Soc. xv. o), unlikely to be 
correct. The *prr>loge8' and some other 
parts of the volume are original. Bradshaw 
wrote, he 8ay&, for the people — 

Go forth litell boke, Jesu bo thy spedo, 

Atid »au<? tbo u^lway from niysroportyng, 

Whieherirt eoropileil for no clerkaiud^e 

But for marchaiint men, hauyng litt'll leniyng, 

And that rude people therehy may hauekuow)<i3g 

Of this holy virgin an^jedo lent rose 

Whicbe hath been ke[^|^to longe tyme in close. 

Warton apeakt* slight^gly of Brtd8haw*a 
powers. Dibdin, who alao gives ^me long 
extracts, rates them more highly. Many 
paseagea are vigorous, and some are cert-junly 
picturesque. In hi^s concluding stanza he 
speaks of Chaucer and Lydgate, of *pre*g- 
naunt Barkley," and of ^iuventive Skelton," 
Herbt^rt also attributes to Bradshaw a book 
beginning' * Here begynneth the lyfe of savijt 
Radegund e/ also in seven -line a tauzas, printed 
by Pinson, n, d., without the name of the 
author or translator. 

[Amass Typojrr. Antiq. (Dibdin), ii. 491-9, 
, Typogr. Antiq. (HertM?rt), i. 2«i), 294 ; Wood's 
1 Athenie Oxon. i. coL 18, od. Bli.««s ; Warton's 
History of English Poetry, ii, 371-80 ; Tho 
Hoiy Lyfe and History, &c. Chctham Soc. xT. 
ffld. E, Hawkina, with introd. ; Tanners BibL 
Pri». 121.] W. H. 



Bradshaw 



176 



Bradshaw 



BRADSHAW, JAMES (1636P-1702), i. 891, 478. ii. 97. 105, 108. 186, 238; Cat. Dr. 
ejected m'mL^ter, of the Bradflbawgof Haii^li, WilliHTtis'fl Library. 1841, it. 432; Fisher's Comp. 
near Wigan, the Ad&r and roviilist branch of »»*! Key to Hi«t. of Eng. 1832. pp. 635. 757 ; 
the fam il V. wti« bom at Hiickt^n» in th*- parish Cakin j's Hist. Ace of my owd Life. 2nd od. 1830, 
of Bolton, Lanciishire, about WM. He wa^ L.^JJ - informatioti from Rev. R Vancc-Smjth. 

ucated at the Bolton grammar j^IioqI and "'°^ '«•>'• J A. G. 

rpus Cbrij*ti College, Oxford, biit did not ; BRADSHAW, JAMES (1717-1746), 
graduiite. Thi.^ waa due to tbi> influ*>ne^ of Jacobite rebel. Ijoni in 1717, was the only 

child of a well-to-do Uoman catholic in trade 



bia nncle Hnlmea, then a rainister m North- 
apt on Hbir*.\oiider whom be studied divinity. 
■Retiimin;L( t<> Liirio*i8hin>, be w^a* ordained 
ministfr of Hindley. With other LancaHh ire 



at Mancliester- He wad educated at the free 
school , and le^inied some classics there. About 
1734 be wa« bound apprentice to Mr. Charles 



minijiters, he was concerned in the r<jyaligt 1 Womd, a Mancbeflter factor, tradui^f at the 
risinjyr undt*r 8ir Georg^e Booth [q. v*] He Oolden Ball, Lawrence Lane, Lonil on. In 
was e jee t ed i n 1 64W , b 1 1 1 , c oti 1 1 n u i n ^ 1 preach , 1 7 40 1 iriidsha w was ca lied back to Man- 
be aullered some months' imprisonment at tfie Chester through the illness of his father, and 
instance of his relative Sir lif>^er Bradshaw, j arter bis fatber*8 death he found himself in 
ftnepi(i(.topalianmagi.'*trate» Ontbeindulgeiicf^ | poss*)Mion of a thriving trade and j^everal 
of 1672 he got ]>osj^si*ion of Rainfonl Chapel, thousand jMJundH. Ver\' quickly (about 1 741) 
in the parish of I'reacot. The neigbbfuiring be took a London partner, Mr. Jamee Daw- 



clergy now and then preached for him, re^id 
ing tlie pmyer-book ; hence the churchwarden 
w'as able to say \ves' to thetiuestion at visi- 
tations: * Have you common prayer read 
yearly in your clia]>el P * Pearson, the bishop 
of Chester, would not siL-iitain informations 
against peaceable ministers, st) Bmdf*haw was 



son, mur the Axe Inn, Aldermanbury, and 
he married a Miss Wagg^taff of Mancte^ter. 
She and an only ckild both died in 1743. 
Bradshaw thereupon threw in hi5 lot with 
the Pretender. He was one of t he re W cour- 
tiers assembled at Carlisle on 10 Nov. 1745. 
He visited bis own city on 29 Nov., where he 



not disturbed. 1I»' was also one of the Monday busied himself iu recruiting at the Bell Inn. 
lecturers at Bolton. He died at Itainford io , He was a member of the council of war, and 
1702,inbit4Nixty-?i.eveutb year, his death being received bis fellow-rebele* in his own house. 
tho result of a mishap while riding to preach, Halving accepted a captaincT in Colonel 
His B<:>n Ebenezer, prej^byterian minister at Towneley*s regiment be marcbed to Derby, 
Ramsgiite, wa-'i ordained 22 June 1(194 in Br. paying his men out of hi« own purse; he 
Annci^ley'smeeting-housejBishopsgateWith- , Leaded hbcoraptiny on horseback in the ski r- 
* mis b at Clifton .Moor ^ he attended the Pre- 

tender's leiSe on the retreat through Carlisle 



I 



tt, near Little St. Helen's (tliif? wa^ at the 
rst public ordination among presbyterians 
l:er the Restoration h Brtidsbaw published : 
L * The Sleepy Spouse of Christ alarm'd/ &c., 
1677, l2mo fsermona on Cant, v., preface by 
Nathaniel Viuc^^nt, M.A., who died 2\ June 
lti97, aged 52). ■>. ' The Trial and Triumph 
of Faith.* Halley confuses him ( ii. 184) with 
another James Brudshaw, Ixrrn at Darcy 
Lever, near Bolton, Lancashire, educated at 
Braiienose College, Oxford, presby terian njctor 
of Wigan, who in 1644 encouraged the siege 
of I.4ithom House by sermons from Jerem. 
XV. 14, in which he compared Lathoms seven 
towers to the seven hea<is of the l^easf . He 
was superseded at Wigan by Charles Hot ham 
for not observing the parliamentary fast^ but 
called to Macclesfieldt whence be was ejected 
in ItMJi?, He pivacbed at Houghton Cna]>el, 
and subsequently at Bratlshaw Chapel,re4tding 
some of t he prn vers, but not isubscribing. He 
died in May \m% aged 73. 

[Cal amy's Af*count, 17l3i pp. 16^ 123; Cal*- 
myfi Continuation, 1727. pp. 17, Utl ; Palmor'B 
Nonconf. Memorial. 1802» 1. 337. ii. 334; Hat- 
fiHd's Manch. Snciii, Cruitr^jverBy, 1825, p. HO^ 
Halley *i LauL',, it* Paritaiiifini and None an f, 1 869, 



in December ; and prtjferring to be in Lord 
EIclio's troip of horse when the rebels were 
striving to keep together in Scotland in the 
early weeks of 1 746, he fought at Falkirk. 
He was at Stirling, Perth, Strathbogie, and 
tinully ivt Cull ode n', on 16 April in the same 
year, where in the rout he wa*s taken prisoner. 
His passage to Ijondon was by ship, with forty- 
two fellow-prisoners. He was taken to the 
New <laol, South wark; bis trial took place 
at St. Margaret's Hill on 27 Oct. On that 
occjision be waj* dressed in new green clotb, j 
and bore liimself somewbat gaily. His coimsel 
urged that he hm} always bad * lunatick 
pranks," and had been driven ent irely mad by 
the death of his wife and child. He was 
found guilty, amd having been kept in gaol ! 
nearly a month more, ht> wa« executed Ott 
Kennington Common, 2S Nov. 1746, aged 
only 29. ^ 

[Howdl'i State TriaU, xTiii. 416-24.1 

J. H, 

BRADSHAW, JOHN (lfX)2-1659\ regi- 
cide, was the second surviving son of Henry 
Bradshaw, a well-to-do coujitry gentleman, 



Bradshaw 



177 



Bradshaw 



^ 
^ 



of Mftrple Jiiad Wibersley hulls, Stockport, 
Cheshire, who dieti in 1654. Hi* mother 
wa« Catherine, daughter of Ralph Winning- 
ton of Offerton in the same county, who 
WM married at Stockport on 4 Feh. 1593, 
and died in January 1603-4. The eldest 
Burviving son, Heniy, the heir to the family 
property, was bom in 1600. Francis, the 
youngest son, waa baptised on 13 Jan, 1603-4, 
John wa,«s iK^m at Wibersley Hall in 1602, 
and baptised at Stockport Church on 10 Dec. 
in that vfAr, Educated first at the free school 
of Stockport, he afterwards attended schools 
at Bunbury, Cheshire, and Middleton, Lan- 
cashire. Tiiere is a doubtful tradition that he 
spent some time in hia youth at Macclesiieldf 
aiid there wrote on a gravestone the linea : 

My brother H«*Dry must heir the land, * 

My brother Frank must be tit hits cofmnand ; 1 
Whilst I, poor Jack, wilt do that 
Thftf all the world will wondar at. 

He studied law in London, and was called 
to the bar at Gray's Inn on 23 April 1627. 
He had previously served for several years 
AS clerk to an attorney at Congleton, and ap- 
parently practised as a provincial barrister, 
He was mayor of Congleton in 1637, and [ 
high steward of the borough several years | 
later ( Gmt, Mag. Ixxxviii. i. 3^8 ). He , 
formally resigned the office in May 1656. \ 
At Congleton he maintained no little state, ; 
and possessed much influeuce in the neigh- 
bourntxid. He was steward of the manor of 
Glos«ot), Derbyshire, in laSO. | 

* All his early life/ writes Bradshaw-s 
^end, Milton, in the * Second Defence of the 
People of Englu nd '( lti54 ) , * he was sedulously 
employed in making himself acquainted with 
the laws of bin country; he then practiced 
with singular succesfi and reputation at the 
bar.* Before 1043 he had removed from 
Cbngleton to Ba^inghtUl Street, London, 
and in that year was a candidot^ for the 
post ofjudge of the sheriffs' court in Lon- 
don, The right of appointment was claimed 
by l)4>th the court of^aldermen and the court 
of common council, and the latter elected 
Bradshaw on 21 Sept. About the same time 
the aldermen nominated Richard Proctor, a 
rival candidate. Bradshaw entered at once 
upjn the duties of the office, and continued ; 
in it till 1<349, when other employment com- 
pelled bim to apply tor permission to nominate 1 
a d»^puty. Proctor meanwhile brought an 
action against him in the king's bench. The 1 
suit lingK*red till February 1654-5, when the I 
claim of the court of common council to the , 
appointment was established. 
^^ In October 1644 Bradshaw was one of the 
^H counsel employed in the prosecution of Lord 
^1 TOL. VI. 



I 



P^ 



Mac^uire of Fermanagh and FTughMacmahon 
for their part in the Irish reljellion of 1641. } 
Bradshaw acted with William Prynne, and 
the latter received much assislaDce from Brad*- 
shaw in his elaborate argument proving that 
Irish peers were amenable to English juries. 
The trial resulted in the conviction of Mac- 
guire. In 1645 Bradshaw waa counsel for 
John Lilburne in his successful appeal to 
the House of Lords against the sentence 
pronounced on him in the Star-chamber for 
publishing seditious books eight years before. 
The commons nominated Bradshaw one of 
' the commiasionera of the great seal on 8 Oct. 
1646, but the lords declined to confirm this 
arrangement. On 22 Feb. 1646-7 he was ap- 
pointed chief justice of Cliester, and on 
18 March following a judge in Wales, In 
June he was one of the counsel retained 
(with Oliver St. John, Jennin, and William 
Prynne ) for the prosecution of Judge Jenkins 
on' the charge of passing judgment of death 
on men who had fought for the parliament. 
In a letter to the mayor of Chester ( 1 Aug, 
1648) he promises to resume his practice of 
holding * tlie grand sessions ' at Chester after 
* the sad impediment * of the wars, but only 
promises attention to the city*s welfare on 
condition of its inhabitants* constant cora- 
pliance with the directions of pariiaraent 
{HiM, MSS. Comm, oth Rep. p. 344). (in 
12 Oct. 1648 the parliament created Brad- 
shaw and several other lawyers of their party 
serieantsHit-law. 

Oti 2 Jan. 1648-9 the lords re;jected the 
ordinance of the commons for bringing the 
king to trial Ijefore a parliamentary com- 
mission. The commons stmightway re- 
solved to proceed on tlieir sole authority. 
Certain peers and judges had been nominated 
members of the commission ; but the names 
of the former were now removed (3 Jan,)t 
and those of Bradshaw, Nicholas, and Steele, I 
all lawyers without seats in the house, sub- 
stituted. On Jan. the ordinance for the 
trial passed its final stage. On 8 .Tan. the 
commission held its first private meeting in 
the Painted Chamber at Westminster to dis- 
cuss the procedure at the trial, but Bradshaw 
did not put in an appearance, A second 
meeting took place two days later, ftom 
which Bradshaw was also absent. The com- 
missioners then proceeded to elect a pr esi- 
dejit, and the choice fell upon the ao(sent 
l^vyer^ Mr* Say fille*l the post for the 
rest of that day's sitting, but a special sum- 
mons was sent to Bradshaw to l>e present at 
the meeting to be held on 12 Jan. Ue then 
appeared and * enlarged upon his own want 
ot abilities to undergo nO important a chaisre. 
. . . And when he was pressed , • * 



Bradshaw 



178 



Bradshaw 



quired time t^ coneider it.' The next day 
he formftllj accepted the otHce, with (it is 
s&id) every sign of humility* It was re- 
solved hy the court that he should hence- 
forward bear the title of lord president. 

Clarendon is probably right in describing 
Bradshaw as * not much linown [at this 
time] in Westminster Hall, though of good 
practice in the chamber/ There were cer- 
tainly many lawyers having a higher reputa- 
tion both in parliament and at the bar who 
might have been expected to be chosen be- 
fore Bradshaw president of the great com- 
mission. But there were obvious reasona 
for appointing a lawyer of comparatively 
little prominence. The proceedings demanded 
a very precise obser^^ance of legal formali- 
tiep^ and a lawyer was indispensable . Rut 
the anti-royaliets had very few lawyerfi among 
them who believed in the justice or legality 
of the latest development of their policy. 
Whitelockeand Widdrington both refilled to 
8«rve on the commi:^sion ; Serjeant Nicholas, 
who had l)een nominnted to the commission 
at the same time m Bradi^hnw^ declined to 
tttlce part in the trial ; the parlbunentary 
judges KoUe, St. John, and Wilde deomwl 
the proceedings irregular from first to last; 
Edward Prideaux, an able lawyer, whom the 
commons had appointed solicitor'general on 
12 Oct. 1648, was unwilling to appear against 
the king* and hie place was hlled for the 
occasion bv John Cook, a man of fur amaUer 
ability. But the commisaioner.s, whether or 
no they had any misgivinpjs, were resolved 
to prove their confidence in the man of their 
choice. Everything was done to lend dignity 
to the newly elected president, The deanery 
at Westminster was nanded over to him as 
his residence for the future, but during the 
trial it was arnin^d that he should lodge at 
Sir Abraham WtlliamB's hoitse in Palace Yard 
to be near Westminster Hall. He was given 
scarlet robes and a numerous body-guard. 
Although his .^t out-hear ted ness is repeatedly 
insisted on by his admirers* Bradshaw had 
some fear of personal violence at thif* timts. 
* Besides other defence/ says Kennett| *he had 
a higli-crowned braver hat lined with plated 
steel to ward off blows.' The hnt is now in 
the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford ( Complete 
Hut.'in. 181 ».; Grangee, J>t(>7, Hut.n/Mt). 

Privflte meetings of the commission, at- 
tended hy less than half the full n^imber of 
members, were held under Brnih^haw's presi- 
dency in the Fainted Chamber at Westmin- 
ster almost every day of the week preceding 
the trial, and on the morning of each day of 
the trial itself. The trial opened at West- 
minster Hall on Saturday, 20 Jan. 1648-9. 
Bradshaw s name was read out by a clerk^ 



and he took his seat, a crimson velvet chair, 
* having a desk with ft crimson velvet cushion 
before him/ He was surrounded bv atten- 
dants, and plac^ in the midst of his colleagues. 
The president addressed the prisoner as soon 
as lie was brought into court as * Charlee 
Stiiarti king of England/ and invited him to 
plead, but the king persistently declined the 
invitation on the ground of the court's in- 
competency, and Bradshaw's frequent and 
impfltient appeals had no effect upon him. 
Finally Bradshaw adjourned the proceed- 
ings to the following Mondav, The same 
scene was repeated on that anc! the next two 
days. The president repeatedly rebuked the 

fjnsoner for his freedom of language, and abeo- 
utely refused to allow him to make a speeclu 
On 25 Jan, twenty-nine witnesses were hur- 
riedly examined ; on 26 Jan. Bradshaw and 
the commissioners framed a sentence of death 
at a private sitting in the Painted Chamber. 
It was read over by them on the morning of 
the next day (27 Jan.), after which Brad- 
shaw proceeded to Westminster Hall and 
pronounced judgment in a long-winded and 
strongly worded oration. Before Bradshaw 
8p<:>ke, Charles made an earnest appeal to 
be heard in his defence. Siime of the com- 
missioners were anxious to grant him thb 
request, but Bradshaw finally disallowed it. 
After the sentence was pronounced, the king 
renewed his demand, but Bradshaw roughly 
told him to be quiet, and ordered the guards 
to remove? him. On 30 Jan., the day of the 
execution, the commission held its last meet- 
ing in private; the death-warrant was duly 
engrossed and signed by My-eight members* 
Bradshaw^s signature headed the list, ^ 

Bradshaw was censured by crowds of 
pamphleteers for his overbearing and brutal 
behaviour towards the king at the trial (cf. 
MeeuKm against Trea^Km, or a Bone for Brad* 
Mhow to pick J 9 Julv 1649). His friend» 
professed to admire his self-confidence and 
dignity, and spoke as if he had had no previous 
judicial ex j>enence. On the whole it appears 
that he behaved very much as might be ex- 
pected of a commonplace barrii^ter suddenly 
called from the bench of a city Bherills* court 
to fill a high and exceptionally dignified 
judicial office. 

The lord president's court was re-esta* 
blifihed, with Bradshaw at its bead, on 2 Feb. 
1648-9, and throughout the month it was 
engaged in trying leading royalists for high 
treason. The chief prisoners were the Duke 
of Hamilton, Lord Cspel* and Henrv Rich, 
earl of Holland, Briiashaw, arrayed in his 
scarlet robes, pronounced Benience of death 
upon them all in very lengthy judgments.. 
He showed none of these prisoners any 



Bradshaw 



179 



Bradshaw 



I 



ercjt but he ftppeared to leadt adfanUge 
tiie judge of EuiebiuiS .Andrews [q. v*j» ft 
jrojT&lkt dikf^ed with conspimcj Ag&iost the 
Comaaonwettlth, He soo^t hy repeated 
croa»«xaiiiiiiatioEi5 to conTict AtidrewB out 
of his own mouth, and kept him in pri^oa for 
%*ery manf taonthji. Finally Brad4ijtw con- 
deanued him to death on 6 Aug. l(io<) (F. 
Bucei.bt'8 account of the trial, Wm, re- 

frinted in St4it€ Trials , v, l-4:2>. Bradshaw 
ill nr»t rontlnue, however, to perform work of 
His place was filled b? Serjeant 
1 1651, and by Serjeant Tl&le in 1654. 
Bradshaw fouud other occupation in the 
council of estate, to which he was elected by 
a vote of the commons on it^ formation 
(14 Feb. 104^^-9), and chosen it^ permanent 
pxeaident (10 March). He did not attend 
it« aittiog?! till 12 March, after which he was 
rarelv absent. No other member was »o re- 
g^ular in his attendance. He was in frequent 
.correspondence with Oliver Cromwell durine 
"le camnaigiis of 1649 and 1650 in Ireland 
1 Scotland, and during- those years offices 
1 honours were heaped upon him. On 
"^ * 1649 parliament nominated him at- 
imtofCheahireand North Wales, 
days later chancellor of the duchy 
Lancaster, a post in which he wa^ con- 
nued by a special vote of the house on 
July 1650. On 19 June 1«549 parliament, 
kving taken his great merit into considera- 
naid him a sum of l,00O/,f and on 15 Au^. 
formally handed over to him lands wortli 
)/. a year. The estatea aasigned him were 
of t he Earl of St. Albans and Lord Got- 
n^on. He was re-elected by parliament a 
ember of the oouncd of state (12 Feb. 
tU9-50, 7 Feb. I60O-1, 24 Nov. 1051, and 24 
*ov. 1652), and presided regularly at its ait- 
I, signing nearly all the official correspon- 
nce* lie was not very popular with his col- 
thert). He seemed * not much versed in 
usinesaest/writes Whitelocke/ and i<peiit 
of their time by Ijis own long ispeeches.* 
CromTyell*8 gra<Uuil assumption of arbi- 
ary power did not meet with Bradshaw^a 
pnroval. On 20 April 1053 Cromwell, who 
ad tirst dissolved the Long parliament, pre- 
mted himself later in the day before the 
uncil of Jitatet and declared it at an end. 
idshawj as president, ro«*e and addressed 
intruder in the words ; * Sir^ we have 
what you did at the house in the 
ing, and before many hours all Eng- 
d wQl hear it ; but, tir, you are mis- 
taken to think the parliament Ib dissolveilp 
no power under heaven can diasolve t hem 
, themaelves ; therefore take you notice of 
that '(LiTDLow, Memoin, 195). Bradshaw did 
not sit in fiarebones's parliament, which met 




on4 Julyl65S,but anact waspast^ed ( IK S<.*pu) 
by the a;ssembly continuing mm in the chan- 
I cellorship of the duchy of Lancaster. He waa 
elected to the next parliament, which aaaetn* 
bled on 4 Sept. 1654, but declined on 1^ Sept. 
to sign the ♦ recognition ' pledging members 
to maintain the government * as it is »ettl*»d 
in a single person and a parliament/ He was 
summoned by Cromwell betbre the council 
of state formed by him on becoming pro- 
j tector, together with Vane, Rich, and Lud- 
low, and was bidden by Cromwell to tako < 
' out a new commission as chief justice of 
Chester. He refused to submit to the order. 
He declared that he had been appointed 
during his good behaviour, and had done 
nothing to mrfeit his right to the place, aa 
he would nrove before any twelve jurymen. 
Cromwell did not press the point, and Brad- 
shaw immediately afterwards went his c ircult 
as usuaL But Cromwell revenged himself 
by seeking to diminish Bradshaw's influence 
in Cheshire. In the parliament which met 
17 Sept. 1056 Bradshaw failed to obtain a scat, 
owing to the machination.'^ of Tobia.s Bridges, 
CromwelUs major-general for the county 
(Thurlob, vi. 313). Thene had been a nroposal 
to nominate him for the city of London, but 
that came to nothing. * Serjeant Brad^liaw/ 
writes Thurloe jubilantly to Henry Crom- 
well in Ireland (26 Aug, 1656), Hiatli missed 
it in Che^shire, and is chosen nowhere else.* 

Bradshaw was now an open oppH»Jient «if 
the government. According to an anony- 
mous letter sent to Monk he entert^d early in 
1665 into conspiracy with Haslerig, Pridi*, 
and others^ to seize Monk as a first step 
towards the army's overthrow (TMirRLot, 
Papers^ iii. 185).' He was also suspected, 
on no very valid ground, of encouraging 
the fifth-monarchy men in the following 
year. In August 1656 an attempt was made 
by Cromwell to deprive him of hia otKce of 
chief j ustice of Chester (Th tFRLOE). In pri vato 
and public Bradshaw vigorously denounccHl 
CromweH's usur[)ation of power, and he is 
credited with having asserted that if such 
conduct ended in the Protector's assumption 
of full regal power, he and Cromwell ' had 
committed the moat horrid treason [in thinr 
treatment of Charles I] that ever waa heard 
of* (BradahatD^M Ghost, being a Dialogue h^- 
iiveen the mid Ghost and an apparition of the 
ht6 Kintj, 1669). Under date 3 Doc. *1657 
Whitelocke writes of the relations between 
Cromwell and Bradshaw that ' the distaste 
between them* was perceived to increase. 
During the last years of the protectorate 
Bradshaw took no part in politics* 

The death of the great Protector (3 Sept. 
1658), and the abdication of Richard Crom- 

k2 



Brads haw 



i8o 



Brads haw 



well (25 May 1659), restoi^d to Bradfthnw ] 
some of bis loRt influence'. The reasaembltKl 
Long parliament nominated him ou 13 May 
one of the ten members of the reestablished 
council of state who were not t^ be mejnbere 
of parliwrnent. On 3 Jane 1659 he was 
apputnted a commissioner of the great seal 
for five months with Seijeanta Fountaine 
and Tym4, But Bradshaw's health was ra- 
pidly "faihng, and on 9 June he wrote to the 
parliament a^kin^ to be temporarily relieved 
during indispoeition of the duties of commis- 
sioner of the seal. On 2i? July he took the 
neoea^ary oath in the houso to he faithful to 
the Commonwealth, but was still unable to 
attend t^ the work of the office. Matters went 
badly in bis absence. The I>nng parliament 
again fell a victim to the army, and on hearing 
of the gpt'aker's (LentliaH) arrest, 13 Oct,, by 
Lieutenant-colonel Duckenfield on hii* way 
to Westminster, Bradshaw rose from bis i^ick 
bed, and prt-sented himself at the sitting of the 
council of state. Colonel Sydenham endea- 
Toured to justify the army's action^ but Brad- 
shaw, * weak and extenuated as he wai?/ says 
Ludlow, ' yet animated by ardent zeal and 
constant atf'ection to the common cause, stood 
up and interrupted him, declared his abhor- 
rence of this detestable action ; and telling 
the council, that being now going to his God, 
he had not patience to sit there to hear Ilis 
great name so openly blasphemed,* According 
to George Bate, his royalist biographer, he 
raved like a mad m an ^ audi flung out of the room 
in ft fury ( Thf Lives . , . af thfi prme actors 
. . . of tffaf /for rid murder of . . . Kinff 
Char let ^ IMl), On arriving home at the 
deanery of Westminster, which he had con- 
tinued to occupy sinctt his appointment afi 
lord president, he became dangerously ill, and 
* diea of a quartan ague, which bad held him 
for a yenr/on *31 Oct* 1659 (Mercunnji PoU- 
tictiji,' :il Oct.) ^ lie declared a little be- 
tbte he left the world that if the king were 
to be tried and condemned again, he woidd 
be the tirst man that would do it M Peck, 
Desiderata C^iriosaf xiv. »Si*), Pie was buried 
with great ceremony in Westminster A bb+>y 
(22 Kov.), and his funeral sermon-^an ela- 
borate eulogy — was nreached by John Rowe, 
preacher at the abbey since 11154 (Merp. 
PoL 22 Nov.) Whitelocke describeA him 
as * a strict man, and learned in his pro- 
fession ; no friend of monarchy/ Clarendon 
writes of him with great a.^perityi while 
Millon^*i stately panegyric, written in Brnd* 
sbaw'a lifetime^ I(>5|), applauded his honest 
devotion to the cause of lil>ert y. lie was not 
B grea.t man, but there is no reason to doubt 
his sinccTe faith in the republican principles 
which he consistently upheld, H« was ap- 



parently well read in history and law. Ac- 
cording to the pamphleteers, he had built a 
stndy for himself on the roof of Westminster 
Abbey, which was well stocked with bcHjks, 
Charles IT, in a letter to the mayor of Bris- 
tol (8 March 16H1-2), states that Bnidshaw s 
papers^ which were then in the hands of one 
George Bishop, included * divers papers and 
writings" taken by Bradshaw * out of the 
office of the King's Libnury at Whitehall, 
which could not ret be recovered' (Hi^t 
MSS, Omm, 5th Rep.p, 328), Bradshaw is 
stated to have supplied * evidences * to Marcb- 
mont Needham, when translating Seidell's 
*Mare Clausum ' (Nicoi^ON, ffisf^ Libn 
ill. 124). He fully shared the piety of the 
leaders of the pari lament ^ and, in spite of hia 
I high-handed conduct as lord presiaent of the 
commission, does not seem to have been of 
an unkindly nature. Mr. Edward Peacock 
found a document a few yea^rs ago which 
proved that Bradshaw^ after obt.aiaing the 
grant ofthe estates of a royalist najued Richard 
Greene at Stapeley, heard of the destituta 
condition ofGreene'stlmi'e daughters J where- 
upon be ordered (20 Sept. 1(560) his steward 
to collect the rent and pay it to them (Athe^ 
n^tum^ 23 Nov. 1878), Similarly, on receiving 
the tithes of Feltbam, Middlesex, be issued 
an address (4 Oct. BJnl) to the inhabitants of 
the parish, stating that hifs anxiety * touching' 
spyrituaUs * had led him to provide and endow 
a minister for them without putting them to- 
any charge {AthenKeum for 1878, p, 089), 

On 15 May 1660 it was resolved that 
Bradshaw, although dead, should be attainted 
by act of parliament, together with Crom- 
weU, Ire ton, and Pride, all of whom died 
before the Restoration. As early aa 3 May 
1654 Bradshaw had been specially excepted 
from any future pardon in a proclamation 
issued by Cliarles 11. On 12 Xii!y K«><3 the^ 
sergeant-at-arms was ordered to deliver to 
the house Bradshaw^s goods (Commons Jour' 
nah viit. 88), On 4 Dec- 1660 parliament 
directed that the bodies of Bradahaw, Crom- 
well, and Ireton * should be tiiken up from 
Westminster ' and liangfd in their coffins at 
Tyburn. Tliis indignity was duly wrpet rated 
30 Jan, IBBO-I. Tlie regicides' heads were 
subseriuently exposed in Westminster Hall 
and their bodies re buried beneath the gaUowft 
(Tepts's Diarif, 4 Feb. 16J30-I ). 

Bradshaw married Mar)- (b. 1 596), daughter 
of Thomas Marbury of Marbury, Cheshire, but 
had no children. She died between 1055 and 
1 1>50, and was buried in Westminster Abbey 
On Sept. I(i61 directions were given forth© 
removal nf bpr body to the churchyard outside 
the abbey { Westminster Ahhei/ Pefpster^ Harl. 
Soc.p- 522). By his will, made in 1655 and, 



^ 



IfJ 



I 



K 



proved in London 16 Dec. 1659 (printed hy 
Earwaker), Bradjahnw bequeathed most of Lid 
property, which consisted of estat-ea in Berk- 
shire, Southampton, Wiltshire, Somenset, and 
IVtiddleseJt, to his wife, if she survived him, 
for her life, with reversion to Heury (r/, 1698), 
his brother Henry's son. He also made chari- 
tftble bequests for estahlisliing a free school 
at MarpLe, his birthplace ; for increasing the 
schoolmasters' fetipendssat Buuhury and Mid- 
dleton, where he had been educated ; and for 
maintaining good miuisters at Felt ham and 
Hatch (Wiltshire), where he had been granted 
property bj parliament. By one codicil he 
left his houses and lodgings at Westminster 
to the governors of the school and almshouses 
there, and added a legacy of 10/, to Jolin 
Milton, the poet. After the'llestoration, how- 
eyer^all Bmdshaw's pro|>erty was conliscated 
to the crown under the act of attainder. 

Two engraved portraits of Bradfihaw are 
mentioned by Granger (ii. 397, iii, 71) — one 
in hiij iron hat by Vandergucht; for Clareii- 
don*a * History,' and another in 4to, ' partly 
flcnped and partly stippled.' 

MsxRY Bkadshaw, the president's elder 
brother, signed a petition for the eatahlish- 
mient of the pre^byterian religion in Cheshire 
on 6 July 1646; acted as magistrate under 
the Commonwealth ; held a commission of 
aergeant-major under Fairfax, and subse- 
quently one of heutenant-colonel in Colonel 
.Ashtou^s regiment of foot; commanded the 
militia of tbe Macclesfield hundred at the 
battle of Worcester (1651), where he was 
wounded; sat on the court-martial which 
Tied the Earl of Derby and other loyalists at 
jhester in 1652; was clmrged with thisolfeuce 
iLt the llestoration ; was imprisoned by order 
of parUament from 17 July to 14 Aug. 1660; 
wa^ pardoned on 23 Feb, 1660-1 ; imd^ dying 
JAt Marpte, was buried at Stockport on 15 
March llMIO^l (Earwaxer's I^tJtt CheMre, 
ii. 62-9; Ohmhrod, CA/^shire, pp. 408-11). 

[Kobte's livett of the R«gicidoH, i. 47-66 ; 
Fas&'s Judgt^s, vi. 418 et sisq. ; Earwakera Ei«it < 
Cheshire, ii. 69-77 ; Ormerod'a Choshirp, iii, 
408^9; Brayl^y and Brit ton V Be^iu ties of Eng- 
land, ii. 264-8 ; Clarendon's Rebelhou * White- 
Locke e Memorials; Ludlow'fiM&muirs; Thurloe's 
StAte Papers; Gal, State Papers (Horn.), 1649- 
1658; Carlyle'a Cromwell; Commons' Journal, 
i»i. Tti. Tiii. ; State Triab, iii. iv, v. Many rttta«"kii 
on Bradshavr were pubbsihed al^er his duath. 
Thechief of thottij besides those mentioned alxjvo, 
are The Arrftignment of the Divel for stealing 
away Presidt^nt Bradyhaw, 7 Nov. 1669 (fol. ah.) ; 
Th« President of Presidents, or an Elogie oa the 
[death of John Bmd^haw, I6d9 ; Bra4tthaw*fl 
Uitimum Vi%h, being the last words that were 
«ver intAoded to be (4poke of him. «s they were 
' '^Tered ia a sermon Preach'd at his Interment 



by J. 0. D. D., Time-Server General of England, 
Oif. 1660; The Lamentations of a Sinnf\r; or, 
Bmdshaw's Horrid Farewell, together with bis 
last will and teet^inieut, Lond. 1659, Marchmont 
Needham pubhshfld* 6 Feb. 1660-1, a speech * in- 
tended to have been spoken ' at his executioQ at 
Tyburn, but * for very weigh tie reasons omitted-' 
The Impudent Babbler Baffled ; or, the Falsity 
of that assertion uttered by Bradshaw in Crom- 
we I Is new-erec'ttjd 81aughter-Houae, a bitter at- 
tack on Bradshfiw's judiciiil conduct, appearetl in 
1705,] S. L. L. 

BRADSHAW, JOHN (/. 1079), poli- 
tical writer, soo of Alban Bradsbaw, an at- 
tomt^Vj of Maidstone, Kent, was born in that 
town in llioO. He was ad in it ted a scholar of 
Corpus Chrijsti College, Oxford, in 1074^ and 
wjiK expelltKl from that society in 1677 for 
robbing and attempting to murder one of 
the senior fellows. He wa^ tried and con- 
demned to death, but after a yetir\^ imprij*on- 
men t was re I ea>it!id. W ood says that Bradsh a w, 
* who was a perfect atheist and a debauchee 
ad omnia, retired afterwards xn his own 
country, taught a petty school, turji'd quaker, 
was a preacher among them, and wrott? and 
published **The Jesuits Counterrain'd ; or, 
on Account of a now Plot, &e./' London, 
1679, 4to.' Wben James II cume to the 
throne, Bradshaw * turned papist.* 

[Wood's Athen® Oxon. (Bliss), iv. eifi.l 

T. C. 

BRADSHAW, EICHAHU (J. 1650), 
diplomat iHt, and u merchant of Cheater, ap- 
pears in December 1 HA'2 as one of the col- 
lectors of the contribution raised for the 
defence of that city (HtJti, MSS. Comrn. 8th 
Rep, p. .%5)* DkLrin^ the civil war he 8<»rved 
as (iuarterm<i!4ter-geiieriil of t he horse under 
the commimd of Sir William Breretou [q. v.] 
(Petition in Com7nomJoutHah,2ti Jjin, Itiol). 
In the year 1049 he wa9 mayor of Chester, 
and in January 1^550 wivs apjioLnted by par- 
liumwot remdent at HiimburiLf. In Novem- 
ber 1052 he wiis for a short time employed 
as envoy to the king of Denmark, and in 
April 1 1^57 was sent on a similar mission to 
Russia, He returned to England in ItJoO, 
and was in Jatumry HIlX^I one of the commis- 
sioners of the nav>' (Mercunu^ PolUicwf, 
1*8 Jan, ItStiOK He is said by Heath to have 
been the kinsman of President Bradshaw; 
and from the tone of his letters, and his 
attendance nt Bradshftw*8 funeral, this ap- 
pears to have been the case. Mr. Horwood 
etfttes that he was the nephew of John 
Bradshaw ; but the pedigree of thi^ latter's 
family givi:iti in Earwaker's * History of 
Cbeshire * does not confirm this statement* 

[Bradshfiw has left a larj^e correspondence. The 
Tauuer MBS. ia the Bodleian contain several let- 



Bradshaw 



tewof Ifi49-5L In the Sixth R*«port of th^Bojal 
ComTDiasion an HihtnricAl M&nuj$criptR, 42&-44, 
it a ri'purt by Mr. Horwwtd on a collection of 
lotters to and from BnvUhaw in tbt^pcMieafiioii of 
Miss Ffariogton. Hie officii correfpondecce \» 
eontaiced in tha Thorloe dtat« Papers, Some 
other letters may be foiond in tho Caloodar of 
X>onicflticStat« Papers. Mercurius PoliticBa, Noe. 
135 to 144, contains a full accuunt of Bradfifaaws 
MiiwioD to Copenbftgen (18 Dec. 1662 to 10 Feb. 
1663). Peck*9 Desiderata Onriofla, pp. 485-90, 
cootnini depoeittons relative to the plot for hia 
murder formed during hit «tay there. PecV terms 
him the oepheir of President BradehawJ 

C. K F. 

BRADSHAW, THOMAS (J. 1591). 
povt, was the autlior of * The Shepberd^s 
btarrc, now of late aeene and at this bower 
to be obsenied, menieilous orient in the East : | 
whicb briniff tb ^lm\ tydinp to all that may 
behold ht*r brijij^httiei^y havings the foure ele- 
ments with the tbure capitall vertues in her, 
which makes her elementall and a van- 
(juishor of all earthly humors. DeBCril>ed 
by ft Gentleman Inte of the Right wortbie 
and honorable tlie Lord Burgb, mg com pan le 
& retinue in the Briell in Nortb-holland/ 
London, 1591. The dedication ia addressed 
to the well-known Earl of £fl«ex and to 
* Thomas Lord Burgh, baron of GuTnshurgh, 
Lord Gouemour of the towne of firyell and 
the fort^a of Xewnmnton and Cleyhorow in 
North Holland for her Maiestie/ Alexander 
Bradshaw prefixes a letter to his brother the 
author (dated *from the court of Greonewich 
upon Siiint Qeorge'a day, ir)91, A prill 23-) 
in which be says that be iiaa taken the liberty 
of publishing this book in its author's ab- 
sence abroad , The preliminary'' poems by 
I* M. and Thomas Groofi deal with Brad- 
ahaw'a departure from England. The volume 
coatiitfi of * A Paraphrase upon the third of 
the Canticles of Tlieocritus, in both verse 
and prose. The author's style in the preface 
is highly affected and euphuistic, but the 
Tbeocritean pare phrase renos pleasantly. The 
book IS of great rarity. A copy is in the 
British Museum. A Thomas Bradshaw pro- 
ceeded B*A. at Gxford in 1547, and suppli- 
cated for the degree of M.A. early in 1549 
(0.1/ Univ. Hfif/., Oxf. Hist. Soc, I. 212). 

rCorMr*B CoUi^ctanea {Chetham Soc.), i. 328 ; 
Bnt. MuB. Cat.] S. L. L. 

BRADSHAW, WILLIAM (1571-1618), 
puritan divine, son of Nicholas Bradshaw, 
of ft Lancashire family, was horn at Market 
Bos worth , Lei rest eiigh i re, in 1 57 1 . Hi s early 
scljooling at TV'orcester wqs paid for by an 
unclcj on whose death hia education was 
gratuitously conliniied by George Ainsworth, 
master of the grammar iscbool at Ashby*de- , 




ereMH 



I oecaaii^ 
idStee^H 
He n^^l 



lA*Zouch. In 1589 Bndahaw went to Em- 
manuel College, Cambridgep where be gra- 
duated B.A. and M.A.,but wan unaucceiiiful 
in competing for a fellowship (1595) with 
Jo«eph Hall, afterwards bishop of Norwich. 
Through the influence of Laurence Chaderton 
[q. v.], the firsts master of Emmanuel, he ob- 
tained a tutorship in the family of Sir "Thomas 
I^igliton^ governor of Guernsey. Here he 
came under the direct influence of the puritan 
leader, TIjomas Cartwright fq. v.l who bad 
framed ( 157ii) the ecclesiastical discipline of 
the Channel Islands on the continental model, 
and was now preacliing at Castle-comet. 
Between Cartwright and Bradi^aw a 
and lasting affection was formed. Here 
he met James Montague (afterwards _^ 
of Winchester). In 1599, when Montagw 
was made tiwt master of Sidney Sussex Col- 
lege, Cambridge, Bradshaw was appointeti 
one of the first fellows. He had a near ee- 
cape from drowning (being no swimmer) at 
Hanston Mills, near Cambridge, while jour* 
neying on horseback to the univt^rsity. He 
took orders, some things at whicb he scrupled 
being diyyensed with, and preached occ 
ally at Abington, Bassingb<iiime,and8t 
Morden, villages near Cambridge. 
Cambridge, having got into trouble by di&- 
tributing the T^Titings of John Darrcl [a. t.I, 
tried for practising exorcism. In July 1601, 
thrt>ngh ChadertonV influence, he was mvited 
to settle as a lecturer at Chatham, in the 
diocese of Hocbester, He was very popular, 
and the parishioners applied (25 Apnl 1602), 
through Sir Fmncis Hastings, for the arch- 
bishop*8 confirmation of hit< appointment to 
the lilting. A report that he held unsound 
doctrine bad, however, reached I^oudon ; and 
Bradehaw was cited on 2H May to appear 
next morning before Archbishop "VMiitgift^ 
and Bancroft, bishop of L<^>ndon, at Shorae, 
near Chatham. He was aocuaed of teaching 
* that man is not bound to love God, unless 
he be sure that God loves him.* Bradshaw 
repu(liut«^d this heresy, and offered to produce 
testimony that he had taught no such thing. 
Howe'* er, he wa« simply called upon to sub- 
scribe ; he declined, was sus^K'tided, and bound 
to flpj>ear again when summoned. The vicafi 
John Philips, stood bis friend, and the pa- 
rishioners applied to John Young, bishop of 
Kcwhester, for his rest omt ion, but without 
e Hect . Un der this d i sappoi n t men t , Bradsh aw 
founil a retreat in the family of Alexander 
Bedicli,of Newhall, close to Stapenhill,Der- 
byf-liire. Bedicb procured him a license from 
William Overton, hi.^hnp of Coventry ajid 
Lichfield, to preach in any part of bis dioce&e. 
Accordingly he preached at a private chapel 
in Kedich'tJ park, and subsequently (from 



d 



Bradshaw 



183 



Bradshaw 






I 



ie04) in Stapenhill Cfjurch. Although he 
dpew no emolument from his pubhc work, 
tlie hoBpitJility of his patron wa^^ hlM^mlly 
extended to him. Soon after hm marria^^e 
he settled at Stanton Ward, in Stapenhill 
parish^ and his wife made something hj 
needlework and by teaching a few^ children. 
Bndshaw was one of a little knot of puritan 
divines who met periodically at Anhby-de- 
la-Zouch, Repton, Burtoii-fm-Trentj and Sta* 
penhill. Neitlier in form nor in aim waa this 
OMoeiiition a pTeebvterian claBsie. Whether 
Bnbdi^hBW ever held Cartwright*ii views of ec- 
clesiastical jurisdiction is not clear; it is plain 
that he did not adhere to them* Neal places 
both him and his neighbour Hilder^ham, of 
Asbby, among the beneficed clergy who in 1 r>Hf5 
declared their approbation of Cartwright's 
'Book of DiBcipline ;' hut the chronology in 
both cases i» manifestly wrong. Even Cart- 
wright and his immediiite coadjutors declared 
in April ir>})2 that they iiev«?r had exerciaed 
any ecclesiastical juriBdictioiit or so miieli as 
BToposed to do BO, till authorised by law. 
The exerctsee of the asscx^ation with which 
Bradshaw wa^ connected were limited to a 1 
public sermon and a private conference. la 
these didcuaaions Bradshaw^a balanced judg- 
ment gave him a superiority over his brethren, 
who called him *thp weighing divine.' lie 
was strongly averse to ceremonies, both us j 
unlawfiil m themselves and imposed by the 
undue authority of prelates. Bradshaw was 
in London, prolmhly on a publi.shing errand, 
in 1605; he had been ebov^n lecturer at 
Christ Church, Newgate ; but the bishop I 
would not authorise liim. He had already 
published againi^t ceremonies, and though ! 
nis tracN were fluonymou.H, their paternity 
wad well understoml. He now put forth his 
most important piecet *- Englisli Puritanisme/ 
1005, 4to, which professe<l to embody the 
views of the most rigid eectioji of the party. 
His views of doctrine would have satisfiefi 
Henry A ins worth [fj, v.] ; he was at one with 
Ain«worth as regartls the independence of 
congregatiou.*, differing only as to the ma- 
chinery of their intemitl government; he was 
no separatist^ but he wanted to see the church 
purined. Moreover, he entertained a mnrh 
atrongeT feeling than Ainswortb of the duty 
of submission to the civil authority. Let the 
king be a * very infidel ' and persecutor of the 
truth^ or openly defy every law of God, he 
held that he still retained, as* archbishop and 
raieral overseer of all the churchei^ within 
ms dominions,' the right to rule all churches 
within his realm, and must not be resieted in 
the name of conscience; those who cannot 
obey must passively take w^hat punishment 
he allots. The key to Bradshaw's ow^u scheme 




of church polity is the complete autonomy of 
individual congregations* He would have 
them disciplined inwardly on the preebyterian 
plan, the worshippers delegating their spi- 
ritmtl government to an oligarchy of pastors 
and elders, power of excommunication being 
reserved to *■ the whole congregation itself/ 
But he would subject no congregation to any 
ecclesiastical jurisdiction save ' that which is 
within itself.* To prevent aa far as possible 
the action of the state from being warped by 
ecclesiastical control, he would enact that 
no clergyman should hold any office of civil 
authority. Liberty of con&cience is a prin- 
ciple which his view of the royal supremacy 
precludes him from directly stating ; but he 
very carefully guards against the possible 
abuse of church censure^^ and holds it a sin 
for any church otticers to exercise authority 
over the body, goods ^ lives, liberty of any man, 
Li spite of the safeguard provided by the auto- 
cratic control which he proposed to vest in the 
civil power»the syst em ot wrhich Bradshaw was 
the spokesman was not unnaturally viewed 
as abandoning every recognised security for 
the maintenance of protestant uniformity. 
That on his principle congregations might set 
up the mass was doubtless what w^as most 
feared ; * purit Ein-pnpist ' is the significant title 
given in lfi05 to a writer on Bradshaw s side, 
who would * persuade the permission of the 
promiscuous use and profession of all sorts 
of heresies.* But before very long the ap- 
pearance of anabaptist enthusiasts such as 
Wightman confirmed the impression that the 
scheme of Bradshaw and liis friends would 
never do, Bradshaw's exposition of puritanism 
bore no name, but its authorship was never 
any secret. It was not enough to answer 
him by the pen of the Bishop of London^s 
Welsh chaplain; his London lodgings were 
searched by two piu-suivants, deputed to seiie 
him and his iMimpblets, His wife had sent 
him out of the way, and, not ball' an hour 
before the domiciliary visit, bad succeedfid in 
cleverly hiding the books behind the fireplace. 
They carried this spirited lady before the high 
commission, but conld extract nothing from 
her under examination, so they bound ber to 
apjHjar again when summoned, and let her go. 
Ames's Latin version of the * English Puri- 
tanisme * carried Bradsbnw's views far and 
wide (see Ambs, William, 1576-1633, and 
BwiW^^ Hist, o/Chf Iff ret/at limn Itgm in Norf. 
and Suff. 1 877, p. 66 seti. ) His Derbyslure re- 
treat wiici Bradsliaw's safe sanctuari* ; thither 
he returned from many a journey in the cause 
be loved ; his friends there were influential; 
and there was much in his personal addreM 
which, when hist surface austerity yielded to 
the natural play of a bright and companionable 



Bradshaw 



I«4 



Bradshaw 



L " 

y 



diipoflitioQ, nttncbtHl to him the afi*ectionat6 
legitrd of men who did not ehan^ his views. 
No eiicomiiira from his own partj givee ao 
Bympath**tic a picture of his character as we 
find m tht! graphic touches of his compeer, 
Biahop IlaDj who puts the living man hefore 
ufl, * very strong ana eager inargument^ hearty 
in friendahipi regardle@<s of the worlds a de- 
spiser of compliment, a lover of reality.* In 
the year before his death Bradshaw got back 
to Derbyshire from one of hi^ journeys, and 
the chaneeUor of Overall, the bishop of Co- 
ventry and Lichlield, * WL4comed him home 
with a suspension from preaching/ But * the 
mediation of a couple of good angele' (not 
•two persons of some influence,* as Ro?e 
augu«sts^ but coins of the rejilm) procured the 
withdrawal nf the inhibition, and Bradshaw 
was Ifft to pursue his work in peace. On 
I viBit to Chelsea he was stricken with ma- 
ignant fever, which carried him oil' in 16] 8. 
A large company of ministers attended him 
to his burial m Chelsea Church on 16 Mny. 
The funeral sermon was prt^ached by Tliomas 
Qataker [q. v.], who f?ubsequently became bis 
biographer, llradshaw married a widow at 
Chatham ; but the marriage did not take place 
till a whort time prior to bis election by the 
vestry fLS oftcmoH^n li'Cturerat Christ Church. 
Heh^ft three eons and q daughter; the eldest 
son, John, was born in Thrcadneedle Street, 
and ^ baptixed in thf church near thereto 
adjoyiiiogj where the minister of the place^ 
somewhat thick of hearing, by a mistake, 
instead of Jonathan, nam'd him John/ He 
became rector of Etc hi ogham, Sussex^ Brad- 
shaw publiabed : 1 . * A Triall of Subscription 
by way of a Preface unto cert aine Subscribers, 
and reasons for lesse rigour against Noiisub- 
scribers,' 1599, ^vo (anon.) 2. * Humble 
Motives for Association to maintain religion 
established,* 1601, 8vo (anon.) 8. *A con- 
sideration of Certaine Positions Archiepisco- 
pall,^ ItlCH, 12mo (anon, j the positions at- 
tacked are four, viz. that religion needs 
ceremonies, that they are lawful when their 
dtx^rine in lawful, that the doctrine of the 
Anglican ceremonies is part of the goei)e], 
that nonconformists are schismatics). 4. * A 
fihorte Treatise of the Crosse in Baptisme 
. , . the use of the crosae in baptisme is not 
indiU'erent, but utterly unlai^'ful,' 1604^ 8vo 
(anon.) J>. VA Treatise of Divine Worship, 
tending to j^n^ve that the Ceremonies imposed 
. . . are in their use unlawful,' 1604, Svo 
(anon.); n^printed 170B, 8vo, with preface 
and postscript^ signed 1), M* (Danie! Mayo), 
•in defence of a Uxik entitled " Thomas 
against Bennet *' ' [see Benjtet, Thomas, D.D.] 
6. * A Proposition concerning kneeling in the 
veiyact of receiving, , , ,* 1005, Svo (anon.) 



7. * A Treatise of the nature and use of th 
indifferent, tending t o prove that the Cerani-^ 
niea in present controverwe . . , are neither 
in nature or use indifferent/ 1605, Svo (anon. ; 
a note prefixed implies that it was circu* 

I la ted anonymously in manuscript and pub-' 
I lished by an admirer of the unknown author),^, 

8. * Twelve generall argument^ proving tha 
I the Ceremonies imposed . . , are imUwfuU^I 
I and therefore that the Ministers of the Go^ J 

pell, for the . . . omission of them in chur^ 
service are most unjustly charg'd of 
I loyaltie to his Majestie,* 1605, 12mo (anoiLj 

9. * English Puritanisme : containeing tbe^l 
maine opinions of the rigidest sort of thoaej 
that are caUed Puritans . . / 1606, 8v 
(anon. ; reprinted as if by Ames, 1641, 4to: 
the article Ambs, Willulm, speaks of this ul 
the earliest edition of the original; it wai 
translated into Latin for foreign use, with 
preface by William iVmes, D-I)«, and title 

* Puritanismus Anglicanus,* 1610^ Svo. Ne " " 
' gives an abstract of this work and No, IC 

carefully done ; but the main faiilt to be fou 
with Neal is his introduction of the ph 

* liberty of conscience/ which implies rather 
more than 1 J radsh aw expressly contends for), 

10. ' A Prot est at ion of the King's Supremacie; *■ 
made in the name of the afllicted Ministers, fl| 
. » / IIjOo, 8vo (aoon. ; it was in explanation 

of the statement of the church s attitude 
towards civil governors, contained in the fore- 
going, and concludes with an earnest plea 

j for permission openly and peacefully to exer- 
cise worship and ecclesiastical discipline, sub- 

' ject only to the laws of the civil authority). 

11. *A my Id and just Defence of certejne 
' Arguments . . * in liehalf of the sUenci * 
I Ministers, against Mr. G. PowelFs Answer 

them/ 1006, 4to (anon. ; Gabriel Powell wj 
I chaplain to Vaughan, bishop of London^ and 
I had published against toleration (1605). In 
j reply to 9, Powell wrote 'A Consideration of 
the deprived and silenced Ministers* Argn- 
I ments, « . / 1600, 4to ; and in reply to 
Bradshaw 's defence he wTote * A Rtv|oinder 
to the mild Defence, justifving the Con- 
Bidemtion/ &c., \me, 4to). ' 12. *The Cn- 
reasonablenesse of the Separation made appa- 
rant, by an Exaniinution of Mr, Johnson's 
I pretended Kt*as on Sjpu hi i shed in i <i(*8, where by 
j bee laboureth to jiistilie his Schisme from the 
j Church Assembhea of England/ Dort, 1614, 
4to. (Francis Johnson's * Certayne Reasons 
and Arguments* waa written while Johnson 
'WHS at one with Aiiis worth in advocating a 
separatist congregtitional polity. John Canne, 
whosubBequently became pastor of Johneon^s 
Amsterdam church, and who lived to dis- 
tinguish himself as a fifth -monarchy man, 
published * A Necesaitie of Separation from 



watS 




Bradshaw 



Bradshaw 



the Cliiirch of England, proved from the 
^'oncouformiste' Prmciples,' 1634, 4to, in 
^UeplT to BradBhaw and Alexander Leigliton, 
^HU . 1J« , a non^separatist presb yteriiin. Gataker 
^■tlieii brought out a aupplemented edition 
^■of Bradfihaw's book, *The UnreaeoDable- 
^*^lie«s of the Separation made apparent^ in 
Answere to Mr, Francis Johnson ; together 

Iirith a Defence of the said Ans were against the 
Peply of Mr. John Cann*?/ KMO, 4to.> 13, 
* ATreatise of Justification/ 1(U 5, 8vo ; trans- 
lated into Latin, 'Di^eertatio de Justifies- 
tionis Doctrina/ Leyden, 1618, ll*mo; Oxford, 
1658, 8vo. ( Gataker says that John IMdeaux, 
D.D.y a strong opponent of Arminianism, after- 
wards biahop orWoitjeater, expressed pleasure 
at meeting nradshaw's son, * for the c^ld ac- 
quaintance I had, not with your father, but 
with his book of justification/) 14. The ;?nd 
edition of Cartwright's *A Treatise of the 
Christian Religion, . . J 1616, 4to, has an 
adjdz«i«' to the Christian reader,' signed W.B. 
(BmdAhaw), Probably posthumous was 15, 
^v*A Preparation to the receiving of Cbrist*a 
^Uody and Bloud, , , / 8th edit., 1627, 12mo. 
^■Certainly post humous were ItS, * A Plaine 
^■•nd Pittie Exposition of the Second Epistle 
^ftto the Thessalonians,' 1620, 4to (edited by 
■Gataker). 17, * A Marriage Feast,' 1620,4to 
^(edited by Gataker). 18. ^\n Exposition of 
the XC. Paalm, and a Sermon/ 1621, 4to. 

■ (The fifHt of these eeema to have been aepa- 
Tately published as * A Meditation on Man s 
Mortality ; ' the other is the »ame as 14,) In ad- 
dition to the above, Brook gives the following, 
without dates : 19. ' A Treatise of Christian 
Reproof.* 20, 'A Treatise of the Sin against 
the Holy Ghost/ 2L ^ A Twofold Catechism.' 
2:2. ^An Answer to Mr. G. Powell* (probiibly 
the same as 1 1, but possibly a reply to one of 
Pbweirs earlier tracts). 23. *A Defence of 
the Baptism of Infants/ A collection of 
Bradshaw's tracts was published with the 
title, ' Several Treatises of Worship ,& Cere^ 
monies/ printed for Cambridge and Oxford, 
1660, 4to; it contains Nos. 3, 4, Ti, 6, 7, 8, 9 
(which is dated 1604) and 10. From a fly- 
leaf at the end, it seems to have been printed 
in Aug. 1060 by J. Roth well, at the Foun- 
tain, in Goldsmith's Row, Cheapside. All 
the tracts, except 3 and 4, bave 4S4^parate title- 
pages, though the paging runs on, and are 
sometimes quoted as distinct issues. 

[Life, by Gataker, in Clark's Martyrology, 
1577 ; NealsHist. of thePuriUns, Bnhlin, 1759, 
i. 381, 418; ii. 62 s&q., 106; Brook's Lives of 
the Pnrituns, 1813, ii. 212, 264 Beq., 376 lisq. ; 
Brtiok's Memoire of Cartwright^ 1845, pp. 434, 
462 ; Fisher 8 Companion antl Key to the Hist. 
of Englnnd. 1832, pp- 728, 747; Rose, Biog, 
Diet. 1857, V. I; Coopers Athena Cantah. 1861, 



Mm 



I ii. 236, 405 g«q. ; Barclay's Inner Life of the Rel. 
Societies of the Commonwealth, 1876, pp. 67, ^, 
101 ; Wallact*'s Antitrin. Biog. 1860, ii. 634 seq., 
iii. ^65 seq. ; GXtraot«« from Stapenhill He^sters, 
per Bev. E. Warbreek, The Imt of BradeihaVs 
tracts has been compiled by help of the librBries 
of the Brit. Museum and Dr. Williams, the Cata- 
logue of the Advocates' Library, Fxlin,, and a 
privato collection. Further seareh would pro- 
bably bring others to light. They are not easy 
to find, owing to their Hnonymity.] A. G. 

BRAPSHAW, WILLIAM (/. 1700), 
hack writer, waft originally educated for the 
church. The eccentric IxMjkseller John Dun- 
ton, from whom our only knowledge of him 
i« derived, has left a flattering account of his 
abilities. * His genius wim quite above the 
cnmmnn order, and his style wan incompa- 
ntbly fine. . . . He wrote tor me the piirableof 
the magpies tiud many thoupands of them 
Mild/ Hradshaw lived in poverty und debt, 
and under the additional burden of a melan- 

I choly temperament. Ihinton^s last experi- 
ence of him wai* in connection with a 

I literary project for which he furnished cer- 
tain mnteriiil ei|uipment.s: posseiised of the^e^ 

j Bradshaw disapjjeared. The pa68aM^e in which 
Ihiuton records this transaction has nil his 

I characteristic nnivet^^, though it may be 

I doubted whet lie r, if liradshaAv lived to read 
it, he derived much j^titi-Hfuction from the 
plenary disrwnsat ion which wua granted him 

I — ^ If Mr. oradshaw l>e yet alive, I here de- 

I clare to the world and to him that 1 freely 
forgive hira what he owes botb in money and 
books if he will only be »o kind as to make 
me a visit.' Dun ton believed Bradshaw to 
be the author of the * Turkl^Ii Spy»' but this 
conjecture is negatived by counter claims 
supjMsrted on blotter authority (Oent Mag, 
\vi. pt. L p. 33 ; XiciiOLs, Literary Anecdoteif 
i. 413; iriRRAELi, Curiosities o/ Literature f 
6th ed. ii- 134). 

[Life and Errors of John Dunton, 170d, ed. 
1818.] LM. S. 

BRADSHAW, WILLIAM, D.D. aG71- 
1732 ), bi^hiip of Brif'tol, was born nt Anerg-a- 
venny in Monmouthshire on 10 April 1*^71 
(Cooper, liim/raphivfti Divtioiutnjy He was 
etlucaied at New Colh^^^e, IJxford, takiuf,' his 
degree of D.A. 14 April 101*7, and proceeding 
M.A. 14 Jan. 1700. lie was u rd a ined deacon 
4 Jime im), and prient 20 May 1700, and 
was ftenior preacher of the university in 
171 L On 5 Nov. 1714, when he was chap- 
lain to Dr. Charles Trimnell, bishop of Nor- 
wich, he published a seninni preached in St. 
Paul'!* Ciithedrah A A er having been for 9ome 
time incumbent of Fawlev, near Wantage, 
in Berkshire, he was npjMiuited on 21 March 
1717 to a prebend of Cauterburyi which he 



J 



miigned on bbi appoiiirment as canon of Clmst 
Cbufcb, Oxford, on iU Mav 1 723. He r«M:«tved 
the degree of D.D. on '27 Aug. of the laine 
jmr; mad on 39 Aug. 1724 wm nominatfxl 
to both the deanery of Christ Chuirli ud 
the bishopric of Brii^tol, receiving the two 
preferments in cojmneTi^ifnn. He published in 
1730 a*' Sermon preached Ijefore tne Hoiii*e of 
LoTd« on 30 Jan. 172V*-:30; Hradshaw died at 
Bath on 10 Dec. \7^2, He waa buried in 
Bristol Cathedral, where a plain flat Atone, | 
about two feet berofid the bubop*s stall to- i 
warda the chancel, waa inscribed : * William ' 
BrftdshaWf D,D.^ BiBhop of Bri^tnl and Dean 
of OhriBt Church, in Oxford; died 10 Dec. 
1732, aged 62 ' {RatrHnMim MSS, 4to, i, 267). 
It ia aUo erroneously aaid that Bradahaw was 
buried at Bath (Le NevEf Fasti) \ 'ibique ' 
jacet sepultua* < Godwin, De Prm$uli&w). 
Bradfihaw left 300/. to Christ Church. | 

[C&tAlogueof Oi.fordGmduiitei!,l8p')l ; Cooper'i | 
Biog, Diet. 1873; Hietory of tho Univeraity of i 
Oxford, 1814; Gtidwin, be Pnwulibua, ed. Ri- ' 
djArdson, 1743? Lo Kent's Fusii. I8.H ; Biiily 
Journal, 19 Dee, 1732; Brit ton's Abbey and Ca- 
thedmi Church of Bristol, 1830 ; Pryce's Popolar 
Hittory of Bristol. 1861.] A. H. G. 

BRADSHAWE, NICHOLAS (JL 1G36), 
fellow of FiiiMiol (.'olU'^^e, Oxford, wa« the 
author of * Cant ic via Evanxelicvm Summam 
Bftcri Evangeliieontinens/LcxiKioTii 1035,8vo, 
dedicated to Sir Arthur Mainwariiig, knight. 
This book h unnoticed by all bibltographers. 

[Notet and QiieritM^ 3rd seriea, vi. 143.1 

T. C. 

BRADSTREET, ANXE (1612-1672), 
poetess, wa.s born in 1(312^ probably at North- 
ampton, und wa^the second of the six children 
of Thi>mm? Dudley, by Dorothy, his first wite 
( Works in Piv^e nnd J 'erne. In trod. p. xiv). 
Her father wa* once pag^e to I^rd Compton, 
then steward to the Earl of Lincoln, and 
finally goverunr of Ma.s.^uchu^setts. In 1628 
Anne had the small-pox. Later in the eame 
year she married Simon Bmdstreet, eon of 
Simon Brad.street, a nonconformist minister 
in Lincohifthire : th<^ younger Simon had been 
eight yeiira in the Karl of Lincoln's family 
uodar Anne'a fttrher(jlfii^na/i>i Chris ti Ame- 
ricona, bk. ii. p. 19), and in 1628 waa steward \ 
to the Counte.s.s of Warwick ( Works^ &c,, I 
Introd. p. xxii ). On 29 March la'iO the Brnd- | 
atreeta^ theDudley**, and Arbella (the Earl of) 
Limooln^^ sister, wife of Isaac Johnson ), with | 
many others, set sail for New England, and 
on 12 June hindetl at Salem, whetiee they re- 
moved at ouce tr> Charlestown {ih, p, xixi), ' 
In 1632 Anne had a * fit of sickness/ and in 
I 1634 the party settle^l at Ipwich, Massa- | 
I chu^tta ( Works , Introd, p. xatxv). Simoa l 



» 



Bradftreet formed a plantation at Merrimac 
in 1638, the year in which Anne wrote her 
* Elogie on Sir Philip Sidney.* At Ipswich, 
on Monday, 28 Sept. 1^0,* she at last be- 
came a mother, aod ahe oouhi «¥«iitiiftUy 
write, 23 June 1669 (i\»0iiu, p. S45) : 

I had eight birda hat^ht in one D6«t, 
Pour cocka there were and hens the rest- 
In 1641 Anne Bradstreet wrote a poem in 
honour of Du Barta-s, and she shortly made a 
collection of her poems. The chie/of them 
was entitled * The Four Elements ; ' she dedi- 
cated the volume in verse to her father, under 
date 20 March 1642. These piems were dis- 
tributed in manuscript, and gaine<l her great 
celebrity. Cotton Mather spoke of her aa * a .] 
crown to her fatlier ' (Mat/nalia^ hk. ii, p, 17 )# 
whilst Griswold calls her ' the most celebratt?*! 
poet of her time in Ajuerica ' {PueU and Poetry 
q^ America, p. 92). The book w&« at lust puW 
Lahed, in London, 1650, under the title * Tli<^ 
Tenth Mu^e,' ... * By a Gentlewoman in 
Those Parts (i.e. New England).' In 1643, on 
27 Dec,, Dorothy Dudley, Anne Bradjitreet*s 
mother, died (Poerjut^ p, 220); in 1644 her 
father marrie<l again (having three more 
chddren by this marriage). In 1663 Atme'a 
father died. In Itj^l she hud a farther long 
and serious i1Inei«s, and her husband, thea 
secretary to the colony, had to proceed to 
England on t^itate bu.siness. Anne wrote 
'Poetical Euistles' to him. By 3 Sept. 
1662 he had returned. Anne hradstreet 
^vT<jte poems in 166o and 1669 commemo- 
rating tlie deaths of three grandchildren ; and 
on 31 Aug. 1669 Anne wrote her la&t poem^ 
beginning 

As weary pilgrim, now at rest. 

AfVer this Anne Bradatreet*3 health flailed 
entirely, and she died of consumption, at Aji- 
doYer,^Iassachuaetts, 16 Sept. 1672, aged 60. 
It is not known where Anne Bmdstreet 
wfLs buried. H er poema^ u jb Oottoti Mather, 
are a * monument for her memory beyond tho 
stateliest marbles ; ■ and the^e * Poems ^ were 
issued in a second edition, printerl by John 
Foster^ at Boston ( America ), in 1 678. Aime 
Bradatreet also left a small manuscript book 
of * Me<litations,* designed for the use of her 
children. Extract ■* from thU hook appealed, 
with the title of * Tlie Puritan Mother/ in the 
American ' Uongreiriitionul \'i^itor/ 1844; in 
Dr. liudiugton s * Histf>ry of the Fir^t Church 
in Chariest own,* iind in many Araericaii 
newspapt^rs to which tliey were contributed 
by M r, i ^eati 1 ) ud ley ( 1 1 'ork^, Int rod , p. x ). In 
1867 Mr. John Harvard Ellis edited Anne 
Bradstreet's * W'urkj^/ and there these * Medi- 
tations,* together with all that Anne Brad- 
slreet ever WTOte, are given ia their entirety. 



4 



Brad street 



187 



Bradstreet 



I 



k 



Bimon Brutl?treet (u ]>nrtrait of whom is 
in the senfite cbnmWr of the State Hou^e, 
Massiuchu^etts) marriHl again after Anna's 
death, nnd been me j^overnor of Mtti5Mchitis<?tts 
in 1 679, not dyhie t ill 1 1]97. apretl 1*4. Amoij^^t 
Anne's clepceuanntfi are (Oliver Wendell 
Holmes » Lhina, and Dr* Clmnning', bedideii 
many other of the b€*^t-knowii Americans, 

[Works of Aiiny Bnulstreet, in Prose and 
Vene(p(LEms).U>!.A. lfl<57; AnneBradstraet's 
Poem^i 2nd c-d. JBo^tou, 1678 ; Mather'i MagTialia 
Chrisii Americann, \>k. ii, pp. 17, 1& ] J. H- 

BRADSTREET, DUDLEY( 171 1-1763), 
adventurer, wns l»om in 1711 in Tipperary, 
where hi?* fntlier Imd obtained consiaerable 
propertT imdi-r the Cromwellian ^^nt«, 
which, bowe\er,wae much reduced by debts, 
Budh^y, his youngest &on^ was left in his 
eftfiy ye^rs in charg*; of a foater father in 
Tipperar>% AMiik* a yooth he became a 
tTOOp<»r,but iioon quitted the army and traded 
unauccesfifully as a linen merchant, and sub- 
sequently ns a brewer. For several yearaj in 
Ireland and England, Bradi^treet led an er- 
ratic life, occupied mainly in pecuniary pro* 
jects. During the rising of 1745, Bradstreet 
was employed by government ofticials to act 
iia a i^py Hniong suspected pensond. He was 
also engaged and hj nipped by the DukeM of 
Newcastle and Cumberland to furnish them 
with information on the movements of Prince 
Charles Edward and his army, Bradstreet aa- 
siimed the character of a devoted adherent to 
the Stuart ca u?in% and, ulider t he name of * Cap- 
tain Oliver ^Villiams,' obtained accesa to the 
prince and his comicil at Derby. Tliere he 
acted succe^sfidly hb a «^py for the Duke of 
Cumberland, and, without being suspected 
by the Jacoljiteri, continued on good terms 
with them, and took his leave as a friend 
when tbeycommeuced their ret nm march to 
Scotland, Bradstreet's^ notices of Prince 
Charles and bis associates are graphic. He 
descrilx^^ circnmstantialiy the executions, in 
August 1 74(S, of the Earl of Kilmarnock and 
Lord Balnjerino, at which he states he was 
presi-nt* Althonpb Briid.^treet'n services as 
a secret ngent were admitted by the govern- 
ment ofHcialii, he was unable to obtain from 
them either money or a commission in the 
armv* whicli he considered had been prooused 
to him. He, however, succeeded in Dnngiug 
bis case under the notice of the king, from 
whom he conKeqnently received the sum of 
one hundred and twenty pounds. Bradstreet 
subsequently pubsipted for a time on the re- 
sults of sell ernes, his success in which he 
aacrihed to the * superstition* of the English 
people, and Mheir credulity and faith in 
wondrous things.' The last of his devices 




at London appears to have been that styled 
the * bottle coDJnrer/ which, with the assist- 
ance of several confederates, he carried out 
with great gains in Januarv 1747-8. On his 
adventurer m connection with the affair Brad- 
street wrote a plav, in five acte, styled * The 
Magician, or the Bottle Conjurer/ which he 
states was revised tbr him by some of the 
best judges and actors in England, including 
Mrs. Wofbngton, who gave him * the best 
advice she could about it.' This play was 
four times performed with great success at 
London, hut on the fifth night, when Brad- 
street was to have taken the part of *Spy/ 
the principal character, it was suppressed by 
tlie magistrates of Westminster. * Tlie Bottle 
Conjurer* was printed by Bradstreet with his 
*Life.' After other adventures, Bradstreet 
returned to Ireland, where he owned a small 
property in land. He attempted unsucceaa- 
fully to carry on trade as a brewer in Weat^ 
meath, and became involved in contests with 
officials of the excise. To raise funds, he 
printed an account of his life and adventures. 
The work is written with vivacity and de- 
scriptive power. Bradstreet died at Midti- 
fa rii ha m , We s t mea th , i n 1 7 fi;! His brot her, 
Simon Bradstreet, was called to the bar in 
Ireland in 1758, created a baronet in 1759, 
and died in 1762. Sir Samuel Bradstreet 
[o. Y.l, thjitl baronet, was a younger brother 
or Sir Simon, the first baronet ^s son and 
heir. 

[The LifB aod Uaconinion Adrentures of Cap- 
taiu Dufllr-y Bnidstrcet, 1736; Duhlin Joarnali 
1763; Memoirs of H. Grattan, 1839.] 

J, T. G. 

BRADSTREET, ROBERT (1760- 
183<V), poet, son of Robert Bradstreet, was 
bom at High am, Sutfolk, in 17fMi, and edu- 
cated imder the care of the Kev< T. Foster, 
rector of Hales worth in that county. On 
4 June 178'J he was admitted a pensioner of 
St. John^'' College, Cambridge, and be became 
a fellow-commoner of that f^ociety on 2H Jan. 
1786. Tlie dates of bis degrees are B.A. 
1780, M.A. 17H9. Bradstreet was the pos- 
sessoT of an estate at Bent ley in Suflolk, 
with a mansion called Bent ley ftMve, which, 
it is believed, he inherited from his father. 
He resided for several years abroad, and 
witnessed many of the scenes of the French 
revolution, of which he was at one time aa 
advocate. He married in France, but took 
advantage of tbe facility with which the 
marriage tie could there be dissolved, and on 
his retiini to England he married, in 1800, 
5f iss Adliani of Mason's Bridge, near Had- 
leigh, Sntlblk, by whom he had a niunerouB 
family, For some time he lived at High am 



Brad street 



iBS 



Bradwardine 



I 



I 



Hall, llaydoQ, but removing' thence, h© re- 
sided lit various places, and nt length died at 
Southampton on 13 Mav 1830. 

He wii^ the author of * The Sabine Fann, 
a poem : into which is iuterwoveu a series 
of traii»ltttion8, chiefly dedcriptire of the 
Villa and Life of Horace, occasioned by an 
excursion from Home to Licenxa/ London, 
1810, 8vo- There are seven engrayed plates 
in the work, and an appendix contains^ Mis- 
cellaneous Ode« from Horace/ 

{London P«ck<<20-23 May ie3'5. p, 1. col. 1 ; 
Addit, MS. 10II37. I 237 i Gcat. Mag, eiii* (ii) 
420, N,S., vi. 108.) T. C. 

BRADSTREET,SiB SAMUEL (173BP- 
1791), Irish judge, the represent tit ive of a 
family who had settled in Ireland in the 
time of Oromwelly was born about 17S5, 
being the younger son of Sir Simon Brad- 
street^ a barrister, who was created a baronet 
of Ireland on 14 July I7A9. Samuel Brad- 
street was called to the Irish bar in Hilary 
term, 1 768. He was Hppointed in 1 7(Hj to f be 
rtKiortlership of Dublin. In June 1770 Brad- 
street — who, at, the death of Sir Simon, hia 
elder brother, in 1774, had succeeded to the 
title as third baronet — was elected repret^eU' 
tativeof the city of Dublin in the Iris^h House 
of Commons. He waa re-elected m October 
1783, and was distinguished as a member of 
the ^ patriotic p^irty,* from which, however, 
according to Sir Jon ah Barrington,he was one 
of the * partial desert iouk/ * Mr. Yelverton, 
the great champion of libertv, bod been made 
chief baron, and silenced ; >fr. Brodstreet [i.e. 
Sir Samuel Brodstreet] became a judge [in 
January 1784], and mute ; Mr. Denis Daly 
had accepted the office of paymuater, md 
had reaegaded ' { HiMoric Antcdotcs ^ii. ItW). 
Bradstreet presided in 1788 at Mary bor<5 ugh, 
Queen 's County, where he summed up for the 
conviction of Co plain (iifterwards General) 
Gillespie, for t hf niurdi^r of William Barring- 
ton, younger brut Ler of Sir Jonah Barrington, 
whom be held to have been untVirly slain by 
Captain tJillei«pie in a duel. In 1788 Brad- 
street was app^^inted a cummia!?ioner of the 
great seal, in astiociation with the Archbishop 
of Didilin and Sir Hu^h Unrletou, chief jus- 
tice of the court of comuiou pleu^. Brodstreet 
died at bis seat at Booterstown, near Dublin, 
on 2 31ay 1791, and was succeeded in the 
baronetcy by Simon, the eldest of his four 
sous by his wife Eliza, whom be married 
in 1771, and who died in 18€2, onlv daugh- 
ter and heiress of James TuUy, M.D,, of 
Dublin. 

[Dublin Gojsctte, 23-25 Oct. 1783, and 13-16 
Jan. 1784; Loudon Gaa«?tte, 10-13 Jan. 1784; 
Wilson's Dublin Directory, 1760-177<j; 8t. 



JamsBiChronide, 7-10 May 1791 ; Burke's Peer- 
age and Baronetage, 1884 ; Smyth s Chmnicle of 
the Law Officers of Ireknd, 1839 i B. H. Bkcker a 
Pariah«»of Booterstownand Donnybrook, 1860- 
74 ; Members of Parliament : ParUaiuent of Ire- 
land, I5d9-1800» 1878; Barrington's Historic 
Memoirs of Ireland. 1833 ; Harrington 8 Kise and 
Fall of the Irish Nation ; Borriogton^s Personal 
Sketches of his own Time, 1869.] A U, G. 

BRADWARDINE, TH03IAS (1390?- 
1349), a^rchbishop of Canterbur)% is ccjm- 
monly called Doctor FBOFtrifiJtrs.^ His sur- 
name is variously spelt Bragwardiii (Ger- 
eon), Brandnanlinus (Gesner), Bredwanlyu 
(Birchington), and Bradwardyn (William 
ue Dene). In public documents he is usually 
designated as Thomas de Bradwordiua or de 
Bredewardina. His family may have ori- 
ginally come frt»m Bradwardine near Here- 
ford, but he him*ielf says that he was bom 
in Chichester, and implies that his father and 
grandfather were also natives of that city, 
liirchingt^m indeed (WhartoK, Angiia Sct" 
cra/i. 42) says that he was boni at Hertfield 
(Harttield) in the diocese of Chichester, and 
William de l>ene (A}i4;. Sac. i. 376) givea 
Condenna (pmbably Cowden) in the diocese 
of Itochester as bis birthplace, but neither of 
these writers supports his statement by any 
evidence. 

At Chichester Thomas may have l)eeome 
acquainted with the celebrated Richard of 
Bury, afterwards bishop of Durham, who 
held a prebendal stall in Chichester Cathe- 
dral early in the fourteenth century, and from 
that enthusiast in study and dili^nt collec- 
tor of books he may have first imbibed a taste 
for learning. Nothing, however, is known re- 
specting hm education before be went to Ox- 
ford, nor has the exact date of his going 
thither been ascertained. All we know for 
certain is that he was entered at the college, 
then recently founded by Walter de Merton, 
and in Dii/o his name appears as Knm of the 

Eroctors of the university. In this capacity 
e had to take part in a dispute between 
the university and the archdeacon of Ox-ford. 
The urcbdeacf>nry was held in commendam 
by Galhardus de M^^ra, cardinal of St. Lucia; 
the duties <*f the office were discliorged by 
deputy, and the emoluments were fanned by 
men whose object was to make as much gain 
for themselves as they could. They claimed 
*<jjirituttl jurisdiction over the university for 
the archdeacon. Tlie chance Jlor and proctors 
resisted the claim, muintaining that the dis- 
cipline of the university pertained to them. 
Tue cardinal archdeacon having complained 
to the poj>e, the chancellor, proctors, and 
certain mastt-rs of arts were HUinmoned to 
Avignon to answer for their conduct^ but they 






II 



Bradwardine 



189 



Bradwardine 



declmpd to iippt^iir ntid lodged a counter suit 
apainst the arclifleuron in tbe king^'s court. 
The king^ Edward III^ comtwlled the arch- 
deacon to submit to the arbitration of Enff- 
ILsh jiidg^8, anfi tbp coutroven*y ended in 
favour of the university, whlfb was exempted 
from all epii^copal jurisdiction. 

During bis residence in Oxford^ Tliomaa 
Bradwardine obtained the hij^hej^t reputation 
as a mathematician, a^tronomtr, moral pbi* 
lo^opher, and theologian. At the request of 
the fellows of Merton he delivered to them 
ft course of tbeolojfieal lectures, which he 
afterwards expanded mto a treatise. This 
work earned him the title of Doctor Profun- 
dus: in hii4 owTi day it was cnramonly called 
*Sumina Doctoris Profundi/ but in later 
rimes it ba» 1>cen entiH^d 'De Crus^ Dei 
contra PelRgium, et de virtute causarum ad 
SUO8 Mertonenses Ijbri tre?*.* This treatiRO 
was edited by 8ir llenrv Suvile in 1618 in 
a folio volume of nearly 1 ,C>Otl page.«i, It con- 
tinued to be for agea a fttanclard authority 
among&t theologians of the x\ugii,**tiniun and 
Calviniiitic school. Dean Milner gives a sum- 
miiry of it*s contents in bis ' Church Histoir ^ 
(iv. 70-1 0(>). According to Bradwardine the 
whole church bad in his day become deeply 
infucted with Pelagianipm, *I myself/ he 
gays, ' wns once so foolish and vain when I 
first applied mygelf to the study of pbi- 
lojiophy as to be seduced by this error. In 
the ftt'booln of the philosophers I rarely heard 
A word said concerning grace, but we were 
continually told that we were the masters 
of our own fre^^ actiouHt *Lnd that it waa 
in our own p:>wer to do well or ill/ He en- 
deavours to prove, with much logical force 
and mathematical precision, that human ac- 
tiouH are totally aevoid of all merit, that 
they do not deserve grace even of congruity, 
that is as being mt^et and equitable — the 
ino.^t specious form of Pelagian ism, and one 
which wai* most commonly enterrained in 
that day. He maintain^* that human nature 
is absolutely incapable of couqueringa single 
temptation without a .*upply of divine grace, 
and that this grace is the free and unmerited 
gift of Clod, whose knowledge and power are 
alike wrfect. If God did not bestow His 
grace freely* He could not foresee bow He 
would confer His gifts » and therefore His fore- 
knowledge would not lieiibsnlute: so that the 
doctrine of God's foreknowledge and free 
grace are linked together. Underlying all 
the hanl and dry reasoning, however, of this 
treatise, there is a deep vein of warm and 
genuine piety which occasionally breaks out 
mto fervent meditntion and prayer, full of 
love, humilityt and thankfulness. 

The estimation in which Thomas Brad- 



• 



wardine was held as a theologian in his own 
century is indicated by the way in w^hich 
Chaucer refers to bim^ In the* Nun's Priest's 
Tale ' the speaker, toucliiug on the question of 
God'a foreknowledge and man's free-will, h 
made to say : 

But I ae eaimot Tioult it to tie bren, 
As cHTi the holy doctciur 8. Austin, 
Or Boece, or the Bitihop Bradwirdya 

About 11^% Bradwardine was, with seven 
other Merton men, summoned to London by 
Richard of Bury, who biul been made bishop 
of Durham in 1333 and chancellor in the 
following year, nnd who surrounded himself 
with a large retinue of esquires and chaplains, 
partly from a love of splendour, partly from 
a love of the society of men of learning who 
could assist him in the formation of bislibnir\\ 
In 1337 the Bishop of Durham obtnined for 
his chnjibin llnuhvnrdine the chancellorship 
of St. Paul'?* Cnthedral with the prebend of 
Cadington Minor attached to it. Him soon 
afterguards accepted also a jirebeudal stall in 
LincolnCatbeilra!, although not w ithout some 
scruples and hesitation, owing to the olijeo 
tions then becoming prevalent against the 
Bon-resi deuce of beneticiaries. 

On the joint recnmniendafion of Arch- 
bishop Stratford and the Bishop of Durham 
lie was appointed one of the royal chaplains. 
Althougn the title of confessor was home 
by all the king'^s chaplains, the language of 
Birchlngton seems to imply that Bradwar- 
dine actually received the confessicm of Ed- 
ward III, which, considering what the life 
of the king then was, must have been a ver\' 
difficult and unplea,^ant otfice if it w^as con- 
scientiously discharged* He joined the court 
in Flanders and accompanied the king, 
16 Aug. Di38» in bis progress up the Ithiue 
to hold a conference at Coblena with his 
brother-in-law I^wis of Bavaria. 

At Cologne Bradwardine reminded the 
king that Richard Cotiur de Lion bad offered 
public thanksgiving in the cathedral for his 
escape from the Duke of Austria. That ca- 
thedral had heen destroyed by fire, but the 
new structure^ which has not been completed 
till our own day, was in course of erection. 
The plans were submitted to the king, and 
after consultation with Bradwardine be sub- 
scribed a sum equal to l,oO[>/. according to 
the present value of money, Bradwardine 
continued to be in attendance upon the king 
up to the date of the victor}' ot Cressy and 
the capture of Calais, He was so diligent 
in bis exhortations to the king and the sol- 
diers that many attributed the successes of 
the English arms to the favour of Heaven 
oMained through the wholeBome warnings 



I 



I 



\ 



I 



I 



aod tlie holy example of the royn-l chaplnin, 
Aft«r the oat tie* of Cressv and NeviUe*s 
Croat he wiw appointed one of th«^ commis- 
moneri to tivitt of pt>ace with King' Philip, 

AnchbiBhop Htm! ford dit*d 2ti Au^. VU8, 
tint) the chapter of Cantfirbury^ thiTiking to 
aiiticiptitH the wighi^s of the king, elected 
Bradwardine to the vacant see without 
waiting for the conp^ (Tilire, The king, 
however, was offended by the irrejcrtdarity, 
and requested the popfe to »et aside the elec- 
tion and Rppiint John of Ufford by proviflion. 
Tlie Rppointment was merely a device m 
order to vindicate his own right of nomina- 
tioni which had been infring^ by the pre- 
mature action of the chapter; for John of 
Uftbrd was age<i and parfllytic^ and died of 
the plague Ijefore his con.'^ecratinn. 

After the death of John of Uffoni the 
chapter applied for the amffe (Fitiref which 
was sent with the recommendation to elect 
Bradwardine. Tlie ]M>pi_% Clement VI, also 
iMuedabull in which Iim utft^ted to supersede 
the election of the chupter, and appointed 
Thomaa by provision, Bradwardine waa on 
the continent at the time of his election, and 
repaired without delay to the jMipal court at 
Avignon for consecration^ which took place 
19 July 1S49, Tlie po]>e was so complet-ely in 
the power of Edward at this time that he had 
once bitterly remarked, if the King of England 
were to ask him to make a bi.shop of a jack- 
ass, he could not refuse. The eardinab had 
resented the savings and one of them, Hugo, 
cardinal of Turlelu, a kinsman of the pope, 
hiid the ill ta^te to make the consecration of 
Bradwardine an occasion for indulging thnir 
spleen. In the midst of the banquet given 
by the pope, the doors of the hall being 
euddenlv thrown ^pen a cIoavmx entered seated 
upon a jackosa and present <^ a humble peti- 
tion that he might be matle archbishop of 
Oanterhurv'. Considering the European re- 
putation of Bradwardine for learning and 
piety, the joke was remarkably unsuitable" 
the pope rebuked the otlender, and the re^t 
of the cardinaLs marked their di3]ileaijure by 
vying with oni3 another in the re<^pect which 
they paid to the new arch t>i shop. 

Although tbe Black Death was now raging 
in England, Bradwardine hiistened thither. ' 
He landed at Dover ou 19 Aug.y did hom- ' 
age to the king at Eh ham, and received the ' 
temporalities troni him on the 22nd. Thence 
he went to Lon<hni, and lodged at La Place, I 
the residence of the Bi.**hop of RocbeiSter in | 
Lambeth. On the morning after his arrival 
he had a feveri.sh attack, winch waa attribu- ' 
ted to fatigue after hi.** journey, but in the \ 
evening tumours under the arms and other 
sjmptoiDfl of the deadly plague which wm 



then ra\*aging I^ndon made their nppeat^ 
anee^ and on the 26th the archbishop died. 
Notwithstanding the infectious nature of the 
disease^ the boily was removed to Canterbury 
and burieii in tbe cathedtul. 

His worki are ; L * De Oausd Dei contra 
Pelngium et de virtuta cau«anim,* edited by 
Sir Henr}^ Savile, London, 1618, 2. ' Tfae- 
tatus de proportionihtis,* Paris, 1495, 3, *De 
quadratura circuli/ Paris, 1495, 4. *Arith- 
metica speculativa/ Paris, 16(^, 5. *Geo- 
metria speculativa/ Paris, 1530. 6. * Art 
Memorativa,' manuscript in the Sloane collec- 
tion, British Museum, No. S744. This laat is 
an attempt at a plan for aiding the memory 
by the method of mentally associating certain 
places with certain ide^is or subjecta, or the 
several parts of a di.scotirse. 

[Sir Henry Savile, in tli« preface to bis edition 
of Bradwardine'a work De CaosA Dei contra 
Pela^um, has collected all the notii!«js of hia 
life, which are but sennty. See ako Birdiiogton 
and William of Dene. Hist. Roff,, and William 
de Chambre, Hist, Bunelm., in Wharton's Anglia 
8acm. ToL i» ; Hook's^ Lirea of the Archbishop8» 
vol iv.] W, H. W. a 

BRADY, Sir ANTONIO (1811-1881), 

admiraltv official, was bom at I>eptford on 
10 Nov. ISll » being the ehle^t son ot Anthony 
Brady of the Deptford victualling yard, then 
storekeeper at the Royal William victualling 
yard» Plymouth, by his marriag-e, on 20 Dec. 
1810, with Marianne, dauj^hter of Francis 
Perigal and Marv Ogier. He was educated 
at Golfers school, Lewiaham, and then entered 
the civil service as a junior clerk in the Vic- 
toria victualling yaru, Deptf(U"d, on :?9 Nov, 
1828, and, having served there and at Ply- 
mouth and Fortsmoutli, w^as, through the 
recommendation of Sir James Grabajn, pro- 
moted to headquarters at Somer>?et House as 
a second*clas« clerk in the accountant-gene- 
ral's office on 26 June 1844. He waa gradu- 
ally promoted until in 1864 he became re- 
gistrar of contracts, and having subsequently 
assisted very materially in reorganising the 
office, he was mftde the first superintendent 
of the admiralty new contract department on 
13 April 1869, when an improved salary of 
l,(XKJi* a year wag allotted to him. He held 
this appoiutment until HI Jlarch 1870, when 
he retired on a special pension. He was 
knightetl by the queen at Windsor on 23 June 
187U. 

AtYfr his retirement Sir Autonio devoted 
liim^elf to social, educational, and religious 
reform. Having taken a grtmt interest in the 
preservation of Eppi ng Forei^t for tlie people, 
he was appoint etl a judge in the * Verderers 
court for the forest of Epping,* He was 








amociiLt^d with ehur«;h work of all kinds. 
He published in 1869 * The Churches Works 
and it« Hindrancee, with sii^jyrtiations for 
Church Reform/ The establishment of the 
Plftistow and Victoria Dock Mission, the Ea«t 
London Miiseum at Bethnal Green, and the 
Weet Ham and Stratford Diapensary was in 
a great measure due to him. 

Brady was a memlier of the Ray, the Pa- 
Ijeontographical, and Geological Societies. 
So long ago as 1844 his^ attention had been 
attracted to the wonderful deposits of brick- 
earth which occupy the vaUey of the Roding at 
Ilford, within a mile of his residence. Encou- 
raged by Professor Owen he commenced col- 
lecting the rich series of mammaliflu remains 
in the brickearths of the Thames valley, com- 
prising amongst others the akeletona of the 
tiger, wolf, bear, elephant, rhinoceroe, horse, 
elk, st*g, biiion, ox, hipponotamuft, &c. This 
valuable collection of pleir^tocene mammalia 
ia now in the British Jluseum of Natural His- 
tory, Cromwell Road. In hi^ * Catalogue of 
Pleistocene Mammalia frctm Ilford, Esflex,' 
1874, printed for private circulation only, 
Brady acknowledf^es his indebtedness to Mr. 
William Davies, FXf.S., his instnictor in the 
art of preaerving fossil bone^^, Hedied suddenly 
•thiATesidenc4}^ Maryland Point, Fivreet Lane, 
'~'»tTatfopd, on 12 Dec. 1H81 . He was buried in 
St. John's churchyard, Stratford, on W Dec. 
His marriage with Maria, eldest daughter of 
George Kilner of Ipswich, took place on 
18 May 1S37, and by her, who survived him, 
be left a son, the Rev. Nicholas Brady, rector 
if Wennington, Ess^x, and two daughters. 

Stiatford and South Essex Advc^rtiser, 10 and 
1881 : Nature (18SU2), xxr. 17i-5> by 
iry Woodwani; Onardian (1881), p, 1782; 
collected ioformatioo.] G. C* B, 

BRADY, JOHN Ul 1814), clerk in the 
victualling office, was the untbor of * CI avis 
.CalendAria; or a Cnropendious Analysis of 
Ithe Calendar: illustrated with ecclesia«lieal, 
lliisitorical, and clriJ*.«ioal anecdotes/ 2 vols,, 
Ijuondon, 18l2,8vo: :]rdedit.J815. Thecom- 
Ipiler aW published an nbrid^nnent nf the 
l^iirk* and some extracts from it appHnred in 
11820, under the title of * The Crt*dality of 
our Forefathers/ This book» once ver\' po- 
pular, has be<*n long since superseded. Bra*ly 
lied at KenningtoD, Surrey, on 5 Dec, 1814. 
son, John Henry Brady, arrarjged and 
ited for publication 'Varieties of Lite- 
being principally s*?lections inmi the 
folio of the late John Brady/ London, 
1826, 8vo. 

[Biog. Diet of LiviniB: Authors, .36, 416; 
Watt's BibL Brit ; Oat. of Printed Books in 
BriuMua.] T. C. 




BRADY, Sir MAZIERE (I79fi-I871), 
lord chancellor of Ireland, bom on 20 Jidy 
1796, was a great -grand**on of the Ilev. Nicho- 
las Brady, D.D. [q. v,], the p.siilmi^Ht, and 
the second son of Francis Tempest Brady, a 
pohl and silver thread manufacturer in Dub- 
lin. In 1812 Brady entered Trinity Col!e§re, 
Dublin ; in 1814 he obtained a ftcholBrship 
there, and twice carri€»d oif the vice-chancel- 
lor*» prize for En^^li^h verse. He prneeeded 
B.A. (1816) and ALA. (1819), and wa« called 
to the Irish bar in Trinity term of iHlR In 
1833, under the ministry* of Earl Grey, he. a* 
an avowed liberaU was appointed one of the 
commissioners to inquire into the state of the 
IrLsh municipal corjx>rations. In 1837 he wn« 
made solicitor-general for Ireland, in succes- 
sion to Nicholas Ball [q. v.], nnd became at- 
torney-general in 1 8*^9. In the year fnilowing 
he wa^ promoted to the l>ench a« chief baron 
of the Court of Exebeijuer- He was rai^d to 
the bench of the Irii^h Court of Chancery, 
somewhat agrainst hi^ inclination, in 1846, 
He was lord chancellor of Ireland during the 
Russell administration, 1847-52. He became 
in 1850 the tir.^t vice-chancellor of the Queen^s 
University, of the principles of which founda- 
tion Brady was a constant advocate. From 
1853 to 1858 Brady w&s simin lord chancellor 
of Ireland, He resumed tnepost once more in 
1859, and htld it through the second adminis- 
trations of L>rd Faimerstoiiand Earl Russell 
unt il the overthrow of t he latter in 1 866, On 
28 June cif that year he ml for the liust time 
in the Irish Court of Chancer)*. He ret irtul 
amidst geneiral reprret. He was fond of scien- 
tilic studies, especially geology'* In 1869 he 
wa» created a mironet by Mr. Gladstone. He 
died at hi« residence in I'pper Pembroke 
Street, Dublin, on Thursday ♦ 13 April 1871, 
At the time of his death, W^idea holding the 
vice-chancellorship of the Queens Univer- 
sity, he wa* II member of the National Bcmrd 
of Education* and president cd' the Irish Art 
Union, and of the Academy of Music. 

Brady wa« twice married : first, in 1823, 
to Eliza Anne, daughter of Bever Buchanan 
of Dublin, who died in 1858: and secondly 
to Mary* second dan^hter of the Right Hon. 
John HatcheU, PXl, of Fortfield Hoiise. 
CO. Dublin. lIi^ first wife left him five 
children^ by the eldejit of whom, Francis 
Willinm Briuly* Q.C., he was succeeded in 
his title and estates. 

[Catalogue of Dublin Gnwloates, 1869 ; Free- 
man*a Journal H and 18 April 1871 ; Daily Naws. 
15 April 1871; lri»h Time*. 18 April 1871: 
Times. Id and ID April 1871 ; Burkes lives of 
the Lord Chancenor« of Lpeland, 1872; Wills'* 
Irish Nation, its Historj and it« Biograpbj; 1876 ; 
Debrett B Barooctoge. 1884.] A &. G. 




Brady 



192 



Brady 




BRADY, NICHOLAS (1660-1726), 
I divine luid pott, »nn of Major Nicholiw 
iBradv, who wtt«4 in the kiDjr'fl arnayin the 
\ relM4lion, and Martha, daugntcr of Lulce 
, Owniun* a judjrts wau bcjrn at Bandon, county 
[Cork, on 28 OH. UVt9. After he had for 
aom(3 timo at fended a school called St. Fin- 
berry *fl^^ kopi by Dr. Tindall^ he was sent to 
Kngliind at tht* age of t welre, and admitted 
into tlie colk*^t* of W^i^t minster in 1673. 
Th«*nc*> ho was elect wl to Chri.nt Church, Ox- 
fortlt whpre he mat ri ciliated 4 Fvh. 1(378-9, 
nmft'odin^ IVA, in Miivliiu^lmaa term 108l\ 
jlo thftt rt'turnt^d to Iroliind, lived with his 
fathi^r at DuKlin, and took hia B,A, degree at 
the imivemity tb^rv in 1 085, procseeding M. A. 
tho n^xt ypnT. Entering orders he was in- 
utittittxl |m'lK«ndary of Kinafiftarehy in the 
chirn'h of (*ork in July 10^8, and a few 
monthrt biter was jjreBented to the livings of 
Kdlmytie an<l iJrinngflj tii Cork diocese. He 
wiw nWx I'bnpbiiri to Bishop Wetenhall. 
During ***** rt^volntion he warmly upheld 
tlie cniiMi* of tlu! Prince of l*ningf-»^ and 
sutl'erwi sr>mt* Icms in couftcwjiienc+v His in- 
terest with Jami^s's ffenernl, MacCartby, 
i?nahl«Ml biiii to mive the town of Bandon, 
tbou«1i James thrice commanded that it 
Kboubl be biimt. Tht? p**ople of the town 
liitvinif nulTered considerable I068 sent liim 
wiib 11 petition to the English parliament 
pniviufi: for cimipen^ution. During his visit 
to London hi>4 p re iielung was much admired ; 
be wri^ liioMvn lecturer at St. Michael's, 
VVnoJ Stn et, nndf on 10 July 1691, waa ap- 
pointed to tlie (duircb of St. Catherine Cree, 
where be remained until 1696. The sermon 
be preucked on hi8 resignation waa printwl, 
London, IHlHi^ 4ta. On Ids resignation be 
receivtnj tbe living of Richmond, Surrey, 
which bo held until his death. From 17C>J 
10 170r» hn also held the rectory of St rat ford- 
on- A voui whii^i he resigned on bis apmint- 
unul to thi* rectory of Clapham on 'J I Feb, 
1700-6. A It hough bi>« eccfesiasticnl prefer- 
nieiiU brougbi bim in an income of i^)OL a 
veufi bin expensivo habits, iind especially hia 
love of hospitality, oh! i (fed him lo keep a 
»ckool at Uiehmond. This school is men- 
tinned in t ernm of praine in a paper of Steele's 
in the * Sped at or (No. 168). On ITi Nov. 
UMi the university of Dublin conferred on 
liim the degiix^fl ot B.D, and D.D, in recog- 
nition of his abilities* and sent him the 
dipb>uia of doctor by the senior travelling 
Fel 1 < 1 w of 1 be Hooiet y, Brady was c haplai n to 
William HT^ to Mary^ to Anne both as 
priuceas of Wales and as queen, and to the 
Duke of Ormonde's regiment of horse. In 
lO^KI he married Letitia, daughter of Dr, 
Syuge, a ri.'b deacon of Cork, and had by her 



I four 8ons and four daughters. He died at 
I Richmond 'JO May 1726, and wits buried in 
I that church. His funeral sermon, preachwd 
I by the Rev, T. S* ' , vicar of Be^n- 

I ham [q. v.], was \ iinder the titk 

of *The Honour aiuJ I'sgriity of True Mini- 
I sters of Christ/ London, \7ti6. 
I Brady 8 be/it known work is ( 1 ) the metrical 
version of the Psalms, which he undertook 
I while minister of St. Catherine Cree in con- 
junction with Nahum Tat© [q. t,] When 
their work was complete and had oeen sul> 
mitted to and rerised by the archbishop of 
i Canterbury and the bishops, the authors 
I petitioned the king that he would allow it 
I to be used in the public sennces of the 
I church, and accordingly William, on 3 Dec 
i 1096, made an order in council that it might 
* be uaed in all churches . . . a« shall think 
I fit to receive the same.' The * New Vereion,* 
I as the work of Brady and Tate is called to 
I distinguish it from the version of T. Stem- 
I bold and J. Hopkins, was well received by 
the whigs. Some of the stiffer toriea among 
I the clergy, however, objected to it, and their 
I objections, which seem to have been that the 
; new version was too poetical, that there waa 
no need of change, and, aa was hinted^ that 
, thej were oiFended at the recommendation 
of the whig bishopv** and at the * William R/ 
on the order allowing its use, were answered 
by ' A brief and full Account of Mr. Tate's 
and Mr. Brady a New Veraion, by a True 
Son of the Cturcli of England/ London, 
1698. The use of the * New Version * waa 
condemned b}^ Bishop Beveridge [q. v.] in 
his * Defence of the Book of Psalms ... by 
T, Stemhold, J. Hopkins, and others, with 
critical observations on the New Version 
compared vi-itli the Old,* London, 1710. and 
Brady*.'* share in the work was sneered at 
by Swift in bis * Remarks on Dr. Gtbhs's 
Psalms.* Brady also wrote (2) a tragedy 
entitled * The iiape. or the Innocent Im- 
poiifors/ acted at the Theatre Royal in D192, 
tbe prologue being spoken by Betterton, and 
tfie epilogue, the work of ShadweU, by Mrs. 
Bracegirdle. It was published in 4to the 
some year, with a dedication to the Earl of 
Dorset, but without the author's name. The 
plot is concerned with the history of the 
Ooths and A^andals. It waa slightly recast 
for representation in 1729^ the Gotha and 
\'anduls being turned into Portuguese and 
Spaniards. In 1692 (8) an 'Ode for St. 
Ceciba's Day,' which will l>6 found in 
Nichols's '.Select Collection of Poems/ 
302. (4) * Proposals for the publication of i 
translation of \ irgil'^ /Eneids in blank vetrse 
together with a specimen of tbeperformanoe.^ 
This translation was published by subecnp-' 



ItioD, being completed in 1726* Johnsan 
[iays that * when dragg^^d into the world it 
did not live lon^ enough to cry/ he had not 
•een it and helievcd that he had heen in- 
formed of ita existence by * some ohl cata- 
l<me/ It is not in the library of the British 
^^ Miiaeumf and has not been seen by the prt*- 
^HBent writer* (5) Two volumes of sermons, 
^Kl704-6f republislied with a third volume hy 
^K3nidy'8 eldest i^on, Nicholas^ viciir of T<x»tiBg, 
^f^ Surrey, in 1730, a volume of * Select Sermons 
^ preached before the Queen and on other oc- 
j GAflion^/ 1713. A considerable number of 
^^permons, moat of them republished in collec- 
^Rtionsi, were also published separately. x\mong 
^^ these was a sermon preached in Chelaea 
Church on the death of Thomas ShadweU, 
in November 1692 (London, imS}. 

. tRawlin«>n MSS. 4to, 5306. foL 16. 248-67 ; 

^■Gibber's Lives of the Poeta, iv, tJ2 ; NiL'hols'a 

^KSelect Collection of PoomK. v. 302 ; Bio|^. Brtt. 

Hii. 060 ; Welch 8 Alamni We»tmoiK (1852), 173, 

Hl83; Todd 'a Dublin Graduates, 02: Nevcourt's 

^FBepertorium. i. 381; Dugdale's Wnnrickishirtt, 

680 ; Nichcls's Lit; Anecd. ii. 393 ; A brief and 

foil Account (aa above)* 1 698 ; Bishop Bevpridge's 

Defence of the Book of Psalms, 1710;: Swift* 8 

Workt (Scott, 2nd ed.)» xii. 261 ; Johiiw>n*i 

Work* (Life of Dryden), iJt. 431 (ed. 1806) ; 

Brady 8 I{ap«, 1692; Goaeat's Hifttory of the 

Stage, ii. 18, iii. 266; Biog. I)Tani/L i. 68; 

Wood's Athenas Oaton. (BlissX iiL 809.1 

W. H. 

^ BRADY, ROBERT (d, 1700), bistorifin 
and pbysicinn, was born iit I>Rnver, Norfolk, 
He wfts admitted to Caius College, Cambridgi*, 
-on 20 Feb. hUS, proceeded B.M, 165S, was 
Weated doctor by virtue of tbe king's letters 
in Septemb^^r 1660 (Keitnbt, Register ^ 251), 
and on I Dec of th*» m,TnQ year was appointed 
mafit€f of hia college by royal mandate (Ken- 
ITFT, 870). At an uncertain date (1670 or 
1686) be held the office of keeper oJFthe re- 
rds in the Tower, and took deep interest in 
udying the documents under his charge, 
!e was admitted fellow of the College of 
yBiciana on 1 2 Nov, 1680, and was physician 
ordinary to Charles II and Jamea II. In 
la capacity he was one of those who deposed 
the birth of the Prince of Wales on 22 Oct, 
688. lie wa.s regriua profeesor of physic at 
fambridjyfe^ and wub M.P» for the university 
the parliiiments of 1681 and 1685. He 
died 19 A lip, 1700, leaving land and money 
to Caiuft College. 

He wTote : L A letter to Br, Sydenham^ 
dated 30 Dec. 1679, on certain medical qiies- 
itions» which \s printed in Sydeuham*a * Epi- 
Holffi lie<?ponson«? dutT/ 1680, 8 vo, 2, * An 
ntroduction to Old EngliisU History com- 
prebendi-d in three several tracts/ 168i, fol 

VOL. TI, 



L 



3, * A Compleat Historvof England/ 2 vols., 
1685, 1700, fol. 4. * All Historical Treatise 
of Citiea and Burghs or Boroufili8» ahowing 
their original/ &c,, 169(D ; 2nd edit. 1704, fol 
5. * An Inquiry into the remarkable instances 
of History and Parliamentary Records used 
by the author ( Still ingHeet) of the Unreason- 
ableness of ft New Separation/ &c., 1691, 4tQ, 
His historical worlcs are laborious, and are 
based on original authorities ; they are marked 
by the authors desire to uphold tlie royal 
prerogative. In his preface to his * Treatise 
on Boroughs ' he saya that he ia able to show 
that they 4iave nothing of the greatness and 
authority they boaat of, but from the bounty 
of our ancient kings and their succeasors,^ 

[Kf^unet's Register and Chronicle, 261, 870; 
Biogruphia Britannica, t, 95 d ; Muak^s Coll. of 
Phy», (1878), i. 418; AckermaoD'a History of 
the Univeraity of Cauxbridge, i. 106,] W. H. 

BRADY, THOMAS (1752 ? - 1827), 
general {feidzem/meijtter) in the Austrian 
arrnVt was born at Cavan»Ireliind(one account 
ha« Jt Cnotehill ), some time between October 
1 752 an d May 1 7 o3 . He en t ered t lie A ustr ian 
service on 1 Xov, 1769. In the list for that 
date hia name appears aa * Peter/ but in nil 
subsequent rolla he h called * Thomas/ He 
Kerved till 4 April 1774 aa a cadet in the in- 
fantry regiment * Wied/ On 10 April 1774 
hewa^ jpromotKi ensi^rn in the infantry regi- 
ment * Fabri ;/ he became lieutenant 30 Nov. 
1775, first or oWr-lieuterifliit 20 March 1784, 
and captain in 17SM. He distiugiLi.Hhed hini- 
>ielf &A a lieutenant at Hubelschwerdt in 
1778, and received the Mariii Theresa crotw 
for personal braver^" at the .storming of Novi 
on S Nov. 1788, during the Turkish war. 
He waa appf)inted major 20 July 1790, served 
on the staff till 1793, and on I April of that 
year was nnminated lieutenant-cohme! of the 
corps of Tyrolese sharpBhrmters. He was 
transferred on 21 Dec. to the infantry regi- 
ment * Murray/ of which he became colonel 
on 6 Feb. 1794, and fought with it atFrank- 
enthal, in General Latour'a cortj^s in 1796, 
and distinguished himself on 19 June 1796 
at ITkerad. He w^as promoted to major- 
general 6 Sept, 1796, in which rank he &er^^ed 
m Italy and commanded at Ciittaro in 1709. 
He became lieutenant-general 28 Jiin. 1801, 
and in 1801i wa8 given the honorary colonelcy 
of the * Imperial ' or first regiment of iti- 
fantry. In 1004 he waa appointed governor 
of Dalmatia. In 1807 he waa made a privy 
councillor in recognition of hia services bs 
a general of divii^ion in I^nhemia. In 1809 
he took a leading part in the battle of Aa- 
pem, a large portion of the Austrian army 
mmg under his conduct. General Brady w^as 





Bragg 



194 



Bragge 



I 

I 



on the pension of a full general on 
8 Sept, 1809, and died on 16 Oct. 1827. 

[Archivon of the Imporijil HojaJ Ministry of 
War, Viennii ; tnforniHtion from local sources,] 

H, M, C. 

BRAGG, PHILIP (d. 1759), lieutenAnt^ 
general, co]on*4 28tli foot, M.P.for Armache 
was at Blenheim as an ensign in the m 
foot guards, his commission bearing date 
10 March 1702. He appears to have aftei^ 
ward* nerved in th<t* 24fhfoc»t, which was much 
di^tingui^hiMl in all Marlbvrough'e eub^iequent 
campaipirnB under the command of Colonel 
Gilbert Primrose, who came from the same 
rejfiment of jcniardf». The English records of 
this pt^riod contain no refen^nce to Bragg, but 
in a set of IrinU military entry-books, com- 
mencing in ITlil, which nre preserved in the 
Four Cciiirts, Dublin, his name appears as 
captain in Primrose's re^ment, lately re- 
turned from Holland to Irt^land ; bi^ com* 
mis(*ion is here dated 1 June 1715, on which 
day new commissions were iftsued to all of- 
Iftoeis in the regiment in consequence of the 
Mceasion of George I. On 1 2 June 1 732 Bnigg 
wax Hppointed master of the Royal Hospital, 
Kilmaiuuham, in succession to Major-general 
Hobert. Steame, deceased, fttid on 1(^ Dec. 
following he became lieutenant-colnnel of 
Oolonel Robert Hargre&ve's regiment, after^ 
warda known as the Slat foot. On 10 Oct. 
17S4 he succeeded Major-g«mer»l Xicholaa 
Price a« colonel of the 28th foot^ an uppoint- 
ment which he lield for twenty-tivii years, 
and which originjited the name *The Old 
Bra^^gs,' by which that regiment was long 

tnpuliirly known. As a 1>rigadier-genernl 
Inigg accomjMinied Lord Stair to Flanders, 
where he ct»mmandi*d a brigade. He be- 
camL^ a lieutenant-general in 1747, and in 
1751 waj^ aptioiiited to the stalf in Ireland. 
He died at Dublin, at an advanced age, on 
ti June 1759, leaving the bulk of his small 
fortune of 7,000/. to Lord George Sackville. 
[Hamiltfm's Hist. Gr«n. Guards, voL iii. (Lon- 
don. 1874); Tre^Bury Papers, iciii. List of 
Kec'ipi^ntii of Qiieeti's Boanty for Blenbeim ; 
Irish MilitHry Ed try Books in Public Ke<'ord 
Office, Dublin ; OeuL Mag. xii. 108, xiii. 190, 
XV. 389, xvii. 49ft, xii. 477, xxix. 2&3 ; De !a 
WarrMSS. in Hist. MSS, C«mm. 4th Rep.] 

H. M.C\ 

BEAGGE, WnJJAM (1823-1884), en- 
gineer and antiquary, was Ixirn at Birming- 
ham 31 May 1823, tis father being Thomas 
Perry Bragge, a jeweller. After some year*^ 
of general tuition, Bragpe studied practi- 
cal engineering with two Birmingham Urms, 
and in hia leisure applied himeelf closely to 



iter- ^ 

ooKH 

rieSyV 




the Btudy of mechanics and mathematics. 
1845 he entered the oflBce of a civil e 
and engaged in railway surveying. He 
first aa assistant engineej and then as ^ 
gineer-in-chief of part of the line from ChesM 
to Holyhead. 

Through the recommendation of Sir (7harl«6 
Fox, Bragge was sent out to Bnuil as ths 
representative of Messrs. Belltouse & Co. 
oT Manchester, and he carried out the lighi 
ing of the city of Rio de Janeiro with 
Tfis was followed by the survey of the 
railway constructed in Brazil — the Line from' 
Rio de Janeiro to Petropolia — for which he 
received several distinctions from the em- 
peror Bon Pedro, The emperor in later yean 
visited Bragge at Sheffield, 

In 1858 Bragge left South America. He 
became one of the managing directors of the 
firm of Sir John Brown & dy, , and was elected 
mayor of Shetheld. The rolling of armour 
platen, the manufacture of steel plates, the 
adoption of the helical railway bimer-epring, 
and other development* of mechanical enter- 
prise, were m otters in which he rende; 
effective aid to his firm. Bragge tiUed 
office of master cutler of Sheffield, and t 
great interest in the town's free librariea, 
school of art, and museums. In 1872 he 
resigned his position of managing director to 
his firm, which had been converted into a 
limited company, and went over to Paris as 
engineer to the Soci6t6 des Engrais, which 
bad for its object the utilisation of the sew- 
age of a large part of Paris. The scheme 
proved unsuccessful, and resulted in heavy 

Ejcuniary loss to the promoters. In 1876. 
ragips returned to his native town 
' Birmingham, settling there, and develop! 
I a large organist ton for the manufactu: 
' of watches by machinery on the Amerieaii 
system, 

' The antiquarian tastes of Bragge, which 
he found time to cultivate in spite of his 
labours in business, were manifested in his 
numerous collections. Amongst tbeae was 
' a unique Cen*antes collection, which Ln- 
I eluded nearly every work written by or re- 
I lating to the great Spanish writer. This 
I collection, which consisted of 1,500 volnmes^^H 
I valued at 2,000/., Bragge presented to hi^i^H 
' native town, but unfortunately it was de- 
stroyed in the fire at the Birmingham Free 
Libraries in 1879. A cabinet of gems wad 
precious stones which Bragge collected frt}m 
all parts of Europe was purchased for the 
Birmingham Art GaOery. The most re- 
markable collection formed by Bragge was 
one of pipes and smoking apparatus, in 
which tverj quarter of the worfcl was repre- 
aented. A catalogue prepared and publisned 



vy 

?7 a^ 

I 






Braham 

by the collector showed tlmt he had brought 
together 13,000 examples of pipes, China, 
Jfimo, Tliil>et, Van Diemen's Land, North 
and South America^ Greenland, the Gold 
CoAfit^ and the Falkland Island^i all fumiBlied 
gpedxneiia. * There were aldo samples of some 
htuxdi^dii of kinds of tobacco, of every con- 
ceivable form of snuff-box, including the rare 
Chines snuff-bottles, and also of all known 
means of procuring fire, from the nide In- I 
dian fire-drill down to the latest invention of | 
Paris or Vienna/ This collection was broken ' 
up and dispersed. Bragge also made a notable I 
collection of manuscriptSt whicli realised 
12,500^. He was always ready to plac« his 
treasure* at the diapoBal of public bodies for 
exhibition. 

Bnwge was a fellow of the Society of An- 

^uandfii of the Anthropological SfK^iety, of i 

ie Royal Geographical Society ^ and of many 

irefgn societies. 

BrAgge, who married a sister of the Uev, 
^_ sorge Heddow, died at Handsworth, Bir- ' 
mingham, on June 1884. For aome time 
before his death he was almoat totally blind. | 

[Bragge*s Bibliothoca Nicotiana, a eatalogiii^ 
of books about tobac<;o, to^Lh^r with a caU- 
logae of objects conneoted with the uw* of tobacco : 
in all itB formfit Birmingham, 1880; Brief Hand i 
Liat of the Corvante* Collection, presented to the 
Birmingham Free Library, Reference Deptvrt- 
meot, by William Bra^e, Birmingham, 1874; 
Timeo, 10 June 1B84 ; Birmingham Daily Poet, 
d June 1884.] G. B. 8. 

BRAHAM, FRANCES, afterwards 
CouNTBes Waldeorave. [See Waij)e^ 

BRAHAM, JOHN (1774 F-18S6), tenor 

ainger^ was bom in London about the year 

" 1774. His parenta were German Jews, who 

died when Brahun wa« ^uite young, leaving 

bim to what one of his biographers describes 

* the seasonable and aHectionate attention 

k af a near relation/ Whether it was at thia 

I time, or at an earlier age, that the future 

f linger gained his li\ing by selling pencils in 

I the streets is not chronicled. Brahnm's first 

cont^ict with music took place at the synagogue 

in DukeV Place. Th**re he met wit h a chorieteri 

[ft musician of his own race named Ijeoni, who 

overed the germs of his talent. Leoni 

pted the orphan, and gave him thorough 

instruction in music and singing, with such 

good results that on 21 April 1787 he ap- 

rpeared at Coven t Garden on the occasion of 

\m benefit performance for his masteri and 

' sang Ame 8 bravura air, * The Soldier Tirod/ 

I lietween the acts of the * Duenna** About 

, this time John Palmer had started the 

L Royalty Theatre in Wellclose Square, but, 



not being^able to obtain a license for dramatic 
perform a ncea, he ojjened the house on 20 J une 
1787 with a mixed entertainment of recita- 
tions^ glees, songs, &c. Here Braham aang 
for about two years, until his voice broke. 
Even at this early period of his career hia 
bravura singing munt have been remarkable. 
His voice had a compass of two octaves, and 
some of his most successful parti* were Cupid 
in Cart<?r*s * Tlie Birthday, and Hymen in 
Reeves*B * Hero and Leander.' He sang again 
at Cuvent Garden as Jcx^ in * Poor Vulcan ' 
on 2 June 17B8» About this time Brahara^s 
master, Leoni, became bankrupt ^ and the 
future tenor was once more thro'^vn upon his 
own resources. After his voice broke be con- 
tinued to sing under a feigned name, appear- 
ing, it is said, at Norwich, and even at Rune- 
lagh, but his main occupation consisted in 
teaching the pianoforte. He met with a 
wealthy patron, a member of the Gold amid 
family, and when the change in his voice waa 
settled, on the advice of the flute-player 
Ashe, went to Bath, where he sang under 
Rauizini in 1794, Braham remained at Bath 
until 1796, when Salomon, having heard him, 
induced Storace to procure him an engage- 
ment at Drury Lane, for which house Stonice 
was just then engaged upon an opera. Tins 
work was * Mahmoud,' but before it was 
finished the composer died, and the work 
waa completed as a pasticcio by hia sister, 
Nancy Storace, who, with Charles Kemble, 
Mrs. Bland^ and Braham, sang in it on its 
production^ 30 April 17fWI. Braham^s success 
was signal, and in the following seaiion he 
appeared in Italian opera, singing Azor in 
Grfitry'fi * .Izor et Z^mire ' on 26 Nov. 179tJ, 
and afterwards singing with Banti in Sac- 
chini a * Evelina,* as well aa in the annual 
oratorios, and at the Three Choirs Festival at 
Gloncester, In the following year, on the 
advice of the fencejr M. St, George, Braham 
decided to go to Italy to study singing. Ao^ 
cordingly, he left England with >fancy Sto- 
race, with whom he lived for several years^ 
and arrived in Paris on 17 Fructidor. Here 
the two singers gave a series of concerts, 
under the patronage of Josephine Beauhar- 
nais. These were so successful, that they 
remained eight months in Paris, and did not 
reach Italy until 1798. At Florence, which 
they first visited, Braiiam aang at the Per- 
gola fljs Ulysses in an opera by Busili, and as 
Orestes in Moneta's ' Le Furie d'Orcste. At 
Milan he met Mrs. Billington [q. v.], with 
whom he was forced into rivalry fey the 
jealousy nf her husband (Felissent). It is 
said that, owing to Felissent's machi nations, 
a scena of Braham^s wa^ suppressed in Nh^o- 
lijii's 'Triottfo di Clelia,* in which both the 

o2 



I 



I 



Fiipli^h ^tngiere were to appenr, and that 
Bnilinm reyenged himself by appropriating 
nil Mrs. Billingtoti'e embeUbb meats and 
florid paaftoges, which it waB well known she 
only ncqiurfd by dint of hard work, being 
qijitt- incanablf' of any sort of improyisation. 
rortiiniitHY. tht* dispiite ended in their be- 
coming good friends, and Braham continued 
ein^ Qt Milan for two year». At Genoa be 
jtonp^ with the famous eo^ranist Marcheai in 
^ Locloii^ka * for thirty mghl» 6uccei«ively, 
which in thohe days waa conBidered a r^ 
markahle run. At the »ame plac^ he stu- 
died composition under leola. here Brahaiu 
and Nnncy Storace w*ere offered an engage- 
ment at Naplea, but decUningr it, they went 
to Leghorn, and then to Venice, where they 
arrived in 1799. During their ^tay here 
Cimarngia wrote an o|>era for Braham— 
* Artenaifiifl ' — which the composer did not 
live to complete. From Venice the two 
singers went to Trieste, where Braham sang 
in Martin a * Vnn Co^& Ram/ and thence to 
Viennii, wher*> the oft'ers of London managers 
caused the popular tenor and soprano to 
make for Hamburg without stopping to sing 
in n*Tniany, Thf^y arrived in London early 
in thp winter of 1801, and anpenred on 9 Bee, 
in * Cbttine of the Heart/ a feeble composition 
by Prince ITofire, with music by MaiEinghi 
and Eeeve» which fiiiled in Fpite of Braham ^s 
singing. Aftt^r o few performancefl this work 
was replaced bj the * Cabinet/ the book of 
w^hich was written by T. Dibdin, the music 
being supplied by different composers, but 
priucipfllly by Braham himstelf. The * Cabi- 
net ' was prfiduced on 9 Feb. 1802» Braham, 
Incledon, and Signora Storace playing the 
principal characters. It was lollow^ed on 
15 March by t!ie * Siege of Belgrade/ a pk- 
gtariam from Martin's * Coea Kara/ * Family 
Quarrels ' (18 DtT. 1H32 1, written by Dibdin, 
with music bv Brabam^Moorhead, and Reeve, 
and thM 'English Fleet in 1342* (13 Dec. 
1803). The music of this opera was entirely 
by Braham » who received for it what was 
then considered the enormous «^um of 1,000 
guineas. It contains one of his best remem- 
bered compositions, viz. the duet, * All's 
Well.' Alx>ut the some time Braham wTote 
music to the * ParagTaph/and (lOUec. 1804) 
sang in ^ITiirtv Tlioupnntl/ in which he colla- 
bo rated with Iie^ve and Davy, and * Out of 
Place * (2H Feb. 1H05)» part of the music in 
which was written by Keynoldf?. In the sum- 
mer of ISOTi Bniham and Nancy Storace sang 
for mx nights at Brighton, where the soprano 
distinguished herftelf by replacing a default- 
ing dnimmer in an accompaniment played 
behind the scenes to a great scena oi tira- 
ham's in the ' Haunted Tower/ In the au- 



tumn eeaaon of the stime year both aingen 
seceded to Drury Lane, where Storace »- 
j mained until her retirement in May 1806, 
I and Braham continued to eing for mmnj 
I year*. Here were produced most of his 
I operas : • False Alarms/ part of the mufiic by 
Ring (B Jan. 1807), ' Kais/ in which Reeve 
collaborated (11 f'eb. 1808), the * Devil'a 
Bridge '(10 Oct. 1812), * Narensky ' (11 Jan. 
, 1814), written conjointly with Reere [see 
I Beown. rnAfiLi» Akmitage], and *Zuma* 
I 1 1 Feb. IHIH), a collaboration with Bishop. 
I BrnhamV other operas were the * Amen- 
I cans' (Lyceum, 27 April 1811), part of the 
music in which was by King, containing the 
famous song the 'Death of Nelson,* * Isi- 
dore de Merida ' (1827), and tlie 'Tamiug of 
the Shrew* (1828% both of which were col- 
lal)orations with t, S. Gooke. In 1806 he 
sang at the King's Theatre in Italian ooe^ 
appearing on 4 March in Naso1ini*s * Morte 
d» Cleopatra,' and on 27 March as Sesto in 
Mojiart 6 * Clemenra di Tito ' for Mrs. Billing- 
ton's benefit, the first performance in Eng- 
land of an opera by Mozart. In 1809 he 
was engaged at the Boyal Theatre, Dublin, 
for fifteen nijrht^t at the high salary of two 
thousand guineas ; this engagement w as 80 
successful that it was extended to thirty-#iix 
night.s on the same terms. In 1810 he did 
not appear on the stage, but went on an ex- 
tended provincial tour with Mrs. Billington. 
In 1816 he reappeared in Italian opera at 
the Eing*s Theatre, singing his old part of 
Sesto in Motart's *Clemenxa di Tito/ and 
Guglielmo in the same master's * Ccisi fan 
tutte/ In this year he was married to Misa 
Bolton of Ardwick, near Manchester. It 
was said that this marriage was the indirect 
cause of Nancy Storace*B death, which took 
place in the following year, 

Braham continued attached to Drury Lane, 
but for the next fifteen years there is scarcely 
a provincial festival or important concert or 
oratorio in the programme of which his name 
does not occur. He was the original Max 
in WebcrV * Freischiit/* on its production 
in England at the Lyceum (20 July 1824), 
and created the part of Sir Huon in the 
aame composer's * tJberon ' (Covent GardeUt 
12 April 1820), the scena in which, *0 
*tis a glorious eight to see/ was especially 
written to display his declamatory powers. 
On 14 Aug. 1825 he sang at the Lyceum in 
Salieri's * Tnrare/ in which he must have pre- 
sented an extraordinary appearance, as Phil- 
lips { Urcollfctioft^^ i, 83) says that he was 
dressed in a home-made costume of many 
colours, w^th a huge turban, * which would 
h«4ter have become some old lady at a cJird 
party than the sultan chief/ from beneatli 



Braham 



Braham 



I 



•faich * prottuded a long Hebrew noae and a 
B pair of blacjk whiskers/ 

_ ating Km forty years' profeastonal life the 
popular tenor had accumulated a lfir«je for* 
tuae, btit in 1H31 he unwi-^ely joined Yates 
in buying the Colosseum in H^sge tit's Park for 
40,000/., and in 1835 built the 8t. JaniBs'a 
Theatre, which co«t :iO,O^D/. Both of these 

ecuktiona proved dbaatrous, and he was 

6rced once more to return to the stage and 

jcoacert-rootn» In 1839 he sang the parts of 

'ell and Don Giovanni in Rossini's and Mo- 

rt'a operas^ though both are written for 

Lrttoned, but his voice at this time had 
luffered from the ravages of time, and he 
^vas no longer able to sing his old parts. 
In 18 iO he went to America with his son 
Charles, but the tour was nnsucceHsfiiL On 
his return he g-ave a concert in which the 
^ther and son were the sole performers. 
For several years the veteran tenor continued 
to sing in pnhlic, principally in concepts and 
at provincial festivals, and he did not finally 
retire until March 1852, when his last ap- 
pearance took ijlace at the Wednesday con- 
.certa, After his retirement he lived at the 
Orange, Brompton, where he died on 17 Feb. 
185<J. He was buried in the Brompton ceme- 
tery. 

Braham left tix children. Three of his 
0008, Charles^ Augustus^ and Hamilton, 
adopted the musical profession; one of his 
daughters (afterwards Frances, countess Wal- 
degrave) was for many ye^rs a notjible 
figure in London society. A son by Nancy 
Storace took orders in the Annrlican churcli. 
In person Braham was short, stont, and Jew- 
ish-looking. At one of the Hereford festi- 
vals hia small stature gave rise to an amusing 
incident. Braham was singing the * Bay of 
Biscay,' in the last verse of which he was in 
the habit of making considerable elTect by 
felling on one kn<ie at the words * A sail I a 
eail 1 * On the occasion in ouestion he did 
this as usual, but unfortunately the platform 
was oonstructed with a rather liigh bnrrier 
on the aide towards the audience, so that tlie 
little tenor was completely lost to sight. The 
audience, in alarm, thinking he had slipped 
down a trap-door, rose like one man, and 
when Braham got up again he was received 
"with shouts of laughter. His voice had a 
compass of nineteen notes, with a falsetto 
extending from D to A in alto ; the junction 
between the two voices waa so admirably 
concealed that it could not be detected when 
lie sang an ascending and descending scale 
in chromatics. The volume of sound he could 
produce was prodigious, and his declamation 
was magnificent. Even in 1830, when he 
Bang in Auber's * Masaniello,' his voice is said 




to have rung out like a trum^pet. In apite of 
all these extraordinary natural gifts, great 
discrepancies of opinion exist as to the merits 
of his singing. His great fault seems to 
have been that though he could sing with tho 
utmost perfection of style and execution, yet 
he generally preferred to astonish the ground- 
lings by vulgar and tricky displays and sen- 
sational effects. In this way he was accu^d 
of corrupting the taste of the age, and he 
certainly injured his voice by shouting and 
forcing it, so that in his later days he even 
aang- out of tune. lie frittered away extra- 
ordinary powers of declamation and pathos 
in trivialities and vulgarities, and used his 
magnificent talents only as a means of ac- 
quiring money. When at the zenith of his 
career, he entertained the Duke of Sussex at 
his house, and in the course of the evening 
sang a number nf songs in the most per- 
fectly artistic style. * Why, Braham,' said 
the duke, * why don't you always sing like 
that ?* ' If I did,' was the reply, * I should 
not have the honour of entertaining your 
royal highness to-night.' His own compo* 
aitions were of the feeblest description, and 
could only have been endurable by the em- 
bellishments he introduced in singing them, 
but which are never found in th*i published 
copies of his operas and songs. In private 
life he was much liked, eapeciilly in hm later 
days, when he enjoyed great reputation for 
his conversational powers. The beat portraits 
of him are: (I) a wat«r-colour drawing by 
Deighton, painted in 18.'i0 (now in the pos- 
session of Mr, Julian Marshall); (2) a vig- 
nette by Ridlev, after Allingham (published 
26 July 180;!)'; (3) a coloured full-leugth, 
as Orlando in the * Cabinet,' drawn and etched 
by Deighton ('22 March 1802|; (4) a vig- 
nette bv Anthony Cardon, atler J» G. Wood 
(published SO No V J H(>B); and (5) a vignette 
by n. Adlard, * Mr. Braham in 1800,' in 
Busby *s * Concert Room Anecdotes.' 

[Qrove's Diet, of Musicians, i. 269 a ; Hall's 
Eetrospoot of a Long Life (1883), ii. 2-50 ; Lou- 
don Mag. K8. i. 118, Public Ghara^^ter»(1803- 
1801), vi. 373; Gent. Mag. May 1866, p. 540 ; 
Georgian Era, iv. 299; Senaat's Hist, of the 
Stage, vii. ; Parko's Mu'sical Memoir?, i, 296j 
325, &c. ; Quarterly MiiPi, Reviisw, i. 876, ii. 207. 
iii. 273, vii. 280, 429, viii, 161. 207. 291, 411 ; 
HarmoQicoQ for 1832, p, 2 ; Aauit-U of the Three 
Choirs, 77; Phillips's Musical Riwol lections, i. 
83, ii. 56, 62, 247, 31fl; Mnsrcal World, 29 July 
and 5 Aug. 1854, 23 Feb. 1866 ; Brit, Mus. Music 
Qatalogue ; information fjrom Mrs. KeeUj.] 

W. B. S. 

BRAHAM, ROBERT ( /T. Ljr>5), edited 
in 1555 * The Auncient Historie and onely 
trewe and sjncere Cronicle of the warrea 



patient^ && oUe^^ by the mesmerifits. Thii 

artiticia] condition beftppropriftteljdefitgtuited 

* neuro-hypnotisjn,* itRerwards anorteiied to 

* hypnotism/ a term which has now come into 

fen era! use. He read a paper at ameeting of the 
Jritish Aftsociation at Manehesttiron 29 July 
' 1842,entitled'APracticalEsRayoDtheCiiTa- 
tive Agency of Neuro-hypnotism.* This waa 
the first of a Beries of published results of hia 
invest igationa, in the pursuit of which hie 



betwixte the Grecians and the Troyana . . * 
tranj*lftl<?d into En^lyshe verae by J. Lyd- 

fatp/ Tliomas Marshe, London, b*j5iS, folio, 
.ydgnte's work had already appeared in print 
under the title of 'The hvFtorr, sege, and 
dystniccyen of Troy ' (15lS). feraham pre- 
fotm n preface of very high interest. He 
criticises adversely Caxton's uncritical ' Re- 
cueil desHiatoirea deTroye;' speaks in high 
pniie^e of William Thynne, who had recovered 

the works of Chaucer; and desired to emu- ] met with much violent opposition firom van- 
late Thynne's example with 
gate, foahaia condemns severely 



respect to Lyd* | ous quarters, especially m>m writers In the 

verely the care- * Zoiet/ the special organ of the meamerista. 

leoaneaa of the printers of the first edition of ' He went on, however^ prosecuting hia re- 

""lydgate'a *Troy/ and charges them with a searches with care, and advocating the truth 



"^tai ignorance of English. Braham's edi- 
tion is a well-printed black-letter folio. 
[Tanners BibL Brit. ; Brit. Mu*. Cat.] 

8. L. L, 

BRAID, JAMES (1796 P--1&0O), 'wViter 
on hypnotism, was the son of a landed pro- 
prietor of Fifeshire. He was bom at Rylaw 
Ilouse in that county about 1795. After 
rt*ceiyiiig his education at tlie university 



and the benefits of his method with eYX»d- 
humoured persistency. He died sudoenly 
in Manchester on 25 March 1860. 

The titles of his separate publications are 
as follows : 1. 'Satanje Agency and Mesme- 
rism reviewed^ in a letter to the Rev. H. 
McNeile, A.M.t in reply to a Sermon preached 
by him ' (l&4iJt ll'mo)." 2, * Neurypnology, or 
the Rationale of Nervous Sleep, considered in 
relation to Animal Magnetism. Illustrated by 



of Edinburgh, he was mpprenlici^d to Dr. | numerous cases of its successful application in 

Anderson of Leith iind hts son, Dr. Charles the relief and cure of diseases' (1843, 12mo, 

Anderson. On obtaining the diploma of pp. ;?8S), 3. *The Power of the Mind over 

M.R.C.S.E. he accepted on engiigement as the Body : an experimental inquiry into the 

eurgeon to the miners employed at the Earl nnture and cause of the phenomena attri- 

of Hopet<iim's works in Lanarkshire, and buted by Baron Reiehenbach and others to 

Bubfie<iiiently pmctised with Dr. Maxwell , a New Innonderable* (I84ll). 4. * Observa- 

Ht Dumfries. \Vliile resident there he was tions on Trance; or Hiunan Hybernation^ 



( dlled to render iis^MJ, stance to a Mr. Petty of 
Manchester, who had been injured in a stflge- 
couch necident in the neighbourhood. This 
gentleman, pleased with Braid's attentions, 
persuaded him to remove to Manchester, 
w^here then- was more scope for his talents, 
and where be became distinguished for his 
special skill in dealing with some dangerous 
and diihciilt difienweSi and acquired consider- 
able ])o])iilority from his warm-hearted and 
cheerful disposition. In 1841 circumstances 
drew bis attention to the subject of animal 
magnetism, on which La Fontaine delivered 
lectures in Manchester, He entered in a truly 
bcientific way into the investigation of mes- 
merism ^ which he then believed to be wholly 
asyslem of collusinn or illusion ; but he soon 
discovered a reality in some of the jjheno- I in the *Zoist.' 9. 'Observations on the 



(1850). 5. ^Electro-Biological Phenomena 
considered physiologically and psychologj- 
caDv/ from tht* * Monthly Journal of Medi- 
cal S^eience ' for June 1861, with appendix. 
li. * Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, 
Hypnotism, and Electro-Biology ; being a 
digest of the latent views of the author on 
these subjects. Third edition, greatly en- 
larged, embraciu|j obBervations on J, C. 
Colquhoun's *' History of Magnetism ** ' 
(1852). 7. *H3-pnotic-Tberapeutica, iUuatrar- 
ted by Cases. With an Appendii on Tabl&- 
moving and Spirit-rapping/ reprinted from 
the * Monthly Journal of Medical Science' 
for July 1853, 8. *Tbe Physiology of Fas- 
cination, and the Critics criticisea^ (1866). 
llie second part is a reply to attacks made 



mena, though he ditlerefl from the mesmerists 
as to their causes. His experiments proved 
that certain phenomena of abnormal slee]} 
and 11 peculiar condition of mind and body 
might be .self-induced by fixed gajre on any 
inanimate object, the mental attention being 
concentrated on the act. This proved the 
snbjective or personal nature of the iniluence, 
and that it did not arise from any magtietic 



Nature and Treatment of certain Forms of 
Paralysis * (1855). He also wrote contribu- 
tions to the medical journals on ' Cassarian 
section,' &c. 

Braid's important hypnotic suggeetionwM 
introduced into Fruiice in 1859 b_v Dr, Aiam, 
and was taken up later by Liebault, Charcot, 
Berulieim^ Dumontpallier^ P. Kichet, and C. 

^, ^ Hichet. In Germany many of Braids re^ 

in^uence pasfiing 1mm the operator into the | sulta have been obtained by following hia 



4 I ^ 



^ 



Braidley 



199 



Braid wood 






methods by HetdenliAin of BresUu, who, 
however^ in bis work published in 1880, dw*-^ 
not mention the e&riier inyestigator. Several 
timiulAtions of Braid's works l^ve been pub- 
lished in France and Qerm&ny, one of the 
most recent being a German rendering of 
nearl? all bis writings, issued by W. Preyer 
in 1882, under the title ' Der Hypuotismus : 
au^ewldilt^ Schriften von J. Braid/ 

[Med. Times and Oazatte* ISSO, i. 365, 380 ; 
Manchwiter Courier, 31 March I86(»; Eneyc. 
Brit, (9th edit.) %y. 278; CiiTpentcr's MenUil 
Physiology, pp. 160, 648, 601 1 Carpenter a Mes- 
merism, &c, p. 16 ; Nineteuath Ceotury, Scip- 
tember 1880, p. 479 ; P. Janet m Journal Officiel, 
d May 1884; Litlr^. Diet, de MMeeine, 1884, 
p. 797.1 C. W. 8. 

BRAIDLEY, BENJAMIN (1792-184^), 
writer on Sunday schools, the son of Benja- 
min Braidley, a farmer, was born at Sedge- 
field, Durham, on 19 Aug. 1792. He was 
apprenticed to a Erm of linen importers in 
Manchester, and LnlBl 3 hrst hecamean active 
worker in the Bennett Street Sunday schools. 
In 1816, 1,63') pupils received prices for re- 
gular attendance, and in 1816, 2,020 scholars 
were on the rolls of the schools. In 18iKJ 
Braidley was coiiHtable, and in 18^51 and 1832 
borougkreeve of Manchester. He was also 
hi^h constable of the hundred of Salford, In 
1^5 be was twice the unsuccessful candi- 
date in the conservative interest for the par- 
liamentary representation of Manchester, 
Braidley visited America in 1837, and kis 
diary during his visit shows his ^reat interest 
in education, the slavery question, and reli- 
gion, as regarded from an evangelical stand* 
point. He was a commission agent, and 
became wealthy ; but by the lailuie of the 
Northern and Central Bank he lo«tthe greater 
part of his fortune. Braidley was the author 
of 'Sunday School Memorials,' Manchester, 
1631 » ISmo, which contains short biographies 
of persons connected with the Bennett Street 
Sunday schools. This work, some portions 
of which first appeared in the * Christian 
Ouardian,' has passed through four editions, 
the last of whiai, great Iv enlarged, was pub- 
lubed in 1880, under the title of * Bennett 
Street Memorials. ' Braidley also co n t ri b u t e^] 
to the * Shepherd's Voice/ a religious maga- 
sine, and wrote sereral tracts in a local con- 
troversy as to the doctrines of the church of 
Rome. He died of apoplexy 3 April 1845. 
He was unmarried. 

[Memoir of Benjamin Braidley, Esq, (by Wil- 
liam Harper), 1845, lt2mo,et^nLiiins extracts from 
bis diary; Bennett Street Momurials, 1880, €on- 
I taining a portrait of Braidley, with a msmoir 
\ by the Utw. Henry Taylor,] E. C. A. A. 




BE AID WOOD, JAMES ( 1800-1 8«31), 
superintendent of the London tircbrigade, 
was bom at Edinburgh in the year 1800, and 
was the son of a respectable tradesman in that 
city. He was educated at the High School, 
and afterwards he followed the building trade. 
In 1824 he joined the police, and, having been 
appfjinted auperiuteudent of fire-engines in 
Edinburgh, he at once set to work to orga- 
nise an efficient fire-brigade. 

Nor was it too soon ; for in that year 
Edinburgh was visited by a terrible con- 
fla^ation, which destroyed a great part of the 
High Street and the steeple of the Tron 
Chiirch. At thii* fkcf his coomess, determina- 
tion, and daring were conspicuously shown : 
an ironmongers shop was in ilamea, and 
lira id wood, hearing there was gunpowder on 
the premises, entered, and at the utmost 
pers<.*nal risk to himself carried out tirst one 
and then another barrel of powder. 

In 1830 he publLHlie<l a i>amphlet ' On the 
Construction of Fire-engines and Apparatus, 
the Training of Firemen, and the Method 
of Proceeding in Cases of Fire.' Tliis little 
work brought him into more than local noto- 
riety, and eventually led to hi^* appointment, 
in 18^32, as superintendent uf the London 
Fire-engine Establishment, then supported 
by the different insurance companies. On 
leaving Edinburgh the firemen gave him a 
gold watch, and the committee made him a 
present of a valuable piec^e of plate. 

In London he had bat the very small force 
of 120 men under him ; yet, by his activity, 
energy, and perseverance, he kept the fires 
which <x:curred in the metropolis in very fair 
subjection. He fell a victim to his duty on 
22 June 18tJl, while endeavouring to subdue 
a huge confiagration at Cotton*s Wharf and 
Depot, Tooley Street, London Bridge, where 
he was crushed by a falling wail, and buried 
in the ruins. His Ixidy, terribly mutdatwi, 
was recovered two days atWwards, and he 
was buried at Abney Park Cemetery on 
29 June. 

He was for nearly thirty years an associatd 
of the Institute of Civil Engineers, and to 
that learned body, as well as to the Societjr 
of Arts» he read many papers connected witn 
the prevention and extinction of iires. 

[Qent, Mag. 186L p. 212.] J. A 

BBAIDWOOD, THOMAS (17ir>-1806), 
teacher of the deaf and dumb, was born in 
Scotland in 1715, and educated at Edinburgh 
University. He was some time assistant in 
the grammar schoiil at Ilamiltoo, and after- 
wards opened a mathematical school in Edin- 
burgh. In 1700 a boy named Charles Sherriff, 
bom deaf, and hence mute, was placed with 



I 



I 



Braidwood 




Braithwaite 



him to lisiirn wrtling. In & few yeare Braid- 
wood tHUf^hi him to speak. About the end 
of 1768 8omtj Uhm purporting to be bjr thiJi 
lad, *m seeing Gamck act, appeared m the 
London newipapen preprinted m * Gent, liag/ 
1807f p. S8), andcaUed attention to the case. 
' A.; in * Gent, Ma^/ 1807, pp. 306-6, sayt 
the vereee were reall}' written as a means of 
getting an introduction to Garridi by Caleb 
>Vbitf}f<»ord. Shtirriff b<?came a »ucc€««ful 
iniiiiatLire puinter in London, Kath^ Brigh- 
ton, and the We«t Indies. Ijord Monboddo 
reports of liim {Orig. and Prog, of Lan^ 
ffufifff'f 1773, i. 179) that he * both speaks and 
wrtt4»j* g*^>od EngliMh;* on the other hand 

* A/ (aa above) says he never could under- 
fftand Sherri tf, wdom he knew well. En- 

rfiouragad by hia success with Sherrtfi*, Braid- 
Mrood devoted himself to the teaching of the 
r mute, Hia only mechanical appliance was a 
small silver rod ' about the siie of a tobacco- 
pipe/ flattened at one end, and having a bulb 
at the other. This he em^doyed to place the 
tongue in the right iJOftitions. From about 
1 1770 he was assisted by hia kinsman, John 
'Braidwood. Dr. Johnson visited the insti- 
tution in 1773 at Edinburgh; he calls it a 

* subject of philosophical curiosity . . . which 
no other city has to show; a college of the 
deaf and dumb, who are taught to speak^ to 
read, to write, and to practiae aritlimetic.' 
He flet a stim, and * wrote one of hia Mes^i- 
pedaUa verba,' which was pronounced to hia 
aatiafaction. He says of Braidwood's pupils 
that they * hear with the eye.* The numoer 
of scholars was * about twelve.' Aroot says 
{Hut of Edin. 1779, p- 425) the pui>ils were 

* moetly from Engliind, but some also from 
America.' Francis Green inentions thai 
there were 'about twenty pupils' in 1783. 
Braidwood was then about to remove his 
academy to London^ the king haying, accord- 
ing to Green, promis»_^ lOOf. a year from his 
pnvate purse to help to make it a public in- 
stil uti oti (pp. 1 8^i-4 ) . He est ablish t*d himself 
at Grove House, Mare Street, Hackney, where 
he died on 24 Oct* 1806, in his ninety-first 
year, John Braid wowl, his coadjutor, was 
bom in 1 7*')4>, married in 1782 the daughter of 
Thomas Bmidwomi, and died 24 Sept. 1798 at 
Hackney of a pulmonary complaint, leaving a 
widow, two sons, Thomas and John, and two 
daughters. The academy was continued by 
the widow and sons^ 

[WeetlL*n Butler in Gent. Mug, January 1807; 
GraenV Vox Oculia subjecta; a Dissertation on 
the most carious aad important Art of imparting 
8pe<»ch and th« Knowledge of Language to the 
naturally Deiif and (oonsequently)l)umb,irith a 
particular accouat of the Academy of Messra. 
Braidwood of Edinbui^h, and a proposal to per* 



petuate and extend the benefits thereof, bj % 
Parent, London. 1783, 8to (see Biog. DieL of 
Living Authors, 1816, p, 138) ; Johnton's Wodo. 
1 806. ix. 337 saq. ; BoswaU s Lif^ of Johnson (ecL 
Croker and Wright), I8d», t. 152 ; Annual Be- 
gister for 1810, p. 37i ; referenoea given above*] 

A. G. 

BRAILSFORD, JOHN, the elder {J. 
1712-1739), poetical i^-riter, was educated at 
St. John's^ College, Cambridge (B.A, 1712, 
M.A. 1717)| and, after acting ai^ curate »t 
Blaston in Leicestershire, became rector of 
Kirbv in Nottinghamshire. He wrote* Derby 
Silk-kill, attemnted in Miltonick Veiiei' 
Nottingham, 1739, fol 

^Creswell's Collections towards the Historr of 
Pnn tia^ in Nottinghanuihire, 27 ; Nichols 9 \jak- 
oesteiahire, ii. 453 ; Gxadnati CaoUb. (1823), 59.] 

T.C 

BRAILSFOBB, JOHN, the younger 
(d. 1775), divine, alter completing his edue*> 
tion at Emmanuel College, Cambridge (B.A. 
1744, M.A. 17m), was apnointed in 1780 to 
the head-mastership of the free school al 
Birmingham, which sit nation he held tiU his 
death on 26 Nov. 1775, He was abo Ticar 
of North ^\Tieatley, Nottinghamshire, and 
chaplain to Francis, lord Middleton, He 

Imblished * The Nature and Efficacy of tha 
i^^eitr of God/ an assise sermon preached At 
Warwick (London, 1761, 4to) ; and an oo^ 
tavo volume, containing ' Thirteen Bermoni 
on various Subjects ^ by him, was published 
at Birmingham the year after his death. 

[Cartisle*i Endowed Grammar Schools, ii.639 ; 
Gradnati Cantab. (1823), 50 ; Cooke's Preachers 
AssistaDt (1783), ii. 51 J T. C. 

BRAITHWAITE, JOHN (^. 1600), 
cjuaker^ was prol*iibly Ixrn in 1633, as there 
is an entry in thf Cnrtmel registers of the 
baptism on 24 March 1633 of John, son of 
James Braithwaite of Newton. George Fox 
records in his * Joumril ' that, being at New- 
ton-in-Ciirtmel in 1652, whtvre he attempted 
to preach to the |>eople after service, he spoke 
to a youth whom he noticed in the chapel 
taking notes of the clergyman's sermon. The 
young man was John Braithwaite, who after- 
wards became his earnest follower. He pub- 
lished three tracts in support of Fox's doc- 
trines: 1. *A serious Meditation upon the 
dealings of God with England and the State 
thereof in General,' n.d. 2. *The Ministers 
of England which are callod the Ministers of 
the OoHpei weighed in the Balance of Equity, 
&c.,* 16ti0. S; * To all those that observe 
Dayes, M<metlis, Times, and Years, &c,,' 1660» 
In 1658 he, or one of his name, travelled 
many miles to visit a friend coniined in II- 



I 



I 



I 



Chester gmol» but w&s * unmercifully beaten 
by the wicked g^aoler nod not suffered to 
come in;' and at unother time he was sent 
to prison, along wirli Tbomas Briggs, a 
Oieebire man^ for preaching at Salisbury. A 
John Braithwait«, who may be identical with 
the quaker, wa« resident in the island of 
Barbadoee between 1669 and 1693, where 
he suffered frequent fines in default of not 
appearing in arms, and for refusing to pay 
churcb dues. Braitbwaite is stated by Smith 
in his ' Catalogue of Friends' Book** * to have 
died at Chippenham, Wiltshire, i 

[Fox's Joumal, Leeda, IS3d« i. 134; Joseph 
Smith's DeacriptiTe Catalogue of Friends' Books^ , 
i. 813; B«a8e*a Sufferings of tho Quakers, i. 584, 
ii. 290, &c. ; Whiting's Memoirs.] C, W. S, 

BBATTHWAITE, JOHN (1700 ? - 
1768 ?), wQs the author of * The History of ' 
the Ilevoliitioni? in the Empire of Morocco , 
upon the Death of the late Emperor Muley 
I^bmael/ft spirited work which was published ; 
in 17:^, and transkted into Dut^h 172^, Ger- 
HMU) 1790, and French (Amsterdam) 1731. 
In his preface Bniitliwaite describes him- 
self as being in the service of the African 
Company, and tu^ having, when very young, 
eeired in the fleet in Anne's reign, and then 
having been a lieutt;nunt m the Welsh fufii- 
lien, ensign in the royal guards, and eecre- 
taJT to his kinsman Christian Cole, British 
resident at Venice, with whom he travelled 
through Europe. lie ahjo states that he was 
in the Santa Lucia and St. Vincent expedi- 
tions, and was present iit the siege of Gil}- 
raitar (1727). Thence he crossed to Morocco 
and joined the British consul-genera], John 
Hussel^ in his expedition in the emperor's do- 
mmion«,the exi>eriences of wliich he relat^s-s in 
his hook. The diary of the narrative extenda 
from July 1727 to February 1728. A Cap- 
tain Bniithwaite is mentioned in the* London 
Gazette * as bfing appointed in 1749 t-o com- 
mand the Peggy Rloop, and again in 1761 aa 
commanding the Shannon; and in February 
1768 John Braithwaite was * removed' from 
the post of secretary to the governor of 
Gibraltar; but the connection of these notices 
with the subject of this article is merely con- 
jectural. 

[Qmi. Mag. for 1749, 1761, and 1768.1 

S. L.-R 

BRAITHWAITE, JOHN, the elder 
(d, 1818), eng^ineer, L'* best known as the 
constructor ot one of the earUest successful 
forms of diving-belh In 1783 he descended 
in one of hj» own construction into the wreck 
of the Royal George, which had gone down 
off Spithead in the August of the previous 



year, and recovered her sheet anchor and 
many of her guns. In the same year, and by 
the same means, he recovered a number of 
guns sunk in the Spanish flotilla oft* Gib- 
raltar. In 1788 again he made a descent to 
the wreck of the Hart well, an East India- 
man, lost off Bonavista, one of the Cape de 
Verd islands, and recovered doUars to the 
value of 38,000/., 7,000 pigs of lead, and ;^0 
boxes of tin. In 180f> he raised from the Aber- 
gavenny, an East Indiaman, lost olt' Portland, 
76,000i, worth of dollars, a quantity of tin, 
and other pronerty to the value of '30,000/., 
and successiuily blew up the wreck with 
gunpowder. For these purposes, in addition 
to perfecting the actual diving apparatus, he 
devised macmner>^ for sawing shipa aaunder 
under water. His anceston§ had carried on 
a small engineers' shop at SU Albans since 
1695. His own engineering works were Ln 
the New Road, London. Braithwaite died 
in June 1818 at Westboome Green fifom the 
etfects of a stroke of paralysis. His business 
was afterwards carried on by his two sons, 
Francis and John. The latter is noticed 
foeiow* 

[Gent. Mag. 1818, pt. i. 644.] E. H. 

BBAJTHWAJTE, JOHI^, tlie younger 
(1797--1870), engineer, w«b third aon'of Jolio 
Braithwaite the elder [q- v,] He was born at 
1 Bath Place, New Hoad,London, on 19 March 
1797, and, after being educated at Mr. Lord's 
school at Tooting in Surrey, attended in his 
fathers manufactory, where be made himself 
master of pnictical enginet>ring, and became a 
skilled draughtsman. In June 1818 bis father 
died, leaving the business to his sonaFrancia 
and John. Franci.s di^d in 1823, and John 
Braithwaite carried on the business alone. 
He added to the business the making of high^ 
pressure steam-eDgines. In 1 81 7 he reported 
before the House of Coram ona upon the Noi^ 
wich steamboat explosion, and in 1820 he 
ventilated the House of Lords by means of 
air-pumps. In 1822 he made the donkey- 
engme, and in 1823 cast the statue of the 
Diike of Kent by Seba-stian Gabagan which 
was erected in Portland Place, London. 

H© was introduced to Messrs, G. and R. 
Stephenson in 1827, and about the same time 
became acquainted with Captain John Ericfr- 
aon, who tlien had many schemes in view. 
In 1829 Messrs. Braithwaite and Ericsson 
constructed for the Kainhill experiments the 
locomotive engine, The Novelty, This engine 
wiis the first that ever ran a mile within a 
minute ( lifty-six seconds). 

At this time Braithwaite manufactured the 
first practical steam tire-engine, which was 
ultimately destroyed by a London mob. It 




I 



I 



i 



had, however, preTiouBl? done good service 
at the huming of the English Opera Hoiue 
ill 1830, at tht! deeitruction of the Argyle 
Kooou IBdOi and at the coDHagmtiou of the 
Houiea of Purl itt meat in lr^4. It threw two 
toitfl of water per minute, burnt coke, and 
got up steam in about twenty minutes; but 
It was looked upon with ao much jealousy 
by the Ere brigade of the day that the in- 
ventor had to give it up, lie, however, soon 
constructed four others of larger dimensions, 
two of which, in Berlin and Liverpool re- 
spectively, gave great satMactton. In 18S3 
he built the caloric engine in eonj unction 
with Captain Erks^on. rCext year he ceased 
to take an active part in the management of 
the engine works in the New lioad, but 
began to practise as a civil engineer for public 
Work«, and waa largely consulted at home and 
•broad, particularly as to the capabilities of 
and prolmble inipnivements in li>oomotiv« en- 
gines. In 18^ the EiiHtvm Countiefl railway 
was projected und laid out by bira in conjunc- 
tion with Mr, ChurleB Blacker Vignoles. The 
act of incorporation wm passed in 1836, and 
he was aooa after appointed engineer-in-chief 
for its construction. He adopted a five-feet 
gauge, and upon that gauge the line was 
constructed as far as Colchester, the works, 
however, being made wide enough for a 
seven-feet gauge. On the recommendation 
of Robert Stephenson it was subsequently 
altered to the national gauge of 4 feet 
BJ inchee. In after years Bmithwaite ad- 
vocated a still narrower gauge* He ceased 
to be alhciftlly connected with the Eastern 
Counties railway on 28 May 1843. WhOst 
engineer to that company he introduced 
on the works tbe American excavating 
machine and the Araerican steam locomo- 
tive tiile-driving machine. He was joint 
founder of the * Railway Times,* which be 
started in conjunction with Mr. J. C. Robert- 
fton as editor in 1837, and lie continued sole 
proprietor till 1845. He undertook the pre- 
paration of plana for the direct Exeter railway, 
but the panic of the period, and his connection 
with some commercial speculations, necessi- 
tated the winding up oi hiji^ affairs (1845), 
Braithwaite bad, m 1844, a share in a patent 
for extracting oil from bituminous shale, and 
works were erected near Weymouth which, 
but for his dithculties, nuglit have been 
BUiCcessfuL Some years before, 1836-8, Cap- 
tain Ericsson and be bad fitted up an or- 
dinary canal boat with a screw propt^ller, 
which started from Ijondon along the canals 
to Manchester on 28 June 1838, retumi:ng 
by the way of Oxford and the Thames to 
London f beiuj^ the first and last steamboat 
that has navigated the whole distance on 



those waters. The experiment waa abandoned 
on account of the deficiency of water in the 
canals and the completion of the railway 
system, which diverted the paying traffic. 
In 1844, and again in 1846, he waa much on 
the continent surveying lines of railway in 
France, and on his return he was employed 
to survey Langston harbour in 1850, and 
to build tbe Brentford brewery in 1851. 
From that year he was principally enga^d 
in chamber practice, and acted as consulting 
engineer, advising on most of the important 
mechanical questions of the day for patents 
and otber purjioses, Braithwaite was elected 
a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in. 
1819, a member of the Institution of Civil 
Engineers on 13 Feb. 1838, and at the time 
of his death he was one of the oldest mem- 
bers of the Society of Arta, baTing been 
elected into that body in the year 1819 ; he 
was also a life governor of seventeen chari*« 
table institutions. 

He died very suddenly at 8 Clifton GardenS| 
Paddington, on 2o Sept. 1870, and his re- 
mains were interred in Kensal Green ceme- 
tery. He was the author of two publications 
entitled: 1. 'Supplement to Captain Sir 
John Ross's Narrative of a second voyage in 
search of a North- West Passage, containing 
the suppressed facts neceeaary to an under- 
standing of the cause of the fiulure of the 
steam machinery of tbe Victory/ 1835, To 
this work Sir J. Ross published a reply in the 
same year. 2. 'Guideway Steam Agricul- 
ture, by P. A. HaJkett, with a Report by 
J. Braithwaite,' 1857. 

[Mochanica* Mag. with portrait, xiii. 335-^7 » 
377-88, 417-19 (1830) ; Minut«e of Proceedings , 
of InetituttoD of Civd Engineers, xxxi. pt. L 1 
207-1 1 (1871 ) ; Walford s InBnranca Cyclop, iii. 
348(1874).] aC.B. 



4 



4 



BRAITHWAITE, 

Bkathwaitb.] 



RICH ARR [See i 



BTLAKELONBE, JOCELIN de. [See 

JOCBUK.] 

BRAMAH, JOSEPH (1748^1814), in- 
ventor, was bom in 1746 at Stainborongh, a 
village near Barns ley in Yorkshire, He was 
the son of a fanner, and was» according to 
Dr. Smiles, originally intended to follow the 
plough, but an aecident which unfitted him 
lor farm work led to his being apprenticed 
to tbe village carpenter* His mechanical 
talentfl soon showed tbemselvess, and at th© 
end of his apprenticeship he went to Lon- 
don, where, after working for some time at a 
cahiuetmakor^B. he set np in the trade on his 
own account. Being emnloTed to fit up some 
water-closets on the metnod invented by Mr. 



B 



Bramah 



903 



Bramhall 



AJlen, he wab Ud bj the imperfections of the 
STSttiin to devise improvementa on it^ and 
thence, in 1778, came the first of the long 
series of patents taken out hy htm. The 
cloeet described in the specification of that 
patent^ with certain improvements devised 
by the inventor^ ha& continued in use, it 
mar be said, until the present day. 

His next invention was hia Iock ; this waa 
certainly a great advance on any locks then 
known ^ and for lon^ had the reputation of 
being unpickahte. In 1851, however^ at the 
time of the Greiit Exhibition^ Hobl>a, an 
American^ picked the lock, and thereby ob- 
tmned the reward of 200/. offered by Bramah 
to anybody wlui «bould perform this feat. 
The lock, however, was, and iutleed is, a most 
excellent one, and continues to bear a very 
high repiitiition. 

Brama]i"s most important contribution to 
mecbftnical science was bis hydraulic presa, 1 
piiteintedinl705. The power wWh he gave to 1 
engineers by this invention of converting into 
a steady continuous pressure of practically un- 
limit*'d amount a number of comparatively 
amjiU impulse*, was an entirely new one, and 
was capable, as it afterwards proved, of enor- 
mous development. That this development 
was not unforeseen by the projector is evident 
from the proiX)sals he made ni several of his 
patents, propoaak which in many cases have 
only reoently been carrietl into effect* In 
giving due credit to Bramah for bis great 
mventive genius, it is but proper that men* 
tion sboulcl be made of Henry Maudslay, to [ 
whom is dnv one particular detail by which 1 
the working of the press waa rendered pos- ' 
sible^ the device by which the ram of the ' 
preas was enabled to work water-tight 
within the cylinder, whatever the pressure 
might be, while it was permitted to return 
freely as soon as the pressure waa token oW. 

It may be said without disparagement that 1 
Bromah's mind, though most ingenions, was \ 
not highly original, for the germs of all hia 
inventions might be found In the work of 
others* The hydraulic pres* is but a practi- 
cal application of the principle of the hydro- 
static paradox ; his water-closet, aa above 
mentioned, waa an improvement on Allen^si 
hia lock waa auggeated by that of Barron, 
patented ten years before. Still, the bent of 
nis genius was eminently practical, and be 1 
was sinp^ulurly happy in applying scientific 
dificoverlej* to pracltcal purposes, or in seiz- 
ing hold of the idea of an imperfect invention 
and completing it. Bei^ides these, be waa the 
author ot a ho^t of minor inventions, among 
which may '^ mentioned the beer-engine, 
the ever-pointed pencil, the machine for 
numbering bank-notea, the little apparatua 



once well known for mending quill pens, and 
the planing macbme. lie was also one of 
the brst who proposed to apply the screw for 
the purpose ol propelling vessels. In all be 
took out eighteen patents, some of them 
covering a number 01 distinct inventions. 

Bramah died at Pimlico, 9 Dec. 1814 
(GefU. Mag. 18U, ii. 613). 

[The chief sources of infonnfttion about Bra- 
mah are a uieuioir by Dr. Cull en Brown in the 
New Monthly Magazine for April ISJOtJinda 
short Life iti Dr. Sroiles's Industrial Biography, 
For a description of his improvements in locks, 
refttfeoce may be mivde to his own DisMfriation 
on Locks, or to £. B« Denison^a Clocks and Locks.] 

U. T. W. 

BEAMHALL^ JOHN (1 504-1663), arch- 
bishop of Amm^^'^h, whs of the Brainballs of 
Bramhall Hsll, (Miesbire^ and was baptised 
at Po n t V t'rac t J 8 N v. V 594 . 11 is fu t her was 
Peter Bramh nil (^. 1635 ) of rarleton,near Pon- 
tefract. 11 »^ whs at sebfiol at Pontefract, and 
adm it tt^d to fcjidney SussexCollege^Cambridge, 
on 21 Feb. 1 009. His tutor waa Howlett, for 
whom he provided iu Irnland. He ^aduated 
B.A. 1612, >LA. 1616, B.LK 162:t, IXD. Hm 
(his thesis bf ing strongly a oti-papal). Taking 
order.s about 1616, he held a living in York, 
also the rectory of Elvingtoii, Yorkshire, on 
the presentation of (liristopber Waude^forde 
(ftften^'ttrds master of the rolls). His marriage 
to a clergyman's widow gave him a fortune 
and a library. In 162^^ he won laui'els in a 
public dLscus-sion at Nt*rthiillerton with Hun- 
ffate, a Jesuit , and Hi>ugliton, a priest, Tobias 
ilatlhew, arebbisbop of York, made him bis 
chaplain (a later arehbishitp. Iticbard Neale, 
ffave him the prebend of Hys.thwaite on 
13 June 1633). He wa* also sub-deau of 
Ripon, and bad great influence there as a 
preacher and public man. As one of the 
nigh commissioners his maimer wa* thought 
severe. Itesigning bis EngUeh prefermenta 
and prospt^ts ( a cha]ibiincy in ordiiiar\' to the 
king was in store for him)^ he went to Ireland 
as "ft'ent worth-? chaplain, by Wandeeforde's 
advice, in July 1633. In bis letter to Laud 
from Dublin, 10 Aug, 1633, be draws a la- 
mentable picture of the ruin and desecration 
of churches (the crypt of Cbrist*s cathedral 
was let to 'popish recusants/ and used in time 
of service as an alehouse and smoke-room), 
the alienation of bishoprics and benefices, 
and tlie i>overty and ignorance of the clergy. 
For himself be soon got the archdeaconry of 
Meath, the richest in Ireland. His exertions 
a^ a royal commissioner were successful in ob- 
taining the surrender of fee-farma, by which 
episcopal and clerical revenues had been scan- 
dklously wasted ; in four years he ia said to have 
recovered to the church some 30,000/. a year. 




Bramhall 



204 



Bramhall 



I MdAiiiiiii6 he WM conAeomted bishop of Denr 
111 the chftpel of Dublin Cattle on 16 Maj 1634, 
floooeading the ptiriraii, George Downhitm. 
Bramball, in the Irish p&rliAm*;'rit which mot 
14 .fuly 1634, procured the p;L«»*iiig of ihree 
important acts for the pres<^rvrttioii of church 
property. By the Iri^ih convocation which met 
m November 1(:W54 the thirty-nine artich?* 
were pec8ivL*d and approved; not directly in 
aubatitution for, but in addition to, the Irish 
articles of 1615, articlej* which subsequently 
formed the hoAtn of the Westminster Uoafea- 
fiion. The credit of this measure i^ given to 
Bramhall by his bioflraphem ; but it appears 
from Weiitworth*a letter to Laud that he 
himself, dissatistied with what the bishops 
were proposing^ drew the canon^ and forced 
it upon the convocation in the t*^eth of the 
primate, without permitting a word of dis- 
cussion. It paasea with a single dissentient 
vote (in the lower house K * It seems/ says 
Collier, *■ one Calvinist had looked deeper than 
the rest int<i the matter/ What Bramhall 
did was to try to get rh*^ English canons of 
16(U adopted in Ireland; there were 'some 
heats' between him and the primate Ussher, 
ending with the pa**sing of distinct canons^ 
in the compiling of which Bramhall had a 
large share. The ninety-fourth canon, en- 
dorsing a part of the wise policy of Bedell, 
bishop of Kilmore, provided for the use of 
the bible and prayer-book in the vernacular 
in an Irish-<ptuikiTig district. This was op- 
kMsed by Bmmlmll, to whom the native 
*TOiigue was a symbol of barbarism, and who 
failed to see the necessity of instructing a 
people through the medium of a language 
they uuderst^.xxL In 18S5 BramhaU was m 
his diocese, and in August of the foUowing 
year wt» find him at Belfast assisting Bishop 
Henry Leslie in his discussion with, and 
proceed iugu against, the five ministers who 
would not subscribH the new canons [see 
Brice, Edward]. The preshyterian account 
does full justice to the harshness of his man- 
ner. Visiting England in 16;J7t atritlin«jnc- 
cusation brought hira l>efnre theStar-rliamhrr 
at the instauceof one Bacon, who chargr'd linn 
with using language disrespectful to the K 01 l , 
while executing at Ripon a commission tmni 
the Star-chamber court. This he mmn dis- 
posed of; the words laid to his charge had 
been ut tored by a feUow-commiesioner. Laud 
presented him to the king, and he received 
signs of royal favour. Ret ti rni ng to Ireland, 
he employed t'S^OOO/., the proceeils of bis Eng- 
lish property, in purchasing and improving an 
estate at Omagh, co. Tyrone, in the midst of 
Irish recusants. In the same year he was 
made receiver-genera I for the crown of all 
Tevenues from the estates of the city of Lon- 



don in his diocese, forfeit^ through non-ful- 
filment of some - '^ :> of the holding. 
Further power* w 1 ^ not slow to use, 

was put into hb hunu- < m J I Nf 1 v 1 m'.o^ wh 
the * oUck oath^ abjuring th \ 1 mt 
directed to be taken by all the' I - "^ • 
In 1639 he pntected and recon :*i 

Wentworth John Corbet, ministt^i ... ^ „.uli, 
who had be>en deposed by the Diiinbart4)ii 
presbytery for r>efasiiig to subscrtbe the as- 
sembly's aeclaration against prelacy. Went^ 
worth used CTorbet as a sarcastic writer against 
the Scottish ovenanters, and nominated hun 
to the vicarage of Templemore, in the diocese 
of Achonry. Archibala Adair, bishop of Kil- 
lala and Achonry, a man of piiritan leanings, 
could not disguise bis aversion to the admis- 
sion of Corbet, who complained of the bishop'* 
language to the high commission court esta- 
bliAed by Wentworth at the end of 1634. 
Adair was tried as a favourer of the covenant. 
Bedell alone voted for his acquittal; the 
loudest in his condemnation were Bramhall 
and the infamous John Atherton, bishop of 
Waterford [q. v.] .\datr was deposed on 
18 May 1644). The proceedings l)Oth exaspe- 
rated the Scottish settlers and shook the sta- 
bility of the episcopal system. The Irish 
commotts in October 1640 drew up a remon- 
strance, in the course of which they speak of 
the Derry plantation aa * almost destroyed * 
through the policy of which Bramhall was 
the administrator. No sooner had the Eng- 
lish commons impeached Wentworth (now 
earl of fcjtrallbrd) of high treason on II Nov. 
1 640, than the presbyt^riansof Antrim,Down, 
Derry, Tyrone, &c., drew up a petition to the 
EngUsh parliament (j)resented by Sir John 
Clotwortlay about the end of April 164 1 ), con- 
taining thirty-one charges agai nst the prelates, 
and praying that their exiled pastors might 
be reinatated. Of the Ulster bishops, Bram- 
hall, from I lis closer connection with state 
affairs, was the most prominent object of at- 
tack. The Iri^h commons, on the motion of 
Audley Mervyu and others, 4 March 1641, 
impached hira, with the lord chancellor, the 
chief just ice of the common pleas, and Sir 
(i . ,i r,. Hadcliffe, as participants in the al- 
1 ';^'-^'il treason of Strafford. Bramhall acted 
a rarinly part in at once leaving Derry for 
Dublin, and taking his place m the liouse 
of Lords. He was imprisoned and accused 
of unconstitutinnal acts ; his defence was that 
he had erjuitably stiught the good of the 
churchy and that his hands were clean from 
private rapine or family promotions. He 
wrote, on 26 April, to Ussher in London, 
through whose exertions with the king Bram- 
hall was liberated without ac/juittaL He 
returned to Berry. Vesey states that an 




Bramhall 



ibortive attempt was made by Sir Phelim 
WKNeil to represent llrnnah«ll ns iniijlicatitid 
* in the InVh insurrection of 1641. Tue story 
haft an iDiprobable air; but Derry, crowded 
with Scots seeking pan cfuan' from the rebek, 
and eoon etricken with fever, was no safe 
place for hiin. He obt^yed the warning of 
mends and fled to England. He was in 

t Yorkshire till the battle of Marpton Moor 
(2 July 1644); he eent bis plate to the king, 
and in privnte, from the pulpit, and by pen 
snppo rt (h1 ill e royalist ca use. ^V i t h M"i 1 1 1 e m 
CaTendiE^h^ first marquis of Newcastle^ and 
other*, he hurried abroad Janding at Hamburg 
Oii8 July H>t4., The Uxbridge convention, in 

I January 164rj, excepted him , with Laud, from 
the proposed general pardon. In Pari^ he met 
Hobbee (prior to l(i46 )^ and argued with him 
on liberty and necessity. Thi^ led toeontro- 
Tersies with Hobbes in after year.^. Till 1648 
he wa^ chiefly at Bruriw?l!i, preaching at the 
Eiiglish embaApy, the English merchants of 
Antwerp having the benefit of his services 
Boonrhly. He went back to Ireland, but not 
to UlMer, in 1648; at Limerick he received 
in 1649 the proteRtaniprofe*iftion of the dying 
earl of Roscommon f Jaine!^ Dillon, third earl, 
brother-in-ljiw of Stratford). While he ^^m 
in Cork, the city declared for the pariiameut 
(October 1()49); be bad a narrow escape, and 
returned to foreign parth. He corresponded 

• diligently witli Montn^Be, and disputed and 
"wrote in defence of the church of England, It 
h said that he was ho obnoxioue to the papal 
powers that on crossing into Spain he ionnd 
Ilia portrait in the hands of innkee-fyersi, with 
a view to hi? being seized by the jnqui§ition. 
Bramhall biuieelf* who reports ^a tedioua and 
chargeable voyage into Spain * (about 16fi0), 
does not mention this incident- It would 
appear that Granger founds upon the story 
a conjecture thai there wasi a print of Bram- 
hftlJ, which he describes ae * very rare,' and 
had not seen, He was excluded from the 

tAct of Indemnity of 16f)2 : sub^'quently to 
thiB wefind him occasionally adopting in his 
COTTeepondence thepi^eudoiiym of * John Pier- 
son/ In October 1 6*50 he returned tn England. 
It wa« pupnoped that he would be made arcb- 
bishon of York ; but on 18 Jan. 1661 he was 
tranafated to the metroixdltan ^ee of Armagh 
(vacant sinct^ U^aher'g aeatb,21 March iCoo). 
On 27 Jan. 1 6<n he presided at t he con«*ecrBti(m 
in St» Patrick's Cathedral of two nrchbi^^hops 
and ten bishops for Trelimd. Not only was 

I Bramhall es officio president of convocationt 
but on 8 May 1661 he was cho&en speaker of 
t lie Iri f.h House of Lords. Both houses erased 
from their records the ohl charge* against 
Bramhall. Although Parliament passed de- 
clarations requiring conformity toepiecopacy 



and the liturg^% and ordering the burning of 
the covenant, Bramhall could not carry liis 
hills for a uniform tithe-«Y6tem, and for ex- 
tending episcopal leases. Kor was there any 
new Irish act of uniformity till 1667, only 
the old atatute of \hW^ enjoining the use of 
Edward VFs second prayei^book. The ejec- 
tion of Irish nonconlormists was effected by 
episcopal activity, and wag nccomplished some 
time before the parsing of the Engli^-h act of 
1662* Aimagh was not a specially prcjiby- 
terian diocese, nor had Bramhall to deal here 
with the rigid temper of the Scots divines; 
in pursuing the process of obtiiining con- 
formity he used a moderation which con- 
trasts favourably, in spirit and re&ults, 
with Jeremy Taylors action in Antrim and 
Down. Following the lines of the Irish ar- 
ticlei*, he neither impugned the Kpirittml va- 
lidity of presbyterian orders, nor refused to 
make good the titles to benefices granted 
under the Commonwealth ; but he told his 
clergy he did not see bow they were to re» 
cover their tithes for the future, unless they 
could show letters of ordert* recognised by 
the existing law. Accordingly he prepared 
a form of letter?, certifying dimply that any 
previous canonical deficiency had been sup- 
plied. Edward Parkinson was one of the 
ministers whom he thus induced to contbrm. 
A very remarkable letter from Sir George 
Radcliffe on 20 March ](i4:^4 shows that 
Bramhall was then inclined to admit the epi- 
scopal character of the ^superintend ant a in 
Germany/ His view of the articles as terms 
of peace was framed when he was seeking a 
Btanding-ground for Arminiunifc=in within a 
generally Calvinistic church; but he did not, 
like Taylor, forget his old plnawhen the tables 
mere t umed . Preshy t e ri a n s h a t ed t h e name 
of * bishop hrflmble/ and Cromwell called him 
the * Irish Canterbury.' Like Laud he bad no 
creat presence ; he had something of Laud's 
business power, with an intellect lees keen and 
subtle. His wrangles with nobbes fumifihed 
s|)ortive occujmtion to a vigorous and busy 
mind ; the ^ Leviathan * was not refuted by 
beinp called * atheistical.' Bramhall wa.s de- 
fending his rights in a court of law at Omiigh 
against Sir Audley Menyn when a third 
paralytic stroke deprived nim of conscious- 
ness. He died on 25 June 1663. Jeremy 
Taylor preaclied his funeral sermon. James 
Margetson (died 28 Aug. 1678, aged 77) was 
translated from Dublin as his sueceseor. His 
wife was Ellinor Halley ; the name of her 
first husband is not given. The wills of 
Bramhall (Tj Jan. 1663) and his widow 
(20 Nov. 1665) are printed in the * Rawdon 
Papers.- He left issue : 1 . Sir Thomas Bram- 
hall, hart., who married the daughter of 



^ 




Bramis 



3o6 



Bramston 



I 



Sir P&ul Davys, and died b. p. 2, Isnbella, 
nsjiiTied Sir Jkmes (1 rtthain, mn of William, 
earl of Monteith ; hi^r daughter Ell in or, or 
Helen, married Sir .Vrtliiir iiawdon, of MoLm, 
lineal anct^ator of tlie Mftrguis of Hastings, 
3. Jane, married Alderman Toxteith of Drog- 
ht*da, 4, Anne, married St^ndish Ilart^tonffe, 
one of the barons of exchequer. His worka 
were collected by John Vesey, archbiahop of 
Tuam, in one volume, Dublin, 1677, fol., 
arranged in four tomes, and containing five 
treatiiie^ against Romanists (including a 
confutation of the Nag's Head fable ) ; three 
against aectAries, three against Hoblws, and 
seven unclaasified, being aefeuc«» of royalist 
and Anglican viewa. Allibone incorrectly 
says that the 'sermon preached wt York 
Minster, 28 Jan. 164»3, beiore his excellency 
the Marquess of Newcastle,' &c., York, 164^, 
41-0, i$ not included in the collected works. 
The works were reprinted in the * Library of 
Angio-Oatholic Theology/ Oxford, 184i-o, 
8vo, 5 vols* Milt4m thought Bramhall wrot-e 
the * Ajpologia pro Rego et Popiilo Anglicano,' 
1650, l8mo, but the real aotlior was John 
Rowland* The pOvSthumou« publication of 
Brarahairs ' Vindication of himself and the 
Episcopal Clergy from the Presbyterian 
Charge of Popery, as it h managed by Mr. 
Baxter,' &c., 1672, Bvo, with q preface by 
Samuel Parker (afterwards bishop of Oxford ), 
protJuced Andrew Marveirs * The Rehearsal 
Transpros'd,' 1672, 12mo. 

[Life by Vtmey, prefixed to Works ; Bio^. Brit 
1748, ii. 961 seq*. by Moraot ; a few iidditional 
particulnn by Towera and Kippis in Bipg, Brit. 
1780, iL 665 Beq, • Ware's Worka, ed. Harris, 1764, 
1, 116 Boq., ii. 84fl fleq. &c* ; Berwick's Rawdon 
Papers, 1 819. pp, 4 1 , 61 , 93. 109, &c. ; Granger'a 
Biog. Hist, of Eiiglaiid. 1824, ii. 345 ; Barbam's 
Ck.lliera Eccl. WmU of Groat Brit. 1841, riii, 77. 
90 ; Killen'B Reid« Hist, of Presb, Ch. in Ire- 
land, 1867. i. 164. 170 R6q.. 263 mq., 271. 293. 
523 i^eq., ii. 265, 272 ; Gnit- 8 EceL Uist. of Scot- 
land, 1861, iii. 67, 89; Mitchell's We»tmin§ter 
Aasemblji 1883, p. 373 Heq. ; Notes AodQueri en, 
andMr. vi, 191.] A. 0. 

BRAMIS or BROHIS, JOHN (Uth 
cent.}, writer, wiis n monk of Tlietford. He 
translated the * Romiince of Waldef ' from 
Frencb metre into Liitiii prose. Tbis ro- 
mance was originally writ ten in Engli^b verse, 
Qnd bud been donf? into French at the desire 
of a lady- The manuficript of Bramiji vs in 
the Corpus Christi College Library, Cam- 
bridgH, No. 329. *lncipit prologue euper 
hystnriam Wnldei, kc/ An historical com- 
pilation entitled ' Hi^toria compeudio^ji de 
regibus Britoniim/ and attributed to llalpb 
de Diceto, is printed in Gale, * Quiadecim 
Scriptorea/ p, 553, The author repeatedly 



refers to a former compilation thu* — * Hsec 
Brom, Sec' There is no reason for making 
Ralph of Diceto the author, thoiigh the * Hia- 
t^ria ' is based on hia worka; it ends * Hmc 
Brome,' and is probably tlie work of Bramia. 

[Tanner's Ribl. Brit. 121 ; Wright's England 
in the Middle Agee^ i. 96 ; Hardy's D^criptiTtt 
Cntalogoa of MaterialiH &c., Kolb Sar. t. i. 3370 

w. a 

BRAMSTON, FRANCIS (<?,lfia3), judge, 

third son of Sir John Bramston the elder [q. v.], 
waa educated at the celebrated school of 
Thomas Fiimabie or Famaby, in Gold-Smiths' 
Alley, Cripplegate, and at Queens' College, 
Cambridge, of which Dr. Martin was then 
the mai*ter, where be graduated B. A. in 1637, 
and M.A. in UMO. He waa admitted to the 
Middle Temple as a atudent in 1634, but as 
his heiilth was weakly he for a time enter- 
tained i he idna of taking holy orders. Shortly 
before the final rupture between the kin^^^^ 
and the parliament he wa^ elected a felLo^ii^^| 
of hi« college, and after being called to tbe^^ 
bar (14 June 164i^) left the country. The 
ensuing four years ( 1 lU2^6) he spent in 
travel m France and Italy, falling in with 
Ev^elyn and hia friend Henshaw at Rome 
in the spring of 1645, and again at Padua 
and Venice in the autumn of that year. On 
his return to this countrr be dismieeed the 
idea of entering the church, and devoted him- 
self to the study and practice of the law. 
His history, however, is a blank until the 
Restoration, when he waa made steward f»f 
some of tbe Inng^s courts (probably manorial ) 
in Essex, and of the lib*^rty of Havering in 
the same county. In liXJ4 be represented 
Queens' College, Cambridge, in the litigation 
respecting the election of Bimon Patrick to 
the presidency, and in the following year wi 
appointed one of the counsel to t he univenitjj 
with a fee of 40*. per annum. In 1668 he 
elected one of the benchers of his inn, and ap» 
pointed reader, his subject being the statute 
3 Jac. c. 4, concerning popish recusant.^. The 
banmiet which, according to custom, he gave 
on this occasion (3 Aug.) is denser i bed by 
Evelyn, who was present, iis * so very extras 
vagant and great as the like bath not been 
seen at any time.' He mentions the Duke of 
Ormonde, the lord privy seal (Robartes), the 
Tvirl of Bedford^ Lord Belasyse, and Viscount 
Halifax as among the guests, besides * a world 
more of earls and lords.* In Trinity term of 
the following year he was admitted to the 
degree of Serjeant -at -law, presenting the king 
with a ring inscribed with the motto, * liex 
legis tutamen/ and was appointed steward of 
the court of comniou pleas ut Wbitix;hapel, 
with a salary of 100/. per annum. In Trinity 



Bramston 



Bramston 









term 1G78 lie was created a baron of the ex- 
chequer, but ♦^arly next year (29 April) was 
disimfiaed, without reason asei^ed, along 
witliSir William Wild of the king's bench, 
Sir Edward Thurland of ihn pxrhi^qruT, and 
Vere Bertie of the common ploi^. Sir Tboma.s 
Kaymond being- Bwora in lji.s pi nee (5 May),, 
though, according to his own account, he 
* had laboured, and not without great reason, 
to WBvent it/ It was supposed that either 
Sir WiUiam Temple or Lord-chancellor Finch 
waa at the bottom of the aHair, On 4 June 
a pension of 600f, a year waa j^nnted him, 
of wbicli the first three termina! in.stalinent^ 
only were paid him. At his death, which 
occurred at his chambers in Serjeants^ Inn 
27 March 108«3, it was three years and six 
months in arrear. ITe was buried 30 March 
in RoxweO Church. He died heavily in debt, 
and his brother John, who waa his executor, 
made persistent efforts to get in the amount 
due in respect of his pension (some l,7oOA), 
and succeeded in 1 686 m recovering 1 ,456/. 6#., 
the balance bein^, us he plaintively puts it, 
abated incosts. Sir Francis was never married. 
In person he was short and rather stout. 

[Evelyn's Diary, 1646, 8 Aug., 10 Oct., 1668, 
3 Ang. ; Autobiogr. of Sir John Bramston (Cam- 
den Society), li. 24, 29, 97» 103, 266 ; SirTho«. 
Raymond's Beports, 103, 182, 244, 251 ; Foss^a 
Lirea of the Judges.] J. M. R. 

BRAMSTON, JAMES (1694 F-1 744), 
poet, was the son of Francis Rramston, fourt h 
son of Sir Moundeford Bramston, master in 
chancery, who in his turn was younger son 
of Sir John Bramston the elder [o. v.] Jord chief 
justice of the king's bench . In 1708 James 
Bramston went to Westminister School. 
Thence, in 1713, he passed to Christ (Imrch, 
Oxford, taking his B.A. degree on 17 May 
1717, and his M.A. degree on 6 April 1720. 
In March 1723 he became vicar of Lurga- 
shall, 8uBsex,and later (1725) vicar of Hart* 
ing in the same county, obtaining a dispen- 
sation to hold Iwth livings. In 1729 he puh^ 
lisbed the * Art of Politicks/ an imitation of 
the'Ars Poetica *of Horace, accompanied by 
a clever frontispiece illustrating the opening 
lines : — 

If to a Haman Face Sir James [Thornhill] should 

draw 
A Geldings Mane, and Frnthers of Maccaw, 
A Lttdy'fl Bosom, and a Tail of Cod, 
Who could help laughing at a Sight so odd ? 
Just such a Mooiiter, Sirs, pray think before ye, 
When you behold one Man both ffJifV/ and Torj^. 
Kot mare extravagant are Drunkjird^a Dreams^ 
Than LifW-Vhurch Politicks with Ht^h-Churt-h 

Schemes. 




The * Art of Politicks ' waa followed by * Tlie 
Man of Taste. Occasion 'd by an Epistlt^ of 
I Mr. Pope's on that subject ' (i,e, that txi the 
I Earl of Burlington, 1731 ), 1733. Both these 
little satires, which hold an honourable place 
in eighteenth-century verse, abound with con- 
teraporarv references^ and frequently happy 
lines. T^hev were reprinted in vol. i. of 
Bodsley^s * Poems by several Hands,' The 
only other works attributed to Bramston are 
some Poems in *■ Carmina Quadragesjimalia ; ' 
one in the University Collection on the death 
of Dr. Rndcliffe, 1715; *Ignorami Lamentatio/ 
1736; and a not very successful imitation of 
the * Splendid Shilling ' of John Philips, en- 
titled * The Crooked Sixpence,' Dodsley, 1743. 
This, in * a learned preface,' is asenbed to 
Katherine Phihps (the * matchless Orinda'). 

* Bramston,' say the authors of Dallaway and 
Cart Wright's 4li story of Sussex,' it. (i.) 365, 

* was a man of original humour, the fame 
and proofs of whose colloquial wit are still 
remembered in this part of Sussex.* He died 
16 March 1744. 

[Rawlinson MSS. fol, 16, 271, 4to, 5, 217; 
Thompson Cooper in Notes and Queries, Srd 
Bor. v. 205; Alumni Wesraonasterienses, 1862, 
260 ; Bramston's Works in British Mus^-um.] 

A. D. 

BRAMSTON, JAMES YORKE, B.D. 
(1763-1836), cathohc bishop, was bom 
18 March 1763 at Oundle in Northampton- 
shire. He came of ao old and well*to-do 
race of landowners in that county, his family 
being staunch protestants. He was educated 
at a school near his birthplace, and at Trinity 
College. Cambridge. He was first intended 
for I lie Indian civil service and then for the 
navy, which latter intention was abandoned 
at the desire of his invalid mother. On 
26 April 1785 he was entered as a student at 
Lincoln'^s Inn. Although he was never called 
to the bar, he studied for nearly lour years 
under the distinguished catholic, Charles 
Butlen He fntqueutly conversed with Charles 
Butler on religious matters, and in 1790 
publicly joined the catholic church. Bram- 
ston was bent upon at once becoming an 
ecclesiastic. He yielded, however, to his 
father*s entreaty that he should remain at 
least twelve months longer in England. In 
1792 he went to Lisbon, where he entered 
himself as a theological student at the Eng- 
lish college. He remained between eight and 
nine years in Portugal. In 1796 he was qt- 
dained to the priesthood. His last five years 
at Lisbon were given up entirely to his mis- 
sionary labours, chiefly among" the Brittah 
then in garrison there/ While he was thus 
engaged, early in 18(X), a terrible epidemic 



B rams ton 



2o3 



Bramston 




broke out in the city. For eix week* to- university he weot into residence at the Mi(fc_ 
gether Bmmston never one© took hi* clothe* die Temple, and applied himself diligently! 
off to ri'tire to rest. Hi» father died while the study of the law. His ability was i 
he was yet at Liwbon. In IHOl he returned | nised early by hi« university, which made! 
to Eii^^land, and in 180*J had entnigted to one of its counsel in 1*507, with an annuall 



him, by the then vicar apostolic of the London 
district. Bishop Doiiglait#» the poorest of all 
the catholic miHgions in the metropolis, that 
of St. George's-in-the-Fieldg. There he re- 



of forty shillings In Lent 1633 he wae ap- 
pointed reader at his inn, the subject of h& 
lecture being the statute 32 Henry \TII (om 
limitations), and he was reappointed in the 



tnained aa the priest in cliarge for nearly j autumn of the same year, this time diecoureing 
f twenty-three yeara. In 1812 Bishop Poyn- onthestatuteofElikabeth relating to fraudu- 
- ' ' - '^ <■ 1.-^. ..._„..._...- (j^ Eli*, c. 5). Shortly 



ter, then vicar-apoeitolic of the London dis- 
trict, appoint t-d Bramston his vicar-gieneraL 
During that same year he acted a* theologian 
md coimi^llor at the synodal meeting con- 
Tened in the city of Durham by Bishop Gib- 
©oa. In 1814 Bram?»ton went to Rome with 
Bishop Poynter, and on 5 April 1815, at 
Genoa, the latter askeil Pope Pius VII to con- 
atitute Im vicar-general his coadjutor. Eight 
years elapsetl, during which Bramston agiin 
and again declined the proffered dignity. On 
29 June 1823 he was fiolerauly consecrated the courts of common law, but in chancery 



lent conveyances (13 EUje. c. 
aft^r his reading was concludecl he was called 
to the degree of seijeant-at-liiw (if2 Sept 
1023). His son remarks that tbi^ wwi an ex- 
pensive year for him, the costs entailed 
the office of reader being conaiderable, be^ii 
the fee of 500/. to the exchequer payable 
admittance to the order of serjeanta. 
practice now became extensive, and d 
the next few years he was engaged in many 
of the highest importance, not only in 




br Biwhop Poyn ter at 8t. Edmund's College, 
llertfordehire, as bisbrm of Insula? in par- 
tibits infidflmm. < hi the death of Bishop 
Poynter, 27 iS'ov. 1827, Bramston succeeded 
him as vicar-apostolic of the I-rondon dis- 
trict. Nearly the whole of Bramston^s life 
waa embittered by a cruel disease, and from 
1834 he wiiB yet further afflicted with con- 
stantly increasing weakness. Added to this, 
in the spring of \1^M^ he began to suiFer 
from erysipelas in the right foot, which 
from that time forward rendered walking j 
an impoMibility. He died at Southampton, 
in his seventy-fourth year, 11 July 1836. 
His conversiitional powera were Tery re- 
markable. II i« diMcemment was acute imd 
his knowledge profoundt but his chief cha- 
racteristic was his tender charity* His 
aingrularly largi? acquaintance with the na- 
tional life of England, his exceptional ex- 
perience and skill in the conduct of bu.si- 
ness, and his intimate familiarity with the 
laws and euKtoms of Great Britain pecu- 
liarly fitted liim to conduct the atJaira 
of tbe catholics of that period with dis- 
cretion. 

[Gent. Mag. July 183C, 221 ■ Anoual Register 
for 1836,209; Ordo Recitandi pro 1887, U7 ; 
Brady *8 EpiHcopal 8ueef««i on, 187, 189, 191, 195- 
200, aiifl23L] C. K. 

BEAMSTON, Sir JOHN, the elder 
(157 7- ! »»54 ), j iidge, eldeat son of Roger Bram- 
ston by Prii*cilla, daughter of Francis Clovile 
of West Hanningfiela Hall, Essex, was born 
at Maldoii, in the samecoiuity, 18 May 1577, 
and educated at the free school at Maldou and 
Jesus CollegB, Cambridge. On leaving the 



and in the courts of w&rda and star chamber. 
In m2ii be defended the Earl of Briat-ol on his 
impeachment. A dissiolution of parliament, 
however, socm rt^lieved Bramston from this 
duty^ by putting an end to the proceedinga. 
Next year \w represented Sir Thomas Darnel 
and Sir Jofin Hevt ninghara, who had heen 
committed to the Fleet for refusing to con- 
tribute to a loan then being raised by the 
king without the consent ot parliament, ap- 
plying unsucceadfuUy for a habeas corpus on 
behalf of the one, and bail on behalf of the 
other* In the following year he was chosen 
one of the counsel tor the citv of London 
the motion of Sir Heneage IPinch, then 
corder, who wae a close friend and connecti( 
by marriage. In 1029 he wafs one of 
counsel for seven of the nine ni embers of 
House of Commons (including Sir John Eliot 
and Denzil Hollis) who were then indicted 
for milking seditious speeches in parliament. 
Next yciLT the bishop of Ely (John Bucke- 
ridge) appointed him chief Justice of his dio- 
cese, a position he held until hia elevation to 
the king's bench. In mm (26 March) he 
was made queen's seneant, and two years 
later (8 July 1(j34) king's serjeant, being 
kiiighted S24 Nov. in t lit- Mine year. In IfiSS 
(14 April) he was creattnl cl lie f justice of the 
king'8 l>]neb. In this pisition his first olHcial 
act of historical importance was, in concert 
with the refit of the bench, to advise the 
king (i:i Feb. BK36-7)that he might lawfully 
levy ship-money, and that it belonged to the 
crown to decide when such levy ought to be 
made. Sir John's son informs us that his 
father was in favotir of modifying this opinion 
in ab least one essential particular: that he 



«en 

i 



J 




B rams ton 



209 



Bramston 




have allow^i the levy *diiriiig ne- | 
ty only/ iind that liu wtia only induced 1 
iscribe the opinion as it stood by the 

^^ entation made * by the ancient jndj^s i' 

tliat it wft8 ever the use for all to siitiscnhe 
to what was agreed by the majority,' In , 
"* ' of the same year Bramston was a 
,eDib*T of the Star-chamber tribunal which 
tht? bbbop of Lincoln on the charge of 
pering with witnesses, and committing 
-her misdemeanors. Ttie bishop was found 
ilty by a unanimous verdict, and sentenced 
dffprived of his office, to pay a fine of 
V,, and to be tmprijwned during the . 
'8 pleasure. A similar sentence was 
passed on him at a later date, Hramston Ij^ 
ing again a memlwr of the courts on a charge 
of lib**lling the arcbbij^hop of Canterbury and 
the late lonl trensurer Weston. In the ce- 
lebrated ship-money case (Hex t\ Hampden), 
decided in the following year (12 June), 
Bramston gave bis judgment agiiiui^t the king, 
though on a purely tec linitml ground, viz. that 
the record it did not appear to whom the 
xmey assessed wa» due, in that respect agree- 
ig with the lord chief baron, ^?ir Henry 
iftvenport, who, with Crooke» Hiitton^ and 
" am, also gave judgment in IIanipdeu*s 
,your; but taking care at the .same time to 
Ignify bif* concun^nce with the majority of 
'18 court upon the main qutv^ticui. On 
6 April 1^40, during the intiifi|Kmt ion of the | 
rd ket'per Finch, Bramston presided in the ! 
ou**e of Lords. On 21 Dec* of the same year j 
eedings were commenced in the Rouse 
Commons to impeach the lord keeper 
bicbt Bramston, and fiv^s other of the judges 
ho had subncrilK^d tlie opinion on shi|> 
one J. Next day it wa^* resolved that the 
easage usual in such castfs should be sent to 
ilie House of Lords. The message was com- 1 
unicated to the peei-s tlie same day, and the | 
fudges being present (except t he lord keept^') 
Te forthwith severally bound in recogni- 
sances of 10,000/. to attend parliament from 
day to day until such time as trial might Im 
laid. The lord keef>er was bound to the same 
effect the following day. Brampton was thus 
unable to attend the king when required with- 
out rendering himnelf liable to immediate 
committal, and a.s no progreftsi was made t»> 
wards his trial, the king terminated so anoma- 
lous a condition of aftaira by revoking his 
tent (10 Oct. ir>42), sending him shortly 
irwards (10 Feb, lti42-*i} a patent const i- 
Xing htm serjeant-at-law by way of assu- 
tvnoe of his u n bro ken rega rd. Mea n w h i 1 e so 
far was the parliament from desiring to pro- 
ceed tXi extremities with Brampton that in 
the terms of peace offered the king at Ox- 
ford (1 Feb. 164^-3) his reappoiniment as 
TOL. VI. 



^vlous 
Mpate 



lord chief justice of the king's bench^ not 
as formerly during the king's pleasure, but 
during good bfUiaviour ('quamdiu se bene 
gesserit '), was included. From this time for- 
ward until Bnimston's death persistent at- 
tempts were made to induce him to declare 
definitely in favour of tlie parliament, but 
without success. In 1B44 be wa.4 consulted 
by the leaders of the party as to the evidence 
necessary for the prost^cution of Macguire and 
MacMahon» two prisonens who had made their 
escape from the Towwr and been retaken. In 
ltU7 it was proposed to makebim one of the 
commiHftioners of the great seal, and it was 
voted that he should ^it &s an a.ssistant in the 
House of Lords, ' which, ^ says bis son, ^ be 
did not abs^^lutely deny, but avoidetl attend- 
ing by the help of friends,* In the same year 
a resolution was come to tbut he should be 
appointed one of the judges of the common 
pleas. Even in the last year of his life Crom- 
well, then protector, sent for him privately, 
and was very urgent that he should again 
accept office as chief j ustice. Briimston, how- 
ever, excused himself on the ground of bis 
advanced age. He died, after a short illness, 
in the seventy-eighth year of his ftf^e, 22 Sept. 
1054, at bis manor ot Skreens, in the pariah 
of Roxwell, Essex, which he had bought in 
Bi35 from Thomas Weston, the second Atm 
of Weston the lord treasurer. He was buried 
in lioxwell church. In person he is described 
us of middle height, in youth slight and ac- 
tive, in later years stout without being cor- 
Sulent, Fuller charact«nses him as * one of 
eep learning, solid judgment, integrity of 
life, and gravity of behaviour ; in a word, ac- 
complished with all t he t|ual it iej* requisite for 
a person of bis place and profession/ His son 
aods that he was * a very patient bearer of 
case^, free from passion and partiality, very 
modest in giving his opinion and judgment * 
(he seems to have shown a little too much of 
this quality on the occa-sion of the opinion 
on ship-money), * which he usually dia with 
such reasons as often convinced llioi*e that 
differed from him and the auditory. Even 
the leanied law^^ers lennied of htm, as I 
have heard Twisden, Wild, Windham, and 
the ailmired Hales, aud others acknowledg*' 
often.' The following ejutaph, attributed to 
Cowley, was not placed uptui his tomb until 
1732 :— 

Ambitione, ira, donoque potent i or ornai 

Qui judex aliia lex fuit ipse sibi; 
Qui tanto obscuraa penetraTil lamine eatisas, 

Ut convicta Bimul pars quoque victa foret; 
Mnximos int«rpres, cultor sancti»«imuB squi, 

Hie japet : hfin ! tales mors nimis »qoa rapit : 
Hie alacri expectat supremum mente tribunal, 

Nee metuit judex Judicis ora ffui. 



: 



Bramston 



2IO 



Bramston 



Brmmston married is 1806 Brtd^^f ^Ihik^^Ti. 
titr of TbnmM Moundiifanl, M.D.. 
FJwurtl M(itmd«ford» knight, ot i 

1 y wh4»m hv had « larp*? family, of 
V i^itrviviMl liim, via. thre« daughters, 
iKirothy, Mnry, aiici Catherine, and aa many 
ftfinei, John [m^ Braxeitok, Sir JoHir, th& 
youii^r]; Mtmndftbrd, who wa» created a 
*ma»t<^r in riioncfry at the U^^st oration; and 
Francii* [q.v.] Sir Jolui, the »on, deacribea 
his moth*»r as *a liwiutifiil, comely perton 
of middle statiuv, virtuous and pious, a Terr 
obtenant wife, a careful, lender mother;' 
4«m ehmteUe to the poor, kind to her 
kd lieloved hy them," and * much 
i hy all that knew her.* She died 
in tb# tJlirty**ijitth yeiir of her nf^ (whilst 
John was fit ill at t)ch<K>l at Blackmore, Essex) 
in !*hiUip Lftne» AWermanbury, and waa 
buried in a vault in Milk Street church. Sir 
John continued a widower for some yearn, 
htB witV»'» mother, Mary Moundelbrd, takings 
c'hftrp*' of his house. In 1031 he married 
KUj(alieth, daughter of Lord Brabaion, sister 
of the Earl of MeHth, and relict of Sir John 
Brert*ton, kingV aerjeant in Ireland. Brereton 
wii her second liuiiiband, her first having 
beenOeoige Montffumerie, bishop of Cloje^her, 
Bramston a raarriage with her waa the r<j- 
vival of an old attachment he had formed aa 
a Ttiy young mas, hut which Lcml Brabaion 
had reniaed to countenance. The ceremony 
was prformed at the seat of the Earl of 
Meatu at Kilruddery, near Dublin. His son 
Jfohn, who accompanied Bramston to Ireland 
on t htB occasion, was by no meana prepossessed 
by the appearance of his i*tet)mother. * Whcai 
I tint saw her,* he siiys, * I confess I won- 
dered at mv flit hers love* She was low, fat, 
red-faced ; lier dress, too, waa a hat and riiff^ 
which thonjyh she never chanured to her death. 
But my fatheft I bidieve, seeing me change 
countenance, told me it was not beauty but 
virtue be courted. I believe §he had been 
handsome in her youth; ehe had a delicate 
fine hand^ white and plump, and indeed proved 
a good wife and mother-in-law to^^' She died 
in 1647, and was buried in Koxwell Church. 
[Bugdab's Orig. 219 : Croke's Reports, Jac. I, 
671 ; Cobbott's StJite Tritils. ii. 1282, 1880. 1447, 
iii. 6-11, 51-69, 77t>-l, 787-S. 843, 1216* 1243- 
61 ; Pari Hist. ii. 685-700, iii, 70 ; Whitelockes 
Mom. 10{^, 101 108. 234, 238, 240, 245; Lords* 
Jounj. iv. 57, 115; Cnl, 8t»t€ Papers (Dom. 
1625-26) p. 195, (1627-28) p. 445, (1628^29) 
pp. 665, 556, 566, (1631^3) p. 686, (1633-34) 
pp. 3, 10, (1634-35) pp. 218, 239, 414. 610, 
(1635) pp. 677* 579t 600. 606. 608. (1636-36) 
pp. 23, 47, 49, 154, 213. 247. 431, 441, 444. 461, 
(163&^7>pp* 123, 398, 416-18. (1037) pp. 107, 
108, 144, 160, 466, 563. (1637-38) pp. 166, IS2, 
138, 190, 197, 241,401, 458. 612, (1638-39) pp. 



164, 172, 299, 412, (1639) pp. t. 111. 266, 43a, 
1 1639-40) pp. 47. 62. 148. 411. (1640) p, 284. 
(1640-41) pp. 249, 844, (1656) p. 181 ; CUm- 
don't Bistory (1849), iii. 369, 407; Brmtf's 
F(»lem (1st e«l.), xix. 764 : Fullers Worthi€«,i 
829; Morant** EaBei,ii. 71-73; Air ' 'v 

of Sir John Bramftton (Camden & >, 

37,68, 78, 96, 414; Focs'k Livesol li.. ..uut:«,] 

J. M. R, 

BRAMSTON, Sir JOHN, the roung^sr 
(161 1 ^ 1 700 ), lawyer and autobiograpber, was 
the eldest son of Sir John Bnunston, juatioe 
of the king's bench [q, t.1, byBridget, daugh- 
ter of Thomas Mouadeford, M.D,, of Ijoo- 
don. He was bom in September 1011, st 
Whitechapel, Middlesex, in a house which fur 
seTeral ffenemtions had l»een in po^se^s^ion of 
the family. After attending Wn^' - *"^^ 
IsffCf Oxford, he entered the Mi<! 
where he had &8 chamber fellow Ed v, .,..;;, .v , 
afterwards Earl of Clarendon, lliroughout 
life he continued on terms of intimate friend- 
ship with Hyde, who presented him with his 
jjortrait, the earliest of kim now known to 
exist, and engraved for the edition of the 

* History of the Rebellion ' published in 1816. 
He was called to the bar in 1635, and after 
his marriage in the same yejir to Alice, 
eldest daughter of Anthony Abdy, alderman 
of Ltmdon, took a houae in C?harterbouse 
Yard, and began to practifie law with oon- 
sidenible success, until, in his owii words, 

* the drums and trumiieta blew his gown over 
bis eara.' In accoraance with his father's 
advice, he sold hi« chambers in the Tero]ile 
on the outbreak of the civil war, and his wife 
dying in 1047^ be removed with his family to 
his father^ house at Skreens. At hie father's 
death in 1654 be succeeeded to the proj>erty. 
In the new parliament, after the dismissal of 
Richard Cromwell, be served ab knight of the 
shire for Esj^^'x, and sup^Kirted the motion for 
the Restoration. At the cort^niition he wiw 
created a knight of the Bath, after refusing a 
Imronntcy on account of his dislike to here- 
ditary houoiu^. Subsequent ly , he frequently 
acted tLs chairman in committees of the 
whole house. In 1072 an accusation was 
brought hy Henry Mildmay, of Graces, before 
the council against him and his brother of 
being piipints, and receiving payment from 
the pope to promote his interests. The chief 
witness was a Portuguese, Fertlinand de 
MacedOi whose evidence bore unmistakable 
Btgns of falsehood. CliarleB II is said to 
have remarked concerning the affair, that it 
was * the greatest conspiracy and great es-t 
forj^rie that ever be knew af^uinat a pri- 
vate gentleman.* To the first parliament of 
James U Bram*ton was returned for Maldon, 
and in several subsequent parlt amenta he 



Brancastre 



211 



Brancker 










ipre^nted Olielmsford. lie died 4 Feb. 

[The Antobiography of .Sir John Brnmston, pre- 

ed in the arehiT^e at Skreens. wjiit pnbliHhed by 

" Linden S<»ciety in 184 d. It begins with im 

It of his early yt-Hre, And i» continuwl to 

a few wfKjks before hi» dealb. Although 

euiU no importatit light on his^t^irical eventa, 

is of great interest as ti record r>f the social 

and domestic life of the poriod.] T. F. E, 

BRANCASTRE m BRAMCESTRE, 

OHN PB (d. 1218), ia incliuled among; the 
leep'Ts of tilt? great seiil bv Sir T. I), llardvt 
nder the dat^s of 1203 and ll>05: but ifr. 
085 g\y*^s reasons for believinjs^ that the 
becriptions to charters supposed to be at- 
",ed by liim as keeper were* only affixed 
in the capacity of a aeptity, or a clerk in 
the exchequer or in the chancery. Hij^ sigiirt- 
re is found attesting documents from 1:?00 
1208, In 1200 or the following year he 
made archdeacon of Worcester^ in No- 
vember 1l*04 wb,s sent to Flanders on the 
king's service, and on Ki Jan, 1207 was com- 
missioned by King Jolm to take charge of 
the abbey of Ramsey during a vacancy in 
the abbacy, and in his capitciiy of adminis- 
trator paid thence, in May of the same yeitr, 
971, into the exchequer. In the following I 
October he was rewarded by the king (who ' 
exercijied the right of presentation during 
the vacancy in the abbacy) with the vicarage 
the pariah which was doubtless his birth- 
tlace, xirancaster in Norfolk, and on 29 May 
208 was appointed prebendary of Lidington 
ill the church of Lincoln. He died in 1218, 
One of his name, probably ihe same, appears 
us party in several lawsuits in Hertfordshire 
ana SuWx in 1199. 

[Hardy's List of Lord ChaacellorB, &e., 1843; 

Fo«ft « Jadgea of England, ii. 43-5 ; Foi«*8 T»- 

bols Curiales, 18K5, p. 9 ; Hurdy'fi L^ Neve'a 

Jasti. ill. 73 ; Rot. Pat, 1835. i, 1 1. 58, 76t 84; 

iL riflUB. 1833, i. 14, 83; Eot* Curi» R^gis, 

635.] W. D. M. 

BRANCH, TOOMAS (J. 1753), waa 
uthor of * Thoughts on Dreaming* (1738), 
d * Principia Legis et ^^quitatis* (175;!). 
e latter work, which presents in alpha- 
tical order a coUection of maxims, tlelini- 
lons, and remarkable sayings in law and 
uity, ha-s been highly commended as a 
ndeut's text-book ; it ha* found editors both 
thi» country and in the United States* 
othing IB known of Bninch's personal bis- 
iry, but if the * lady of Thomas Branch, 
in the obituary of the ^Gentleman's 
agiaine,* December 1769, was his wife, it 
lay be presumed that he was then alive, 
[Lotrudesn BibL Manual (Boba)f 254 ; Oont, 

Mttg. xxxix. Goa.]{ J. M. a 




BRANOKERor BRANKERTHOM AS 

(1638-1676)^ mAthematician, bom at Burn- 
staple in AoguBt 16^, waa the son of another 
Thomas Brancker, a gmduate of Exeter Col- 
lege, Oxford, who waa in 1626 a schoolmaster 
near Ilchester^ and about 16*iO head-master 
of the Barnstaple High School. The famdy 
originally bore the name of Brouncker [see 
BEoir^cKBR, SiR William]. Young Branc- 
ker matriculated at his father's college 8 Nov. 
16o2; proceeded B.A, 15 June 1655, and 
was elected a probationer fellow of Exeter 
30 June 1655, and full fellow 10 Jidy Hirj6. 
After taking his masters degree (22 April 
1658), he took to preaching, but he refused to 
conform to the ceremonies of the church of 
England, and was deprived of his fellowship 
4 June ]W3. He then rr^tired to Cheshire, 
changed his views, and applied for and ob- 
tained episcopal ordination. He became a 
* minister' at Whitegate, Cheshire, but his 
fame as a mathematician reached William, 
lord Brereton, who gave him tlie rectory tjf 
Tilflton, near Mai pas, in 1668. He resigned the 
benefice (after a ver>^ few months* occupa- 
tion) and became hend-auisterof the grammar 
sc^hool at Macclesfield, where he died in Nr*- 
vember 1C76. He was buried in Macclesfield 
chiu"ch, and the inscription on his monument 
states that he was a linguist as well a» a mat he- 
matician, chemist, and natural philosopher, 
and that he pursued his studies * under the 
auspices of the Hon. Robert Boyle.* 

Brancker gained his first knowledge of 
mathematics and chemistr)^ from Peter 
St ha el of Straaburg, * a no tad chimist and Ro- 
fiicrucian,* who before 1660 settled in Ox- 
ford as a private tutor, at the suggestion of 
Robert Boyle, and numbered Ualph Bathur^<t, 
Cliristopher Wren, with Brancker, Wood, and 
other less eminent men, among his pujpils 
(Woo»*S Autobiog, in Atheme, Bliss, i. hii), 
Brancker's earliest publication was *Doctrinao 
Sphnericie Adumbratio uni cum usu Glo- 
bc3rum ilLTtificialium,' Oxford, 1662. Tn im^i 
he published a translation of an introduction 
to algebra from the High Dutch of Rhenanus, 
and added a 'Table of odd numbers less than 
one hundred thousand, shewing those that are 
incompasitj and refiolving the rest into their 
factors or coefficients.* The book was licensed 
18 May 1665, but the publication wa.** de- 
layeil to enable Dr. John Peel to add notes 
and corrections. John C'ollins, another mathe- 
matician, also gave Brancker some assistance 
over the book, and praised it highly in a letter 
t4J James Gregory m 1668. The value of the 
table and translation is acknowledged in an 
early paper in the * Philosophical Transac- 
tions' (No. 35, pp. 688^9), and the table and 
preface were reprinted by Francis Maserea 

v2 



I 




in a Tolume of matheuiiitical tracU (1705), I 
ftoffHhor wilb Jitmes Bernouillis * Doctrine | 
of FenDutationa * and other papers. Mftseres ' 
Btatei^ that Dr. Wallie Tboupht well of| 
BrftBcktor's table, and corrt»cted a few emm 
in it. 111 the Kawlinson MSS. (A 46, f. 9) | 
there is * A Breviat and relation of Tbomae i 
Bimnker ag&inat Dame AppolUn HalU alia* 
Appolin Potter, of Ixindon, once marired to i 
W illiftm Chiirchev ' ( J ul v 1 656 ). A curiou* 
manu^Tipt key to an ela^jorate cipher in the 
poaeee^ion of J, H* Cooke, F.S»A., it attri- 
onted to Brancker and is fully deecribed in the 

* Transactiona of the Society of Antiquariea' 
for 1877. 

[Wood's Athene Oi[on. (BUi^), iii. 1086; 
Faati (Blini), ii. 186, 2 1 i ; Booae's Rpgistrum Coll. 
Kxon. 72, 74, 229 ; Button's Mothematieiil Die- 
tioDaiy ; Convapondenc* of Soient itic Men (1841), I 
ii. 177 ; Not«« aod Queries, oth ser, xi. 41, 170, i| 
'i45, whcro Mr, J. £. Bailey's i]0t«8 are of es- 
pecial Talue.] S, It, h. 

BBAiro, BARBARINA, Ladt Dacre 
(176R-18/)4), p^et and dramatifit, was the 
third daughter of Admiral Sir Chnloner 
Ogle, hurt., by Ile^tt^r, yoimiri^^t djiughtor 
and coheir of John Tlmmftp, D.IX, bisliop of 
"WincheptfT. Sht was married tirst to Valen- 
tine Hc^nry \Vilniot of Fnmbormi^fi, Ilamp- 
ehire, nn officer in the gourds, nod i^econdly, i 
on 4 Dec. 1819, to Tliomas Briind, twenty- ' 
first Lord Dacre, who died withotit ipsue on 

21 March 185L She died in Chesterfield 
Street, Mayfair, Ijondoii, on 17 May I8r>4, in j 
her eighty-seventh year. | 

Lpidy Dnrre was one of the most accom- j 
plijrvlied women of ber time. In 1821 her - 
poetical workfl were privately printed in two i 
octavo vohime*^, under the title of ^DramriB, j 
Tmnfilalinns, nnd Occasinnal Poemti/ 8ome i 
of these are diited in the last centiiTy. They I 
include four dramas, the first of which, * Gon- I 
jtalvo of Cordovfl/ was WTitten in 1810, In j 
the chRrncter of the great captain the autbor | 
followed the novel of Monsieur de Floriaii. j 
The next, * Pednria^, a tragic drama/ wns 
wriHen in 1811, its gtoiy being derived from 
*Les Incns- of MamionteL FTer third dra- 
metic work was ' Ina,' a tragedy in five acts, 
the plot of which Tvas laid in Saxon times in 
England. It was produced at Drury Lane 

22 Aprd 1815, under the manngcment of She- 
ridan, to whose second wife, the daughter of 
Dr. Ogle, dean of Winchester, the aulbor wa.** 
related. It wa.^ not sufficiently succes.sful to 
induce its repetit ion. It was printed in 1 81 o, 
fts produced on the stage, but in Liidy Dacre s 
collected w^orks she restored *the original 
Cataatrophe, and some other parts w^bich bad 
been cut out*' The fourth drama is entitled 

* Xarifa/ Lady Bacre*s book con tarns ako 



tmnalationB of several of the aonneta of 
Petrarch. Some of the^e had been privatdy 
printtxl at an earlier date — in 1815 (?), 1818^ 
and 1819. In 1823, when I^o Foscolo pro- 
duced bis * Essays on Petrarch/ he dedicated 
them to Lady Dacre, and the last forty*fiv« 
pap-es of the work are occupied by ber lady- 
ship's translations from PetrarclL Tier 'Trans- 
lations from the Italian/ principally from 
Petrarch, were privately printed at Ixoidon 
in 1836, 8vo, In addition to her other ac- 
complishments, Lady Dacre was an exoelleot 
amateur artist, and excelled in modelling atii- 
raals, particularly the boise* She edited in 
18^il ' Hecol lections of a Chaperon/ and in 
j83o ^ Tales of the Peerage and Peasantry/ 
both written by her only daughter, Mr?. An- 
lx!lla Sullivan, wife of the Rev. Frederick 
Sullivan, vicar of Kimpton, Hertfordshire. 

[Gf*nt. M«^. N.8. xlii. 296; Cat. of Printed 
Botiks in Brit. Mus. ; Martin's Privately Printed 
BrK>k«. 276. 466 ; Quarterij Beriew, xlii, 228, 
231.] T.C. 

BRAND, HANNAH (d. 1821), actreas 
and dramatist, younger sister of John Brand, 
d. 18U8 [q. V.]. kept a school at Norwich in 
conjunction w ith an elder sister Mary. But 
Hannah soon abandoned teaching for the 
stage, nnd on 18 Jan. 1792 appeared with the 
Drurv' Lane Com pony at the King's Theatre 
(Opera House) in the Haymarket, in her own 
tragedy of * Huniiules.' This piece, not with- 
out merit, was received during its progreai 
with much favour. It proved too long, how- 
ever, and the performHnce of Miss Brnnd, 
who was announced as making * her firf^t 
ap]>eariince ujmn any stage,' deprived it of 
what chance it might have had with an 
actress of more exp«rience as the heroine. 
After the first representation it was with- 
drawn, but was reproduced on 2 Feb, with the 
titleof * Agmunda/ and with the omission of 
the charncter of Huniades, originally plnyed 
liy John Kemble. Tliis curious experiment 
provf'd no more successful than the tirst, 
nnd piece and author vnnished fmm London. 
Two yenrs later, 20 March 1794, she appeared 
at the York Theatre, jtlnying Lady Townly 
in the * Provoked Husband.' FoiTnality of 
manner, a rigour in dres.s entirely out of 
keeping with the notions then prevalent, and 
it may have been a provincialism of pronun- 
ciation of whicli her mimager, Tate Wilkin- 
son, complains, stirred against her the femi- 
nine portion of the autlience, iind her first 
appearance, * so for from being well received^ 
met with rnde marks of disgustful behaviour, 
and that from Indies who did not add by such 
demeanour addition to their politeness or 
good understanding' (Tate Wilkissok, 7>e 
Waiidaing PatenUCfW. 158), She remained 



Brand 



*iii Y'ork till the last night of the ^easoUf 
21 May 1794, when she appeared in h«r own 
pl&y or' AgTLumdVi^ which she was derided 
In the summer she played in Liverp<xil with 
no gre&ter auccesa, Starched in manner, vir- 
tuouA in conduct, and resolute in her objection 
to a low-cut dreaa, she seems, according to 
Tate Wilkinson^ to have had little chance of 
succeeding on the stage, Il^r cleii*at sihe at- 
, tributed to the jealousj of Mrs. Siddons and 
^Kthe Kemble«i. Of her play ehe thouQ-ht so 
^•liighly that ehe would not for fear of theft 
^^ truat the whole manuscript to t he pn^mptwr, 
but copied out with her own band the entire i 
phi/, except her own part, which she reserved. 
Many curious stories show bow bigh waa \wt j 
estimate of her own capacity, Wilkinson I 
iays that, apart from her tragedy Hir«, she | 
poeseesed many good qualities, that she was 
estimable in her private character^ and en- 
dowed with a good understanding. The edi- 
tors of the * Biographia Drnmatica/ who saw 
her performance in * Ilunlades/ find fault 
with her deportment, but my that ber acting 
was marked by discrimination. In 1798 she 
publiflhed in Norwich, in 8vo, a volume of 
'Dramatic and Poetical Worlts/ containing: 
(1) ' Adelinda/ a comedy founded on *■ La 
Force du Naturel * of Destouches ; {2} ' The 
Oonfiictf or Love, Honour, and Pride/ an he- 
roic comedy adapted from * Don Sanche d'Ar- 
Iiagon,' by Pierre Cumeille ; and (3) * Hu- 
liiadea, or the Siege of Belgrade/ a tragedy, 
jrith some miscellaneous poem^. After her 
Ibiliife on the stage, Miss Brand again be- 
came a governess. Her pupil was a married 
lady, and her L'cceutric conduct wa.s the cause 
of much un pleasant ne3« between hiu^band 
and wife. Miaa Brand died in March 182L 

[OcDest's Hiatoiy of the Stage ; Tate Wilkia- 
soa'a Waudering Patentee ; Baker, Rned, and 
JonM^fl Bmgraphia Dramatica; History of tlit* 
Theatres of London from the year 1771 to 17-*'% 
2 vols. (Oultoo) ; Nichols's Lit. Ill u st rati oiu*, vi. 
d3i-7 ; Belo©*» Sexagenarian.] J. K. 

BRAND, JOHN (16ea?-1738), minister 
of the church of Scotland, author of * .\ Brief 
Dej^cription of Orkney/ was educated at the 
university of Edinburgh, where he graduated 
M.A. on 9 J idy 1 iiSS, Aft^r complet ing his 
divinity course, he was licensed to proacn by 
the presbytery of Edinburgh, and on 3 Jim. 
1694-6 wafl ordained minister of the parish 
of Borrowatouneiss, Linlithgowshire. In Fe- 
Immry 1700-1 he wasappoint^nl by the gene- 
ral masembly one of a deputation to visit 
Sbeiland, and, if convenient, Orkney and 
Otithneaa. His journey occupied from 1 8 April 
to24 June^ and after his return he published 
ttn account of his experiences under the title, 



2^3 



Brand 



*A Brti f Hi-'cript [ill of Orkney* Z«!thirid, 
Pightlaud'l'irLh^ mid Caitbne^; wherein, 
after a abort journal of the author's voyage 
thither, these northern places are !ir.st more 
generally deJicribed, then ii particular view is 
given ol the several is lea tliernto belonging ; 
together with an account of what is most rare 
and remarkable therein, with the author's 
observations thereupon/ T!ie bfwk was re- 
printed in voL ill, of Pinkerton^s * Voyages 
aijd Travel'^/ and waa also republished sepa- 
rtiielv in lK83. Although, as may be aup- 
|K>sed, of no special value in referejice either 
tn tht* antiquitieii or naturiil history of the 
i**laud«, tU«re is considerable interest in its 
descriptions of their condition, and of the 
mode of life of the inbabitanti* at a |>eriod 
when intercourse with the !*outh waj? of the 
mcxst limited kind. He died on 14 July 17^38, 
aged sibout seventy. By his wife, Elizabeth 
^Mitchell, whom he married in 17t)0, he had 
a large family, and be wa^ succeeded in the 
purifih by his sou William, 

[Hew Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot, vol i, pt. i. 170; 
List of Edinburgh Uraduates.] T. F, H. 

BRAJTD, JOHN (1744-1806), antiquary 
and topographer, wa^ born on 19 Aug. 1744 
at Washington, in the county of Durham, 
where his father, Alexander Brand, was 
parish clerk. His mother dying immediately 
after his births and his father having married 
again, he was taken, when a child, under the 
protection of his maternal nncle^ Anthony 
Wheat ley, CJiirdwainer, residing in Back How, 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne^to whom he waa bound 
apprentice on 4 Sept. 1758* He was edu- 
cated at tbe ll<iyal Grammar School in tbat 
town under the direction of the Kev, Hugh 
Mnises, where be actjuired a taste for classi- 
cal studies ; and after leaving the school ho 
was so indefatigable in tlie acquisition of 
learning as to ,4ocure the esteem and friend- 
ship of his former master, Mr. Moises, who 
interested some opulent friends in hta behalf 
and asaiated in sending him to Oxford. He 
was entered at Lincoln College, and gra- 
duated B.A- in 1775, Previously to this he 
bad l>een ordained to the curacy of Bolam 
in Northumberland; in June 1773 he was 
appointed curate of St. Andre w*8, Newcastle; 
on 6 Oct. 1774 he wa« presented to the per- 
petual curacy of CranSington, a chapel of 
ease to St, Nicholas at Newcastle, from which 
town it is distant about eight miles. He was 
elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries 
2i> May 1777- In 1778 he was appointed 
under-usher of the grammar i*chool at New- 
castle (Braxd, Hist, of ye^ccaMtlfi, i. 99), but 
be does not appear to have held that situntiou 
very long. In 1 784 he was presented by his 



I 



Branc 



214 



Brand 



uAl 



enrly friend and pfitronT tli© Duke of North- 
uniWlajid, to ilie n^cton^ of the united 

farislitw of St. Man'-at-Hill and St. Mary 
lubbard, in the city of London ; and two 
years later he wa.^ apjwinted one of the 
duke^B domestic ehflplam». 

In 1784 he wa^ elected resident secretary 
to the Society ol Antiquaries^ and wii« annu- 
ally re-elected to that office until bis death, 
which toolc place ven* Midtlpuly in his rectory 
Loujiie on 11 8ept. 1806. He was buried in 
llie chancel of Ins church. 

We are told that ' his manners, somewhat 
repulsive (0 a stronger, became ea^y on closer 
aainaintance ; and he loved to communicate 
to men of litenm' and antiquarian taste the 
result nf hi?i resf^nrchefi on any suhject in 
which tliey might require information. Many 
of his books were supplied with portraits 
drawn hy himself in a .style not interior to 
the origiualK, (jf whidi they were at the same 
time ]>t*rfect imitationfi' (Ni€HOL§, Literarif 
An^'duteSj ix. <353). Brand, it may be added^ 
was never married. • There h a t*mall sil- 
hiuiette likeness of him in the frontispiece to 
bis * History of Newca*<tle.' An atcouut of 
munQ of the rarer tracts in his library^ which 
T\iis mdd by auction in 1807-8, is given in 
Dilxlin's * Bibliomania; mh-6] 1, 

His works are: 1. A poem * On H licit 
Love. Written amonp the ruins of Godstow 
Kunnen, near Oxiortl/ Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, 1775^ 4ro, pp. "JiX Godstow was the 
hurial-phice of Fair Rosamond, the paramour 
of Henry II. 2, * Observations on Popular 
Antiquities : including the whole of Mr* 
Bournes** Airtiquitatea Vulgares/*wi^h Ad- 
denda to ever)' chapter of that work ; as 
also an Ajq>cndix,€<uitainingsuch articles on 
the subject as have been omitted by that 
author,' London^ i777, 8vo. Brand left an 
immense muss of manuscript collections for 
the au|yrnientBtiou of thin work. These were 
purchiiHHd by some bwjksellers and placed in 
the hands of Mr* (afterwards Sir HenrjO 
ElILsp who inciirptjrated them in anew edition 
pubU-'^bed at London in 2 vols* 1813, 4to, 
under the title of Mlhservations on Popular 
Antimiities: chieHy illustmting the origin of 
our ^ nl^T Customs, Geremonies, and 8u]>er- 
8fition>/ Among the printed book* in the 
British MuReum is a copy of this edition 
with numerous interleave<l additions ; and 
intlie manuscript depart meut there is another 
copy annotated bv the Key. Joseph Hunter, 
F.S'A. (AddiL MSJS. 1*4544, 2454-5), Other 
editions apjM^nred in Knight's * Miscellanies/ 
3 voIh. Lftndon, 1841-1!, 4to, and in Bobna 
' Anti(juarian Library/ 3 vols. Lcmdon, 1849. 
This w ork contains much interest ing^ informa- 
tion, but I he author takes no general view of 



his subject; hia desultory collections are made 
with little care, and the note* and text are 
frequently at variance w*ith each other, Mr, 
W^illiam Carew^ HazHtt made an attempt 
to remedy some of these defects in his new 
edition, entitled * Popular Antiquities of 
Great Britain, comprising notices of the 
movable and immovable feaata, customs, 
PUfjerslitions, and amusements, past and 
present; 3 voL^. London, 1870, 8vo. 3. * The 
Historj' and Antiquities of the Town and 
County of NewcnfitIe-uiK>n-Tyne,' 2 vols. 
London^ 1789, 4tf^; a yen' elaborate work^ 
embelliFihed with views ot the public build- 
ings, engraved !>y Fittler at a cost of o()0L 
An index, compiled by W^illiam Dodd, trea- 
surer to the Tseweoi^tie Society of Antiqua- 
ries, was printed by that society in 1881. 
4, Papers m the * Archseologia,' vols. viii. x. 
xiii. XIV, XV, 5. * Lettered to Jfr, Ralph Beilby 
of Newca»tle-upon-Tyne/ Newcastle, 1825, 
8vo, 

[MSS. Addit 6391, ff. 36. U. 99. 144, 146, 182, 
287; 22838, W. 61, 77. 82, 86; 22901, ff, 61, 
135; 26776, ff. 103, 105; Brand's Newcastle,!, 
99, WS, 323 ; Cat, of Oxford Graduates (1861), 
80; Ma %^rton, 2372 f. 180, 2374 ff. 283, 286, 
2425 ; Europ<?an Mng. 1. 247 ; Gent. Mag. Ixxvi. 
(ih) 881. Ixxxii. (i.) 239 ; Literary MemoirB of 
Liviag AuthoiB (1798) i. 67; Lowudea's BibL 
Han. ed» I^iihn, i. 254 ; Malcolm's lives of To- 

E>gmph(>rB iind Antiquaries; NichoWa llluiir.of 
it. ii. 435, e^a, iii. 648. vi. 300 ; Nichols's LiL 
Anpcd. viii. 69o, 696, 739, ix. 051-653 ; Qtmrterly 
Review, si. 259; Reuen'* Register of Authon, 
i, 131, Supp. 46 ; RiehartiaQn'E Local Historian's 
Tahle-Brfxjk (HistoricHl di^ntiion), I. 166. iii 69; 
%ke«'s Local Records, (1824) 227.] T. C. 

BBAND, .TOITX (d. 1808), clergyman and 
writt r on polit ics and polit ical economy, was & 
native of Norwich, where his fiither Wftfi & 
tivnner. Entering af Cniii^ College, Oxford, he 
distinguiished himeelf in mathemfltics, takings 
his B.A* degree in 17*>(i,ttiid proceeding M.A. 
in 1772. In 1772 hepnhlished ' Con.scnence, 
an ethical esi*ay,' a poem which he had 
written in a et^mpetition for the Seatonian 
prize. Having tnken oniers and held a 
nu^icy he wais iippninted reader at St. Peter*s 
Mancrnft, >\)n\-ich, and was aitwrwards pre- 
sented tn xlw yicamgu of Wickham Skeituin 
8\illolk. To eke out his scanty income he 
contributed U^ the periodical preai^, particu- 
larly tn the * llriti^h Critic,' pa|iersi on • Poli- 
tical Aritlimetic' Some of these attracted 
the not ice of Lord-chancellor Lnughboroiigh, 
and he presented Brand in 1797 to the reo* 
tor\' of St. GeorgeV, Southwnrk, which he 
held nntii his death on 23 Dee. 1808. 

IJrand was a staunch tory, and hi&torjism 
coloured all his di^qubitiona. In hia &rst 



pampblet, * Obe«?rvatioii8 on some of the pro- 
tmble effect B of Mr, Gillwrt'si Bill, to which are 
added Remnrks on Dr, Pric«';i account of the 
National Debt ' (1776), tiia object was to reply 
to the economista who bewailed the increase 
of local taxation and of the national debt. 
He drew a rather ing«^nious dij^tinction be- 
tween fiscal charge and fiscal burden. As 
long as prices steadily rose he argued that 
though more money mi^bt be taken ont of 
the taxpayer's pocket, the quantity of c<>m- 
modities which the sum levied by taxation 
would purcrhaae steadily decreased, and that 
thus if * burden ' were interpreted to be the 
amount of ct:>mmodities of the power of pur- 
chasing which the community was depnved 
by taxation, ita mcreaae need not be and had 
not l>een at all pro|x)rtionutf to the increase 
of charge. In this way be proved to his own 
aatiafaction that t!ie burden of the amount 
paid to the creditors of the nation at the 
peace of Utrecht w^aa nearly the same a.** 
when h© wrote, and that the alarm of Dr, 
^B Price and others at the increase of the na- 
^Btioniil debt wa8 wholly Imseless. Of such 
^™ otJier of Brand's pttmpblets on economic 
subjects as are in the library of the British 
Miweum, th»* most intere^sting Is hia * Deter- 
mination of the average price of wheat in 
war below that of tlie prec*xling peace, and 
of it« readvance in the following/ Here 
he sought to pmve on theoretical grounfU 
that war lowern while peace raises the price 
of wheat, and he then prtK^eded to endeavour 
to eonfirra the soundne^ of thii^ iM>sition by 
an appeal to 8tati«tic«. l)f Brand's political 
pampfdetA the diief appears to be his * His- 
torical E^j^ay on the PrincipleJ^ of Political 
A-s.'^ociations in a States chielly deducefl from 
th« Engliab and Jewish histories, with an a]>- 
plication of thase principlefi in a comparative 
^new of the Aiawcmtion of the year 1 /H2 and 
^■of that recently instituted by the Whig Club' 
^H[1T()45K The intended drift of this elaborate 
^^iat^uisition was that the exii*ting torj- assfi- 
ciation? were praiseworthy and iLseful. 

The main authority for Brand's meagre 
biography is chapter xxiv, of Behi^i's *Sexa- 
^narian/ which i^ devoted to him, but in 
rhich, a.s usual in that work, the name of , 
be subject of the notice is not mentioned, j 
Brand's name is, however, supplied together 
w ith what appears to be a complete list of I 
HjMs senamte publications (the library of the 
^Hlritii!hn Museum is without several of them)t 
^Hhl the memoir of bim in Nicbok's * IWim^ 
^KnitioiiB of the Literary Histor^^ of the 
^Kight«>enth Century/ vi. 528-34, which ia an 
^^ocpansion of the chapter in the * Sexagena- 
rian/ NicboLs enumaratee! thirteen pam- 
phlets in all. 



[Brand'n Pamphleta; Hotoe'i SexagBQariai) , 
cxxtr. ; Nicholfis Illustrntiotia, vi. 628-31; Cat, 
Brit. Mus. Lib.] F. fi. 

BRAND, THOMAS (KWi-ltmi), non- 
conformist divine, born in Itj^io, was t lie son 
of the rector of Leaden Koothing^ Essex, He 
was educatt»d at Bishop » Stortford, Hertfortl- 
»h ire , n nd M ert on Col I ege, Oxford. There h e 
special] 
the Tei 



^■tbe 



specially studied taw% and afterwards entered 
*mple. An acquaintance formed witli 
Dn Samuel Annef*ley [a. v.] led to a resoUit ion 
to join the ministry. He entered the famUy 
of the LtulyI>o wager lioberts of Qlassenbury ^ 
Kent, the education of whose four children 
he superintended. He ciiused the whole of 
hia salary to be devote<l to charity* He soon 
preaclied tw-ice every Sunday, and frequently 
a third time in the evening, at a place two 
miles distant. He established weekly lec- 
tures at several placea, nnd mouthl y fasfa. On 
the death of the Rev. Mr. Poyntel of Staple- 
ImrMt, he left Lady Roberta, went to Stanli*- 
; hurst^and wasonlained. A bout two years alter 
be married a widow, by whom he had several 
children, who alld ted young. He continued at 
Staplehurst till driven away by persecution. 
After many wanderings he settled near Lon- 
don. He built miiny meeting-houses, and 
contributed to their miniBters* salaries. Cate- 
chising the young was abo a favourite occu- 
I patiou, in which he waa very successful. He 
gave aivay thousands of catechisms and other 
I books, and even went to the expense of re- 
' printing twenty thouaand of Joseph Alleine's 
I * Treatise on Conversion ' to be given away, 
altering the title to a * Guide to Heaven.' A 
' portion of this expense was defrayed by some 
of his friends. MVny other smttll books were 
j given away by him» and he and his friends 
sold bibles much under cost price to all who 
I desired them, provided they would not sell 
I them again, llrand maintained children of 
indigent parents, and put them to trades. 
Dr. Earle, many years a distinguished mi- 
nister of the presbyterian congregation in 
Hanover Street, London^ was one of his 
prf>t^g^8. Brand s]»ent little on himself. 
His eharitiea were computed to amount to 
above 300/. a year. He said he * would not 
sell his estate because it w^as entailed, but be 
would ^jueeie it as long as he livcfL' Brand 
dit-d 1 Dec. 1691, and was buried in Bunhill 
Fields. The inscription on hia graTestone is 
recorded in * Bimhiil Memorials/ by J, A. 
Jones. 

[Memoirs of tba Rev. Thomaa Bnind (with a 
sermon praached on the occasioa of hia death), 
by the Rev. Samuel Annosley, LL.D, lftl>2 (re- 
printed with addiHona, and dedicated to Thomas 
Brand, Lord Dacre, bj Wilham Chaplin), Bisbop'i 



1 




Stortfordt 1822 ; NoneoiiforniiBt Memori&l, itt., j 
180a i Jonei^B Btmhill Memoriab, 1849.1 

J. k T, I 

BKANDAKD, ROBERT (1805^1862), 
l«i]gTiiver, W&8 bom at Bjrmingbam* He 
f Cftme to Londaii at the age of nineteen, and 
after studying for a abort time with Edward 
Goodally the eminent landecape-engraver, 
practised with much abilit^y in the same 
Dranch of the art. Hw earliest efforts were 
niatea for Brockt'doa s * Scenery of the Alps,' 
[ Captain liatty's * Saxony,' and l^unier's * Eng- 
land ' and * Rivers of Eingland/ He also en- 
graved after Stanfield, Herring, Callcott, and 
others for the * Art Journal, and produced 
some etcliin^s {rom his own designs, one 
series of which was published by the Art 
Union in 1864. Amongst his best works 
were two platea after Tunier entitled ^ Cross- 
ing the Brook ' and * The Snow-«tonii,' which 
were exhibited nfter bis deiith ut the Inter- 
national Exhibition of 186^. Brandard abo 
practised painting Ix^th in oils and water- 
colours, and exhibited frequently at the Bri- 
tish Lwtitution, the Royal Academy, and 
Suffolk Street, between 1831 and 1858. He 
died St his residence^ Campden Hill, Ken- 
sington, on 7 Jan, 1863. One of his oil- 
paintings, entitled * The Forffe,' wua pur- 
chased oy the second Earl of Lilt?smere, and 
three others, views of Hastings, are in the 
SoQlh Kensington Museum, forming part of ( 
the Sheepshanks Collection. 

[B«dgraWs Dietionarj of Artists of the Eng- 
lish School, Lendon. 187S, SvoJ L* i\ 

BRAia)E, WILLIAM THOMAS (1788- 
l8(XyK chemist, and editor of tlie * Dictionary 
of Science and Art,' was born in Arlinj^ton 
Street, St. Jameses, on 11 Feb. 1788, bis father 
being an apothecary. He was educated in 
private schools at Kensington and at West- 
minster, It WHS bis father's ivisb that his 
son William should enter the church ; but the 
boy expressed so strong an tneliuation for the 
medical profession that be wa^, on 2 Feb. 
1802, apprenticed to hi« brother, who was a 
licentiate of the Company of Apothecaries. 
About this period the family removed from 
Arlington Street to Chiswick. The young 
Brande here became acquainted with Mr. 
Charles Hate hett, who Wtt«* dt!yoting bis at- 
tention to chemical investigations, and e*spe- 
cially to the unalysis of minerals. Mr. Hat- 
chett allowed him to assist in his laboratory, 
and he encouraged him in the titudy of the 
classification of ores and nicks, supplying 
him with duplii'titt^s from his own cabinets. 
This formed the foundation of the minero- 
logical series which were in future years 



used in the leettirea and claeaea of the Royal 
Institution. Mr. Charlee Hatchett, whose 

daughter Brand© subsequently married, sedo- 
lousiy encouraged his love of science. 

In 1802 Brande visited his uncle at Han- 
over, and in 1803 waa in Brunswick and 
Gottingen. The breaking out of the war, 
and the advance of the French on Hanover, 
interfered with his linguistic and »cienti£c 
studies, and be had much difficulty in es- 
caping to Hamburg, whiere he embarked in 
a Dutch merchant -vessel for London, which 
he reached al\er paasing a month at sea. 
Brande re-entered nis brother's employment 
in 1804. He became a pupil at the Ana- 
tomical School in Windmill Street, and 
studied chemistiy under Dr. George Peareon 
at St. George's Hospital. He also made the 
acquaintance of Mr. ( atVrwarda Sir Benjamin) 
Brodie, and formed friendships with Sir Eve- 
rard Home, Dr. Pemberton, and other men of 
eminence. 

Brande has left us an intereating note of 
this date. He aays : ' I was now fall of 
ardour in the prosecution of chemistry; and 
although my brother — with whom I still 
lived, whose apprentice I wa«, and in whose 
shop, notwithjstaoding all other ai^scociations, 
I still worked* and pojssed a large part of my 
time — threw every obstacle m the way of 
my chemical progress that was decently in 
his power, I rotind time, however, to read, 
and often to experiment, in my bedroom lat« 
in the evening. I tbiis collected a Beries of 
notes and obeervfttion;s which I foudlv hoped 
might at some future ]>«^riod i^^rve tis the basis 
of a counse of lectur»'f!» and this in time they 
actually did. It was at this period that, in 
imitation of Mr. llatcbett's researches, I 
made some experiments on benxoin, the re- 
sults of which were published in** Nicholson's 
Journal ** for February 1805.^ This, his first 
contribution to t^cien title literature, appeared 
when he was only a little more than sixteen 
years of age. In 1805 Brande became a 
member of the W^estminster Medical Society, 
and in June of that year he rejid before 
the members a paper on ' Respiration/ which 
he contributed afterwards to * Nicholson's 
Journal.' 

Early in life Brande appears to have been 
introduced to Davy, and shortly after the 
return of the latter trom Germany he renewed 
the acouaiutance and attended his lectures 
at the Koyal Inj^titution. 

In 1805 Mr. Ilatcbett presented to the 
lioyal Socit't}' a paj>er by Brande * On some 
Exjwriraent*^ on Guaiacum Hesin,^ which was 
printed in the ' Philosophical Transactions* 
for 1800. Sir Everar^i Home entrusted 
Brande with the analysis of calculi selected 



A 



Brande 



217 



Brande 



^ 



from the collection in the College uf Sur- 
geons. The resalta were eommunicated to 
the Royal Society on 19 May 1808, and 
publbhed — ^with »ome observations by Sir 
Evemrd Home — in tbe * Tran suctions/ Two 
other important papers by him \mre ptiblished 
hy the Royal Scxnetv in 1811 and 1813, 
These were * On the ^tate and Qauntity of 
Alcohol in Fermented Liquids/ and for them 
Brande receiived the Copley me<laL 

In 1808 Bmnde commenced lecturing, giv- 
ing two courses on phannaceiitical chemistry 
at iJr. Hooper's Medical Theatre in Cork 
Street, Biirlington Gardens. He Bubee- 
ouently lect urea at the New 3Iedi co-Chemical 
School in Windmill Street, on physic* and 
chiemiBtry, and g:ave a course of lectures 
on * Materia Medica' at the house of I>r. 
Pearson. 

In 1809 Brande was. elected a fcdlow of 
the Royal Society. In 181:^ he accepted the 
appointment of professor of chemistry and 
superintending chemical o|>eriitor to the 
Apothecariea* Company, He soon after be- 
came professor of materia medica, and de- 
livered annually a course of lectures on that 
subject. In t he wpri ng of this year Sir H um- 
phiy Davy * could not pledge himftelf to con- 
tinue the lectures which he has bt'en accus- 
tomed to deliver to the Royal Institution ;^ 
but he WttS willing to accept the officer of 
professor of chemustry and director of the 
labortttory ftnd minemlogicai collection with- 
out ealary, and on 1 June he was, at a special 
general meeting, appointed to these offices. 
Under this arrangement with Sir Hiunphry 
Davy^ Brande was elected in Deceml>er of the 
ujne year to lecture on * Chemical Philo- 
eophy/ In April 1813 Davy * begged leave 
to resign his sitiitttirm of honorary professor,* 
Brande was then elected to the protessorship 
of chemistry. The rooms in the Royal In- 
stitution building which htul been occupied 
by Sir Humpln-y Davy were prepared for 
bun, and a few months later be was appointed 
superintendent of the house, and was allowed 
to transfer hia chemical class of medical 
students from Windmill Street to the labo- 
ratory of that establishment, 

Brande deUvered, for Sir Humphry Davy, a 
courseof lee tures on' Agricultural Chemistry ' 
before the Board of Agricitlture. On the 
death of Dn Pearson the chemical lectures 
were transterred from St, George's Hospital 
to the Royal Institution, and Brande, now 
as8i«t6d by Faraday, devoted himself entirely 
to chemical investigations and to lectures 
on the science. For several years Brande's 
position was a responsible one. tlfficially 
ne must be regarded as t he leading chemist 
of the metropolis at the time ^ his assistant 




Faraday was travelling with Davy on the 
continent. 

In 1823 the government consulted Brande 
on the manufacture of iron and steel, the 
object of the jiropo^'d inquiry being to obtain 
a more coherent metal tor the dies used in 
the coinage. The report, which was of an 
especially practical character, led to consider- 
able improvement and much ecotjomy in the 
Mint. As soon as it became possible Brande 
was appointed by the crown as suj»erinten- 
dent 01 the die department. This appom1>- 
ment he held conjointly with his other post^ 
for many years. In 1854 he was appointed 
the chief officer of the coinage department 
at the lioyal Mint, when he resigned the 
professorship at tbn Royal Institution. 

On the return of Faraday from the con- 
tinent in 1825 he was associated with Brande 
in the lectures delivered in the theatre of 
j the Hoyal Institution^ and in editing the 
* Quarterly Journal of Scienc^e and Art,' 
which had been publishwl since 181G. From 
I81rt to 182tJ Brande was one of the secre- 
taries of the Royal Society, In 1830 he was 
named one of the original fellows of the 
University of London and a member of the 
senate of that body. In 1840 he became ex- 
aminer in chemistry, which office he retained 
until 1858, He died in 1866. 

Brande received the honorary degree of 
doctor of civil law in the university of Ox- 
ford. He was a fellow of the Royal Society 
of Edinburgh, and a member of several 
foreign societies, 

Brande published in the ' Transactioiis of 
tbe Royal Society/ and in several scientific 
journals, twenty-seven papers, all of them 
the result of close investigation. Among 
the more important were 'Chemical Re- 
searches on the Blood and some other Ani- 
mal Fluids/ in 1811; * On some Electro- 
chemical Phenomena/ which was the sub- 
ject of the Bakerian lecture for 1813; *On 
Electro-magnetic Clocks/ in 1817; several 
papers on the 'Destructive Distillation of 
Coal,' and on 'Coal Gas as an Illuminant/ 
between 1816 and 1819, * The Outhnea of 
Geology ^ were published in t he * Quarterly 
Journal of Science ' in 1825 to 1827, The 
other papers were connected with his position 
as cbemjst to the Apothecaries* Companj^, 
and related mainlv to pbarmaceutieal in- 
quiries. The ' Loncfon Pharmacopceia/ which 
was an ill-arranged collection of reciiies, was 
greatly improved by Brande, especially in its 
chemistry. Brande's * Manual of Chemistry/ 
which went through six editions, was the 
text-book of the day. His * Dictionary of 
Pharmacy and Materia Medica' was one of 
the most useful books ever placed in the 



i 



Brander 



ti8 



Brandon 



. Iiaiids of m flMiiksl atadraL Hk * Vvedammrj 
[ofWfBCt aad Alt/ of wIiacIi W biOMM tl!e 
, iniilQr m tSi^ ww m hJMxkmM 
avqiflymg s tetioit* wam. He 
bi i«iruiiig » new eilttioo of tltU itork wbn 
liiM th bRMiffilt hk icdvB Uh to « elaafl. 

Bonotf forty*«bi ymn Bnndo Ittbosred 
VMVi tnoiMtrioittlT m tli«t front ruiki of 
■eiwiPB. AllJioii^y unlike hk frkodb Dmrj 
aful Fmday, ke fmilod to ecntiioei Itk nmw 
witli Miy impartuit dkoomenr, ho oided in 
tho dweiofment of feTwrnl bimnchw of 
mamtm,tmd hf hketmetl imthfitbieiA — f««- 
iotntion to ipiicultioa— he 
for ui important poiitiog at a 
titBo when idenoe wai uxMiefgoing femark- 
ahU* change. 

[Dr, Beoe«- JoDfa in Proe— dingy of B^l In- 
alttnttoo; Fkocaadtogi of tha Ro/al 8oci«^. vol. 
xri. pt. ii. aad Cnulagna of Sei«iitiile Piupcnp L 
6^; Quarierij Journal of Beknoai* ir. 1818* ' 
192S; Nieboljo&« Joofnal of Natnml ?hUo- ' 
»phyO R, H-T, 

BRANDEK, Ol STAVUS (17201787), 
BOrchaat and antiquazr. descended from a 
Bwadkh familj, was born in London in 1720, 
and bronght up to trade, which he carried on 
with mat anoceM in the City. For manj 
rears he wa» a director of the "Bank of En^ , 
land. Having inherited the lortane of his 
unck, Mr, Spicker, he emplojed much of his 
wealth tn torming collections of literary 
interest. Among hi» principal curiositiea 
was the magnificent chair in which the first 
t^nipeior of Qemianv was said to have been 
crowned Engraved upon it in polished iron 
were soenes from Roman hiftury, from the 
earliest times to the foundation of the em- 
mm Brander wik^ u JV^Ilrm of the Royal 
oooioty, a curator nf tht^ ISritis^li Musetun, 
and one fif v}w Htm ftii|i[)urtvrs of the So- 
fipty for till* Ivruvutni^i'iiK^nt *)f Arts, While 
\m l»Vi*»l in liMiiflMii ni nartiwrship with Mr. 
Bpah 1 1 PI ^ , I M H I i I ( c It r V ii 1 1 1 1 i> i e iurt^8 ti nrro wly efl- 
DapiMJ tIkM Itiiiiu'K wliioli (li^Htmv'Hl their house 
hi wditn litonrfMirl,< 'oniliill'ojw Nov, 17tiC, 
'ri*ri»u"M 1h» riMvioviu) III WMMtminstfiri and at 
1*'U||1ti iii1(^ I lfiiiv|4iitliiii«, wlieri' [m piircha»f>c] 
tliH mIIw uf ill*' nh\ j>nMrv lit I'hri^tfliurch. 
fhiiih^ I'mhiiiIhImiI Iin vtlhi iinil ^iirdHiift in 
HiiM U«*iii(nfMl MtMit. liH imiiTkinl, ill irHU^EHxtv 

' '^ " ' < .hilMt IJnvtlj vir*'*ftdtiiiral of 

iiUi hI Mi (iulMtoiiof Widdiiil, 
l^. i IiHIm- iMnhTof ITHOlit^had 

Jiiil i'o«i»plM<4*rl ll(M piiii^liaMe of ii hoiine in 
ni, WUhun HlU'Kt, LoiMlnn, wlien he was 
iii«Im«mI Willi iiM ihiH'fiA whinh mrritHl him off 
(J1I *J( .Imh iyh;*, 

To III Hi Hi»t Unhuli Mii«»'nni \m. huliAAed 
for H iHiUiMitiuit iif foMilM found ill thn elilis 
about Uhriit4}liurtli utnl the cousi of llatnp- 



ahit«. Gop|Kt^flat« cngrafinj^ of them, ex- 
ccniied by Gmsi, and aceomnMiied b? a 
•ekuCi^'Latia d^cristion by Dr. 8olasdi»r, 
WM p*ii»««i>*it in s Tcmune entitled * Foesilui 
HantOMMia ooDecta, et in Muaeo Britao- 
iiieo depoiita, k OiuftaTo Brander/ 17di>. 
Bnader cootmnnicatod an aooonnt of thf 
dfiSeet of lig htning on the DaaiBh chorch in 
WeUcloee%uamto tha'FhdoKiphicalTruiJ^ 
actions* (mIit. 2981 ; and from a manoacript 
in hk poeseision Xh. P^gf^ printed in 1780. 
for priTate circuUtion, ' The Torme of Cury. 
A HqU af ant lent Englkh Cookoy, compiW 
ahont the year IS^/ 

[NiehoU^ Liu Aneed. vi. 2M and bdex; 
AMJIL Ma tUZZ, f. o5 ; AjMrasfas Gut^of tb* 
ShianeaodFirchMSS. 713, 909.1 T.C. 

BRANDON, CHARLES. Dtrx^ of Bvw- 
WQUL {d. 1M5), wan the son and heir of Wil- 
liam Brandon, who was Henry VlTaataadard- 
bearer at Bosworth Field, and was on that 
account singled out by Richard III, and 
kil]«d by him in personal encounter. This 
Williain, who with hk brother Thomas had 
come with Henry out of Brittany, does not 
appear to have be^n a knight , though called 
Sir William by Hall the chronicler/and thus 
some confiii^ion has arisen between him and 
hk fiither, Sir William Brandon, who sar- 
vived ium. 

It k quite tmoertain when Charles Brandon 
was bom, except that (unless he was a pc '^ ^ 
mous child | it must of course have been 1 
the battle of B*>f* worth. It ij* not likely, 
ever, to have been many years earlier. No 
mention of him has been found before the 
aeoeauon of Henry VIII, with whom he 
appears to have been a favourite from the 
first. In personal <jualitie«, indeed, he was 
not unlike his sovereign ; tall, sturdy, and va- 
liant, with rather a tendency to corpulence, 
and also with a strong animal nature, not 
very much restrained at any time by conside- 
ratirins of morality, delicacy, or gratitude. 
In 1509, the first year of Henrys reign, he 
was simire of the royal body, and was ap* 
pointed chamberlain of the principality of 
North Wuler* { Cahndar of Henry 1*111, i. 
005). Un *S Feb, loltjhe was made marshal 
of tiie king's bench, lu the room of hk uncle, 
8irThrtma« ISrantlnn [q, v.], recently deceased 
{ih, rtoVi), Un L*a Nov. ir»lt the oftice of mar- 
sliiil of the royal household was (panted to 
him and Sir John Carewe in survivorship (ti, 
\m9). i>n liO Adirfh I51i> he was appointed 
ket?l>er of the royal mafif^r and park of Wan- 
stead, and on 2 Mny fftUowiiig ranger of the 
New Forest (jA. :M03, 3170). By this time 
he was no longer ewjuire, but knight of the 
royal body. Un 3 Bee. the same year he r&- 



B Uranaon 
cely, hw^^ 



Brandon 



ti9 



Brandon 



I 



ceived a grant of Uie wardship of Eliiabetb, 
diiughtur and Fole heiretus of John Grey, vis- 
count Liftle (/7>. 35(11)^ of which he very soon 
t*K)k advBnIage in u rarherque»tionable way, 
by ttidking- a contract of marriage with her; 
nnd next yeor, oh 15 ]\[ayr he wa^ created 
Viscount Liale, with euccession to the heirs 
male of himBelf and Eliiabetli Gr^v, vis- 
ci>unte*8 Lisle^ liis wife, as »\ie is called in 
the patent (iff. -WJ72). But in jwint of fact 
alie W9i> not hi -^ ivife, for %vhen ^he came of 
^Hjge »he refii^M^d t^^ innrry him^ and the patent 
nu cancelled. 

Other ^ants he continiie»l to receive in 
ahumhmce; t*tewiird»hi[J!* of various- lands in 
Werwiclc^liire or in \Vale*>^ either tempora- 
rilv or permanent Iv iti the hnju!» of the cfot^ti 
(1^'. 3KI1, :3880, :i920-l). But hisi first con- 
spicuoua act ions were in I hn yeiir 151 S, when , 
under the title of Ixird Lisle, he was appointed 

Jmajahal of the army that went over to invade 
France- He took a prominent part in the 
operations a|minst Terouenne, and at the 
faeg& of Tournijy Ire first of all obtained po«- 
imiou of one of the city gates {ii». 4459). 
While before Teronenne he sent a mesBSge 
to Mtirfi^itret of Savoy, the regent of the N«- 
therlands^, through her agent in the camp 
Philip]>e de Br^gillen, who, in communicating 
^_ it, tmid he wa» aware that Brandon was a 
^B ftecond king, and beadvLsed her to writetobim 
^" a kind letter, * for it is he/ wrote Br^gdles^ 
* who does and undoes* (i'^, 4405|. Early in 
the following year ilol4) the king deter- 
mined to send him to Margaret to arrange 
1 iibout a new campaign { ib, 473<i, 4831 ). On 
^K 1 Feb, be was created Duke of Suffolk, and^ 
^f adorned with that new title, he went ovei to 
^ the Ijow Countries, On 4 March Henry VHI 
l^Tf^te to Margaret's fathiT^the enipemr Maxi- 
milian, that a rejiort hod reitcheil England 
that Suffolk wait to marry hir? (htughter, at 
which the king affected to he extremely dis- 
pleajsed, Henry pretended that the rumour 
Lad been got n]> to create differences between 
them. In j»oint of fact Henry was not only 
^H fully cognisnnt of Suffolk's a^pirationi*, but 
^B bad already pleaded hi;H favourite 3 cau^ with 
^" Margaret perMinally at Tonmay; and this 
notwithstanding the engagement he wa* still 
imderto Lady Li.-sle. SoinecurioUfi flirtation 
eceneii had actually taken place between them 
at Lille, of which Margaret seems afterwards 
to have drawn up a report in her own hand 
(i6. 4KriO-l I- 

In Octol>er following, immediately after 
the marriage of Louis XH to Henry VlU*s 
fiifiter MarA', Suftollc was sent over to France 
to witneii^ the new queen".* coronation at St. 
Denifii, und to take part in the jousts to he 
hdd at Fariij in honour of the event. This 




at lejist seemed to be the principnl object of 
hh mission, and as regards the tourney he 
certainly acquit ted himi»eLf well, overthrowing 
his opponent, horse and man. But another 
object was to make some arrangements for a 

Sjerscinal interview between the Kng!ii>b and 
hVench kings in the following Kpring (id. 
5i7(S0), and also to convey a still more secret 
proposal for ex])ellmg Ferdinand of jlrragon 
frf>ra Navarre {tk 56.SY) ; both which projects 
were nipped in the bud by the deato of 
Louis XII on 1 Jan. following. 

When the news of this event reached Eng- 
land, it was determined at once to send an 
embassy to the ynuig king, Francis I, who 
liadjuKt succeeded to the throne,' and Suffolk, 
who bad not long returned from France, was 
appointed the principal ambassador. They had 
a torraal audience of the king at Nov on on 
^ Feb.| after which P>ancis sent for the dnke 
to see him in private, and to his consternation 
said to him, * My lord of Suffolk, there is i. 
bruit in this my realm that you are cotne to 
marry with the que*in, your master's eister/ 
Suffolk In vain attempted to deny the charge, 
for Francis had extracted the coniessiozi from 
Mary herselt^ — by what dishonourable over- 
tures we need not inquire — -and Francis, to 
put him at his ease, promi^'d to write to 
llenrv' in his tavour. The truth was that 
Henry himself secretly favoured the project, 
and only wished for some such letter from 
Francis to make it more acceptable to the old 
nobility, who regarded SuHoIk as an upstart.. 
Woleey, too, then at the commencement of 
his career a^ a statesman, was doing his best 
to smooth driwn all obistacle*. But the pre- 
cipitancy of the two lovers nearly forfeited 
all their acl vantages. Mary was by no means 
satisbed that^ although llenrv favoured her 
wishes to some extent, he might not be in- 
duced by his council to break faith with her 
and sacrifice her to political considerations 
again. Suttblk*;? discretion was not able to 
subdue bis own ardour and hers as well, and 
they were secretly married at Paris, 

DO daring and |)resum]>f uous an act on the 
part of an upstart nobleman was not easily 
Forgiven, Many of the king\s council would 
have put Suffolk to death ; the king himself 
was extremely disjjleased. But there was a 
way of mitigating the king's di!q)lea;sure to 
s<ime extent, and the king was satisfied in the 
end with the gilt oi ilarj^'s plate and jewela 
and a bond of l'4,000/., to repay by yearly 
instalments the expenses the king had in- 
curred for her marriage with Louis. Suffolk 
and his wife — the French queen as she wns 
continually called — lived for a time in com- 
panitive retirement as pers^jns under a chjud ; 
but alter a while they were seen more fre- 



Brandon 



220 



Brandon 



Quently at court, and Suffolk rme ftgain into 
lA V o ur' B u t th e most marvelloiu thing is thiit 
he should have udcaped ao easily when other 
circiiinfiranc&aare taken into account^f to which 
little or no alLtiaicn smmA to have b«en made 
at the time, even by hi^enemiea. Either the 
factc> were tinknowii,or, what is more probable, 
they were not iseverely ceDsiired by the spirit 
of tlie timea. Whatever be the explaaation, it 
is certain that Suifulk when he married Mary 
had Already had two wiyee, and that the first 
was still alive. Some years later he applied 
to Clement VII for a bull tf> remove all ob- 
jections to the validity of hia marriage with 
Mary, and firom the iitfttyment* in this docu- 
ment it appears that his early hist^jry was as 
follows : As a young man during the reign of 
Henry VII he bad made a contract of mar- 
riage with a certain Ann Bmwn \ but before 
marrying her he obtained a dispensation and 
married a widow name<i Margaret Mortymer, 
alias Brandon, who lived in the diocese of 
Lfondon. Some time afterwards he separated 
from her, and obtained from a church court 
a declaration of the invalidity of the marria^, 
on the grounds, tjri*t» that he and his wife 
were in the second and third degrees of af- 
finity ; secondly, that his wife and his tirst 
betrothed were within the prohibited degrees 
of consanguinity ; and thirdly, that he was 
first cousin once removed of his wife*s Ibnner 
husband. These grounds being held sutfi- 
cient to annul the marriage, he actually mar- 
ried the lady to whom he haul been betrothed, 
Ann Brown, and had by her a daughter, 
whom, aft4*r hia marriage with Mary^ he for 
some time placed under the care of his other 
love, Margaret of Savoy. Years at^erwards 
the bull of Clement was required to defeat 
any attempt on the part of Margaret Mor- 
tymer to call in question either of his succeed- 
ing marria^s. When all this is considered, 
together with the fact that he bad the same 
entanglements even at the time he proposed 
to make Latly Lisle hisi wife, we can under- 
stand pretty well wbat a feeble bond matri- 
mony was then conHiderinl to be, Suffolk*s 
fatht^r had been a groe^^ly licentious man {Pa^ 
ton Letters^ iii. 235), So were most of 
Henry VIII's courtiers, and so, we need not 
say, was Henry himself. The laxity of Suf- 
folk's morality was certainly no bar to hia 
progress iu th« kingn favour. He went with 
Henry in I5:i0 to the Field of the Cloth of 
Gold. He wa« one of the peers who i*at in 
the year following H-s judges upon the Duke of 
Buckingham. In 1522, when Oh urlesV visited 
England, he received both the king and the 
emperor at his houH« in Soiitbwark, and they 
dined and hunted with him. In 15123 he 
commanded the army which invaded France, 



From Calais he paitised through Picardr, took 
An ere and Bray, and cnwsed the »9iziiiia, 
meeting with little reaijstatioei. His progreta 
created serious alarm at Paris ; but the eod 
of the campaign was disCTBceful. As 
came on, the troops suffered setrerelj. 
folk, though brave and valiant, was no 
and he actually, without waiting' for orders, 
allowed them to disband and return home. 

On the arrival of Cardinal Gampeggio in 
England in 1 528, Suiiblk*shoiiee in tbesnoiirba 
(probably the house in Southwark already 
mentioned) was assigned him as a temporary 
lodging. Suffolk undoubtedly was hi 
devoted to the object for wluch Cam; 
came, or was supposed to come — the 
divorce from Catherine of Arragon. Nor 
he scruple to insinuate that it was anal 
cardinal, his old benefactor Wolsey, whtii 
the real obstacle to the gratification 
king*s wishes^ With an ingratitude 
shrank from no degree of baseness be had 
carefully nourishing the suspicions entertained 
by the king of his old minister upon this subject, 
and being sent to France in embassy while the 
divorce cause was before the legates, he ac- 
tually inquired of the French kmg whether 
he could not give evidence to the same effecw 
So also, bdng present when Cam peg 
joumed the legatine court, in Englaui 
J uly to October, and probably when everyone 
was convinced even at that date that it would 
not sit again, Suffolk, according to the graphio 
account in Hall, * gave a great clap on tha 
table with hi^ hand, and said : '* By the mas&p 
now 1 see that the old said saw is true, that 
there was never legate nor cardinal that did 
gx>od in England ! * ' But Hall does not give 
U.4 the conelufiion of the ^tmy^ which is sup- 
plied by Cavendish, * Sir/ fiaid Wobey to 
the duke in answer^ * of all men in this realm 
ye have least cause to dispraii^e or be offended 
with cardinals; for if I, simple cardinal, had 
not been, you should have had at this present 
no head upijii vour shoulders wherein you 
should have hacl a tongue to make any such 
report in despite of us, who intend you no 
manner of di^pleadure.' And afler some al- 
lugions, of which SuffoUt well understood the 
meaning, he concluded : * Wherefore, my lord, 
bold your peace and frame your tongue Like 
a man of honour and wimlom, and speak not so 
quickly and so reproachfully bv your friends ; 
for ye know best what frienditliipye have re- 
ceived at my handa, the wliich I yet never 
revealed to no person alive ht'finenf>w, neither 
to my glory ne to your dish^moiir/ 

But Sutiblk rojiie upon Woisyy'a fall. The 
old nobility, which had once been jealous both 
of him and Wolsey as upstarts promoted bjr 
the king, had now freer access to the coimml 




Brandon 



Brandon 



^ 



^ 
N 



* 



boardf at wLieL Suffolk took a pof«ition second 
only to that of Norfolk. Ihe readers: of 
Shttkespeare know how lie and Norfolk went 
f ogt-ther from tlm kinp to demand the gr^at 
deal from Wolney without any commission 
in writing^, Tbe fact is deri'^ etl from Caven- 
disb* who tells n» that they endeavoured to 
extort its **iirrender to rhem by threats; but 
WoWy's refu^ai comjwdle*] tliem to j^ back 
to the king at Wintlsf>r and procure the 
written warnint that he required. Soon 
pfter tUi^ (1 Dec. 11529) we find Su^i'olk 
tfgnmg, along with the other lord^, the bill 
ol articles drawn up agnitiiit 1>\ olBej in par- 
liament^ and a few monthf* later he sigTied 
with the other lords a letter to the pope, to 
warn him of the danpers of delaying to accede 
to Henry VIlI's willies for a divorce* 

In 1532 Suilolk waM one of the noblemen 
who accompanied Henry VIII to Calaii? to 
the new^ raeetinf^ between him and Francif* I. 
This wa^ designed to hIiow the world the en- 
tire cordiality of the two kings, who beconio 
in turn each ot!ier*s gue#*ts at Calais and Bou- 
logne, and at the latter place, on 25 Oct., the 
Duke* of Norfolk and ISuftotk were elected 
aod re^'elved into tlje order of St. Michael at 
a chapter called by Franci.*^ for the purpose. 
In the beginning of April li>33 he wbs tent 
with the Duke of Norfolk to Queen Cathe- 
rine, to tell her that the king had now* mar- 
ried Anne Boleyn, and that dw muf^t not 
pretend to the name of queen any longer. 
Kot long nfterwfirdK he w^n.s appointed high 
steward for the day at the coronation of 
Anne Bi>levn. On 24 June, little more than 
three wcet.^ later^ bi.«* wife, *the French 
queen/ died ; and after the fashion of the 
ttmea he immediately repmired his loss by 
marrying, early in September, Katharine^ 
daughter of the w idowefi Lady "W'il lough by, 
an beiresyis, whow* wardship had l>een gran led 
to him four yearft Ijefore ( Calmdar of Ilevify 
VIII, iv. 5330 02), VI. 10*K^). That same 
month he w^as prehear at the christening of 
the Princes* Ellzaliet h at Grennwich, At the 
close of the year he was sent, along with the 
Earl of Sussex and some otht-r?*, to Buckden, 
where the divorced Queen Catherine wjis 
staying, to ejcecute a commission which, it h 
flomewbiit to hi^< credit to riay, he himself re- 
giir^ed T;\'ith dislike. Th+^y were to dismiss 
the greater part of Catherine's household^ 
imprison those of her Servants who refused 
to he sworn to her anew as * Princess of 
Wales* and no longer queen, and make her 
remove to a less healthy situation — Somers- 
ham, in the Isle of Ely. He and the others 
did their best, or rather their worst, to fulfil 
their instructions; hut they did not give the 
king aatistaction. They deprived Catherine 




of almost all her ser^^ants, but though they 
remained six days they did not succeed in re- 
moving her. Suffolk himself, as he declared 
j to his mother-Jn-law% devoutly wished before 
setting out that some accident might happen 
to him to excuse him from carrying out the 
king's instnictions [ib. vi. 1541-3, 1 508, 1571). 
In 1534 he was one of tbe commissioners 
appointed to take the oaths of the people in 
accordance with the new^ Act of Succession^ 
binding them to accept tbe issue of Anne 
Boleyn as their future f^overeigns ( i7a vii, 392). 
Later in the year he was apy)ointed warden 
and chief justice of all tbe royal forests on 
the south side of the Trent Ok 1498 (37) ). 
But his next couFfucuoas employ men t was in 
tbe latter part of the year 153H, w hen he was 
sent against tbe rebels of Lincolnshire and 
afterwards of Yorkshire, whom, however ^ be 
did not subdue by force of arms, but rather 
by a message of pardon from the king^ who 
promised at that time to liear their grievances, 
, though he f^haniefully broke faith with them 
j afterwardH. Within the next two or three 
I years took place the suppression of the greater 
monasteries, and Suflolk got a large share of 
the abbey lands. It is curious that he ob- 
tained liverj' of his w^ife's inheritance only in 
j the thirty-second year of ITenry Till, seven 
1 years after he had married her ; but the grant 
, seems to apply mainly to reversionary inte- 
I rests on her mother's death. 
I For some years after the rebellion he took 
I no important part in public affairs. lie was 
present at the christening of the young prince, 
afterwards Edward \T, and at the burning 
of the WeUh imnge called Darnell Gadarn, 
in Smith field. He was a Fpectntor of the 
great muster in London in 1539, and was one 
of the judges who tried the accomidiceB f>f 
Catherine Howard in 1541. On 10 Feb. 1642 
he and others conveyed that unhappy qneefi 
by water from Sion House to tbe Towner of 
London prior to her execution. That same 
year he w*as appointed warden of the marches 
against Beotlajid f ZTndated Cmnmumon on the 
Patent Roll% U Hen. VIII). In 1544, the 
king being then in alliance with the emperor 
agftinstFrance, Suflolk was again put in com- 
mand of an invading army. He made his 
will on 20 June before crossing tbe sea. He 
was then great master or steward of the king's 
household J an office he had filled for some 
years previously. He crossed, and on 19 July 
sat Aown before Boulogne, on the east side of 
tbe towm. After several skirmishes he oIk 
tained possession of a fortress called the Old 
Man, and afterwards of the lower town, called 
Basse Boulogne. The king afterwards came 
in person and encamped on the north side of 
the town, which, being terribly battered, after 



Brandon 



222 



Brandon 



A time gttrwndered, and the Duk» of SufloUc 

rode into it in triiimph. 

Enrlv noxt ye4ir ( 1545) be «at at Baynard's 
Cnstk* in Ijondon on a commiaaion for a * b*>- 
nevolwntH* ' to met^t theexpenaea of tbe kia^*8 
warn in France and iScot land. On St, George's 
day he stood as second g^odfat hf r to the iniant 
] lenry Wriothe^l<i»y, afttrwardri Eurl of South- 
ampton, the father of Shakej^p**are*g friend; 
hut he waa now near hU end* On 24 Aug. he 
di«d at Giiildfnrd. In his will he had deiaired 
t-o bf borit*d at Tattershall in Lincolnahin) ; 
but the kin^r caused him to be buried at 
Windsor at hia own charge. 

[Beaidos the Calendar abova mentioned the 
nri|2nt>Al authorities are Htill and WriotliealeT'a 
Chronicl6«» Ciirijndish « Life of Wolsey, aiid Dag- 
dale's Peengi^ and the documentary authodtiee 
tJiere refbired to.] J. G, 

BRANDON, IIKXRY (:ir,35-15r>n and 
CILVKLES ^1537?-155M, DrKEa op Sup- 
FOLJC, were the aona of Charles, duke of SuS- 
folk fq. T.l, by his last wife, Katharine Wil- 
louffhby, Henry was born on 18 Sept. 1585, 
and Charlea, the younger, probably two yeara 
later. The date in the former caae ia fixed 
by the inoumtio pQ9t morUm held aft^r the 
father*8 death (154o). Henry succeeded to 
the dukedom, and held it for nearly six yejirs. 
Their mother .^eems to have been very careful 
of t lunr education, and uppointtMi Thomas Wil- 
son, alVerw^ards the celebrated Sir Thomas, 
eecretarv of state to Queen Elizabeth, their 
tutor* Yhe elder, Henry, was then sent to 
be educated with Prince Ed warti, afterwards 

IK inp E<i ward Vl, by Sir J ohn Cbeke, In 1 5-'K) 
we tind Henry named as a hostage on the peace 
w^ith France*(KTMER^ xy. i!14); but be does 
not seem to biive beon required to ^o thither. 
By tbi?i time be and bitt brother were pur^ 
Buing their St udieiS at St . John s PoUege, Cam- 
bridge, from which place, after the sweating 
5iiekne«i* broke out in July 15o], they were 
ba<4tily removed to the bishop nf Lincoln's 
palace at Bue^x^len in nuntmgdonshire ■ but 
there they iKirlt caii^bt the infection and died 
in one day, 1 6 July. As the younger survived 
the elder for al>out Jtn If an brmr, they were both 
considered to have been tbikes of Sutlblk ; and 
their fate made a remarkable impression on 
the w^orld at the time. They seem to have 
attained to a wonderful ]}roficiency in learn- 
ing, and a brief memnir of the twn — a work 
now t>f extreme rarity — publii^bed the same 
year by their old tutor, Wilson, eontnins 
epistles, epitajjhs, and other tributes* to their 
praisetrom Walter Haddon and other learned 
men both of Cambridge and of (Oxford. Of 
the elder it waa said by Peter Martyr that 
he was the most promimng youth of his day, 



I 



■ he was 



except King Edward. Their portniits by J 
Holbein were engraTed by BarfoloriL 

f\*ita etobitus duorum frdtrumSutfolcenmaiti, ' 
1551 ; Machyn* Diary, 8. 318; DitgtUle's Eb- 
rortag«; Cooper 'n Athonie Cantabrigien»ei, 
105, 541 ; Original Letters (Parker Soc.). ii. 49©.] I 

J. a 

BRANDON, JOHN (M. 1687), diyinei 
son of Charles Brandon, a doctor of Maiden- 
head, WAS apparently bom at Bray, near that 
town, about 1644. He entered Oriel College, 
Oxford, as a commoner on 15 Feb. 1661-2, 
ftnd proceeded B.A, on 11 Not. 1665, Wood 
says that * he entertained for some time cer- 
tain heterodox opinions, but afterwards being 
ortht»dox,' took holy orders. He became rt*c- 
tor of Fincliamstead, and for 8ome years 
preached a weekly lecture on Tuesdays at 
Beading. He was the author of * T6 ^vp re 
al^vtavf or Everbi^ting Fire no Fancy ; being 
an answer to a Inff Pamphlet entU. "The 
Foundations of Hell-Tonnents shaken and re- 
moved,*" ' London, 1678. The book was dedi- 
cated to Henry, earl of Starlin, from * War- 
grave i Berks); 20 July 1676/ The pamphlet 
to which Brandon replied here waa * The Tor- 
ments of Heir (London^ 1658), by an ana- 
baptist, named Samuel Richardson. Nicholas 
Chewney had anticipated Bruiidon in answer- 
i^ng the work in 16t30. Brandon ako pub- 
lished, besides a nvimber of sermona, * Happi^ 
ness at Hand, or a plain and practical ai»- 
course of the Joy of just men*g souls in the 
State of Separation from the Body,' London* 
1687. This was dedicated to Dr. Ilritiert 
Woodward, chancellor of the bishop of Salis- 
bury s court. 

[Wood's Athene Oxon. iv. 505; Brit. Mua, 
Cat] S. L. L. 

BRANDON, JOHN RAPHAEL (1817-1 
'i 1877 )♦ architect, and joint author with his ] 
brother^ Joshua Arthur Brandon, of ^evertil j 
architectural works, received hu early prt>-j 
, fessional training fh)m Mr. W. Parlanson, 
, architect, to whom he was articled in IfcCiO. 
Although fairly successful in ]>rivate practice, 
w*bich he carried on along with his brother 
at Beaufort Buildings, Strand, the brothers 
, Brandon are best known im authors. They 
I were both ardent students of Gothic architec- 
ture, and directed their studies entirely to 
English examples. The residtof their labours 
is a series of three works ably illustrative of 
the purest specmiens of Early English eccle- 
siaittical arcliitecture. The moat important 
ot these is their work on * Parish Churches^ 
(Loud. 1648), which consist* of a series of 

I perspective views of sixty-three churches se- 
ectm from most of the counties of England, 



i 



^ 




mcoomp&nied by plans of obcIi drrtwn to & 
unifonn scale and a short letterpress dyscrip- 
lion. It woij first published in parts t«t ween 
3(Iarch l!^6 and December ll>47. The work 
is a faithful record of anriquitien which few 
can visit for themselves. Their * Analysis 
Gothic Architecture' (London, 1847), 
h thti authors say aim*« at being a prac- 
rather than an historical work on Eng- 
liah church architecture, consists of a col- 
lection of upwards of 70(.> examples of doors, 
windows, and other detail of existing eccle- 
siastical architecture industriously compiled 
from actual meagiirements taken from little 
known parish churches throughout the coun- 
try, with illustrative remarks on the various 
dasflee of items. Th^ last of ihi* s«>rie«, and 

I probably the most useful to the profession, is 
their * Open Timber Roofsof the Middle Ages ' 
(London, 1849), a collection of perspective 
ind geometric and detail drawings of thirty- 
five of the best roofs found in different parish 
churches in eleven different English counties, 
with an introduction eon taining some useful 
hints and information as to the timber roofing 
of the middle ages* The drawingB given 
ehow at a glance the form and principle of 
conatmctioD of each roof, and the letterprese 
provee how fully the authors appreciatea the 
apurit of the mediaeval builders. The work 
^ 'serves the one useful and necessary purpose 
Vof showing practically and constructively 
what the builders* of the middle age^ really 
did with the materials thev had at haiid» imd 
how all those materials, whatever they were, 
were made to harmonise* {Bnikhr^ xxx\^ 
1051). Of Rrandon'e original professional 
labours the he^t known are the large church 
in Gordon Squure, IvOndon, executed in con- 
junction w^ith Mr. Ritchie for the members 
of the catholic apostolic church ; the small 
church of St. Peter*8 in Great Windmill 
Street^ close to the Haymarket ; and a third 
in Knight^bridge, unfortunately not favour- 
ably situated for architectural display. In 
these he faithfully i^ndeavourtnl to carr;^' out 
the medifeval spirit and mode of wT>rk, and 
no doubt in the first caae he has to a great 
extent succeeded. But he failed to become 
a succe^ful architect. His temperament was 
over-sensitive, and he latterly fell into ex- 
treme mental dejection; on 8 Oct. 1H77 he 
committed suicide by shooting himself in his 
chambers, 17 Clement *s Inn. His wife and 
one child pn^deceased him* 

BRAlfDON, Joshua ARTur^R (1802-1847), 
architect and joint author with his brother, 
John Raphael Briindon, prosecuted hi? pro- 
fession with zeal and ability, and had before 
hia early death at the age of twenty-five at- 
tained what promised to become a consider^ 



tM 



able practice, particularly in church archi- 
tecture, for which his studies along with his 
brother and the fame of their joint publicn- 
tionfi ao well fitted him. The brothers were 
most intimately associated in their profes- 
sional studies and labours, and their names 
cannot be separated. 

I [Buiklor. vol. v. 1847, xxxv. 1«141 and lO.iI; 

I Timfls. 12 Oct. 1877rl ^^' W. B. 

BRANDON, RICHARD (d. 1(149), exe- 
I cutioner of Charles I, was the son of Gregory 
Brandon, common hangman of London in 
I the early part of the seventeenth century, 
I and the successor of Derrick. Anstis tells 
the story that Sir William Segar, Garter king 
of arm 8, ignorant of the elder Bnindon a 
occupation, was led by Ralph Brt*uke, York 
herald, to grant him a coat of arms in De- 
eember linn{I{efji»ter of the Gartet\ ii. 399), 
Both father and son were notorious charac- 
ters in London, the former being commonly 
called * Gregory,' and the latter* Young Gre- 
gory,' on account of the elder Brandon's long 
tenure of office. Frcim an early age ' Y'^oung 
Gregory' ' is said to have prepared himself for 
his calling by decapitating cata and dogs. 
He succeeded his father shortly before IftiO 
{Old Newu NtwfyHemvedr 1640). In ie41 
he was a prisoner in Newgate on a charge of 
bigamy, from which he seems to have cleared 
I himself ( The Orya7i» Eccho^ 1641 ). lie was 
' the executioner of Strafford (12 May KUl) 
and of Laud (10 Jun. 1644-0) {ef. Crtnf^r- 
hurt/g Will, ItMl), Brandon asserted, after 
judgment had been passed on Charles I 
I (27 Jan. 1648-9), that he would not carry 
; out the sentence. On 30 Jan., however, he 
was * fetched out of bed by a troop of horse,' 
and decapitated the king. He * received 
30 pounds for bis pains, all paid in half- 
I crowns, within au iiour after tne blow wus 
I given,' and obtainHd an orange * stuck full of 
cloves* and a handkerchief out of the king's 
pocket; he ultilbately sold the orange tor 
lOif. in Rosemary Lane, where he dived. He 
executed the Earl of Holland, the Duke of 
Hamilton, and Lord Capel in the following 
March, with the same axe aa^he had used on 
the king, suffered much from remorse, died 
on 20 June 1 64J>, uitd was buried the next day 
in Whitechajiel churchyard* On lf> t>ct, 
1660 William Hulett, or H owlet I, was con- 
demned to death for having been Charles's 
executioner { bnt three witnessee aaserted 
positively that Brandon was the guilty per- 
son, and their statement is corrolx)nitea hy 
three tractJ»» publishexl ut the time of Bran- 
don's death — * The Last Will and Testament 
of Richard Brandon, Esquire, headsman and 
hangman to the Pretended Parliament,' 1649; 



Brandon 



324 



Brandreth 



I 



I 

I 



'The Ccmfefition of Rtch&rd Brandon, the 
Hingman/ 1649 ; * A Dialogue, or a Dispute 
beme«n the Lat* Hangman and Death/ ldi9. 
Other pereona who have been credited "mth 
«tXL«cutiii^ Charles I are the Earl of Stair 
(KniTE, SHrfy Ctiri^vji Narratii^jt, pp. 138- 
140), Lieutti^nant-cohmel Joyo* (Lii^tr, Life 
and lymes), and Henry Porter (CaL State 
Paper*, Dom, t?^ April 166»S ; Lords* Journal^ 
xi. 104), but all th»' evid<mce points to Bran- 
don as the real culprit, ^^»ry many referencM?a 
to Brandon and nii» fatkor are met with in 
contemporary dramatic and popular litera- 
ture. 

[Cat of Satirical Print* in Brit. Mus., Div. I ; 
Ellifl'i Orig. LeCtard, 2nd aer* iii. S40-41 ; Notea 
and Qnariest Ist sar. ii. v, fi., 2nd aer, Ix. zi., 
Srd ser. vii., 4th ler. rii^ 5th »or. v.] S. L* L. 

BRANDON, SAMIT^L (16th cent.), i» 
the author of * The Traj^-comrpdi of tlie Vir- 
tuous Octavia/ 1598, Itfmo. Concerning hia 
life nopart iculara whatever are preserved. His 
solitary play is a work of some merit and of 
considerable value and rarity. The plot» taken 
from the life of Augustus by Suetonius, rtnd 
that of Mark Antony by Plutarch, follows 
to eome extent classical models. Its &cene 
ifl Rome, and it* catastrophe the death of 
Mark Ajntony. The fact that at the close 
the heroine, who oacillatea between love for 
her husband and jealousy of Cleopatrai is still 
alive, ift tht* excuse for callinjif it a tragi- 
comedy. Weak in structure and deficient 
in interest^ the * Virtuous Octana* hasi claims 
to attention as poetry. It is written in de- 
casyllabic verse with rhymes to alteniate 
lines, and include* choruies binrical in form 
and fairly spirt t**d. Two epistles between 
Octavia and Mark Antony, 'in imitation of 
< )vid'a style, hut writ in long Alexandrine ^ 
(ljtNQBAiirE,p.*30,ed. 1691), are added. These 
epistle."? *Hre dedicated to the honourable, 
virtuous, and excellent Mrs. Sfary Thin * (lA.) 
The play itself is dedicated to Lady Lucia 
A u delay, At the close of the work are the 
I talian words : * L' acqua non temo delF etemo 
oblio/ 

[Langbai no's Dramatic Poets ; Baker, Re«d, and 
Jones'* Biographia Dramatica; Coll i«r*s History 
of Eiigli ah Dramatic Pcustry, 187^; Lowndes's 
Bibliographer's Manual.] J. K. 

BRANDON, Sir THOMAS {d. l->09), 
diplomatist, was the son of William Bran- 
don and Elizalxitb Wynfyld, and uncle to 
the celebrated Charles Brandon [q.v.1, duke 
of Sullblk. Tli.s family were staunch sup- 
port*»r8 of the Lancastrian cause. His brother, 
William, was shiin at the battle of Bos- 
worth gallantly defending the standard of 



Henry VII* A contemporary manuficript 
speftka of Sir Thomas aa having 'greatly 
favoured and followed the party of Henry, 
earl of Richmond/ He married Anne, daugh- 
ter of John Fiennes, Lord Dacre, and 
widow of the Marquia of Berkeley. She died 
in 1497 without issue. He waa appointed 
to the emlwiiisy charged with concludinf 
peace with France in 1492, and again in 
1500 he formed one of the suite which w- 
companied Henry VII to Calais to meet 
the Archduke Philip of Austria. In 150.1, 
together with Nicholas West, subsecjuently 
bishop of Ely, he was entrusted with the 
important mission of concluding a t reaty with 
the Emperor Maximilian at Antwerp. The 
principal oliject of this treaty waa to induce 
Maximilian to withdraw his §upp«»rt from 
Edmund de la Pole, duke of SutTolk, and 
hanish him and the other English rebels 
from his dominions. Other point* touched 
upon were the treatment of Milan and the 
nuestion of Maximilian receiving the garter, 
Sfaximilian, according to his custom, behaved 
with much indecision, and, after solemnly 
ratifying the treaty, allowed the Englisa 
aml>assftdor8 to leave^ *marvailing of thia 
soden defection seyng divers matters as un- 
detemi^'ned/ Chi his return to England, 
Brandon was treated with much considera- 
tion by Henry VII, and we find him holding 
ftuch "itbres 1*8 those of master of the king's 
horse, keeper of Freemantill Park, and mar^j 
ahal of the King's Bench. He was note ' 
for his prowess as a knight and skill in mili'^| 
tnry iitbdrs. In the records of a tournament I 
held in 1404 to celebrate the creation of the 
king's second son as knight of the Bath and 
Duke of York^ Thomas Brandon is mentioned . 
as having distinguished himself. For biAj 
prowess in arms he wa^ made a knight of 
the Garter. In October 1507 he was sentl 
to meet Sir Balthasar de Castiglione, am-l 
baasador to the Duke of Urbino, who came to I 
England to receive the order of the GarteFl 
in his ma8ter*8 name. Brandon died in 1509, ' 
[Add. M8. 6298 ; The Orderof the Qartor (Ash- j 
mole), 1672 ; Auatis's Order of the Garter, 1724 ; j 
Rymer'fl Fcedern, xiii. 35 ; Gairdner's Letters and j 
Papers illustrative of the reigns of Rich. HI and ] 
Hoary VII ; Colli ns*« Peerage of England, 1812 ; J 
Brewer's Lettera and Papers, Foreign and Do- 
mestic, of the reign of Henry VIIL] N. G, 

BRANDRETH, JEREAHAIL ntberwisa 
styled Jeremiah Coke (d. IS17>, leader of- 
an attenijJted rising against the government 
in the midland counties, was, according to 
three several accounts, a native of Ircbind, of 
Exeter, and— the most probuble — of WiH>>rd, 
Nottingham, but iiotbing is known rt^garding 
his parentage and very little regarding his 



4 



I 

K 



early life. For some time \w wiis in tbe army, 
l>ut shortly before the atU^rapted rising ]w 
lived with bis wife antl three children iit 
Sutton-in-AsliiielJ, wh»;re he was occupied 
ad a fmmework knitter. Hisi striking- ]>er- 
8onal ftppearftiiceand liia durinff and reckless 
energy seem to have exercised an extraor- 
'inaty inflaence over his aasociates^, by whom 

;e was known merely as the 'Nottingham 
Captam/ In reality he was the tool and 
dupe of a pereon of the name of Oliver, who 

ncouraged him to undertake his quixotic 
«ent^rprise, by anserting thiit he was nctin^ 
ia concert with others, who were fomenting 
a general insurrection tbniighnut England, 
Acting <»n the instruction.^ and a^Hurauceaof 
Oliveft Brandreth, on 9 June 1817, nBsenihled 
about fifty liiiscx'tates, collected from adjoin- 
ing districts, hi Wingfield Park. Having 
made a number of calls at farmhouses Sor 
CUDS, in the course of which they shot a 
farm-servant dead, the insurj^entF were pro- 
,cee<ling on their inurch towards Nottingbitm^ | 
"which they supposed wa.s alreucly in the liands 
of their friends, when they were i^^nd den ly con- 
fronted by a eninpany of hnssars. IJrandrtUh 
attem])ted to rally bis straggling followers 
to meet the threatened attiick of the cavalry, 
hut they at once tlirew down tlieir armsi and 
fled in all directione. Rrandreth rerDaintsd 
in concealment till 50/. wa^^i otlered for his 
capture, upon which a friend betrayed him 
,to the government. Fie wa» tried by a 
icial coraniifwion at Derby in Octolxir fol- 
lowirij^, and along with two of bi8 aserjciateH 
was executed at Niuik Green, Derby, 7 Nov. 
He is said to have been abont twenty-five 

ears of age* He refused to make any con- 
on or to give any particular*! regarding 
bis past life. 

[Sutton 'jt Nottingham Date Book. pp. 335-12 ; 
Badi^v's Annals of Nottingham, ill. 292-t> ; 
Howell* State Triale (1817). xixii, 755-9&5; 
Trial of Jervmiab Brandreth for High Treason, 
1817 ; Hunt's Gmtn Bug Plot, 181i> ; (^ent. Mag. 
Ixxxvih pt. ii. 358-60, 459-62.] T. F. H. 

BRANDRETH, JOSEPH, M.D. (1740- 
lB15)j physician, was born at Orinskirk, 
L.anca.'^birej in 174tS. lifter graduating M.D. 
4tt Edinburgh in 1770, where hii? tliesis, * De 
"^ehribus intermit tent iboi*/ wim publishtnlj 
le exercised his profession in bis native town 

til about 1770, when lie succeeded f o the 

itice of Dr. Matthew Dobson, at Liver- 

tjool, on the retirement of that gentleman to 

Bath. He remained at Liverpool for tbe 

remainder of his lite, and became at) emi- 

:ntly succeasful and popular practitioner. 

e was a man of wide and various reading, 
and possessed a most accurate and tenacious 



4tt E 

^fcnti 
^prac 

ani 



memory, wliich he uttribtited to his habit of 
depending on it without referrin)i( to notes. 
He establi.'shed the Dispensary at Liverpool 
in 1778, and for thirty years gave gre^t at- 
tention to the Infirmary. The diftcovery of 
the utility of applying cold in fever is as- 
cribed to nim. This remedy he described in 
a pajier ' On the Advanttiges arising from the 
Topical Application of Cold Water and 
Vinegar in Typhus, and on the Use of Large 
Dosed of Opium in certain Cases ' (MctL 
Commentaries^ xvL p. »382, 1791). He died 
at Liveq>ool, 10 April 1815, 

[Monthly RepoMlory, 1815, p. 2o4 ; Geot. 
Maif. Ixxxv. pt. i. 472 (taken from Liverpool 
Mercury, 14 April 181.5) ; Picton'a Memorials of 
Liverpool, 2nd ed. 1875, pp. 133, 147, 366; 
Evans's Cat. of Portrait*, li, 49 ; Watt's Bibl 
Brit.l a w. a 

BRAITDRETH, TtlthMAS SHAW 
(17SB-1873), mathematician, classical scho- 
lar, and borrister-at-hiw^ descended from a 
family that has been in possession of Lee^ in 
Cheshire from the time of the civil war, was 
born 24 July 1788, the son of Joseph Bran- 
dreth, M.D. [tj. v.] He was sent to Eton, 
and was prepared by Dr. !Maltby» afterwards 
bishop of Durham, torTriniry College, Cam- 
bridge, where he took his B.A. degree iti 1810, 
with the dL^tinctioui^ of second wrangler, 
second Smith's prizeman, and chancellor's 
medallist, and his degree of MA. in 1813, 
He was elected to a fellowship at his col- 
lege, wiiw called to the bar, and practised 
at Liverpool, bat hLs tjwte for scientific 
inventions interfered not a little with his 
success as a barri.ster. He wim elected a 
fellow of the Royal SiKiiety in IRl'I for his 
* distinguished mathematical attainments/ 
He had piH^viously invented his logomet^r, 
er ten-f<H)t gnnter. Ma also inventt^d a 
friction wheel and a dnuble-cbeck clock es- 
capement » all of which he jMtented, Ilig 
scientitic ttistes drew him into close friend- 
ship with George Stephenson, and he was one 
of the directors of the original Manchester 
and Liverp>ool railway, bnt rei^igiied shortly 
before its completion. He took on active part 
in the survey of the line, esp>ecinlly of tbe part 
across Chat moss. The famous House of Com- 
mons limitation of railway sjxied to ten miles 
an hour^ wliich threatened to destroy the hopea 
of the promoters of steam locomotion, led 
Brandreth to invent a machine in which the 
weight of a horse was utilised on a moving 
platform, and a speed of fift^ien miles an hour 
waa expected ; but the success of tbe ' Rocket' 
§oon establiahcid tha supremacy of M^am, and 
Brandreth^s invention wo."* only used where 
et&am power proved too expensive, as in Lorn- 

Q 




Brandwood 



irdy and in wm'" '"■•'»^ '»f Th<f Unit<?d Btate*, 
rhi'n» it 18 »t 1 1 !. Tln*m* ttoif'iitific 

rttuila micl li ii to l>indoti, whcri^ 

h»il nil lonpi'f the legal r<inni*<^tinn, cotj- 
aiidembly rt'clvicrd \m pructicN^ itiul tlimigh he 
wjui niffrt'd njudp*^hi}» nt JimiDicn. he decidi-^l 
to retir*' to Wort b rug iind di'Voti* him^'lf to 
th(* t*diicHlion "»f Ijiw childn«n. H»* had mur- 
ried ill 182:i adHiiuhttT of Mr. A»htnn Hyroin 
of Fnirvk-w, near Livi^rptwil, and had, heetides 
two dftuirhicTe, five *ions, who all diatin- 
guishetltht'tnstdvi'i* in t!ieimVT,at Cttmbridffe, 
or in India. At Worthing he n'v^iuraed hia 
Qlaesteiil 8tiidiei!i, uud piii^ued a learned and 
iiMcult inquiry into the uf^e of tlie dlgammu 
In the Honierit:- poem8» and luiblished the re- 
|AuU>< m i\ Xrva\iti<t* t'titn\t*d *A DisMertation on 
fthe M«:tre of Homer* (Pickering, 1844), and 
\$\f*i tt text of the * lliinr with the digamma 
linserled and Latin not>^s (OMHFOY FIAIAS, 
liittera dujamma rrstituta^ VwXivvm^^ 2 vols, 
1 S4 1 )> Th is wai* followed by a t riini*lat ion of 
the * Iliad ' into blank verw, line for line (Pick- 
ing, 2 voli*. 1846), whiidi was well received 
|«a an accurate and scholarly version. He 
Paldo took a lively interest in the affair?* of the 
town, luul was largely instriuneufal in jier- 
feetiiig the extensive water and drainage im- 
provements of Wortiiing, where he yxim chair- 
man of the first local board, and a iu8tie«* of 
the pt^ace for \\ est Suseex, He died in 1873, 
[Pri^-ate information.] S. L.-P. 

BRAIfDT, FKANCIS FREDEIUCK 
(1819-1874), barrister and author, eldest son 
of the Kev* Francis Bnuidt, rector of Aid- 
ford, Chesiiire, 184:W»€, who died 1870, by 

j ElliDor, w^cond da lighter of Nicholas Orim- 
«hftw of Preston, Ltmca^bire, was born at 
(lawaw^orth Hectorv,Ch£'flhire, in 1819, He 
was educated at the Macclesfield grammar 
urbool, enlrred at tlie Inner Temple in 18;^9» 
and priictiHefl for some years as a special 
nleadi^r. CmUimJ (o ibe bar at the Inner 
Temple tm IU> April 1847, he tookthf North 
%\'nli'N It rill t71ie**trr circuit. He was a «hc- 
cewnfitl iukI pmpnhir leader of the Chester and 
KnnlMforil m^MniouM, bad a fair business in 
Loihloot em»t*«^iaHy itn" nil arbitrator Of referee, 
Wiiw i*Hc of ibe rin i*4ing barrist^Ts on bis cir- 
pnit, iiud \\«H einpbiyed for many V'^'ii'S ** ft 

1 ff*porter bir (bi* *'Mmes* in the common 
ple»i*«, AhonI I8<t4 be wnii oIlertHl and de- 

' rliitiHl nn ludinn jndg<^Kbip. In bis earlier 
duv* hi' \viif» i\ writer in mngnzincB and in 
* U I * 11 'rt 1 J i b ' / T b e ti r^ t of b i h books a ppe nred 
in lHri7, and wm entitled 'Habt^t! a 8bort 
Trt^it iw on tht^ Lhw o\' the Land as it ail'ects 
Pugilism,' ill wliicli be attempted to sliow^ 
fbnt prite-tighting was not of itself illegal, 
Hia next work was a novel called * Frank 




MorlandV Manuficriptd, or Memoirs of a 

]!k[odem Templar,* 1859, which wa^ followed 
by • Fur and ^atheJR, the Law of the IaimI 

! relating to Gatne. &c./ 1859, * SoffgWEtiofta lor 
the Annndment of the Gaine iStws,* 1861 
and * (rames, Gaming, and Gamesters' Law,' 
1871, a book of considerable legal and aati- 
quarian rr*e)*%rch, which reikcbed a sccood 
edition. He died at his ch ambers, 8 F^ 
twfe Court, Temple, London, on BwndajT 

I 6 Dec. 1874, having" suflered much from J 
neuralgic complaint, and wa.* buried atj^ 
Church, Todmorden, He wiu^ a j 

! efficient member of the Inns of Cou 
Corps* Brandt was never married. 

! [Law Tim** (1 874), Iriii. 125.] O. a R 

BKANBWOOI), JAMES (173»-1 
quaker, w lu* Iwirn at New House in Eni 
near l{o<*hdale, on 11 Nov, 1739, where 
parent ft were of yeoman stock. After a 
to the Friends' meeting at Crawsbawbootk^ 
Brandwfxxl ceased to attend the services at 
' Tnrton chapel. He never married, and prac^ 
tiaed aa a land aurveyor and conveyancer^ and 
is also said to have acted as the Reward of 
the Tnrton estate. He had the character of 
a plain, conscient ioui? countryman, and after 
his death a selection from his letters on 
reli^oiiM subject* was publiished. Brand wnrsil 
joined the quakers in 1701, and a nv 
was shortly afterwards settled at Ed^^v 
where he resided jnany years. His r*-! 
views deprived him of nia fair ,shar«- 
patrimonial inheritance, and he receive^ i 
a n a nnn it y of 25/. Aa a recognised ci i 1 1 ' - 
of the Society of Friends he viaited Viui*u* j 
parts of England, and in 1787 went to Walei|fl| 
ni company with James Birch. In the * te»ti*' ^ 
mony ' respecting him we are told : * AUtut 
the sixtieth year of his age, this, our dear 
friend, lhroug:h a combination of circum- 
stance^^ appeared to be in some degree under 
I a cloud ; he became less diligent in attending^ 
! meetings, and iji 1813 was dtscontinued aa 
an acknowledged minister/ In 1B24, when 
he settled at Westhoughton, he was rein- 
stattnl as a minister, and visited many of the 
southeni meetings. He died on 23 March 
182(i. He was buried in the Friends* burial* 
ground at Westhoughton. A selection was 
made from his letters and papers. Thtii^H 
were edited by JohnBradsbaw of Manchestg^H 
and deal with matters of religious experl^^ 
ence, ranging in dat e fn»m 1 782 to 1823, The 
earliest is an esi^ay * On War, Oaths, and 
Gospel Ministry,* and the latest Is a letter 
to a clerg^^man of the oburch of England, 
written when the author was in bis eighty- 
fourth year. They were published m 182 
two years after Brand wood's death. 




Uters and Extracts of Letters nt tbe late 
I Bmodwood (» minister f>f the Socipty of 
nds). of WeathoughtoD, formerly of Kd^- 
worth, Maochester, 1828 ; 8cliolesi a Bioi^raptiieal 
f^ketch of Jame^ Bmndwood^ J^Iau chest t^r, 1882; 
Smith M Catalogue of Friendi*' Books, hondtm^ 
J8670 W. K A, A. 

BRAKKEB, THOMAS. [See 

Keakcxeb.] 

BRANSBY, JAMES HEWS (I78.V 
1847), unitarian minisiter, waa a native of 

?8wich. His father, Jobti Bransbj {d. 
Mttfclj 1837, aged seventy-five I, was an 

txi>trumt?nt malier, a fellow of the Koyal Aft- 
onomiral Society^ author of a truutiiie on 
(»The Use of the Globtis, &c,; 1791, 8vo, iind 

litor of the ' Ipswich Magaxim^,* l71>Vi Tlie 

on became lietercKlox in opinion » and was 
educated for the unitanan minintTy, in the 
acudemy maintained at Exeter fmin 1799 to 
1804 by Timothy Kenrick and Jowph Bret- 
land, On 1 May lHO;i (Letter, p. 15) he 
was invited to becoino minister at the * new 
meeting' (opened 31 Oct. 1H02) to the old 
pre8b3rteriaii congregation at Morel on IlRra]i" 
stead, Devonshire* Here he kept a school^ 
and among hia pupils was John Bowring, 
afterwards Sir John Bowring, in whoj^e au- 
tobiography are some amusing' particulars of 
his master. In 1K)5 Bran^^bj removed to 
Dudley. He continued to keep a preparatory 
school for boys* He was by no means un- 
popular, but tis eccentricities gradually ex- 
cited considerable remark, particularly aa he 
developed a tendency which is perhaps best 
de*cribe<l as klt^ptoman ia. At length he com- 
mitted a breach of trust, in'volying forgery, 
which was condoned on condition of his 
quitting Dudley in IS'JH for ever. He was 
succeeded, on 1 July 1820, by Samuel Bacbe 
[q. v»1 Bransby retired to ^Vales, and sup- 
port eo himself by teaching;by editing a paper, 
and by oddjobs ofliterary work. Hispeculiari- 
tiea accompanied him in this department, for 
he would borrow a manuscript and, after im- 
provements, «end it to a magftzine as his own. 
An im:'8i8tible imnube led him on one occa- 
sion to revisit Dnctley for a few hours ; as he 
stood gazing at his old meeting-hou^e he was 
recognised, but spared. Late in life he occji- 
sionally preachea again. He died very sud- 
denly at BronV Hendref, near Carnarvon, on 
4 Nov. 1 847 , aged 64 years. H ii5 wife, Sarah , 
dAUffhterof J. Isaac, general baptist minister 
at Moreton Hamp^tead, predeceased him on 
2S Oct. 184L Bransby left behind him a 
maAn of very compromising papers^ which 

fell accidentally into the hands of Eranklin 
Baker fq. v.], and were probably destroyed. 
Beeides many addresses, sermoDS,* and 



pamphlets, Bransby nublislied : 1, • Maidms, 
Keftectioufl, and llit^graphical An**cdotea,* 
1813, 12mo. 2. 'Selections for Reading and 
Recitation,' 1814, 8vo, 2nd edit. iHJil, with 
title * The School Anthology,' 3. * A Sketch 
nf the HiFtorv of Caniarvon Castle/ 1829, 
8vo, :3rd edit. 1832, 8vo (plate). 4. • An Ac- 
count of the . . , Wreck of the Newry,* 183Q 
(not published; reprinted * Christian Re- 
former,' 1830, pp. 486 St J. I 5. *A Narrative 
of the . . . \\ n'ck of the Roth^ay Castle/ 
1831, l2mo (chart; re]iritited ^Chri'stian Re- 
former/ 1831, pp, 405 so. ; thm and the fore- 
going are full of detaTle derived from per- 
sonal knowledge, and are admirably written), 
a * Brief Notices of the lute Rev. 'Q. Crabbe/ 
Carnarvon, 1832, l2mo. 7. *Tlie Port Folio 
. . . anecdoteV 1832, 12mo. 8. *A Brief 
Account of the remarkable Fauatieism pre- 
vailing at Water St rat fori! . , . 1094/ Car- 
nar\on, I8.*i5, 12mo. 9. * Description atid 
Historical Sketch of Beddgelert/ Carnarvon^ 
1840, 8vo. 10. * Evans* Sketch . . , eigh- 
teenth edition . . . with an account of seve- 
ral new sects,' 1842, 16mo (best edition of 
this useful compendium of * all religions?/ 
first published 1794, 12mo ; Bransby in- 
cludes ' Puseyitew/ and works in, without 
acknowledgment, the contributions of several 
friends). 11. * A Description of Canian^on, 
&c./ Carnarvon, 1845. l2mo. 12. 'A De- 
scription of Llanberis, &c.,'t'amarvon, 1845, 
8vo. In \HM Bran^^by printed in the * C^ris* 
tian Reformer^ (p. 837) a letter from S. T. 
Coleridge, IS) Jan. 1798, explaining his with- 
drawal from* the candiduteship for the mi- 
nisterial office at Shrewsbury.' In 1835 he 
reprinted in the same magazine (p. 12) a for- 
gotten letter of John Locke; and in 18-11 a 
series of papers, sipned * ^f onticola/ contained 
moHt of his additions to Evans. 

[Monthly Repos. 1818, 229, 1822, 434, 1887^ 
4.>2 ; Murch's His^L of Prcwb. and Gen. BapL 
Churches in W. of Eng. 1835, 473, 479. 568; 
Cbr, Reformer, 1842. 12. 1847.760; Autobio- 
graphical Recollections of Sir J. Boirring, 1877, 
p. 44 8rj. ; Extracts from Trosteea' Minutes, 
WolTorbanipton Street Chapol, Dudlsj ; privnte 
infarmatioii.] A. 0. 

BRANSTON, ALLEN ROBERT ( 1778- 

1827^, wood-engraver, the son of a general 
cnpper-plate engraver and heraldic paint i^r, 
WHS born at Lynn in Norfolk in 1778. He 
was apprenticed to his father, and when in 
his nineteenth year settled nt Bath, where 
he pruotii^ed both ixt^ a painter and engraver. 
He came to London in 1799, and after a while 
devoted himself to wood-engraving, in which 
branch of the art of engraving he was self- 
taught. He was employed chiefly in book- 
illustration, after the designs of Thurston and 

Q 2 



\ 



hers. He foon ^jt^ciune 1 1 le head « jf h ta iirofes- 
on in London, wheiv nothing oqinil to lie wick 
ftnd h IB pupils had b»^n produceu before hiflar- 
rivaL With H<?wick he wtts alwavs tnhopeleas 
riviilrVf yet, though be wa8 no deftigner and 
some twenty-throe yewnsthejunioroftheNew- 
ca^tle master^ he may claim to be the founder 
of the *ljondon scboor of woml-^n graving, 
and to mme extent to share with IJewick the 
credit of rnii^in^ the character of his art in 
England, He specially excelled in engraving 
figuret* and interiors, tut waa le^ successfid 
in outdoor scene*, ^fhe * Cave of Despair/after 
Thurston, in Savage's * Practical I lints on 
Decorative Printing?/ 1822, h prenerally con- 
tidered bin be^t plate, and shows his nkill both 
in * white * and ' black ' line. Amiinp^t the 
works illustrated in whole or in part by liim 
werf^ ' The History of Eng^land ' published by 
Wallis and fckhofey, IHtU-lO; Bloomtield'a 
* Wild Flowers,* 1806; and poems by Qeorge 
'iarahaU, 1812. Hehad many jiupib,themo»t 
elebrat *^ of w horn wtii* J « ili n Th om pso n . The 
' work of Uranston and Thtmipjion can be com- 
mred in the illui*irationj^ to Puckle'^s *Club/ 
1 H i 7 . Branst on proj ec t^ *d a vol ume of fables 
in riviilry with thot*!^ of Bewick after design.^ 
by Thurston^ but after a tew of them were 
cut he abandoned the enterprise. He also 
eng^raved a few cuts of birds t^ show his 
gnperiority to the Newcastle engraver ; hut 
tliou|fh beautifully cut, they were essenti- 
ally inferior to Bowick*ia. Branstou died at 
Brompton in 1827. He i^ generally called 
Hubert Branstnn. 

[Redj2TaTe*H Diet, of ArtistB, 1878 ; BryaD's 
Diet. (Oravea) ; Chatto's Tre^itiBe on Wood-ea- 
gmving; Linton's Wuoil-iingTJiring ; Lang and 
Bol>Kou's The Liljrrtry.] CM. 

BRANTHWAITE, WILLIAM, D.D. 

(d. 1 1»20), tran?ilator of the Bible, was a mem- 
ber of an ancient family pog^esRed of same 
yrciperty in the coiinfy of Xnrfnlk* nnd one 
hranch of which waa sett led at Ilethel. near 
Wyniondham. Hp was entered nt Clare 
Hall, Cambridire, in lo78, and there took 
\ih B.A. dei/rei' in ir>82. Two years after- 
ward**, in 1G84, he was athnitted a fellow of 
Emmanuel College, which had been founded 
in the earlier part of that yeiir. He pro- 
ceeded to the uruhI de^rees^M.A. in 1586, 
B.D. in 1593, and D.1). in IoQM—uik] in 1607 
was elected master nf Gonville and Caiua 
College. Tn HW-U he was on one of the 
two Cambridge committees appointed by 
Jam MS I to revise the translation of the 
Bible; the part of the work which fell tn his 
Icommittee iMnng thi? Apx'r\^ha, for which he 
^-was especially fitted by an extensive know- 
ledge of Hebrew. He died during his yioft- 




chancellorsbin in Februiiry 1019-20, leaving^ 
his books and considerable pMperty to Oaiai 
College. There is a jwrtrait of him in 
Lodge of Gains, and in the gallery of 
mannel College, to which foundation also 
waa a benefactor. 

[Dtx;umenti) relating to the Unirersitj asd 
CoUeg«4 of Cambriflge, ii. 389 ; Fuller s Sbtoiy 
of Cambridge, p, 226 ; We^teott V History of ihe 
English Bible, p. 116; ref*>ppntea to pTop«Ttf, 
church preferments, &c., hold byyunous nteinbcirB 
of the family will he found in BlomefieliVi N* 
folk] E. s. a 

BRANTV^TTE, CHARLES (1817 
18H0), landscape painter, aon of NathaL 
Branwhite [q.v.Ji waa bom at Bristol in 1817| 
and there studied art under Lis father, beg 
ning as a ^iilptor. His Ai^sociatinn and friei 
ship, however, with William John Mull 
also a native of Bristol, induced him to ^ 
hia undivided attention to water-colour pami 
ing, and his pictures, from the year 1841 
formed no small attraction in the gallery i 
Pall Mall East. He adopted this change 
art notwithstanding the fact that he had 
gained silver medals for l^as-reliefs in 1837 
and 1838 at the Society of Arts. His sty! 
of painting shows much of Muller*s influeni 
Some of lue most striking landscapes repi 
sent frost scenes. Among his works are 

* Post Haste/ * April Shower^ on the Ea£te] 
Coast,** An old Lime-kiln,* ^ Kilgarren Castle^ 

* Winter Sunset,' ' Old Salmon Trap on thti 
Conway/ * The Environs of an Ancient Ga^^j 
den/ 1852. * A Frozen Ferrjr,' 1853 ^his 
the previous picture received pri^ea froi 
the GhLsgow Art Union), ' Ferry on t" 
Thames ' (at the London International E 
bition, 1862), * A Black Frost,* * Snow Sto 
North Wales,' ' Salmon Poaching/ * On i 
River Dee, North Whales,' 

[Art Journal (N.S.), xix. 208; Bryan*« Di«t* 
of Pa-intorK and Engravers (ed. Graves), 178 J 

T, a 

BRANWHITE, NATHAN (Jl. 182i 

miniature paiiiter and engraver, eldest son of 
Pere^ne Branwhite, the minor poet [q. v.], 
WHS probably a native of Lakenlmm in SufTolk. 
Devoting himself to the study of art, he be- 
came a pupil of Isaac Taylor's, and settled at 
No. I College Green, Bristol, where he prac* 
tiaed painting with considerable success. He 
exhibited thirteen miniatures at the Royal 
Academy between the years 1802 and 1825. 
He was also a very good stipple engraver. 
Branwhite made an excellent engraving of 
Medley's picture of the Medical Society of 
London, A curious fact about this work was 
that Jenner came into great notice during the 
painting of the picture, and after it was 
finished it waa decided to add his portxaiU 



m 




The plate was partially engraved before the 
decision to put liim in wa* arrived at, and a 
piece of copijer had to be let in, tLS background 
details had oeen worked over the spot upon 
which Jen ner*8 head and shoulders were sub- 
sequently placed. 

[MS. Addit. 19166, f. 234 j Bed grave's Diet. 
of Artiste (1878), 62 ; Graves's Dicu of Artieta, 
29:] T, C. 

BRAJ^WHITE, PEREGEINE (1746- 
1795 P)t minor poet, was mn of Rowland 
Branwhitt? and Sarah (Brooke) his wife^and 
bra^ baptised lit l^veuliam in Suffulk 22 July 
^745. He was brought up to the bombazine 
de, which he carried on for some time at 
vich- Fie wai* not very succetisful, how- 
^(Ver, as he st^>ms to hav« paid more attention 
to books than to the shop. He afterwards 
established a branch of the St, Anne's School 
(London) at I^venham, and conducted it 

I personally for siime year^. A year or two 
iKifore his death he removed to HRckney, 
l|ind dietl, in or alxnit 1795, at 52 Primroiie 
ptreet» Bishopsgwte Street, London, H« 
wrote: 1. *Thonght8 on the Death of Mr. 
Woodmason's children, destroyed by fire 
18 Jan. 1782' (anon.) 2. ^ An Elegy on 
the lamented Death of Mns. Hiekman, wife 
of the llev. Thomas Hickman of Rildeston, 
SufTolk, who died 7 SepL 1789, when but 
just turned of 19,* Bury St, EdmundV, 1790, 
4to. 3, * Ai*tronomv» or a description nf the 
Solar System,' Sudbury, 1701. 4. * The 
Lottery, or the Efl'ects of Sudden Atiluence,* 
manuscript. 

[MS. Addit. 19166, f, 234, in fint. Mm.] 

T. a 

BRAOSE, PHILIP de (/. 1172), war- 
rior, was H yn linger j*nn of Philip de Rraose, 
lord of Brnniber, and an uncle of William 
de Braose [q. v.] He was one of the three 
captains oi adventurers left in charge of 
Wexfortl at Henry's departure in 1172, and 
later in the same year he received a grant of 
North Mnnster ('Limencense videlicet reg- 
niim-Y Supported by Robert Fitz-Stephen and 
Miles de Cogan, he set out to ttike possession 
of it, but, on approaching Limeriekp turned 
back in a panic. He was presumably dead 
on 12 Jan, 1201, when North Munster was 
gTante<l t o b i*« neph e w Will iam . H is w i do w , 
Eva (Fin. 4 If en. II I ^ p. L ra. 2), or Jfaud 
iClauM. 11 Heji, III, p, 1), married Philip, 
the baron of Naas, and survived him. 

[GiraldtLB Cambreaaifi' Ejcpugnntio (ed. Di- 
mock).] J. H. R. 

BRAOSi; WILLIAM de (rf. 121 1), rehel 
b&ron, was* the desrendnnt imd heir of WU- 
de Braos© (alias Braiose, Breause, 




Itrehus, ifec), lord of Braose, near Falaiee in 
Normandy, who had received great estates 
in England at the Conouest. The family 
fixed their seat at Brauiber in Sussex, and 
w^ere lords of its appendant rape. Through 
his grandmother, a daughter of Judhael de 
Totnes, lord of Totnes and Barnstaple, Wil- 
liam had also a claim to one of those fiefs 
I and through his mother, Bertha, second 
daughter of Miles and sifiter of Roger, earls 
of Hereford^ he inherited the vast Welsh 
I dominions of her grandfather^ Bernard de 
I NeufmarchS [<|, v.] He has been confused 
\ by Duffdale and Fosfi with his father and 
' namesalce ^ it was, however, as 'William 
de Braiose, junior,* that he made (as lord of 
I the honour of Brecon) a grant to W^nlter 
I de CHflbrd {Beprntj^, xxxv. 2, but there 
j wrongly dated), and thnt he tested a charter 
at Gloucester in 1179 {Mon. AngL vi. 457), 
BO that his father must have been then 
I alive. It was proljably* however, he, and not 
I his father, who in 1170 invited the Welsh- 
men to Abergavenny Castle, and there slew 
them, nominally in revenge for the death of 
his uncle Ilenr)^ de Hereford the previous 
Easter (Matt. Paris, ii. 297), a crime avenged 
on Braoee's grand f^ou by Llewelyn in 1230 
{Ann. Mnrg. ^). I'nder Richard I, though 
withstanding the royal officers on his own 
estates in Wales, be was sheriff of Hereford- 
shire in 1192-9 {R\it. Pip.), and a justice 
itinerant for Stafforfishire in IDR lii 1195 
he was with Richanl in Normandy, and in 
1196 he secured both Barnstaple and Totnes 
for himself by an agrt»ement with the other 
coheir. In 1 108 he was beleaguered by the 
Welsh in Castle Maud (alias Colwyn) in 
Radnorshire, but relieved by the juaticiarj^, 
GeofiVey V'n?. Piers, wlio defeated the Welsh 
in Elvftel(Hoo. IIov. iv. 53; Matt, Parjs, 
ii. 447). Act^ording, however, to the Welsh 
authorities, Castle Maud was taken, and he 
fell back on Pains Castle, where he had to 
save himself by a compromise {Bruitf Tytty- 
goffion). 

On John^s accession ^ William was foremost 
in urging that he should be crowned (Ann. 
Mfti'ff. 24), Higli in the kings favour, he 
accompanied him into Normandy in the sum- 
mer of 1200 ( Cart. 2 John^ m. 31 ), and there 
had a grant of all ."^uch lands as he should 
conquer from the Welsh in increase of his 
barony of Kaduor, and was made sheriff of 
Herefordshire for 120II-7 \Eot. Pip.2John). 
On 12 Jan. 1201 he obtained the honour of 
Limerick (without the city)» as his uncle 
Phihp had received it in 1 172 from Henry U 
{Cart. 2 John, ni. lo), for which he agreed 
to pay rj,(XXl marks at the rate of 500 a 
year {061. 2 John^ m. 1 o). This waa the origin 



of fhfi raisleiidiii^ j^tatement [see BUTtEE, 
TuEOtii^LD] thiit John Hold Turn all tW land 
of Phili})de Wopc**stt*r and TlnKjlMild Walter 
(Ruo, IIov. iv. 152-;i; Walt. Gov. ii. 179^)). 
He next recejve<j (1*3 Oct, 12(>2) the custody 
of GUmorpui CaMle ( Pnt, 4 John, m, S),and 
foiir ui'inthw later (24 Feb. 120.3) he had a 
grant of Gowerland» which he claimed &a his 
mheritanc^ fP/flr, Pari, SO Ed. /, 234). He 
wae in clofie att»^ndttn(*e on John nt the time 
of Arthur^H death; beinfr at Uouen on 1 April 
(Cart, Ant. [CAanx^ri/] 20, 2tVK and at Falatse 
on 11 April 1208 (Cart, 4 Jokn^m, I), but he 
publicly n>fui?ed to Dnaiii c-harge of the prince, 
Sii^fM^ting that hh life was in danger (Hou- 
(jum*, xvij. 192)^ and it may have been in 
order to silence him that he receive<l on 
8 July 1 203 a grant of the city of Limerick at 
fenn. He wa« still at the ItingjW (xjurt ^m 
18 Nov. {Cart, 5 Jaftn^ m. 18). Three years 
lmt«r (16 Dec. 12tXS) he was plaeed iii posses- 
sion of Gro^mont, IJautilio (or White Oistle), 
and Ski>nfrithCa*«tle^ ( (Jart, 7 J^thn, m. 3 ), but 
shortly afler his fall began, he- causes and I 
details have alwayc* lieeii obscure. The chief \ 
iiutbority on the i^ubh'ct i^ an ej -parte state- 
ment put forward by John niter ^\ illiam's 
ruin (i.e. circ. 1211), entered in the * Red 
Book* of the exchi^iner and printed in Uy- 
mer'8 *Fii?dera* (i. I '12-3). From thia it 
would appear that the ouarrel was |>e<-nmi- 
nry in its origin. Checkmg the king a asser- 
tions by the evidence of the 'Pipe Rolls/ 
it is clear t!xat in 1207 (i.e. eix years after 
obtaining the honour of Limerick), be bad 
only paid up 7 (XI inarkt* in all (Pip, H John^ 
rot. 6), instead of 500 a year. He was also in 
Bjnrear for the fenn of Limerick itself, and Mr. 
Pearson {Enf/iaml in the Middie Afjem, ii. 4VI), 
on the evidence of the Worx*ej?ter Annals, 
holds him to have been suspected of conni- 
ving at the capture of the town in Geoffrey 
Marsh *ft rebellion ; but that rebellion did not 
take place till later. On bis bf^coming tive 
years in arrear, the rrowii had recourse to 
diBtraint on his English estates. He had, 
however, removed his stocky and the king's 
baililf wa.s then ordered to distrain him in 
Wales. Hift friend;*, however, met the king 
at Gloucester (i.e. in November 1207), and 
on their intercession William was allowed to 
come to him at lIereford» and to surrender 
tua castles of Hay, Bivl knock, and Itai^luor 
in pledge for his arrears, lliii be .still paid 
notliing further (Ptp. 9 Juhn^ rot. 4, dor.**,), 
and U]K>u the interdict being laid on England 
on 26 April I20S, bis younger son Giles, 
bishop of Here lord ("^ince 1200), was one of 
the tive bishops wlin withdrew to France 
with the primate (,Matt. Faris, ii. 622; 
Ann* Wiff. 396). John, suspecting the con- 



duct of the family, eent to demand hostagv^ 
of William, but hie wife (it is said against 
his adnce) refujied them (>LiTT. Paris, il 
523-524), Thus committed to resistance, he 
strove to regain his three C-ostles by siirjirise, 
and, failing m this, stormed lutd sacked Leo- 
minster, On the apprf^aoh of the royal forces 
he fled with his family into Ireland ( ib. ; Ann, 
Wac. 2(51-2 ; Mmt. Aiit^l. i. ''i57), whereupon 
bis estate* were seized into the king*» hand^. 
In Ireland he wa« harboured by William 
Marshall and the Lacys, who promi*ed to mi- 
render him within a certain time, but faileil 
to do 80 till John's mvasion of Ireland be- 
came imminent, when he was sent over with 
a safe-conduct to the court. He came, bow- 
ever, no nearer than Wales, where be har- 
ried the country' till John*s arrival at Pem- 
broke in June 1210; he then offered 40,000 
marks for peace and the restoration of his 
lands. But John declared he must treat 
with bis wife, as the principal, in Ireland, 
William, refusing to accompany him, re- 
mained in Wale.«* in rebtdlion. His wife, be- 
sieged by John i n Meath ( Matt. Paris, ii.530), 
tied to iScotbind, but was captured in Gallo- 
wav, with her son and his wife, by Duncan 
of Carrick, and brfuigbt back to John at Car^ 
rickfergus by the end of July. John extorted 
from her a confirmation of her husband's 
offer, and took her with him to England. 
William met them at Bristol on 20 Sept. 
1210, and finally agreed to pa;^^ the 40,000 
marka; but as neither be nor his wife would 
^y anything, he was outlawed in default, 
niid lied from bis |»ort of Shoreham in dis- 
guise (^ quasi mendicus') to France {Ann. 
IVav. 2«o; Ami, Om, 54). He dieil at Cor- 
beuil the following year (9 Aug. 121 1), and 
was buried the next day in St, Victor's Abbey, 
i*aris ( y\ ATT. Pa itis, ii, 532 ), by St ephen Lang- 
ton, the exiled primate {Ann, Marg, 31). 

His wife^ Maud de St. X'alerie, or De Haye, 
to whose arrf^ganct^ his fall wiis largely attri- 
buted, was impristmed, with her eldest mn, 
by John in Windsor Ciu-^tle, where they aro 
said to have bt*en star\ ed to death (Ann. ffVitJ, 
265 ; Ann. Om. 54). Mat thew Paris ( Li. 531 ) 
states, but erroneously, that the son's wife 
shared their fate, while Mr, Pearson (J3n£f 
iand in the Middle Af/es^ p. 53» n, ) denies even 
the mother^ deaths on the ground that she 
appears as living in 1220 {Ropal Letters^ L 
13tV^ ; twt the Mand thenf mentioned was 
clearly her sons >vife (iis is proved by Coram 
rege roll Mivh. 3 Hen, Illy Xo. I , m'. 2, Sua- 
»ex), wbo» with the third son Eeginald, had 
eiScawd capture. 

The second son, the bishop of Hereford, 
returned to England with the primate on 
16 July 1214, and paid a fine of 9,000 marks 






Brasbridge 



231 



Brass 



for his father's liind!* on 21 i)et. 121-5 (Pat, 

\17 Joh/iy ra. 14). As lie diecl very soon lifter, 

John III! <) wed t he ia iids to pas.s wi tbout f iirt her 

"me ro the third mn Reginald on 'J^ May 

|U216 {PftL }H John, m. 9), who al»o, under 

j Henry 111, recovered the Irish estates. 

William's daughter, Mtir^'aret, married 
f'W^iih+»r de Lacy, and on 10 <)er. I'Jlii re- 
[ceived a license to found a religions house 
I for I he i>onl8 of her mother Mciud and her 
|l)rother William, the victims of John's* re- 
|Tenge, 

^3|jittbew Fiirift (od. Lnurd) ; Annnlea Mooas- 
" tici (Rolls Series); Chrouic^ R. flove^kiai (ib.) ; 
Brut y Tywy*ogioa(ib.) ; Shirlt?v"« Royal Lf«tters 
^ib.); Pipe RuUs tt'nip. Joha; Charter and Patient 
Bolls ; Jtcporta of tho Drputj-keep^r ; Ryraur's 
Fc&dent; MoQ>*«riaia AngltejiQUtu ; Dugilale's Bn- 
iODag«; GeDtMilogist, roL ir,] J. U. E. 

BRASBRIDGE, JOSEPH (1 74:3-1832), 
AUtcibiogriipher^ be)<^an business as a silver* 
smith, with a good cftpilalt in Fleet Strwt, 
London. Pleasnre continualJy seduced him 
from his iihop, and bankrupley followed as a 

^ matter of course ; but eventually be wa« i-e- 
€6tabli8hed m business tbrougb the kindness 
of friends. In the hope that \im own Ludis- 
cretbna might prove a warning to others, he 



^tio] 



pubHahed, when in his eightieth vear, his 
memoirs under th€s title ot ' The I^ruits of 
perience,' which passed through two edi- 
tions m 1*524. His ixnirait is prehxed. lie 
died at Highgat^ on 28 Feb. 1852. 

[dent. Mng. xciv. (i.) 234, cii. (i.) 567; 
Bljickwouirs Kdinburgh ibig.xvi, 428 ; Lovirndt'ij's 
Bibb Mun. (Boha), 256; Hvans's Ctiw of Kn- 
gravod Purtriiit*, iL 60.] T, C» 

BRASBRIDGE, THOMAS (/. 1590), 
divine and uuthor» born in 1547, was of a 
Northamptonshire family, but lived at Ilan- 
bury in nis childhood. He was elected a 
demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1553, 
a probationer fellow of All Souls' in 1558, 
when he graduated li.A* (18 Nov>)» and ft 
fellow of Magdalen in 1562. He proci^eded 
M. A. on 20 Oct, 1 564. At Oxford he si udied 
both divinity and medicine, and remained to 
tend the plogne-stricken during the severe 
epidemic of 156.1-4, He supplicated for the 
d^ree of B.D. on 27 May 15/4, 



, but does not 
4ippear to have been granted it. About 1578 
he resigned his feilowship. He describes j 
himself aa an inhabitant of Londf>n in tliat | 
year, and engngtHl in tuition tliMre, He i 
fiubsequently obtained a living at Banbury, 
where he also opened a i^cbool and practised 
medicine. At rhristmfl.s-tiniL' In^ be was 
eeriously aj»saulted by a number of bis pa- ! 
rishioners belonging to the hamlet of Wick* : 



ham, who refused to come to church, His 
assiiilants, who preferred * dancing, or aome 
other like pasfebae/ to church-going, were 
charged with recusancy before the privy 
council in March 1588-9 (Cai. State Paperi, 
Doni. 1581-90). 

ISnisbridge was the author of : 1. ' Abdiaa 
the Ptophet. Interpreted by T. B., Fellow 
of Magdalen College in Oxford,* London, 
1574, dedicated to Henry Hastings, eurl of 
Huntingdon. 2. * The Poore Mun's levvel, 
that is to 8ay, a Treatise of the rei^it ilenee. 
Unto the which U annexed a deebiration of 
the Vfirtnes of the Heart's Carduus Bene- 
dictna and Angelica ; which are very medi- 
ciuable, botb against the Plague and also 
against many other diseases,' Li^ndon, l*>78, 
dedicated to Sir Thomas Kanisey, lord mayor 
of Loudon. Oilier impressions are dated 
1579 and loHt.l. A second enlarged edition 
w^tts issued by Hnu^bridge in 1592, with a 
dedication (dated *■ Ban bur ie, the 20 of lanu- 
arie, 1592 ') to Anthony Cope and his wife 
Frances. In both editions Turner's * Ilerball ' 
is laid und^'r frefiuent contri butiou. 3. * Q luus- 
tioues in Olhcia M. T. r*iceronis, compendia- 
riam tot i us opusculi Epitomen continente*^,* 
Oxford, 1615, dedicated to Lawrence Hum- 
phrey, pn>sident of Magdalen C3ollege, Ox- 
ford, 1586. The date of Brasbndge^ death 
is not known. 

[ W-xkI's Athenn? Oxon. (Bliss), i. fi26 ; Wood's 
Fiisti, i, lot, Ifld, 196; Brasbridge'a works; 
Brit. Mus. Cat.; WsUVn Bil>L Brit,] 8, L. L. 

BRASBRIGQ or BRACEBRIGGE, 
JOHN (J{, 1428), appears a.s a priest of the 
convent of 8 von in 1428 (Auxoikr), He ia 
ftaid to have given a hirge number of books 
to the convent, imd to bave written a treatise 
entitled * Cat boliconconrinensquiituorpiirtea 
grammaticie,' wbtcli, with other manuscripts 
Iielonging to Syon monajitery, passed to 
Corpus i'bristi College, Cambridge, its place 
in the old catabigue being O, ItS, and in Na- 
smith cxLit, The name of lirasbrigg h not 
to be found in Xasmith's catalogue. 

[Auagiers Hiniory of Syon Monastery, 62 ; 
Tanner'fl Bibb Brit. 118; Nasmitb, CatAlogaa 
Librorum MSS. in Acodemia Cantab.] W. H. 

BRASSorBRASSE, JOHN (1700-1833), 
educaiionsd writer, was educated at Trinity 
College, Cambridge, where be obtained a 
fellowship in 1811. He graduated B.A. as 
sixth wrangler in the same vear, proceeded 
M,A, in 1814, B,D. in 1824, and IXD, in 
1829. He was pres**nted by his college to 
the living of Stotfold, Bedfordshire, in 1824, 
which he held till his death, in 1833. He 
edited Euclid's * Elements of Geometry,* Loa- 




don, imn (f), and the * aidipua R^x * (1829 
and I8:i4), theH>:dipiisC\»lontHia*(lH!?ll).the 
'Trachiiii«D*(18;K)),andthe^\ntigone'(183()) 
of Sophocles, Ilf published s Gre^k Gradus 
in 1828, which was reissued, in two voliimea, 
at Grittin^tjn, under thfl f»ditorship of C. F. G. 
Siedhof, in IK39-40, and in England in 1847, 
undortheeditorahipof theEev. F, E.J. Vdpy- 
He gpelt his name Urnss in t*4irly life, and 
Bnusae in later yeara. I 

[Gent, Mag. 1833, i. 473-4 ; Brit. Mas. Cat] i 

S, L. L, I 

BRAS8EY, THOMAS (1805-1870^, rail- 
way contractor, was bom on 7 Nov. 1805 at 
Biierton^ Aldford, tin shire. The Hraaseja 
claimed to have live<l for 'nearly aix een- ; 
tiiries* at Bulkeley, near Malpa», Ches^hire, \ 
whence they had moved toBiierton by 1663. 
They retain tnl a proi>prty of three or four 
hundred acres at Biiikt'ley, which still l>e- 
lonffs to the family. Brat«.^ey*s father farmed 
land of his own at Buerton, Wsides holding a 
neighbouring farm niidt^r the Duke of West- 
minster at a rent of 850/. a year, Bragsey 
was sent to school nt Thu^^ter, and when nix- 
teen was articled to n land »urvj*yor named 
Lawton, agent to F. K, Price of firyn-y-pj8. 
Lawton took him into part lUT^hip, and placed 
him about IS*2<> at the head of a new buj*i- 
ness in Birkenhead, On LawtonV deaths 
Brasfiey became Price*s agent. In 1834 he 
made acquiiintnnce with George Stephenson, 
andt tlirougli him, obtained a contract for 
the Penkritlge viaduct on the * Grand Junc- 
tion line/ then in ceur&e of construction. 
Locke succeeded Stephen son as engineer in 
chief to thi.^ line, and, upon its completion, 
was employed on the I/Ondon and South- 
ampton railway. Brassey, at hia re<]uest, 
contracted for various works upon this line, 
and moved to Ltjndon in 1B.*WL He had mar- 
ried (27 Dec. 1831) Maria, second daughter 
of Joseph Harrison, a * forwarding Rsent in 
Liverpool, and the first rt^sident in the new- 
town of Birkenhead,* Mrs. Brassey enooiir- 
aged her hnsbiiud to take up the career of 
railway contractor, though it involved con- 
stant absence from linme and frequent changes 
of residence. Large contract ors had alivady 
been reouired for canalify hiirbours^ and other 
works, hut the rapid development of niil- 
ways now cnusi'd an owning, of which Bra»- ! 
Bey Bextraortlinary businesa faculties enabled 
him to take full advantage. He extended 
his operationa, until he waa interested in en- ] 
t e rp n ses i n e verj' q u arter of the globe . Lock e, 
on becoming engineer to the Paris and Kouen 
railway in 1841, introduced Bro-nsey us con- , 
tractor^ and on the completion of that line in I 
1843 he undertook the works for the Kouen 



and Havre railway, which was completed in 
two years, according to the agreejnent, in 
spiteof thefnllof the Barentin viaduct, which 
had cost 60,000/. His sphere of action now 
rapidly extended. From 1847 to 1851 he was 
contractor for the Great Northern railway, 
employing from five to six thousand men, 
who prnsented him with a ailver-ffilt shield, 
shown at the Great Exhibition of 1851» be- 
sides portraits of himself and family. A list 
of his numerous contracts ia given in Sir A 
Heine's 'Life and Labours of T, Brawey/ 
pp. 161-6. Amongst his chief undertakings 
wt-re : Italian railways (1850-3), the Grand 
Trunk Railway of Canada (1852-9), the Cri- 
mean railway (carried out with Sir Morton 
Peto and ^l^. Betts in 1854), Australian 
railways (1869-63), the Argentine railway 
(1864), aeyeral Indian railways (1858-65), 
and Mohlavian railways (186:.'^). In 18t«6 
Brassey had to surmount great financial diffi- 
culties, and showed remarkable energy in 
completing at the »ame time a line in Aus- 
tria, in wpite of the war with Prussia. The 
anxiety prubrtbly affected his health. In 
1867 lie mnde a business tour abroad. A 
breakdown at the opening of the Fell 
railway over Mont Cenif« caused him much 
anxiety, and he exposed himself in witnessing 
the experiments. He had a serious illne^ 
and a paralytic stroke, w^hich, though he re- 
covered at the rime, was followed bv another 
in September 1808, lie refused to allow him- 
self relaxation, and his health soctn declined. 
He spent his hist days at Hustings, and died 
on 8 r>ee. 1870. IleVas burle*! nt Cat^field, 
Sussex. He left a widow and three sons^ 
Thomns (now Sir Thomus), Henry Arthur, 
and Albert. 

Brassey is described by his biographer as 
a mim almost without faults. The only de- 
fect raenti(*ned w^as a difficulty in saying no, 
which led to involvement in some disastrous 
undertakings. His ruling passion was the 
execution of great works of the highest utility 
with punctuality and thoroughness. He pos- 
sessed the highest business talent, power of 
calculation, and skill in organisation. He 
knew* how to trust subordinates and distri- 
bute responsibility. He was beloved by the 
men he employed, and made the fortunes of 
many subordinates who rose by his help. He 
was lihrral, and indifferent to honours and 
to money t though he made a large fortune 
without suspicion of unfair dealing. His 
dom es t i c 1 i fe wa« perfect , A It hough his ed u- 
cationhad been i*canty,and he never ac<juired 
any command of foreign languages, he was a 
man of great natural retioement, with a keen 
taste for art and for natural beauty. Hia 
courtesy and shrewdness made him an excel- 




* 



I 



lent diplomatist, and in all bis undertaking 
he was on the most corrlial terms witli his 
aseocifttes. Bmssey'i^ experience in the em- 
ployment of lfil>ourer» of diflerent races was 
enormous, and lie mad© many interesting ob- 
«er5*ation#, of which some account is given in 
hie life. Sir T. Bra^sMey's * Work and Wagea * 
(1872) embodies some information denved 
from this and other sources, 

[life and Labourw of Mr. Brtvfrfley, by Arthur 
Helpp. 1872, with full informatioii from the 
fnmiW Rod many of Bmusey'a aMistanta nnd 

BRATHWAITE, RICTIAM) {irm?- 
1673), poeljbt^lonffed to a Westmoreland fa- 
mily who variouBly spelt tlit-ir luime Briitli- 
w ftit e , Brnt h w ait ^ Bra t h w a yt e , Bra i 1 1 1 w a i t e, 
Braythwait, and Braythwayte. The poet 
uses indiiferently the' tirst three of these 
forms. Hi« great-frrendfather, also Richard, 
the squire of Am ble^iiide, had one son, Kobert, 
w h o had t wo son 8, Th o mas and J am es, a n d ii v e 
dAUg^hters, Thomns, the poetV father, was 
a barrister and recorder of Kendal, and pur- 
chained the manor of %\'iircop, near Apnlehy, 
wln^re hv lived until hi« fnther's deatli i^ut 
him in pos*e>i.H ion of an estate at Uurm'shead 
or Bumeside, in the parish of Kendal. lie 
married Dorothy, daughter of KoWrt Biud- 
loss of Haulston, Wewtmorehind. Richard 
Brathwaite wna their second siu-viving son. 
lie was born about 1588, and it is suppsed 
at Bunieside, niuee in two of his pieces he 
6p«*aka of Kendal us his * native placf / That 
1588 was the year of his birth is clear from 
the inscription on his port mi t, ' An"^ 1620, 
^^Kt. :i8/iuid from the statement of Antliony 
a Wood that he * became a commoner of 
Oriel College a;i>, 1^304^ aged 16.* ' lie wm 
malriculntrd,' Wo(»d adds, * ng « g*^ntlemnn h 
son/ lie remained at Oxford fnrsevera! years, 
enjoying a schohirly lif*^ until his father 
desired nim to takt^ up the law as a profes- 
sion. To prepare for this he was sent to 
Cambridge, probably to Pern broke » ,^ince he 
wa« under the authority of I^mct^ot Au- 
drewes, who was master of that colleg»\ On 
leaving this univt*rsity he went uf to Lon- 
don, and according to his own account in 
'Spiritual 8picerie: containing sundrie sweet 
t racta tes of De vo t i on a nd P i e t y / 1 ti r^8 , f I e v ot ed 
himsflf at once to pHtrv, and particuhirly to 
dramatic writing, I'hese early plays, how- 
ever, are entirely lo*t, nnd nroiiably were 
never printed. Thomas Brathwaite died in 
1610, soon after his son came up to London, 
and the latter se*»ms soon iilK'r this to have 
gone down to live in Westmoreland on the 
estates his father hud left him. 

In 1611 he published his first volume, a 



I collection of poems entitled *The Golden 
I Fleece/ in which he refers to family bicker- 
ings, caused by bisfather^s will, all which are 
[ by this time happily concluded, lliih book is- 
dedicated to his iincle» Rolx'rt Bifidlosse, and 
to his own elder brother, Sir Tliomas Brath- 
waite, An appendix contains some*Sonnet« 
or Madrigals, but an essay on thi* ^ Art of 
I Poesy/ which appears on a sul>8idiarj^ title- 
page, does not occur in any known co]»y of 
I the very rare volume. In 1*^14 Brathwaite 
I published three works: a hook of pastorale, 
I entitle*! * The Poet s Willow ; ' a moral 
treatise, * The Prodigals Tearea ; ■ aud * The 
j Schollers Wedley,' afterwards rej:>rjnted as 
* A Survey of History, or a TSiirsery for 
Gentr>',' ItiSH and ItioL In 16lo he began 
to emulate Decker, Rowlands, and Wither, 
with a collection of satires entitled ' A Strap- 
pado tbr the Devil '—a volume founded di- 
rectly on * The Abuses Whipt and Hlript * of 
George W'ither, whom Brathwaite calls *my 
bonnie brother.' The second part of the 
volume is entitled * l^ove's Labyrinth/ an 
adaptation of the st(^ry of Pymmus and 
Thisbf , He continued for many ^'ears after 
this to pour forth volumes from the press, 
few of tliem of much merit. The most in- 
teresting of his early works is * Nature'a 
Emhassie : or the Wild»*-manH Measvrea : 
Danced naked by twelve Satyres/ a collec- 
tion of his odes and ptist orals, published in 
I i\2 1 . The tit ies of his other ivorks are given 
helnw. 

In May 1017 he wus married at Hurwortli, 
near iJarlington^ to Frances, daughter of 
James Lawson of >ieshMni. This lady bore 
liim nine children, tive of them sons. Hia 
elder brother, Sir Tliomas Brathwaite, died in 
1018, leaving a son, George, who matriculated 
at St. Johns College July HVM (MAYOTt'a 
Admissiofift, p. 7 ), luit RicJuird was henceforth 
regarded as the head of the family. He lived 
at Bumeside, find I^eciime captain of a com- 

Jmny of foot in the trained bands, depnty- 
ieutenant of the county of WeKtmoreland, 
and justice of the i>e«ce. His wife died on 
7 Miirch 10*:i3, a nil the pathetic terms in 
wbich he speaks of her merit and his loss 
prove thiit he wiis sincerely ultiiehed to her. 
On 27 June 163t) he married a widow, the 
daughter of Roger Crofts of Kirthngton in 
Yorkshire. He was lord of the manor of 
Catterick, and drew up a conveyance at the 
time of his second marriage making tlie pro- 

Serty oier to his wife in the event of hiB 
eath. They hnd one son, afterguards the 
giillant Sir Strafford Brathwaite, who waa 
killed in a sea-fight with Algerine pirates. 

The most famous of Brathwaite's works 
appeared in 1638 with the title of ' Barnabj© 




Brathwaite 



Bray 



Itiiufnirtum, or Uomabee'a JouniAl/ under 
tli I^mjin ' Corymbieuft/ This la ft 

ii| 'copd of Engliah triivcl, in I^tin 

Alia iaigiishdoggi'rel Vf^rse; it wa« neglected 
in ita own nffi^ but being ivprinted under 
the title of * Drunken Barniibj's Four Jour- 
ueytui/ lichit'vi'd a conaiderable success during 
thu »'lgfit«eiith century, and is at'Jl in some 
vn(fui\ The eleventh tHlitinn appeared in 
187*1 The ftUt[ior*hip was not ascertained 
until thi* publiaation of the 8«?venth edition 
by JcjA<'ph ![iLsIt*wo(id in 18 18. Soutbey 
pronounced tin.' originnl the best piece of 
rhymed I^itin in UHxiem litentture. Tlie 
Khglteih purl 18 l>est rBioembered by the 
often-quiited liuei* — 



To H<un1mry cnmo I, profane one! 
Wht-re I Krtw a jmritane one 
Hiinprj)i «»f hi« CJit on Motnlny 
For killini^ of n rnou>o on SundAy» 

Brathwail« is aaid to bave served on the 
royiilist 8ide in the civil wan He wn« a short 
niHti, wA] proportiomnliind siiifoihirlv hfliid- 
somt*. He r+^movt'dto Cutteriek, and seems 
to have retained hiji strength up to old age, 
for he wa« one of the trustees of a free 
school there, and ib ^H^ken of m in full 
possession of his authority and powers on 
12 April 1673. He was, however, iit that 
time unar his end, for lie died on 4 May fol- 
lowing, at Fast Appletou» near Catterick, 
being eij^hty-live years of ag^. He wiis 
buried three diiys later on the nortli side of 
the chancel of the parish church of Catterick. 

The writings of Bmlhwaite not yet men- 
tioned lire the following: — 1. *A Soleinne 
lovinll l^iKputatifui/ 1617, a prose description 
of * The LnwH of Uriiikinjf/ A second pnrt 
bears the tith^ ' Tlu^ Smnakin^ Ajje, or the 
m&n in the mist: with the life and death of 
Tobacco/ 10 1 7 and 1 7U3. This is* anouy niou.s. 
A La»in version, under the pseudonym * lihi- 
sius Multibibim/ appeansl in UyjiS. 2. * A 
New Spring tshudowed ' ( under the [jseudo- 
nym ot Mvsophilva), 16l*J, verse, ^i. ' Es- 
saies upon the Five Senses,* 16l^0, Iti'io, 
181 o. 4. ^The Sheidieards Tide^; 16:21, a 
collectioii of pastorals, o. * Times Cvrtiiine 
Drawae/ Iti^I, verse. 0. ' Britain s Hath/ 
1625, which included an elegy on the Earl 
of Soutliamptou ; of this no copy is now known 
to be extant. 7. * The I^Inglish Gentleman/ 
1080, IMl, 1652- 8. *The English Gentle- 

» woman," 16'il, 1641. tl. ^ Wluaizies, or a 
new casst of cluiract ers , ' 1 (>: I K 1 0. * Xo^nssima 
Tuba/ I0;12, a religiouft poem in Latin. A 
translation by John Vicars uppeared in 163o". 

11. 'Anniversaries upon his PauEirete/ 16*^4, 
1635, a poem in memory of his tirst wife. 

12, * Ragland's Xiol>e/ lit^io, a p<x^m in me- 



I morr of Elisabeth, wife of Kdward ! 
I loid" Herbert* 13. * The Arcadian Prince«&,* 
I 11335, A novel from the Italian in prose and 
I verse, 14. * The Livea of all the Bomioi 
Empepow,* 1630 (the dedication ia 
R. B.) 15. 'A Spiritual .Spicfirie,' li 
proae and ver»e, 1 6. * The Piialme-s of T 
(by R B,), 1638. 17. ^Vr't a*leepe1 
biuid ? ^ 1640, a collection of * bolster It^ 
' ture«,* in prose, on moral tb^mBg, with tti 
history of Philoclea and Doriclea, by Philo 
i|;ene« Panedonius. 18, *The Two LAnca^biB 
Lovers^ or the Excellent History of Pbiloclfl 
und Doriclea/ by Musseua PalatiniH^ 1640, i 
novel in prose. 19. * Aatraea's Teni^.' 16liJ 
I an ^'legy on the judge. Sir Richard Utitt^T 
Brw t h w a it e's godfat her and kin&ma n , 20. ' 
Mutitur Roll of the EvUl Angels/ 1655, 16M ^ 
an account, in prose, of the most not-ed heTe-" 
tics, by * R. B. Gent.' Some copies bore the 
title *'CapitaU Ilereticks,' 21. * Lipu 
Vitw/ 1658, a Lat in poem. 22, * The ^ne 
Oboat/ 1658, an anonvmous satire in Ten 
2a *The Captive Captain/ 1665, a 
by * R. 11/ in pro^e and verse. 24. * A Cob 
ment upim Two Tlde«^ of our Ancient 
Poet Sr Jeiiray Chavcer, knipht/ by * R, ^ 
1665. It is ver\' doubtful whet her tkia Ion 
list 18 by any means complete. He contr 
buted the *Good Wife, tog-ether with an ex 
guisite discourse of Epitaphs/ to Patric 
Hannay's * A Happy Husband,' 1619. In 
the marjaritial note to the * English Gentle- 
man* (lij;i(J>, p. U*8, Brathwaite mentions a 
work by himaelf entitled the * Huntaman^a 
Raunire/ wliich is now lost. 

[The prinoipil authority for the lifoof Brath- 
wnito is Joseph Haslewiwd, who published a very 
elnlionite memoir nud bibliography m 1820, as a 
preface to the ninth edition of Barnabee'S Jour- 
nal. 8otne genenlogical iuformation has been 
sn|ipHed by Mr. W. Wiper of Manchester.] 

E. Q, 




BRAXFIELD, Lohd. 

RobehtJ 



[See MACftUEB* 



BRAY, ANNA ELIZA (1790-1883] 
novelist, daughter of John Kemjie, buUi« 
porter in the Mint, and Ann, davighter 
Jame;^ Arrow of Westminster, was born in' 
tlui piirisb of Newin|,fton, SurreVi on '2o Dec. 
1790. It was at one time intencled that Miss 
Kenipe ,shoiild adopt the stage as her pro- 
It^ftfiion, and her public appearance at the 
Batii Theatre wils duly announced for 27 May 
1816; but a severe cold, wliich she caught 
on her journey, prevented her appearance, 
and the on^iort unity was lost for ever. In 
February 1818 *(he was married to Charlea 
Alfred St ot hard, the son of the disling-uished 
royal ncademician und an urtist Mmaelf, 



uiTI 




Bray 



Bray 



I 



hose talents were devoted to tlie illiis- 
,tion of the sculptured monumentii of 
iveat Britftiii, With him f^he joiirneyed 
fiance, and her iirst work toasiated of 
XiGtters written during u Tour in Nor- 
Ij, Brittany, &c., in 1818.' Her hius- 
d was unlurtumitely killed through u fall 
►m a ladder in B«?er Ferrers church, Devon- 
re, on 28 Mi\v 1821^ wliile he wajs en- 
ed in collecting materials for his. work, 
The Monumental FiHgiea of Great Britain/ 
~y St(jthard she hml one child, a daughter, 
lom pointhumously 29 Jane 1821, who died 
Feb. 1822. Mrs. Stothard undertook to coni- 
tlete the hook her h us bund left unfinished, 
th the aid of her brutherj Mr, Alfred John 
em)>e, KS,A. When Stothurd dietl it hud 
^iftdvauoed as far as the ninth number, and the 
.entire volume, which was publishe<l in 18-52, 
ved & severe Btrain upon hit^ widows 
jfiources. She subeequenrly (1823) brought 
lUt It memoir of her late liusboud. Many 
Ut«r ehe commanicated to the ' Gen- 
^e Magazine ' und to ' Blackwood's 
le* remini^cencHH of her father-in-law, 
las Stothard, It. A., and these were 
afterwards (18.'') I) expanded into a life of 
that adminible artist. At her death she left 
to the British Mnaeam tlie original drawings 
of her husband*B great work. 

A year or two after the decea^^ of Stot- 
hard Lis widow imirried the lie v. Edward 
Alkyns Bray [q. v.], the vicar of Tavistock. 
She then entered ujhmi novel writing, and 
from 1826 to 1874 she isisued at least a dozen 
works of fiction. Some of thes^e, such as 
* The Talbii, or the Moor of Portugal ' — on 
the publication of which ahe became ac- 
quainted with Southey, and worshipped him 
throughout her career — dealt with foreign , 
life; but the moi^t popular of her novels I 
were those which were based on the history 
of the princi]Md famihes (the Tridawneys of 
Trelawne^the Pomeroys.and the Court enays ' 
of Walreddon) of the count ie,** of Devou and 
Cornwall. They were all of them of an his- 
torical character, and proved so popular thiit 
they were issued in a ml of ten volumes 
hv Longmana in 184+>-d, and were reprinted 
|>V Chapman & Hall so recently as 1884. 
ller ttecood husband die<l in I8ij7j and Mrs. 
Bray then removed to London, where she 
employed heriself at first \vitli selecting and 
editing some of his poetry and sermouj^, and 
Alterwftrde again betook herself to oriji^inal 
work. Her last years were embitterBd by 
the report thai during a visit to BayeiLSc: in 
18lt» she had stolen a piece of the taiic-^try 
'fcr which that city is furaous; but her cha- 
'^cter was cleared bv the correspiuidenceand 
leading articles whicli appeared in t he columns 




of the -Times* on the suljject. After a long 
life S]ient in literary labours, she died in 
London on 21 Jatu 1883- Her autobiography 
to 1843 was published by her ne]ihew, Mr. 
John A. Kempe, In 1884; but it is neither 
80 complete nor m accurate us might have 
been expected. It discloses an accomplished 
and kindly woman, proud of her own crea- 
tions, and enthusiastic in ]>ruise of the literary 
characters with whom she had come in con- 
tact, 

Mrs. Bray was the author of many worka 
in addition to those which hiive been already 
enumerated. The most entertaining and the 
most valuable of all was * The Borders of the 
Tamar and the Tavy ' ( 18.*J^>, 3 vols. ), describ- 
ing, in a series of letters to R^jbt-rt Jxnithey, 
the ti'aditioiis mid the sinwrstitions which 
surround the toMn of Tavistock. It was 
reviewed by Southey in the 'Quarterly Re- 
view/ The remainder copies were ifisued w*it h 
a new title-page by Mr. IL G. Bohn in 1838, 
and a new edition^ compressed by Mr?*. Bray 
herself into two volumes, appeared in 1879, 
With this may be read a series of tales for 
' young people ' on the romantic legends con- 
ni'cted with Dartmoor and North Cornwall, 
entitled, * A Peep at the Pixies, or Leg^ends 
of the West' (l8o4K The interest of her 
trai^els, * The Mountains and Lakes of Swit^ 
zerland, with Notes on the Route there and 
hack * 1 1841 ), may bo said to have eva|s>rured 
by this time, thoug-b their value at a time 
w'hen the continent w^aa less explored than 
it is now^ was generally recognised. W hen 
after a ^ilence of some years she again in 
1870 appeared as an author, she issued three 
compilations in French histor>', *The Good 
St. Louis and his Times,* 'The Revolt of the 
Pnitestants of tht! Cevennes/ and *JoMn of 
.\rc/ All of them were pleasantly written, 
but they lacketl that historical research which 
could make them of jiermanent viilue. Of 
all Mrs. Braves works, the most lasting" will 
probably prove to be her letters to Southey 
on the legends and 6U]>erstitions on the 
borders of tlie twin-streams of the Tamar 
and the Tavy. 

ntfaclean s Trigj^ Minor, i. 78; Southey '§ Idfa 
and C*>rre«{>f) ride nee ; Mrs. Brad's Autobio- 
graphy, 1884 ■ Library Chromcle, i. 126-9.] 

W. P. C. 

BRAY, CHARLES (1811-1884), author 
of various works on philosophy and educa- 
tion, was born in Coventry on 31 Jan. 181 L 
He was the son of a ribbon matnifacturer in 
that city, to wlif>B« business he succeeded in 
184J5. From this he retired in 1850. While 
yet a young man, he eatablished an infanta* 
school in one of the poorest neigh bo nrhoods 



I 



in Coventjy, iind, in opprwition to & church I 

movement e<iiic«ive<l on sfraiter lines, took | 
an artive pirt in nromotinp an unitectAnan 
school wlm;Ij ,*^honul be nTailAble for diswen- 
tt^n*. His tirnt pitblirmtion was an *Addreaa 
to the \\ nrkinj.; CU»i»es on the Education of 
tliu Hn<ly' ( lH;i7). This was followed bv the 
* Edtic^il ion of the Feelings* (I8.*i8), of which ' 
there have been neverul editionw^ the laj«t of 
them toJcing the form of a school manual ' 
('The Education of the Feelings: h Mara I 
Syit^m for secular sM^hoob/ 1875). In 1841 
he published the * Philosophy of Necessity, 
or the Lhw of Consequences a.-* applicable to 
Mental, >foral, tind Social *Seience ; this work 
contained an appendix (afterw^ards septtTHtely 
inbliKhetl J bv the unthor's siKter-in-law^Mary 
ienneilt giving an iiistorical outline of com- 
mnntties founded on the principle of co- 
oi>t^ration. The Nicialistic theories at this 
time in the air spetnally attracted him, and in 
1842 lie attended Robert < >wenV * t lj>oTiinff of 
the Millen Ilium ' nt Queen wochI, Humpafnre. 
The fadure of this experiment limited his 
social »i,Hpimtions to more prnctiuable objects. 
He heljR'd to establish ( 1^43} the Coventry 
Labouri3ra* and ArtisiinF' S^>eiety, which de- 
veloped into a co-operutive society, of which 
he WHS president ; he started (iH-io) a work- 
ing mans club^ which failed owiug to the 
rival attractions of the public-bouse; and be 
took an active share in the management of 
the Coventry Mechanics' Institute und the 
Coventry Provident I)is])enAtiry. In addition 
to the works already named, he published 
the * riiilosopby of Xece^w^ity," 2nd. ed. IStil 
(in great piirt re-written) ; H)n Force and 
k» Mental CorrelateM/ lH&\ ; *A Maniiiil of 
Aiitliropolog>\ or Keience of Man ba^ed upon 
Modern llesearcb (Ist ed. 187 1 , 2nd ed. 1883) j 
'Psychological and Ethical Delinitions on a 
Physiological Bni<if^/ 1879 ^ and a number 
of pamphb'tK on siM^culiiti-^e and practical 
subjects. The posj^ession of a }mm\ pnper 
(1846-74) gave him an additional tield for 
his opinions, which at all times, aud on all 
subjects, he stated with a candour that took 
no account of consequences. Converted to 
phrenology by George Combe, with whom 
he formed an intimate association, be never 
abnndoned it. Plirenology jind the doctrine 
of necessity form the groundwork of nil bis 
writi ngs. A m o u g h is earl y f ri e iids w n s M ary 
Ann Evans (George Eliot), who while young 
and uncelebrated was for some time a niera- 
ber of his honst*bold- In his autobiography 
(* Phases of opinion and Experience during 
a Long Life,' 1884) he gives an interesting 
account of her, and George Eliot^s * Life as 
related in her Letters and Journals' (1886) 
is largely baaed on correspondence with * the 



Braya ' (i.e. Bray^ hifl wife, and hU »i«t€r-iii-_ 
law. Miss Sara Hennell). A postAcrint U ' 
the * Phases of t>pinioii and Experience, die 
taterl rather le^s than three weeks before kij 
death, which took place on 6 Oct. IB84^ t 
tains the following: * My time is come, t 
in about a month, in all probability, it i .. 
be finished. . . . For fif>y years and more '. 
have been an unbiassed and an unpn^dicei 
seeker after truth, and the opinionj^ I have 
come to, however different from thr»se uisiually 
held, I am not now% at the la^t hour, dispoeed 
to chaniare. They have done to live by, they 
will do 10 die by/ 

[Brays Phiuws of Opinion and Experieocs 
during a hong Life. 1884 ; Mutbilde Bliad's 
George Eliot (Eminent Women Ser.), 1883; 
Geoi^o Eliot'a Life, by J. W. Ctom, 188o; Lifft- 
and Letters of Profeseor W. B. Hodgson, 181 
p. 364 ] J. M. S 




BRAY, EDWARD ATKY>'S (1778 
1S57), poet and miscellftneoiis writer, tl 
only son of Edward Bray, solicitor^ an 
manager of the Devonshire e^itntes of the ' 
Duke of Bedford, was btkni at the Abbpy 
HoiL^, Tavi.'itock, 18 Dec. 1 778. His mother, 
Man, a dau^bterof Dr. Brandreth of Hough«J 
ton Keg-is, and the widow of Arthur TumerJ 
would not ftUow her son to be aent to a pub 
lie school, and he was educatetl by himself, i 
circumutance which en^rendered in bim habitti 
of Laiolation and rej^traint. At an early age I 
cultivated poetrv, two small selections fr< 
his effusions circulating among his friend 
before he wa* twentv-three. Bray became a 
frtudent at the Middle Temple in 18(J1 and 
wa.** called to the bar in 1806, For somftj 
time he went the western circuit, but tb 
profesHion of the law had from the firet. il] 
accorded with his dismeition, and after ^Vi 
vears of trial be abandoned it for the church. 
lie was ordained by the Bishop of Norwich 
about 1811, and in the following year, by §1 
the favour of the Duke of Bedford, becamifl| 
lliH vicar of Tavistock and the perpetnal^ 
curate of Brent Tor, Almost immediately 
after his ordination be entered himself at j 
Trinity College, Cambridge, and took thi^H 
degree of HJK as a ten-year man in 18;?2,^ 
In Tavistock be resided for the re^t of liis 
lit-e, and if be ditfered iVom his parishioners 
on politico or preached over their beads, he 
retained their respect. He married the widow 
of C. A. Stothard [see Bkat, Anna Elixa], 
and an amu.sing acct Hint of the habits of the 
worthy \icar and hts wife is embodied in 
the bvtterV autobiography. Bniy died at 
Tavistfudi 17 July 1857. During his lifetime 
he publiiihed several selections of sermons: 
L * Sermons from the Works of the most 



and 



■ 




ftinent Divines of the I6tli, 17tli» iind 18rli 
Centuries/ 1818. 2. * Discourses from Tracts 
_ftnd TreAtiaes of eminent DivineV 18:21. i 
' Select Sermons })v Thnma.^ Wilson, 
bop of Sodor and Mim/ and a. volume of 
|.0wn, * DLscoursee on Protestantism/ 1829, 
Jl poetical productions were for the most 
art circulated privately, A ff er Rmy'.^ deatli 
" J widow collected and publisbed his ' Poet i- 
ftl R*3mains' (l8o9, 2 vob, ), and also ♦A 
frlection fn>m the Sermons, Genenil and Oc- 
sional, of Uev. E. A. Bmy * ( 1 HW, 2 vol?*,) 
it one time he projected a history of his 
Biitive town of Tavistock, and made con- 
[sidt^rablo collections for it, but the under- 
^tftking wa8 never completed. Miiny extracts 
from his journuls describing tlie curiosities 
of Dartmoor and many of his p4>«ms are 
inaertf^d in Mrs. Bray's * Tamar and Tnvy/ 

^WllGn she published her work on SwitKerbind 
ebe embtxlied with it ninny pa^aa^es in the 
diary which her husband kept whilst on the 
tour, 

[Muinoir prefixed to Poetical Kernaina ; 
Mm Bray's Tamar and Tary (1879 ud.). ii. 304- 
373.] W. P. C. 

BRAY, JOHN (/. 1377), physician and 
botanist, received a pension of 100*. a year 
from William, eurl of Salisbtiry, which was 
confirmed by Richard IL He wrote a. list 
of herbs in l»atin, French, nnd Enn;lijili, 
*Synonyma de nominibus Iierbarura.' This 
manuscript was formerly part of the col lec- 
tion of r , Reniard ; it is now in the Sloane 
Collection in tlie British Museum. 

[Tanners Bibl. Brit. 122 ; Catah Slnane HSS. 



232, 32.] 



W. H. 



I 

■ 

I 

I 



BRAY, SirREGIN ALD(>f. 1 503), states- 
man and arcbiteet, was the second son of Sir 
Richard Bray, oue of the privy council to 
Henry VI, by his wife Joan Trou^ht^m, The 
father was of Eaton-Bray in Bedfordshire^ and 
lies buried in the north aisle of Worcester ca- 
thedral; Le land speaks of him Qi* having- been, 
by the report of some, physician to Henry VI 
(Jlfineraru^ 1 Kla). The son was bom in the 
parish ot 8t. Jrdiii Bedwardine, near Wor- 
cester (NAim, Worce^terifhire^ ii. tS09). He 
held the situation of receiver-general and 
steward of the household to Sir Henry 
Stafford, the second husband of Mnrgaret, 
countess of Uicbmond (mother of the Earl 
of R ichmon d , afte rwa rds K i u^ H en rjr V 11) , 
and be continued in her service dnrinf? her 
Bubsequent roarriatfc with Thomas, lord 
Stanley{aftervvardaiGarl of Derby), by whom 
he was appointed a trustee for her dower of 
600 marks per annum. In 1 Richard HI 
(1483) he had a general pardon granted to 



bim, prolmbly for having taken part with 
Henry VI. 

When the Duke of l^uckingham had con- 
certed with Morton, bishop of Ely (then bia 
prisoner at Brecknock in Wales)*, the mar- 
riage of the Earl of Richmond with the 
Princess Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Ed- 
ward IV, and the earKs advancement to the 
throne, the bishop recommended Bray for the 
communication of the idfair to the eo unless, 
telling the duke that he bad an old Iriend 
who was in her service, n man sol>er, secret, 
and well wit ted, called Reginald Bray, whose 
prudent policy he had known to haie com- 
passed matters of great importance ; and ac- 
cordingly lie wrote t o Bray , then in Lancashire 
with the countess, to come to Brecknock 
wntb idl speed. Bray readily obeyed the 
summons, entered heartily into the design, 
und was vety active in carrying it into effect, 
having engaged Sir Giles Daul)fr'0ey (after- 
wards Lord Daubeney), Sir John Oheney, 
Richard Guilford, and many other gentlemen 
of note, to take part with Henry (IUll, 
Chromcley t 37), After the defeat of Rich- 
ard in at Bos worth he became a great 
favourite with Henry VTI, who liberally re- 
warded his services ; and he retained' the 
king's confidence until his death* He was 
created a knight of the Biith at the lting*a 
coronation, and afterguards a knight of the 
Garter, In the first year of the king's reign 
be had a grant of the constablesliip of the 
castle of Uakbam in Rutland, and was ap- 
pointed joint chief justice, with Lord Fitz* 
waller, of all the forests south of Trent, and 
chosen of the privy ctmnciL After this he 
was appointed uigh-treasurf^r and chancellor 
of the duchy of Lancaster. 

In 3 Henrj' VII he was appointed keeper 
of the parks of Guilford and Henley, with 
the manor of Claygate in Ash for lite ; and 
the year following, by letters patent dated at 
Maidstone 23 Dec. 1488, a commissioner for 
raising the quota of archers to be furnished 
by the counties of Surrt*y^ Hampshire, and 
Middlesex for the relief of Brittany, By 
indenture dated 9 if ay 1492 he was retained 
to serve one whole year in parts beyond 
the seas, Tvitb twelve men of arms, includ- 
ing himself, each having his custrel (shield- 
bearer) and page, twenty-four half-lances, 
&eventy-seven a it hers on horseback, and tw^o 
hiindrtnl and thirty-one archers and twenty* 
four hill-men on f<X)t ; being at the same 
time made paymaster of the forces destined 
for this expedition (Rymeh, Fuff^ra^ed. 17 1 1, 
xii, 480)* On the king's intended journey to 
France, Sir Reginald was one of those in 
W'hom the king vested his estates belonging 
to the duchy of Lancaster for the puipoae of 




Bray 



Bray 



MfiUiof lua wilL In the tenth year of the 
1<ioj? ho hjid 11 f^nt for life of the Isle of 
\Vi;;ht, cuttlo of C&mbrook, and the munors 
of »Swftiniitxm» Brixton, Thorle)% mid Welow 
tin that igU% at tht^ rent of ^(18/. 6#, Bd. ! 
(Htmeb, xii, 480). lu OctoIxT UlU he was 
m^ff high steward of the universily of Ox- 
ford, and he ia believed to have also held the 
iame office in the univeraity of Cambridge. 
In 11 Henry \TI h*5 waa in the parliament 
then summoned, hut, the returns Ving lost, 
it is not known for what place he starved. 

In June 1497 he wita at the battle of 
Blackheath when Lord Audley, who had 
joined the Coniish n^bels, wa* taken prisoner. 
On this occasion Bray wa*i made a knight 
banneret (IIotiSftHED, CAnmule^^ iii. 1254), 
and after the execvition and attainder of Lord 
Audley. that nobleman's manor of Shire, with 
Vachene and Cranley in Surrey, and a large 
estate there, waa given to Sirlteginald. On 
the marriage of Prince Arthur he waa aaao- 
ciated with person** of high rank in the church 
and state as a trustee for the dower assigned 
to tlie Princ«'fis rfttherin*? of Arrn^on. 

The chapel of St. Gtn>rp' at WimUor. and 
thiJt of his royal mai^tvr King Henry Mi at 
Wefttminster, are Htiinding monuments of his 
liberality and of his ^kili in architecture. To 
the former of these he waa a considerable 
benefactor aa well by his attention in con- 
dtictiiig the improvements made upon that 
structure by ^bc king» as by his contn but ions 
to the gupport of it after bia death. He 
bnilt also, at his own expense, in the middle 
of the south aisle, a cbjipel which still bears 
his name, and in various parts of which, as 
well as on the ceiling of the church, his arms, 
cn^Mf and the initial letters of his name may 
gtill be seen, as may also a dt^^ice of his fre* 
qoently repeated both on th«^ outer and inner 
side of the cornice dividing this elmpel from 
the south itisle of the chon^h, representing 
an int^tniinent used by the manufacturerM of 
hemp, II nd culled a hemp-brtiy. The desigira 
of Henry \*irs chiipel at XVestmioster is 
supposed to have been bis \ and the fiiBt 
st-one was hi id by him, in conjunction with 
the Abbot L^lip and others, on 34 Jan. 1502-3, 
Sir Reginald did not live to see the comple- 
tion of the edifice, for on G Aug, IntKJ be 
died, and was interned in the elmpel of his 
own found ft tif>n at Witukor. On ojM^nlng a 
vault in tlii» plat;e for the interment of Dr. 
Waterland in 1740, a leaden cothn of an 
ancient form waa discovered which wn« sup- 
posed to be Sir Reginald's, and by order of 
the dean it w*as immediately arched over. 
Sir ll<?ginaM is said to have been the archi- 
tect of the nave and aisles of St. Mary's, 
Oxford, and it haf; been conjectured that he 



also designed St, Manr*« Tower at Taiml< 
He waa a muti " " tiefactor to churcb 
monaateries, ; ■?. 

Bray mameu '(imnrine, daughter of ?< 
cholas Husee, a descendant of the ancii 
barons of that name in the reign of 
ward in. He had no i^sue, and hif^ el 
brother John having only one di 
married tn Sir AVilbam Sander, aftJ 
Lord Sandes of the Vine, he left the 
hia fortune to Edmiuid, eldest- son of 
younger brotheT John (for he 
brothers of that name ). This Edmi 
summoned to parliament in 1530, 
of Eaton-Bray ; but his son John, loi 
dying without is^ue in lo57, the ^ssti 
divided among six daughters of 
Sir Reginald left very considerable ^^ 
Edwat^ and Reginald, younger brotlS^ 
Edmund. 

His portrait was in a window of tbd j 
church of Great Malvern in Worcesi 
and ia engra\'ed in Strut t*8 * View 
Manners, Customs, &c. of the Inhabitants 
England,* ii, pi. 60, and more accurately 
Carter s * Ancient Sculpture and Painting 

Bray is represented as being * a very fathr 
of his country, a sage and a graue person, 
a feruent louer of iiu^tice. In so muche tht 
if any thinge had bene done against gQ< 
law or eqmtie, be would, after an burnt! 
fassioti, plainly reprehende the king, and get 
him good aduertLsement how to reforme t* 
offence, and to be more circumspect in anotJM 
lyke case' (HjiXL, Vnion of the two/ameU 
of Lanctutrr and Vofke^ ed. 1648^ Hen. \X 
fol. 56 h). Bacon says of him, howev 
* that he was noted to have had with t] 
king the greatest freedom of any counseUu 
but it was but a freedom the better to set 
flattery.* 

In the library at Westminster are mal 
original letters addressed to Bray by Smyt 
bishop of Linccdn, and other prelates and i 
blemen, and muny other letters relating 
his own private business. 

[William Bray. F.S.A., ia Biog. Brit,(Kippii 
BravU*Vs Surrey, f, 181, 186, 187; Charaliei 
Mttfvern (1820)' 42, 248 ; Chainl)crs'» Worewt 
shiro Biography. 38 ; Churton's Lives of Btahl 
f^niyih aad Sir R. Sutton ; Cooper a Athii 
Cautiib, i, 6 : Cofjper'a ]Mi?Tnoir of Margai 
Coimtoss of Riehujomi and Derby, ed. May0 
CcKjper's Mtinuriuls tjf Cambridge, i. 368; Evai 
Cat. of EngTHved Portniirs. 1271 ; (rent. SI 
1827, ii. 30-1, 1835, i. 181 ; Mannings Lives of 
Sptakprs of thp Ilonse of Commoas,, 138—91 
Miinning and Bmy'B Surror, i. 614, 617; Ad^ 
MS.K. 6833 f. 67 ^ 21605 lU}; Latisd. MS, 91 
f. 23 & ; Nici>la»'s Testamentii Vetusta, i4( 
Sherinanni Hist. Coll, Je*iU Ciintab, (Halliwal 



*i^ : Proceeding!* of the 9onirrsctf<hiro Archaeo- 
> : 111 j%T)d Natural HUt. Soc, viil 133-18; 
Mrutr^ Mjiimt'rs, Custucis, &e. of the Inhal^it- 
ntitb of En^'lntid, iL 127 ; Tlin*^ Boolts of Poly- 
dore Vtrgii'*^ Engl. Hist. cd. Ellis (Crtmden Soc), 
195. 19(1; Willemt'nt'ii Account of the Restora- 
ttonh of I he Colkgiate Clmpel of St, George, 
Winrkor. 25, 27, 28. 42; Wood's Ajiniils of 
Oxford (Gutoh), I 651.1 T. C. 

BRAY, THOMAS (1656-1730), divine, 
WQS born at Marton in Shropshire, and edu- 
< rittd at tJswestry School, whence he pro- 
c«'«(lHd t(.» Oxford, He toolc his B,A. degree 
(All SoijLh, 11 Nov. 1678), and thot of M.A. 
(Hart Hall, V2 Dec. 1693). Having received 
holy orders he served for a short time n cu- 
mcy near Bridpiiorth, and then hecamt* chii[)- 
Iftin in the family of Sir T* Price of Pftrk Hull 
in Warwickshire* SirThomae presented him 
to the donative of Le« Mnreton or >f ursi^ii, nnd 
his diligence in thisi post introduced him to 
John Kett lewell* vicar of Colealiil], and also to 
Kettle well's patron, Simon, Lord Digby, and 
Sir Cliarlefi liolt , lie al«o made a favmirahlo 
impression hv an aseize sermon winch he 
preached at Warwick while ijuite a jonng 
man. Lord Bigby was one of the congrepa* 
tion, and afterwards recommended him to his 
brother and aucceeaor to the title, William, 
lord Bigby, who presented him to the 
Ticarage of Over- Whit acre, and subsenuently 
l#ndowed it witli the gn*at tithc>s. In 1690 
Bray was presented by the same patron to 
the rectory of Sheldon, vacant by the refusal 
of the rector, Mr. IHgby Bull, to take the 
oaths at the Itevohition/ At Sheldon, Brifcy 
composed the first volume of hie * Oatecliet ical 
L.ecture8,* which were published by the * au- 
thoritative injunctions of Dr. Lloyd, bishop 
of Lichfield and Cnventr>, to whom the vo- 
lume was dedicat*^d» The work at once be- 
came popular, and made Bray's name well 
Imown in London* About the year 1691 the 
goreranr and assembly of Maryland deter- 
mined to divide that province into parishes, 
and t^ appoint a lepal maintenance for the 
minifiters m each parish* In 1 695 they i^Tote 
to request the bishop of London to send them 
over iome clergyman to act as bis commissary* 
and Bishop Compton selected Bray for the 
poet. Bray accepted it, hut wafi unable to 
*et out for Maryland until the return of 
a new act thence to be confirmed by the 
flovereign; the first act for tbeestablifthmeut 
of the diurch being rejected, because it waa 
^wrongly stated in it that the law« of England 
were in force in Maryland. Meanwhile he 
ivaa employed under Bishop Compton in seek- 
ing out missionaries to be sent abroad as soon 
aa the new act could be obtained. He found 
that he could only enlist poor men unable to 



■#n. 

I 



buy books, and he seeina to have made the 
help of the bishops in providing libraries a 
condition of his going to Maryland. From a 
paper still extant in Lambeth library it ap- 
pears that t he two ttrchbijilnips and ti vebishops 
agreedto * contribute cheerfully towards these 
parochial libraries.* Meanwhile Bray had ex- 
tended his plans, and set himself to pro^-ide 
libraries for the clergy at home as well as 
abroad. He nnnectea a scheme for esta- 
blishing panjcniHl lihraries in every deanery 
throughout England and W'ales, and so far 
succeeded that before bis death he saw up* 
wartls of eighty established. No less than 
tbirty-niue libraries, some containing more 
than a thousand volumes, were estahlisbed in 
North America, besides ninny in other foreign 
lands during Brav*a lifetime. His * premier 
library * was fonnded at Annapolis, t he capit al 
of Maryland, called after Anne, Princess of 
Denmark, who gave a * noble l)enefaction * 
towards the valuable library there. The 
library "scheme soon ht'caroe part of a larger 
scheme which took shapt; in tli© * Society for 
Promoting Christian Knowledge.* In 1697 a 
bill was brought into parliament to alienate 
lands given to superstitious uses, and vest 
them in Greenwich Hospitah Bray petitioned 
that a share of them should be appropriated to 
the* propagation of true religion ni our foreign 
plantations.' The petition was well received 
in the house, but the bill fell through; so he 
received no help from that quarter. In 1698 
he addressed the king for a grant of some ar^ 
rears of taxes due to the crown, and actually 
followed the kin|f to Holland to get the grant 
completed ; but it was found that the arrears 
were all hut valueless. He drew up a plan 
*for having a protest ant congregation pro 

I propaganda fide by charter from the king ; ' 

' but * things were not yet ripf» for the charter 
society,* so to prepare the way be tried to 

I form a voluntary society, laid the plan of it 
before the bishop of I^ndon, and found * seve- 

j ral worthy persons willing to unite/ The 
first sketcli of the objects of the society, which 
included the libraries at home and abroad, 

I charity schools, and missions both to colo- 

i nistsandthe heathen, was preparetl by Bray, 
and he was one of the first five members, and 
the only clergyman among them, who com- 
posed tlie first meeting on 8 March 1898-9. 
All this wliile Bray was entirely without any 
provision to support him* Two preferraeDt« 

I were oflered him at home, the otlice of sub- 
almoner and the living of St. Botolph, Ald- 

[gate; but he was not the man to be so 
diverted. Having waited for more than two 
years, he determined to set forth. He had 
previously, at the request of the governor of 
Maryland^ taken the d^ees of B.D. and D.D. 




*t Uxford (Magtialeii, 17 Dec, 16915), though 
he could ill afford to |my the fees. No allow- 
ance wtus made him for tixpenses^ and he was 
^>hli^ed to dijujiose of his owji ^nmW *;Wi*cts and 
fftisi! money on credit. On HI Df.^e. 1699 he set 
sail for Mftryknd. Knowing that missionaries 
wen^ often det^iined m the &eaports, he deter- 
mint'd to found seu^tort libraries ; he wa« able 
hims<*if to deposit Ijooks on his way at Graves- 
end, Deal, and Plymouth. Arriving in Mary- 
land in March, he * at once set about repairing 
the brt'ach made in the settlement of the pa- 
rochial cleTg>'/ and was well backed up by the 
governor Nlcholaon, But it was felt on alt 
sides that Bray would do better service to 
thf church in Maryland by returning home 
and endeavouring to get the law, which had 
been twice rejected there, re-enacted with the 
royal assent. If Bray bad consulted his own 
interests, he would have remained in Mary- 
kndj for the commissary'd otUce would yield 
him no profits if ht* left the country ^ but he 
returned to England at once, and found that 
the quakert? had raised prejudices against the 
establishment of the church in Maryland. 
Bray refuted these in a printed memorial, 
and the liill was at la^t approved. Before he 
resigned his otHce of commissary he made a , 
vigorouji effort to obt4iin a bishop for Mary- 
land. Bray had Ijorne all the cost of his 
voyage and outfit; it was rightly thought 
unfair to allow him to impoverish himself for 
the public ^ood. \^i .sco vi n t Weymouth there- 
fore pn^sented him with 30(3/., and two other , 
friends with 50/. each ; but be clmracteristi- 
cally devoted it all to puhlic punwsos. On ' 
his return to England he found tlie work of 
the society so largely increased that it was 
necessary to make one of its departments the 
work of a separate society. Bray therefore 
obtained from King William a eliarter for the 
incorporation of a society for propagating the 
gospel throughout our plantations, June 1701. 
Thus Bray may almost be regarded as the 
founder ot our two oldest church societies. 
The living of St. Botoli>h Without, Aldgftt*» 
which !ie had refused before he went to 
Maryland, was again offered to him in 1706. 
He accepted it, and set himself with charac- 
teristic energy to work the parish tlioroughly. 
Meanwhih^ he never forgot liis earliest prcjject 
of erecting libraries, and in 1709 he had the 
grati 13 cation of seeing an act paesed^ through i 
the inatrumentalitv of Sir Peter King, after- i 
w^ards lord chancellor^ * for the l>etter preser- 
vation of parochial libraries in England/ He 
took u deep interest in the condition of th« 
negroes in the West Indies and North Ame- 
rica, When Ite was in Holland he had con- 
versed much on the subject with Mr. D^Allonei 
King W^illiam's secretary, at the IT ague, and 



this gentleman gave him 900/., to be devoted 
to the instruction of the negroes. In 1723 
Bray was attacked with a dangerous illness, 
and, feeling that his life was very insecure^ 
he nominated certain persons to carry out his 
work with him and after him. The^e were 
called ' Dr. Bray*8 associates for founding 
clerical librarit's and support tag negro schools.* 
A decree of chancery con firmed the irauthoritv 
soon after Bray's death. The association stifl 
exists, and publishes a report of its labours 
every year, to which is always attached a 
memoir of Bray. He continued to work dili- 
gently in bis parish. In 1723 Ralph Thoresby 
reconls in his diary that he * walked to 
the pious and charita,ble Dr. Bray*s in Aid* 
gate, and was extremely pleased with his 
many iiious, useful^ and charitable works.' A 
week later he * heard the charity children 
catechised at Dr. Bray's church/ and remarks 
on * the prodigious pains so aged a man takes.' 
* He is/ Thoresby adds, * very mortified to the 
world, and takers abundant trouble to have a 
new church, though he would lose 100/, per 
annum.' The ^a^ed man * was not content 
with the work of his own parish. So late as 
1727 * an acquaintance maoe a casual visit to 
Whitechapel priscm, and his representation 
of the mist^rable stat^ of the prisoners had 
such an effect on the doctor that he applied 
himself to solicit benefactions to relieve 
them ; ' and he also emploved intended mis- 
sionaries to read and pr»jach to the prisoners* 
Thin work bn^ught him into connection with 
the benevolent Cteneral Oglethorpe, who 
joined the * associates' of Bray, and persuaded 
others to do so. And it was probably owing 
to his acquaintance with Op-let hoqie that to 
the two designs of founding libraries and in- 
structing negroes he added a third, vhc. the 
establishing a colony in America to provide 
for the neCHssitoiis poor who could not fi.nd 
employment at liome. He died on 15 Feb. 
1730.* 

Bray is a striking instance of what a man 
may effect without any extraordinary genius, 
and without special influence. It would bo 
difficult to point to afiy one who has done 
mort^ real and enduring service to the church. 
His various appeals are plain, forcible, and 
racy. He c^tmnot be reckoned among our 
great divines, but his writings produced niorv 
immediate practical results than those of 
greater divines have done. His first public 
cation was entitled * A Course of Lectures 
upon the Church Catechism, in 4 volt 
bv a Divine of the Church of Engla 
Oxford, mm. The first volume only, *r 
the Preliminary Questions and At 
was published ; it contains 303 foHo 
and consists of 26 iectiirea. In 16 




Bray 



241 



Bray 



^i^ E*8ay towards promoting 
and Useful Knowledg^e, both 
and Hiimttn, in all part a of his 
\ty& Dominions.' The essay with this 
'oufl title h of course connected with 
scheme. In the same year lie 
^hed nnotlier work on the same design, I 
,ed* Bibliotheca Parochiali»«, or a Scheme | 
ill Tlieological Heads a.H ar*^ requisite to | 
'ied by every Pastor of h Parish/ In ! 
1 lie published his circular letters to 
of Mary I ft ml, * A Memorial repre- 
tlie Present State of Religion on the 
lent of North America,' and * Acts of 
fttion at Anniipolis;* in 170^ * Biblio- 
thecaCfttechel ira, or the Count r}' Curates* Li- 
imry ; * in 1708 a single sermon entitled * For 
or Suton,* prenciied }><t*f*^n^ the Society 
the Refortnntion of Mnnnersat St. Mary- 
Bow. In 17l'i lie appeared in print in a 
,ew li^ht, He ha*! always been a strong 
iti-Komanist^ and on this ground he ex- 
irees<?d two years hiter his intense satisfao- 
iton at the 'protectant succession " of George I 
tm intereating letter still presen ed in the 
Iritbh Museum. During the last four years 
if Queen Anne's reign it is well known that 
tere was great alarm about tfie return of 
ipery. Bray issued a seasonable publica- 
on, entitled *■ A Marty rology, or History of 
Papal Usurpnhon/ consisting of * choice 
lid learne<l ireatis€*s of celebrated authors, 
ed and digested into a regular history.' 
w^ one volume of this work was published 
I. Sniy^B lifetime ; but he left materials for 
► lematnder, which he btH|ueathed to 8ion 
lege. In 1726 he published his * Birec- 
.tnm Missionarium/ Thi« wa^^ nuickly 
oilowed by 11 work entitled * Primordia Bi- 
bliothecaria,* in which are given * several 
chemes of parocliial hbraries^ and a method 
ud down to proceed by a gradual progression 
t>m strength to strength, from a collection 
Ot much exceeding in value 1/. to 100^/ In 
1728 he reprinted the * Life of Bernard Gil- 
and then Erasmus's * Ecclesiast^s/ a 
atise on the pastoral care, the separate pub- 
lication of which he thought would be of 
at use, as it was not likely to be much 
when it wa» ' mixed up/ as it had 
' titherto been, in Erasmus's voluminous works. 
Finally^ Bray published *A Brief Account 
I of the' Life of Mr. John Rawlet/ a clergy- 
Iman of Idfe mind with himself, and author 
lof the once famous work, ' The Christian 
iHomtor.^ 

[Rawlinson M8S., J, folio, in the Bodleian Li- 

f, Oxford ; Rep£>rt of tho Association of the 

lev, Dr. Brity aud his Assooiatea, d:e., pub- 

_ i nnnuallj ; Public Spirit illastnittwl in the 

'and DtiAtgns of Dr, Bray (1746); An Ae- 

TOL. VI. 



braxT. 
liiBBev 



count of the Designs of tho Aaaociatas of tho late 
Dr. Bray» &c. (1709) ; Anderson's History of the 
Ooloaial Church ; and Bwy's Works, passim*] 

J. H. O. 

BRAT, THOMAS, D.a (1769-1820), 
an Irish catholic prelate, was born in the 
diocese of Cash el on 5 March 1759- He be- 
came archbishop of Cashel in 1792, and died 
in 1820, He was author of the following 
privately printed work : * Statiita Synodnlia 
pro unitis DifBcesibus CaaseL et Imelac. 
iectaj approbata, edita, et promulgata in 
Synodo Dioeoeaana; cui interiuit elerus utri- 
usque DioeceseoSi habita prima hebdomada 
mensis Septembris, anno m.dccC.x./ *2 vola., 
Dublin, 18 IS, 12mo» This rare book con- 
tains a pjipal bull against freemasonrv' ; a 
decree 01 the council of Trent against duel- 
lists, with an explanation of it in English to 
be given by each priest to his flock ; and 
short memoirs of the archbishops of Cashel 
and the bishops of Emly* The second volume 
bears the following title: * liegulations, In- 
structions, Exhortations, and Prayers, &c., 
&c., in English and Irish : with the manner 
of absolving heretics, in I^atin and English : 
for the united dioceses of Oashel and Emly.* 

[Miirtin's Privately Printed Books, 670. 671 
Bmdy's Episcopul Succession, ii. 2& ; Notes and 
Quenea, 2nd B«r, xi, 197,] T, C, 

BRAY, WILLIAM (d, 1644), chaplain 
to Archbishop Liiud, was educated at Christ's 
College, Camoridge, where he graduated B.A. 
in 16ia-17, M,A. in I6i!0, and BJX in 16:31, 
At the outset of his clerical career he was 
a popular lecturer in puritan London, but 
chunging his views he became one of Arch- 
bishop Laud's chaplains in ordinary, and ob- 
tainea considerable church preferment. Ue 
was rector of 8t. Ethel burga in London, 5 May 
16:12 { prebendarj'^ of Mapesbury in the churcn 
of St. Paul, 12 June following; and vicar 
of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, 2 Mardi 1(132-3. 
The king presented him, on 7 May 1634, to 
tlie \icarage of Chnldon-Herring m Dorset- 
shire, and by letters patent, dated 15 Jan. 
1037-8, bestowed on dim a canonry in the 
church of Canterbury, 

Having licensed two obnoitoua books by 
Dr. John Pocklington, the Long parliament 
enjoined him to preach a recantation sennon 
at St. Margarets, Westminster. On 12 Jan, 
l(j42-:i the house proceeded to sequester him 
from the vicarage of St. Martin's, and in the 
latter end of March following his books were 
seized ; he was also imprisoned, plundered, 
and forced to tly into remote parts, where, 
it is said, he died in 1644. 

His recantation sermon was published with 
the title : * A Sermon of the blessed Sacra- 




ment of theLord*s Supper; proving^that tbere 
is therein no jipoper ^crifice now oflTered ; To- 
ffether with t te diaaprovi ng of s iindry poBsag^a 
m 2 Bookes set fortli by Dr, Pocklini;fton; the 
one called Alt Arc^ Clirigtmnum,the other Sun- 
Lday no Sabbath: Formerly printed witli Li- 
' cence. Now published by Cumjnand/ Lon- 
don, 1641, 4to. 

P^ewcourt'ti Eepertoriani £(!«lc«i<iat)«\im, i. 
176, 346, 692 ; HeyljTi's Life of Abp, Laud, 44 1 
et passim ; Troubleo and Tryiil of Abp. Laud, 
367 ; HS. Addit 6863, f. 103 A ; Lloyd^s MemoiriM 
(1677), 612 ; HutchiBB^s Uor«et, i. 209.] T. C\ 

BRAY, WILLIAM (1736-1832), anti- 
quary, the fourth and youngest son of Ed- 
wanl Bray of Shere in Surrey, who married 
Ann, daughter ofllev. George Duncomb, wad 
bom in 1736. When only ten yeiir» old he 
was enten'd nt Rugby, and cultivated litera- 
ture by means of oecasinniil purcliape.*i frnm 
an itinerant bookselkr from IJnvfntry. On 
one occasion, having ordered a fiinglf number 
of the 'Rambler/ the bookseller, to his amaze- 
ment, ordered all the copies which hnd tlien 
ftppeared, a proceeding which, ns Bray war* 
wont to declare, nearly ruined him. On 
leaving school he was placed with an ivtrorney* 
Mr. Martyr, lit Guildtnrd»but not long after- 
wanls obtaimnl a position in the t>oard of 
green clolb, which he held for nearly fifty 
yearfl aud was then supemnnnated. On the 
death of his elder brother, the Rev. George 
Brav, on 1 March 1^03, he inherited the 
family estates in Shere and Gomahali. In 
1758 he marri**d Mary, daughter of Henry 
Stephens of Wipl<^y, in Wnrplesdon, who 
dieo 14 DcM*, 17!^6, aged 62, having had 
numerous children, though only three, one 
son and two daughters, lived to maturity, 
and the son predeceased his father. Bray 
waa an incessant worker. His position in 
the county and his legal training caused liim 
to be aasociated in many charitable and civil 
trusts in Surrey, lie died at Shere 21 Dee. 
1632, aged 96, and a mural monument is 
erected to his memory in its church. Bray 
Tiraa elected F.S.A. in 1771, became ihe 
treasurer of the society in 1803, and contri- 
buted fi-ecjut^ntly to the * Archfpologia/ His 
first publication was the * Sketch of a Tour 
into IJerbyshire and Yorkshire ; ' originally 
published anonymously in 1777, the second 
edition apjiearing with the author's name in 
]781ijand (hough its pages were somewhat 
overburdened with antiquarian lore, it was 
frequently reprinted and included in Pinker- 
ton*a 'Travels,' His next work, which was 
printed privfttelv, was * Collect iona relating 
to Henrv' Smitli, sometime Alderman of Ijon- 
don/ When the Rev. Owen Manning, who 



had begun a history of Surrey, died in 1801, 
Bray undertook to complete' the work, and 
in its prosecution visited every parish and 
church within the county *« borders. The 
first volume wii« issued in 1804, the second 
in 1809, and the third in 1814; it still remains 
one of the best county histories that England 
can boast of In the British Museum tliei« 
exists a duplicate of tliis work in thirty folio 
volumes, with a spticml title-page dated 1847, 
and wnth nver 6,000 prints and drawings col- 
lected by Mr, R. Percival. Bray's last literary 
labour w^as the printing and editing of the 
* Memoirs of the Life and Writings of John 
Evelyn, comprising his Diary, &c.,* which was 
first published in 1818 in two volumes, ap- 
peared in 1827 in five volumes, and has been 
often reissued. 

[Manning and Bray's Surrey, i. 495, .123, iii. 
687 ; Gent. Mog. 1833, pp. 87, 88 ; Ragby School 
Register, i. S4 ; Anderson's British Topogmphy, 
268] W. P. C, 

BHAYBROC, HENRY de (d, 12^4?), 

Judge, was undershf+ritr of Rutlandshire, Buck- 
inghamshire, and Northamptonshire, in 1210- 
1219, and of Bedfordshire^ ll^ll, and sheriff of 
the sjime three counties in the next and tliree 
succeeding years. He is included bv Roger 
of WVndover (1211) with his father,' Robert 
Rraybroc, in the list of the evil coumtellors 
I of John in his struggle with the pope. He 
remained loyal until 1215, when the insurgent 
barons induced him to join their party. His 
I estates, wiiich were extensive, were immedi- 
j ately confiscated, and on John*s making his 
jieace with the pope, Rraybroc Avas one of 
those who w ere excommunicated as enemies 
to the king ( Roger be WEjmovBH, ed. Coxe, 
iii. 237). In 1217 he defended the castle of 
Montsorel, near Dunstable, against the pro- 
tector, William Marshall, until relieved by 
1 Ijouis; but after the battle of Lincoln he did 
I homage, and was reinstated in his lands. Li 
I 1224 he was sent to Dunstable with tw^o col- 
1 leiigues to hold aseisea of novtd disseisin for 
the counties of Bedford and Buckingham, 
when Fftlkes de Breautfi fq. v.] was so in- 
censed by being fined 100/. upon each of 
' tliirty verdicts found against him for forcible 
' disturbance of his neighbour?*, t hat he ordered 
' his brother Willi urn, who was in command 
of Be^lford Custle, to seize the offending 
justices and confine them in the dungeon, 
rhey were warned of the impending danger, 
and quitted the town. His coUeagues made 
good theii^ escape, but Braybroc w^aa taken, 
roughly handled, and imprisoned in the 
castle. His wife carried the news to the 
king, then in parliament at Northampton, 
who immediately marched upon the town. 



Braybroke 



Braybroke 



LliViiriam de Breuut^, refiiaing- to i^urrendt^T on 
the kiiig^8 8ummoiLS,w«j* promptly excnmrau- 
c^Tt*J by the arch bishop^ and tbii castle was 
luced by a regular siege, after a stubborn re* 
entice Listing sixty day « ( 1 J ime- 1 fi A iig. ) , 
» oomnmndaiit and the garrl»«oti, with tke 
jcption of three tempbirs, being bangfd on 
Ithe sp'»t. The kingordered the toweriuid outer 
iementi^ to be razed to the gr<>tind» the 
ner works to be diHEDautled and the moats 
up, and appointed Braybroc to snperin- 
lltend the execution of this work. The niina 
of thiit portion of the building wliich was left 
fttAnding were extant in Camden'i* time. 
Braybroc was jiistic** itinerant for the game 
Lcotintie^ next year (1225), and in the year 
1 fijUowing (122(5) justice itiuenmt lor Lincolu- 
rahire and Yorkshire. In an exche<|ner record 
lof the year 1227 he is describtKl a.s justice of 
Ithe bench. The last mention of him is in 
[1228, when Dngdale notice's a fine as having 
|i>eeii levied before him» Thsit he wa.s dead in 
[1334 appears from the record of a fine which 
jis wiaow ChriHtiana in that year paid to the 
Iking for the privUege of marrying whom she 
[nleaaed. She was the daughter of Wi^chard 
[l#edet, a rebel, part of whose e&tates had been 
confiscated by John, aiid granted to Master 
Michael Belt^t in 12111 The portion which 
remained unforfeited devolved upon his daugh- 
ter on hia death in 1221-2, Bniybroc then 
^^jaying a fine of 100/. u]K)n the succession, 
^HJtt wbjs aituate in NorthaDiptonshire, where 
^Bhe had estatea, as ako in Bedtbrdshire, Buck* 
^V inghamshiiep Leicestershire, Li nee il ixshlre , and 
^f Cambridgeshire, Braybroc had two aons, 
' (1) Wischard, who took his mother's name of 
Ledet ; (2) John, a descendant of whom, Sir 
~ inald Braybroc, knight, married in tlie 
I of Henry IV a granddaughter of John 
ie Oohham^ whose only child Joan married 
Sir Thoma^s Brooke, lather of Sir Edward 
terooke of Cobham, ancestor of the noble 
I fam i ly of Cobham . 

[Fuller 8 Worthies, i. 121»iL294, 35U ; Roger 

i© Wendover (ed. Coxo), iii. 237, 301, 350» IT. 

94; Rymers Ftjedtjra (ed. Clarke), i. !75; 

att. Paria, Chroa. Mat, (KoUa Ser,), ii, 533, 

, 644, iih 87 n. ; Dugdale's Chron. 8er. 8. 9; 

Bs Baronage, i. 67, 728 ; Courthope's 

lie pMrage (Cobhiini title) ; Rot, Clays, i, 

gdU<i, 24311, 321 a, 631 a, 655 cj, ii. 77, Ul ; 

iadox'a Exeh, ki, 335 ; Cal I. P. M. i, 46 ; Cam- 

'^di»o*f Brie (ed. Gough), i. 324 ; Excerpta e Rot^ 

Fin. i. 80, 258.] J. M, R. 

BKAYBROKE, ROBERT 3>e (d. 1404), ; 

ecclesiastic uTid judge, son of Sir Gerard 

Jray broke, knight of Braybroke CtL^ttle in I 

Northamptonshire, a descendant of Henry de 

Jraybroc [q. v.], studied civil law at Oxford, 

I the (legree of licentiate therein. After 




taking hfdv orderM he obtained ( HWO), by 
papal provision, the rectory^ nf 1 1! nton, Cam- 
bridgeshire, which, in 1379, he surrendered 
for the rectory of Girton, Lincolnshire, and 
this again ff>r that of Horse nden soon after- 
wards. He wa.4 appointed to the prebend of 
Fen ton, in the church of York, 9 ^ov. KilXJ; 
to that of Fridaythorpe, in the same church, 
19 Oct. 1370 ; to that of All Saint.s in ILm^ 
gate, in the church of Lincoln, about 1378 ; 
and to that of Colwich, in the church of Lich- 
field, in the following year. He became dean 
of Salisbury in 1 379-8^0 ; archdeacoji of Corn- 
wall July 1381 ; binhop of London, by bull of 
Pope Urban, 9 Sept. of the ^ame vear, to 
which he was consecrated at Lambeth 5 Jan, 
1381-2. The aame year (9 Sept.^ he was 
created chancellor at Bristol, receiving the 
seal on the 20th following, but he resigned 
the office 10 Mjirch 1 382^3. In 1382 he gave 
great offence to tlie Londoners, then much 
under the intiuence of Wyclilfe, by refuaing 
to proclaim the nullity of the sit at ute against 
preachers of heresy pas.^ed in the previoua 
year. His laxity iii enforcing the lawei againnt 
prostitutes also produced dij^turhauccji. In 
1385 he made a vigorous attempt to vindicate 
the sfinctity of St. PauFs by denouncing ex- 
communication against all who were guilty of 
buying and spelling, or playing at ball, within 
the precincts of the cathedral, or of shooting 
the birds which made the roof of the edifice 
their home. In the following year he esta- 
btiahed the festival of St, Erkenwald, in com- 
memorat ion of St . Paul. In 1 387 Hichard II, 
having been forced by the barons, headed by 
the Duke of Glouce-^ter, to dismiss the chan- 
cellor Michael de la Pole, earl of Sufiblk, and 
to vest the executive power in a ' continual 
council,^ sought to regain his former pi->- 
sition by compelling thejudges to declare the 
ordinances by which the revolution had been 
carried into effect null and void. At this 
juncture Braybroke attempted, at the instance 
of the Duke of Gloucester, to mediate between 
the king and the barons, and at first with 
some effect ; but on Pule, who was present at 
the interview, breaking out into abuse of the 
duke, the bishop rejoined with more energy 
than the king deemed respectful, bidding the 
hite chancellor remember that as he owed his 
life to the favour of the king, it was unseemly 
in him to spi-^ak evil of others. Braybroke 
-was forthwith diamissed the king's presence, 
and the barons impeached and executed or 
banished the chiefs ot the king s party. In 1 392 
Braybroke tried to induce the London cobblers 
to give up work on Sunday by a threat of 
excommunication. In 1394 he made a jour- 
ney to Ireland, to represent to the king, then 
engaged In attempting to refonn the admiuis- 

B 2 



trot ion of that country, the neceicttty of tukiug 
•tep to curb th<* inuolence of I be LtillnrdM, 
wlio UikI nulled the princiml urticletsof tht'ir 
crvvil Irt the drnT of St. PaiilV. Bray broke wfi« 
Hi} fur «iiccrH6fiil thiit Richard, on his return to 
Kn^lund, comi>eHed the jtrinciiial offenders, 
TlKimii8 Liitimer and Kichard St ar)% under 

imin of death, to take an onth of recantation, 
n the ftdUjwinjf year he was app<jin ted, with ' 
tlie tTChhinhop of York, to levy a contribution I 
of Ad. per pound upon the value of all bene- ' 
fices in tlie kinjfdom» imposed bv the pope for i 
the bctjeiiT of the archbi!*hop of Canterbury, 
The deiifh of the archbishop (Courtney) if.m»n ' 
relieved him from this uniHrtpular duty. The , 
bi*«hopV last important puolic act waa the re- | 
foniT of t lie chapter of St. Pftid*s. The canons 
fwidentiary bad for mime time pa^t steadily i 
fefuaed to till up any vacancies in their IxKly j 
unlej* the candidate for election would give 
security that be would expend in the first 
yenr after his election, in eatable* and drink- j 
iiblep Hnd other creature comfortd, at least | 
»v\vn biiodred mjircs, a sum many times ex- 
iH-ediog lb*' nniiiitil viduf t^f the rithej?t ]ire- 
bend, A.H a result the nundjer of oanotifi in 
re^ i de n c e h a d d w t tid I ed dom n from t b irt y , t he 
full compicment, tc» two, who divided between 
tb em selves the whole revenue of the church, 
and, not content \\ irh thiit,enfn"f>e««<l even the 
bread and altt which from lime immemorial 
bad been the due of the non-resident canoni^H 
To put wu end to thii* fraud 1 be bishop obi iiined 
from the kin^ a writ, dated 20 April 1398, 
addrew^ed tobinii^elf and the dean and chapter, 
commandinif them upon their allegiance^ and 
under pain of ii fine of 4,000/., to make by 
Miclmi"hna8, at tbr latest, i^tatutes regulating 
the mode of election modelled on those in 
force at Salij^bor} , and to observe them faith- 
fully f(*r the future. Bray broke wati a trier 
of petitions in most of Uicbard lis parlia- 
ments ; he celidjrated high mass in the lady 
cha]>el at St, r'auFs, on occasion of a convo- 
cut ion of the cler^^' there in 139£>, and was a 
member of Henry IV'b privy council for the 
iirst three years of \uh reign. As to the 
preci?*!' (!ate of bi^ death there was formerly 
much doubt ♦ five B4L*veral dates* i>eing as- 
signed by different writer*t, vix, 8 Dec* 1401, 
17 Aiig."l4a4, 17 Aug. 1404, 28 Aug. U04, 
and *J7 Aug, 14(Xi, That the first dule is er- 
roneous is prtkved by a deed of gran! of the 
manor of Ore n don iu Bedfordsbirt% prei^ened 
in the archives of AH Souls' College, Oxford, 
tu wliiib he was pnrty, and which bears date 
10 Feb. 140:3-4. He was buried in the lady 
chftj*l at St, Piiurs, and a fine brasi? above 
his tomb remained intact aslateas ItUl , when 
Ihigdale, who gives an engraving of It, saw it. 
The inscription on the plate assigns 27 Aug. 



1 404 a* the date of death, and with thi* God- 
win 1 JD* PrtrsuL 1 8<3) agrees. Bray bp>ke wns 
throughout his life a cloge friend of William 
of Wy keham. The bm»B was deatroTed during 
the civil war. Pugdnle relates tliat on the 
buniing of the church in 1000 BraybrokeV 
collin was shattered by the fall of a portion of 
the ruin?, and the Ixidy was taken out in a 
stateof ]>erfect pre^rvation,* thefle?h,*inewf, 
and skin cleaving fast to the bones,* eo *tb«t 
being set upon the feet it atc*od a* atiff afi a 
plank, the ^kin 1)eing tough like leather, and 
not nt nil inclined to putrefaction, which som« 
attribnte<l to the aanctity of the person, of- 
fering much money for it,' 

[Le Neve'8 Ffsati, I 3Uft, $91* ii, »9, 293, 615, 
iii. 184, 186; Hwrdy 8 Cat. Lord Chiinc», 43, 44: 
Walniagham (Rolls Series), il 4S». 65, 70, 162; 
Dugd&iesHist^ofSt. Panr8(ed.Elli8i), 16.27*33, 
57, 124. 219, 358 ; Chronicon a 3Iotj. St. Albaai. 
1328^8 (Eolla Seriea), 383; Holia^hed sopo 
1387; Wilkingft Concilift, iii. 194, 196, 218; 
Wharton*i Hist. de» Episc. Lcndio. ; Cat. of Ar- 
chive* of All Soulj" Coll. 27 ; Fc^'b Lives of the 
Judgwi. E. W. Brabrook, Etq., F.S.A., M,R,SX.. 
contributed an elsltomte p«per on Brafbroke lo 
the TraneactioDs of the LoimIod and Middles^ 
Archsological Society, vol. iii. pt. x. in 1869.1 

J.M. E. 

BRAYBROOKE,LoBi)9. [SeeNETiLLB.] 

BKAYLEY, EDWARD WEDL.VKE, 

the elder (I77S-1854), topographer and aj^ 
chffologiKt^ bom in the pari^ih of Lambeth, 
8urrt\y, in 1773, was apprenticed to one 
the most eminent practitionera of the art 
enamelling in the metropolis. Before the te 
of hia indenture.^ had expired be became 
qtminled with John Britton, 1771-1857 [q.v.']' 
, whom he used to meet at the «bopof Mr. Ef^aes 
in ClerkenwelL Both the young men had 
' lit erary and art i*5t ic tat*te8 and aspiration*, a: *" 
longed to emancipate themselves from the 
elianical pursuits in wliieb they were engi 
They formed a close friendsiiip, which 
I maintained for the long perioa of ntxtv-five 
I years, and they produced together many Wau- 
I tifully illustrated volumes on topographioai|i9 
I subjects. They began their literary partner^n 
I .«bip in a very humnle way. Tbeir*first joint 
yieculation waa a song calletl ' The Powder 
i Tax, or a PuH' at the Guinea Pigs,' writt 
I by Brayley and sung by Brit ton publicly 
I a dirtCUKsion club meeting at the Jacob's Vi^^ 
Rurbicaii, The ditty was very popvilar, 
, seventy or eighty thousand copiee of it wi 
H»l(1, Stion afterwards Brayley wrote * 
: History of the White Elephant 'Vor Mr, Foh 
burn in the Minories. In 1801 Brayley i 
fisted Brittou in producing the *Beautiea 
I Wiltshire.' 



th, 

i 




About the 3am« time tbe two firiends en- 

Itered into a mut tial copurtnerahip as joint edi- 
tors of the ' Beauties of En^rlfind and Wiilf>i.' 
pAving concluded arrangement .h with apub- 
isher, they made in 1800 a pedestrian tour 
ftom London through Beyeriil of the weat^m 
•.nd mid land counties, and visited every county 
of North Wales in search of materials for the 
work. They soon discovered that they pos- 
aesft*»d hut few qualifications for the ade<juate 
execution of their self-imposed task ; hut ils 
the work progressed they ^^luiually extended 
the ftphere of their i^tudie?^, and finally they 
Acquired a iiiir, if not a profound, knowledge 
of t he essent ial branche-s of toi>oj^uphy u nd ar- 
chaeology. The first volume appean^d in 1801, 
and contained descriptions of Iiedford,^hire, 
Be rkshire, and B ucki nglmm sh ire . Ace o un r s 
^jol lowed of the other counties in their alpha- 
etical order. The Jirst six volumei^, ending 
rith Herefordshire, were jointly executed by 
Irayley and Brit ton, the g^reater part of the 
Btterpreas being supplied by Brnyley, while 
Boat of the travelling, correspondence, lalx«ur 
' collecting lx:>ok& and documents, and the 
ectiun of draughtsmen and engravers de- 
rolved on hia partner. Although it had been 
' at first announced that the work would bti 
comprised in about six volimieH^and finished 
. the space of three years, it extended to no 
fewer than twenty-five large volumes^and was 
i progresa of publication for nearly twenty 
as. This once famous and highly popular 
rk waft beautifully emhelli.^hed with cop- 
'-plale engrav ings . D isse nsi o ns arose , ho w- 
er, between the two authors and their pul> 
shers. At length the former practically 
ithdrew from the undertaking (1814), and 
writers Jilled their plaees. Brayley 
luced the accounts of Hertfordshire, Hun- 
tingdonshire^ Kent, and part of the description 
of London (vols, vi.-x, pt. *J) ; but his name 
doea not appear in any aubsequent volume, 
aad Britton waa only responsible later for 
parts of vols. xi. and xv. The other volum^es 
were compiled by the Uev. Joseph Night iu- 
ga!e, Mr. James Norris Brewer, and others. 
The ' BeAutiea * were completed in 18 111. Up- 
iirds of 50,000/. had been expended on the 
vork, and the number of illustrations ex- 
eeded *«even hundred. 

After the termination of his apprenticeship 
Jrayley had been employed by Henry Bone 
fq. v.] (afterwards a Koyal Academician) to 
prepare and fire enamf^Ued plates for small 
laney pictures iu ringi^ and trinkets, Subse- 
^^quently, when that artist was endeavouring 
^■lo elevate painting in enamel to the position 
^nt eventually acquired in his hands m a le- 
gitimate branch of pictorial art, Brayley pre- 
ared enamel plates for Bone's use, and he 





continued to do so for some years after he 
had become eminent as a topograpber. Tbe 
plates for the largest paintings in enjinicl 
which Bone executed — the liirgest ever i>rtH 
duced until they were exce^'deil in several 
instances by those of Charles Muss — were 
not only made by Brayley, but the pictures 
also were conducted by him throughout the 
subsequent process of ' ftriu^'^,' or incipient 
fusion on the plate, iu the mntfle of an aii^ 
furuacey requisite for their completion. 

After as well as during the jjiiblication of 
the * Beautie^s of England and Wales,' Brayley 
^vrote a number of oth^^r popular topo- 
graphical works. His litentry activity was 
mo.<it remarkable, * Mr. Brayley/ remarks 
Britton, * was constitutionally of a hoatthy 
and hardy frame, and w^is thus enabled to 
etidiire and surmount great bodily as well a.s 
meutid exertion. I have known him to walk 
fifty miles in one day^ and continue the same 
for three successive da3-s. After complet- 
ing this labour, from Chester to Ltuidon, he 
dressed and upent the evetii ng at a party. 
At the end of a month, and when pressed 
hard to supply copy for the printer, lie has 
continued writing for fourteen and for six- 
teen liours without sleep or r'"<pite,an<l with 
a wet handkerchief tied round a throbbing 
head.^ Brayley was elected a fellow of the 
SiX'iety of Antiquaries in 182*^, and in 1B25 
he WiUi appointed librarian and sf^cretary of 
the Kusstdl Institution in Great Coram 
Street, which offices he held until his death. 

I He continued his toptigmpbicat labours, in 
addition to dischargino^his ollicial duties, and 
Uir'arly the whole of his most extensive 
work, the * Topogrtiphical History of the 
County of Surrey,* was written by him be- 
tween the ages of sixty-eight an<i seventy- 

I six. His death occurred on '23 Sept. 1854. 
Subjoined is a list of his publications: 
1. * Beauties of England and Walc!^, or I)e- 
lineatioTU* Topographica!, Historical, and 
descriptive of each County,' 1801-14, We 
have already indicated the portions of this 

I great work that were written by Brayley. 

I 2. *8ir Reginalde, or the Black Tower, A 
Komance of the Twelfth Century. With 
Tales and other P«>ems/ 1S03 (conjointly 
with William Herbert). 3. *Tbe Works of 
the late Edwjird Daves, e<li ted with Illustra- 
tive Notes," 1805. The topographical portion 
of this volume was reprinted in 1825 under 
the title of* A Picturesque Tour through the 
Principal Parts of Yorkshire and Derby- 
shire/ 4, * Views in Sufiolk, Norfolk, and 
Northamptonshire, illustrative of the Works 
of Robert Bloomfield ; accompanied with 
descriptions; to which is annexed a Memoir 
of the Poet's Life/ 1805, 5. * Lambeth PaUco 



I 



I 



I 



. illujitnited by ft series of Views reppesent- 
injr i»s ino»tintere«»ting Antii^uities/ 1800, j 
6. *Tlit* Britisb Atlais; compn**infi a series | 
of miij>8 of uU the English nnd Weli^h coun- 
tiee; tilN> plftna of the Cities and jjriiicijwl j 
Tuwtift/ 1810, 7. *Cowper: illuBtrated by , 
a M^Ti<*«i of views accom]miiied with coiiious 
de<^riptiotiH, and a brief sketch of the Poet*a \ 
Life/ I HI Q. K lVi4cnptinD8of jdaces repre- 
fi**iited in ' Middimun's Views of Antiquities 
of Great Britain^ 1813. 9. * Popular Fas- I 
times: a wdi^ction of Picture^ue Represeii- ! 
tations^ accompanied with Historical Descri|»- ' 
tions/ 1810. 10. * Delineations, llistoricnl 
and Topographical p of the Isle of Tbanet and 
the Cinqiic Ports/ 1817. IL ^ The Hi>^lory ' 
and Antiquities of the Abbey Cbiirch of St. 
Fettr, Weslojinster; including Notices and 
Bi(j^T!i]>liical Mt*moir8 of the Abbott* and 
l>t*nnK of that Foundation ; illustnited bT 
J, P. Ntftle/ 2 volf*. iHia V2, Article on 
* EnameUiTifr ' in %ol, xiii, of Rees's * Cyclo- , 
p'diii/ 18ia la *The Ambulator, or 
Pocket Companion for the Tour of London 
and its ICnviront*; twelfth edition, with an 
np^H^ndix contiiiinn^''liHfsof ]jietun^8 in all the ; 
roynl piibirt'8 and principal mnnpions round 
London/ 1819. 14. *A Series of Views in ! 
l^linffton nnd Fentonville by A, Pupn, with 
a desicription of each subject by E. W. Hruy- 
ley/ 181f*. lo. * Tu|»ogTnphieal ISketches of 
Bright helmfst one and its neiglibourlKuKl i 
with engravinps/ 1825, 10. ^ An Inquiry 
into the Genuineness of Prj'nnes ^* Defence 
of Stage FbiVf'/^ &c., together with a reprint 
of the said tract, and also of Ptynne's "Vin- 
dication,''' 1825. 17. 'The 'lliKtory and 
Antiquities of the Cut bed nil Church of 
Exeter/ in Britton^s* Cathedral Ant ifjui ties/ 
1820-7, IB. * Historical and Descriptive Ac- 
countB of the Tlieatrefl of Ijondon, llhis- 
trated by a view of each theatre {Irawn and 
en^a\ed by D. Havell/ 182(1 19. 'Cata- 
lo|jiie of the Library of the Ruftsell In.stitii- 
tion/ iHLHt, 1849. 20. * Devonshire illus- 
trated in a 8erief* of viewB of Towns, Dt>ck»j 
Cbnrelit'8, Antiquitit^ft, Abbeys, Picturesque 
Scenery, Cables, Snitn of the Nobility, &c.* 
1829, 2L * Ij<^>ndiniana^ or Keminifecence^ 
of the British Mt^tropolis/ 4 vok, 182t*. 
22, MJutline.*^ of the Geolog^^, Pby*«ical Geo- 
HTBpliy. mid Niitiirftl History of I Devonshire. ' 
In Moort*'s * HifAtorv of Devf>nshire/ vol. i. 
1821*. 23. * Mi mones of the Tower of Lon- 
don/ 1830 (conjointly with Dritton ). 24. * De- 
vonshire and Cornwall illustratt'd ; with 
Hif^toriciil and Topoprnphicul descriptions/ 
18.'^2 (conjointly with Brit ton). 25. 'The 
Ornphic and Distorjcal Illustrator: ariOrig^i- 
nal Miiicelliiny of Literiirj, Antiquarian, and 
Topographical Infonnution/ 4to. This peri- 



odical eontained aTarieiy of essays, criticism*, 
biograpLieal and ap;h(eologic4il pap^^rs, with 
woodcut illtiAtratiom*. It was carried on 
from July 1^32 to Noyember 1834, when it 
was discontinued. 26, *The Antiquities of 
the Priory of Christ chuit^h, Hants, cod- 
siMing of plate*, sections, ^'c, accompaiu^'d 
by historical and descriptive accotmts o^ tLe 
IViorv' Church, &c,,by B. Ferrey. The lire- 
rary 'part by E, W. Bray ley/ ISU, There 
is a copy printed on vellum in the BritL-jL 
Museum. 27, A revised edition of DeFoe'a 
* Journal of the PlajiTie Year/ 1835, reprinted 
1872 and 1882. 28. *Tlie History of th« 
Ancient Palace and late Houses of P&rliii- 
ment at Westminster,' 1830. 29. * Illustra- 
tions of Her Majesty's Palace at Brighton, 
formerly the Pavilion; eiecut*»d under th« 
&ui>erintendence of Jolin Nash, architect: 
to which is prefixed a History^ of the Palace/ 
1838. 30. * A Topographical Hiptorj' of the 
County of Surrey. The geological section 
by G. Mantell/ 5 vols., Dorking and London, 
1841-8, 4to; new- edition by Edward Wal- 
fcsrd, 4 %ol8., London, 1878-81, 4to. 

[Memoir by Britton (priyately prictwi), Lon- 
don, 1856 1 Gent. 3bi^. N.S. iHi. <538, 683; 
Brf wer's iutroduetory volume to the Beantiet of 
England and Wales ; Britton'a Autcbiographj ; 
Hnf^lish Cyclopodia; AtheoKum, 30 Sept. 1854^ 
p. 1170; Lowndaa'a Bib!. Man. ed. Bohn, i- 139. 
261 ; Proceedinga of the Soc of AnliquAnea, lii. 
181 ; Notoa and Qoeriea. 4th aer. it. 284. 420.] 

T. C. 

BKAYLEY, EDWARD WIIJJL4M,Uie 

younger ( 1 802-1870), wTiter on science, eldest 
son of Edward ^A'edlalce Bray ley the elder 
[q. v.], was bom in London in 18(12, He was 
educfltedt togiether witli bis brothers Henry 
and Horatio, nnder an austere gyetem. Se- 
cluded from all society except that of their 
tut on*, the l>oyfi Jed a cheerless and monoto- 
nous life. Tilt' solace of pocket-money was 
denied them^ and they were not allowed 
to take a \vftlk unnccompimied by a tutor, 
Henry and Horatio both ditKl of cont^nmption. 
Edward William, who suryived^ studied 
acience both in the London and the Royal 
Institution, where he attended Profes&«3r 
Brande's It'Ctures on chemistry. Early iu 
life, following in his father*s footsteps, be 
gave some attention to topographical litera- 
ture, and wrote the historical descriptions 
in a work on the * Ancient Castles of Eng- 
land and Wales '(2 vols. 1825), the views 
being engraved by William Woolnoth from 
I original drawings. However^ be soon aban- 
j doned antiquarian studies and devoted his 
I attention exclusively to scientific investi- 
gation. He had already published in the 
I '■ Philosophical Magazine ^ (1824) a paper on 




I 



Brayley 



H7 



Jreaufi 



us meteors, a subject wliich occupied 
■ItenttOQ to nearly thu clo»o of his life ; 
d lie afterwards published a work * On the 
tioniil^ of the Formation of the Filamen- 
tous and Mamillary Varieties of Carbon, and 
on the probable existence of but two distinct 
' r s of agOTegation in ponderable matter/ 
L ul'>n» 1826, 8vo. For some years he held 
tlit^ otfice of jaint'librarian of the London 
Institution in Finsbury Circus, He was one 
of the editors {b(?tween 1822 and 1845) of 
the * Annais of Philosophy/ the * Zoological 
Jotimai/ and the * Philosophical Magazine.* 
To all the^e he contributed original papers 
and notices, chiefly on subjects of mine- 
ralogical chemistry^ geology, and zoology, 
together with special communications on 
igneous meteors and met^orites^ and a few 
luticlefi of scientiiic biography. His prin- 
cipal contribution to geologiCBd science was 
a, paper on the formation of rock-basins, pub- 
*iahe<:l in the * Philosophical Magajiine' in 
830. In 1829 and 1830 he was engaged by 
r. (afterwards Sir) li<:)wland Hill, and the 
ther and brother of that gentleman, to take 
as lecturer and tutor, of a depart- 
lent of instruction in physical science which 
tbey were desirous of making a permani'Ut ' 
part of the system of eilucation carried on in i 
their schools of HazLdwood near Birmingham, 
and Bruce Coatle, Tottenham* near London. | 
The scheme, however, did not receive ade- [ 
quate encouragement from the nulilic. The ' 
original views on this subject ot the Messrs. I 
Hill and Brayley were explained and advu- 
cated by the latter in a work entitlt'd * The 
Utility of the Knowledge of iNature con- 
sidered ; with reference to the General Edu- 
^kation of Youth,' London, 1831, 8vo, 
^H At the London Institution he took part in 
^nUie system of lectures, both illustrative and 
^^Wucntionah He occasionally deiiverud dis- 
courses on special subjects ut the Friday- 
evening meet mgs of the Uovfll Institution; 
in one, II Mny 1838 {PhiL Mag. S. 3, xii- 
533),* <Jn the Theory of Volcanoes, he showed 

■thot the therraotic theory of plutonic and 
fvolcanic action, indicated by Mr, George 
Foulett Scrope, M.P., F.Ii.8., and explicitly 
proposed and developed by Mr. Babbogeaiid 
Sir John F. W. Herscliel, necessarily included, 
as an integrant part, contrary to Herschel's 
opinion, the chemical theory on the same sub- 
ject of Sir Humphry Davy, founded on his 
discovery of the metallic bases of alkalies 
and alkaline earths. This subject was re- 
sumed in a course of lectures on * Igneous 
^ logy,* also delivered at the Royal Insti- 
tion, in 1842, on the state of the interior 
earth and the effective thickness of its 



¥ 




Brayley prepared the last genuine edition 
of Parkes^s 'Chemical Catechism* (1834). 
To the biographical division of the * Elnglish 
Cycloptedia ' ae contributed the lives of 
several men of science ; and to the art a and 
sciences division of the same work the articles 
Meteors, Correlation of Physical Forces, Re- 
frigeration of the Globe, Seismology, Waves 
and Tides, Winds, and others on cognate 
branches of physics. He also wrote the ela- 
borate papers on the * Physical Constitution 
and Functions of the Sun/ in the ' Companion 
to the Almanac* for the years 1864, 1865, 
and 1866, and that od the * Periodical Me- 
teors of November' in the volume for 1868. 
Brayley gave assistance to several men of 
science in conducting their works throiigli 
the press, and assisting t!iem to give perfect 
expre&aion to their own views, confided to 
him. Among these works may be particu- 
larised the * Urigines Biblicte ' of Dr, Charles 
Beke, F.S.A. ; the ' Correlation of Physical 
Forces* of Mr. (now Sir) William Robert 
Grove, F.R.S. (the first and second editions) ; 
and the * Barometrogniphia ' of Mr. Luke 
Howard, F.K,S- It is deserving of note that 
when SirWilliam Grove first achieved the de- 
composition of water by heat there were only 
three persons present besides the discoverer, 
namely, Faraday, Gassiot, and Brayley, 

Brayley was elected a fellow of the Royal 
Society in lSo4 ; he was an original member 
of the Zoological and Chemical Societies, a 
corressponding member of i he Societas Natnrso 
Scrutatoruai at Basle, and a memf)er of the 
American Philosophical Society. Brayley 
died on 1 Feb. 1870, at his residence in Lon- 
don, of heart disease. He was in the library 
of the London Institution forty-eight hours 
before his death, 

[Private informatioa ; English Cyclopndia, 
Biography, vi. 0B2, Supph 311; Quarterly Jour- 
aai of the Geological Society of London^ xxvi. 
p. xli.] T. C. 

BREADALBANE, Eabls. [See Camp- 
bell.] 

BREAKSPEAE, NICHOLAS. [See 

Abeian IV.] 

BREARCLIFFE, JOIIN. [See Brieb- 

CLirKE.] 

BREAUTE, FALKES de {d, 1226), 
military adventurer, a Norman of mean and 
illegitimate birth, was appointed sheriff of 
Glamorgan by King John about 1211. Ho 
soon gained a high place in his master's fa- 
vour, for he was an able, nnscrupulous, and 
godleea man. The disturbed state of the 
Welsli border must have invested his office 



Breaut^ 



248 



Jreaul 



with tpticial importance ; he becami? one of 
the chief of the kinff'e evil couns^^Uors, and 
waa made sheriffof Oxfordahire. Id the copj 
of the great charter pTen by Matthew Pans 
hifi name occutb in the tidt of those alien dis- 
turbers of the peace whom the king awore to 
hanjgh from the kingdom. At the same time 
ris mentions him as one of those who joined 
thenuelves to the twenty-five piardians of 
the charter. A St. Albam' higtonan certainly 
had good reason to -wTite him down aa a dis- 
I turber of the peace, even if his name was not in 
the original documenl <^LiTT. PaKls, ii. tM)4, 
fi. 1 , ed. Luard ; Hog. Wbnd. iv, 10; GtMt4i Ab- 
batunij i* 207). i>n the outbreak of the war 
between the king iind the barons in the au- 
tumn of 1215 Fttlkes was appointed one of 
the leaders of the army which wa^ left by 
John to watch London and cut off the barona* 
supplies while he ninrehed northward. The 
royal forces wnsted the ejistern €oiintie.s, de- 
stroyed the ca«tle» and parks of the biiron^^ 
and set fire to the suburbs of London. Falke^ 
took the town of Hanslape from William 
Mauduit and destroyed it, and soon after re- 
d u ced the c&» t le of liedf ord. Great ly pleased 
at his success ^ John pfave him to wife Mar- 
garet, the widow of Baldwin, earl of Albe- 
jnirle, Bon of Willijim of Redvera (deKtmriis), 
earl of Devon, iind tlie daughter andneiress 
of Warin Fit]igerftld. He nlso^ve him the 
custody of the castles of Windsor, Oxford, 
Northampton, liedford, and Cambridge. 
From theae castles Falkea drew a large num- 
ber of men as nn scrupulous as himself. In 
1216, in cnmpiiny with Rjindulph de Blunde- 
vill [(i- v.], earl of Chest4*r, he took Worcejster 
for the king after a stout resistance, plundered 
the abbey, and put the citizens to the torture, 
tocomiiel them In give up their weaUh. Hi[s 
men ill-treated ihe monks of Warden (Bed- 
fordshire), for Falkea had a dispute w^ith them 
ablaut a certain wood ; one monk was slain 
and j*ome thirty were dragged oil' m prisoners 
to Betiford. In this case, however, Falkes 
showed a better spirit than was usual with 
him, for he submitted to dincipline, made re- 
stitution, and took the house under his pro- 
tection {Anfh de Ihtruttapiia). Late in the 
year he joined fnrces with the Earl of Sults- 
Durj' and iSavaric de Mauleon, and invaded 
the isle of Ely. He dei<troyed a to\ver that 
guarded the iwland and made anew fort idea- 
tion. He depopulated the couutrvp spoiled 
the churcheSj and exacted 209 marks of silver 
from the prior as t be ransom of the cathedral 
church. The next year, on St. ^^incent's dtiv 
{22 Jan. 1217), he made a sudden attack nn 
St. Albans in the dusk of the evening, and 
sacked the town, lie then entered the abbey. 
The abbot's cook was slain as he ran for re- 



fuge to the churchy for Falkea would not give 
the monks the advantagte of treating with 
him from a place of security. lie demanded 
100 pounds of silver of the abbots bidding him 
give the money at once, or he would bum the 
town, the mona^stery, and all its buildings, 
and the abbot was forced to comply with the 
demand. He then marched off, taking many 
captives with him. In the foreist of Wa- 
bridge he took Roger of ColTtlle, and more 
than sixty men, clerks and laymen, with him, 
who had betaken themaelvee to the forest and 
form&d a band of robbera, Falkes remembered 
the wrong he had done the gresat abbey with 
nneasinesa, for men deemed that 8t. Alhan 
was not to be offended with impunity. One 
night when he and hit* wife were at Lnton 
he dreamed that a huge atone fell firom the 
abbey church and gTf»und him to powder. 
He w^oke in terror and told his dream to his 
wife, who bade him ha.«ten to St, Albans and 
make his peace. He took her counsel and 
went off early the next day to the abbey. 
There he kneeled before the abbots made his 
confession, and prayed that he might ask par- 
don of t he bret h ren . H e en t ered the chapter- 
house "with his knighti* ; they held roHs in 
their hands, and Imred their backs. He con- 
fessed his ein. and he at least received a 
whipping from each monk. Then he put on 
his Clothes and advanced to the abbot s seat. 
* My wife/ he said, *■ has made me do this for 
a dream ; but if you w^ant me to restore you 
%vhftt X took from you I will not li^t^sn to 
vou,' and so he turned and went out (Matt. 
Wris, iii. 12^ V. 324 ; Ot€ta Abbatum, u 567- 

By then pring of 1 2 1 7 the jMirty of Henry III, 
who had been crowned in the autumn of the 
vear before, had w^on many advantages over 
Loub, the French elaimunt, Mountsorelwas 
besieged on Heniy's behalf by the Earl of 
Chester, and Falke*: led the men of his castles 
to help the earl. The siege was raised by 
Kobert FitjtWalter, and Faikes marched to 
Newark to join the king*s army, which was 
gathered under the Earl Mar8hall for the re- 
lief of the cast le of Lincaln, When t he royal 
army came before the city, the leaders said 
tbat it was most imjwrtant for them to intro- 
duce a force into the castle, 80 as to attack 
Louifl'ei men in frcmt and rear at the same 
time. There was some heisitation about un- 
dertaking this dangerous duty. Finally they 
sent Falkea, who succeeded in entering the 
castle with all bis band. From the parapets of 
the castle and the roofs of the houses he rained 
down missiles on the enemy's chargers, and 
when he naw that he had thrown them into 
confuKion with bis artillery' he made a furious 
saUy into the streets. He was taken aad 




^ 
^ 



^ 



reecued. Meanwhile the ki»ig'!4 troops* broki^ 
into the city, And Louisas men, thmn hemmed 
in by Falkes on the one side and the main 
body of the army on tlie other, were cut to 
pieces in the street n, llie vict ory of the royal 
army, which virtually i? mi ed the war, was in 
no small degree due to the dea]ierate courage 
of Falkes and hia men. louring the Christmas 
festival 1217-18 he entertained the king and 
all his court at Northam|jtnn» lie obtained 
livery of the manor of PI yniptfvn^ his wife's 
dower^ and of all the lands glie inherited 
from her father, and was al^o made guardian 
of the young Earl of Devon, hL^ ijtepAou, and 
of his lauda. His jjower was now great. 
Kfieper of several strong castles which were 
gBrruoned by his own men, and commandetl 
by bis own ca«te!l&nii, sheriff of six count ies, 
lord of vast estates, and executor of the late 
kinp-'s will, he is described bs being at this 
period 'something more than the king in 
England' (Aytn. th The&k. p, 68;- Stubbs, 
Cowit Hust. li, 35). 

The policy of Hubert de Burgh, who de- 
mandea the surrender of the king^s demesne, 
wa^ highly di*tBsteful to Fiilkes and the rest 
of*John 8 foreign favourites. Although out- 
wardly acting for the king* Falkes abetted 
the revolt of the Earl of Albemarle in \2'2i\ 
and secretly supplied him with forces. The 
failur© of the revolt waa evidently a severe 
blow to his hopea, for the next year he and 
Peter de^ Roches, bishop of Winchester, who 
upheld the foreign party in the kingilom, de- 
termined to go on the crusade. He was, how- 
ever, prevented from carrying ont this design 
by the news of the fall of Damietta, He con- 
tinued, therefore, for a little longer to act ai^ 
on© of the kinga otlicers under the govern- 
ment of the justiciar, Hubert de Burgh. As 
sheriff he caused a deacon, who had apoAta- 
tisjed to Judiiisnu and who was condemned 
by the council held at ( Muey and delivered 
over to the t^ecular arm, to Ije burnt at Oxford 

1222, In the same year a dangerous in- 
ction broke out in I>oTub*n under the 
lership of Con.stantiue FitzAthulf, one of 
the principal citizens. This was more than 
a local riot, for Constantine was a partisjin of 
Louis of France, and led tlie citizens with 
the cry * Mont joie! Montjoie ! God and our 
Ixird Louis to the rescue I ' He and two 
others were taken. The justiciar was afraid 
to put them to death openly, because of the 

iieople, Falkes, however, came to bin help, 
^'oreigner as he was, he bnd no desire for 
a French king* What he and hi;s party aimed 
JIt was not a chanjire of dynasty, but the 
Tiiitablishraent of their own power at the ex- 
pense of the royal authority. Besides, he 
probably had little sympathy with a citixen 





movement. Early in the moraing he took the 
prisoner^* across the Thames to hang them. 
When the rope was round liis neck, Constan- 
tine, who up to the last had hoped for a 
rescue, offered 15,CXX1 marks us a ransom for 
his life. Falkes, however, would not hearken 
to him, and hanged all three. Then at the head 
of his men be rode into the city along with 

' the justiciar, and seized all who bad taken 
pitrt in the sedition. At tlie sjune time he was 
by no means prepared to suhniii without a 
struggle to the justiciar's policy of resumjK 
tion* He muy have carried on some nego- 
tiations with France, though t be part be took 
in quelling the rising of the I^indoners shows 
that at that time at least he had little expec- 
tation of help from that quart tir. It is tole- 
rably certain that he and the Earl of OheJiter 

; were at least in sympathy with the rir^ing of 
the Welsh under Llewelyn ap Jorwerth and 
Hugh of Lacy in 1223, P^ven after the insur- 

j rectlon was quelled tbedunger was still ^ejit, 

I a!id Po|ie Honorius IH, who as guardian of 
the kingdom pressefl the resumption of the 
castles, urged the bishops to do nil they could 
to maintain peace, talkes joined the Earl 
of Obe«t€r and other lords in a scheme Ibr 
seizing the Tower. Finding themselves un- 
able to carry out their desigiv, the conspirators 
sent to the king^ demanding the dismiswd of 
the justiciar. Henry, however, held tirmly 
to his minister. At Christmas 122Ji-4 a 
great councii was held ul Northampton, and 
there the archbishop and bishops pronounced 
a general excommunication against the dis- 
turbers of the peace. Falkes and the other 
malcontents assembled at Leicester were in- 
formed that unlessthey submitted to the king 
on the morrow sentence of excommunicalion 
would be pronounced iigrtiust them by name. 
This tbreat and the consciounness of the in- 
feriority of their forces brought them to sub- . 
m ission. Fal ke^ an d his cast ell ans, t ogt*t her 
with the other rebel lords, appeared before 
the king at Northampton, ana surrendered 

; into his hands the cti8tle>!, honoiu-s, and ward- 
ships that pertained to the crown. 

I The just iciiijp lost no time in following up 
the victory gained at Northampton. In June 
the king's justices itineriint held an a^ixe 
of novel disseiain at Dunstable, Falkes was 
found guilty of more tlian thirty (Roe. 
Wend. iv. 94, and Chron. Mnj. iii. 84; tbirty- 
tive, Ann, Dumt p, 90; sixteen, Rttyttt Let' 
ierm^ i. 225; and Mot, Vlnus. i. tU9»0o5; aee 
Stubbs, Comt, HUt. ii. :io) acts of wrongful 
disseistn. Ho was adjudged to lie at the king*s 
mercy, and a fine of immense amount was laid 
on him. In revenge he ordered his garrisou 
at licdtbrd Castle to sei*e the justices. The 

JListices heard of their dtinger and fled. One 



ii 



Breaut^ 



250 



Breaut^ 



I 



I 



of them, however, Henry de Ur ^ 1 v, 
wtts ciipture<l, ill-tTeat«d bv tL- in* 

impri8<medat BinlfonL Falke*in^-» >:-i. -..,.! the 
CJiMtlt*, which wfl* coniniandwl by hia brother 
WilliJim. He wft.« exrommanicated by the 
ftrcbbishoin ftii^l retri'at»-^(l to Wale*, taking 
shelter in the earldom nf Chester. Tlie king 
demandi^ the releaae of hl^ judjfe. Williani 
returned aii>swer that he would not let him 
go without the nr<ler of his lord Falkea, and 
• for thia ab«:>ve all» that he and the garruion 
were not bound to the kin^ by homage or 
feAlty * (Roo. Wekd. iv. 95), 'The answer 
expressed the very enaence of feudtil anarchy, 
ana ahould be compared with the pleu urtfed 
by the barons in Stephen** Tt*]gn on behali of 
the garriaon of Exeter {Oesta Stephnni, 27 ; 
see under Bai^win or Kedvers). A large 
force, including clergy as well as laymen, 
gathered at the king'a summon, and the siege 
of Bedford wa« formed 20 June, The siege 
was a matter of natiotiEil importance, for the 
land eoukl have no re.st «o longa« Falkes was 
in a position to dety r he law. The king swore 
by riie 8*>iil of his futhf r (surely a strange 

For 



1 1 that the offeiood remaiiied unavenged, 
[f t a unt ed t he apostle by taking away the «i 
from the hand of kia image which stood is 
her convent. After the fall of Falkes she 
gave the ai>o.^tle back his sword, for he had 
at last shown that he knew how to me 
it {Ch/^n, MaJ. iii. 87). When Falkea 
in pnM)n, his wife Margaret came before tl 
king and the archbishop, and prayed for a di^ 
vorce, for she said that she had been taken in 
time of war and married against her -v%ill. A 
day was fixed for hearing her case^ and 
king granted her all ber own estates, on 
dition that she paid iiOO marks a year towj 
extinguishing her bus bund's oebts to 
crown, placing her and her lands under the 
wardship of William of Wan^nne, 

Falkes's case was laid before the great coun* 
cil held at Westminster iu March 1225, The 
nobles decided that, forasmuch a-she had faith' 
fully served the king and his father for many 
years, he should not suSer in life or limb, but 
all agreed that he should be banished ^m 
England for ever. Accordingly the king 
W' Uliam of Warenne see him safely out of ti 
land. Falkes was then absolved from hi^ 



enm 

Itfai^ 
con^H 

rtbe^n 



oath) that he would hang the garrison, 
the purposes of the siege the assembled ma^ | communication, and, wearing the cros!$ whic 
nates grant.ed a carucage of ^ mark on their ^ ht- had a^^umed when he contemplated goin 
demeenee, of 2s, on the lands of their tenants, on the crusade, was put on boanl a vessel wilJ 
and two days^ work at making military en- , five of his attendants by the Earl of Waren 
gine-^, Still Falkes was niit frightened, for ' As he parted from the earl he bade him wit 
he reckoned that the castle c<*uld be held for many tears cxirry^ hi-* i^aiutation to the kin 
a year. The Earl of Cljenter, however, at last and tell him that, whatever troubles he ht 
joined the king's side. He was forced to leave wrought in his kingdom, he hadacted through 
the earldom, and took refuge at Xortlmiiiptoiu | out at the prompting of the nobles of England/ 
The jKipe wrote **arne:^l ly on hi« bt'lialf. The On his landing in Normandy he was oeiiied 



garrifion at Bedford made a desperate defence, 
The castle was surrendertHl on 14 Aug., and 
William de Jlreaiite and some eighty of the 
garrison wei\^ hanf^ed* 81 Mm after the surren- 
der Falkes was takt^n in the church of Coven- 
try* He was not held captive, for men feared 
to violate the right of sun ct nary . Seeing, how- 
ever, that he hi^ no other h<ii>e, he placed him- 
self under the protection of the bishop (Alex- 
ander Stave nsTby), and in his company went 
to the king at Itedford, He threw himself at 
Henrys feet and asked fur mercy, reminding 
liim how well and at what cost he had served 
him and his father in time of war. By the ad- 
vice of his council the king pn>nonnced all his 
posseissiona forfeited, and committed hira to 
the keeping of the bishop of London until it 
.'!ihould be oecided what should be done with 
him. His fall was looked on as a judgment for 
a B]»ecial act of impiety, for in past days he had 
deiitroyed the church of St. Paul at Bedford, 
and used the materiiils for the construction 
of the castle in which he now found him.^^lf 
a prisoner. When the abbess of Elstow heard 
how he destroyed St. Paul's church, and saw 



and carried before the French king. Louis 
was minded to hang him for all the ill he had 
done the P'rench in England, and Falkes 
scarcely saved himself by swearing, as he had 
sworn to the earl, that he had been simply 
the tool of others. As, however, he wore the 
crosj^, the king let hiin go. He went on to 
Korae, bearing letters to the poj>e, whom he 
hoped to nrevttil on to intexfere on hi.s behalfl 
Meanwhile the legate Otho prayed the k" 
in the pope's name to give Falkes back 
wife and his lands, of mere charity to one t 
had servi'd him and his father so well. He: 
replied that lie had been banished by the 
judgment of his peers, and that for open trea- 
son, of which he bjid been convicted by all 
the clergy and i>eople of England, and that, 
king as be was, it behoved him to obey the 
laws and good customs of the kingdom. At 
Home he had to spend much to forward his 
cause. He obtained an interview with the 
pope, who, it appears, made one more attempt 
on hii? behalf. The legate, howeser, met with 
t h e Slime a ns wer as be fore. M ean w hi le Falkes 
was aUowed by the king of France to stay 




I 



Breaut^ 



Brechin 



went on bb way Again to- [Roger of Wendover {Eng, Hist. Soc,). Hi, iv, 
artk tlome, and v^m hoping to be allowed pft««im ; Malt. Paris, ChroQica3fIrtjora,paMiin,ed. 
rtum to England, for it mnv be tbat he I Luard, Rolls Str.; AnnjiltsdeTheokewbem. Bor- 
not h»>ard of ihe .second repulse of there- ^^nja. AVarerleju, Duiis^tjiplia. Qsenoia, Wigoniia. 
uest made on his liehnlf, when he died slid- l"^ Annules Monaatiei, pii^sira. Rolls 8er. ; R^yal 
,nljatSt.Cvmfinll>L>*i. iri>d»>atl, wasput , ^"^'^ ^^'^T. "J' f^/f^'"}; ^^\'? f^- ^.^^' 

WW af^erwaixlB aecnsed ol having cqus*?<1 it . , j^ ^ale^e Baronage; Stubbs's Coofltitutiond Ui^ 
When at the Rome time the just iciarwuij hc- | ^^ ° ^j y^gg i ^r jj 

:d of having caii^efl tbe losiN of Poitnn, his I 






eouDS€!l amwerfHltbat the rebellion of p^lkea | BRECHIN, Sir DAVID (d. 1321), lord 
was the true cause of the lns.s of llix-helle, of T ^ 



f Brechin^ a roynl burgh in An^usshire, waa 
Fttlkes was certainly a greedy, cruel, and eldest son of Sir David of Brechin, one of the 

Ioverbearingmfin, For ^eedineK-^ and cruelty, i baroms of Scotland who attended Edward I 
ho 
tb< 
5? 
W 
Ha 



however, be was ttnqtasKt^d by muny men of 
the same time — by .Johntf<^r example, and, to 
aake a less hatefid comparison, probably hy 
iichard alwi ; nor, to quote men more nearly 
Foflii^owit run k, was he more greedy than Wil- 
liam Brewer, or more cruel than the Earl of 



into France llW : his mother, who&e chri.stian 
name is not knitwii, wiik one of the tieven 
sifters of King llobert Bruce, but his father 
seeme tn have favoured the EngH.Hh side up to 
the king's victory at Inverary in 1308, when 
he ret i red t o h i s c&b\ le of I \ r*N?h i n . Bei ng be- 



I 



Chester. That he wa?* ni>t wholly without ! siiegedTh'^wcver, he made his peac« and rnn^ed 
some religious feelings iK^hown by his reiH'Ot- ^ himself under the standard ftf hi.s brother-in- 
ance and j)enflnce.H for the wrongs dijoeto tlie ' law. We do not know when and where the 
monkj) of Warden and St. Albans, and per- younger Sir David wa* lx>ni, or what were 
bape also by his assumption of thecro*iS. At , thoae feats of arms in the Holy Land said to 
St, Albans, however, hiei love of mocker}' and have won him the jx>etjciil title of • TheFlower 
Lb habit of inMilence broke through his pro- j ofChiv«lr\/ Likehis farher,heattached him- 
baldv sincere exprew^iou of penitence. This i tmU trt the English, and in 1312 was made 
insofence made a strong impression on the warden of the town and castle of Dundee, 
men of his age; it rendered the injuries he ' then in English hands. He received at this 
inflicted on others doubly ban! to beur. The , time a pen.'^ion ont of the curftoms duties ou 



abbot of St. Allains, for example, conijdained 
of the itijury dune to the crops of hii* house 
by the overflow of wat*rr from a pool Falkes 
bad made at Luton. * I wi4i/ he an^vered, 
* I ha<i waited until your >;rain hud bti*n gar- 
nered, and then the water would have de- 



hides and wool at the port of Benvick-tni- 
Tweed, through Piers Gavesttni, the king*a 
favourite. At the buttle of Banntjckbuni 
(1314) be was taken prisoner, but afterwards 
came into great favour with King Robert, 
It is said, however, that he still leceived pay 



etroyed it all/ His evil doings werecbarac- I from Edward, and held siiecial letters of pro 
' teristic nf the cIiikh of militjiry adventurers , teetion from him, Brecuin was one of the 
to which he belonged. In eomnion with noble.^ who 8igtie<l the letter of 6 April 1320, 
others of that class he was brave, and indeed soliciting the iK>pe's interference. De Brechin 
bis CO umge seems to have been of no ordinary | was implicated in Lord SoiiHs's conspiracy 
L#oit« The foremost part he played in the his- against King Robert. The plans were re- 



I 



'Hf Ilk time abows that he wa* not a mere 
l*p of men-at-arms. He was, however, no 
match for the waiT politieian> with whom be 
had to do, and his statement that he had 
aimply curried out the devices of others was 
doumless to some extent true. The Earl of 
Chester, for example, set^ms to have n&ed him 



vealed to him on an oatb of seiirecy. He 
refused co-tiperatirm, but kept silence* The 
plot was dividged, and Bruce instantly ar- 
rested Soulis, Brechin, and others, and ctkUed 
a parliament at Perth t August 13ifO) to try 
tbem. Brechin and others were executed* 
The records of the trial are lost, but Tytler, 



for a while, and then left him in his time of without giving relV^rences, says there is evi- 



nced. His fall woa a crushing blow to tlie 
hopes of the malcontent party, and put ati 
end to the importance of the foreign faction. 
Unlike most other adventurers, Falkes was 
faithful to his marten*. Ilii* revolt was not 
against the king, but against orderly wdminis- 



dence in t be archives of the Tower of Brechin's 
complicity in the treascm. Other iwTitera 
doubt his guilt. The old Scottish poet-s com- 
memorate him in their historical poems as 
* the gud Schir David the Brechyn, and hia 
death left a stain on his uncle's character. 



trative government, which was hateful and | He is called Mhe flower of chivalrie,' * the 
ruinous to him. He left one daughter, Eva, j prime 3'oung man of bis age for all arts of both 
iDari4e<l to Llewelyn ap Jonverth, prince of I peace and witn* All speak of liis conne<_'tion 
North Wales. with the crusades, but if there i& truth in 




M 



I 
I 



this part of hia Uttle-known hiatory, he could 
not Lave been a young mmi At the time of 
hiiJ e\e<?»ition. 

HiM liiuds *)f Brechin, RotbL»niaT,Kmloch, 
iin<] IviioegTf' wen? given by the king to David 
of Bnrchiy, who, in 1*3 15» had married his 
eister Miirgarvt, and from w^iom the preeeot 
po.4Ht«*.4or8, the earU of Panmure, are de- 
i*ct*nded. 

[Tytlor*» Scotland, i. 170; WrigUf» Scotland, 
i ll'i; Buehanun, u 46; Boec<j ia HoliaHhed, 
223 ; Fordurv's Chron. i. 348, ii. 341 ; BiU'bour, 
• the Bnw/ b* xix ; Scott's Minstrwlay, iii. 254 ; 
Dnlrymple's Annuls, ii, 96; GibboOt c lix,; 
RymtT^H Feed. iii. 311; Rat, Scot. temp. Edw. II ; 
MilU' Cruaades, ii, 276; Andenon'a DipL Soot, 
pi. 51 ; Douglaa's Peer, Scot, i, 243.1 

BREE, liOHEHT. M.E>. (17li9-1839), 
phy.sician, waa born at Solihull, Warwick- 
shire , in 1759. He was educated at Co- 
vt'iitry and at University College^ Oxford, 
wb«rii he matriculated on 6 April 1775, and 
took hifi B.A. dtigree on 10 Nov. 1778, and, 
having- iitudied medicine at Edinburgh, pro- 
ceeded M,A. on 10 July 1781. He waa ad- 
mitted, ^l July 1781, an extra-licentiate of 
the College of I'hysicianj* ; took his bachelor'a 
dearee in medicine on 4 July 1782, and that 
of MJX on I'i Jnly 1791 . He had first settled 
at Northampton, and v,'&^ appointed physician 
to the general iniirmar^' in tbat town, which 
after a short stay lie left for Leicester, to the 
intirmary of whicli he became physician. An 
obstinate attack of a^sthina caused in 1793 a 
t e m iMirary re t ire men t fro m h is pro fe^aion. In 
175:U he accepted the command of a company 
in a regiment of militia, and in 1796 settled 
at Birmingham, wliere he was appointed in 
March 1.B01 physician to the General Hospital. 
Bree published *A Practical Inquiry into 
Diflordered lief<piratioii, di.^tingnishing the 
Species of Convulaive Asthma, their Ciinsea, 
and Indications of Cure,' 8vo, London 1 1797. 
It reached a fifth edition in 1816, and was 
translated into several languages. *■ In thin 
work,' eays l)r, Mnnk^ the author * embodied 
the uumeroiifl exj>eriments in his own case, 
gave a more full and complete view of asthma 
and dyspnoea than had hitherto iippeared, and 
laid down some important tlienn>eutic rules, 
the practical value of whicli has been univer- 
sally acknowledged.* Bree waa consulted 
for asthma by the Duke of Sunisex, by whose 
advice Bree removed in 1804 to Hanover 
Square, London. He was admitted a candi- 
date of the lioyal College of Physicians on 
31 March l80(i, and a fellow on 2ti March of 
the following vear. He was cenaor in the 
years 1810, 1819, and 1830, and on 2 July in 



the last-mentioned year waa named an elect. 
In 18:^ Bree was chosen Har\*eian lecturer, 
and published the lecture course he delivered. 
Bree withdrew from practice in 1833, and, 
after aufiering from renewed asthma, died in 
Park 8muire West, Regent's Park, on 6 Oct. 
1K39. He contributed two papers * On the 
Use of Digitaliji in Consumption' to the 

* Medical and Physical Journal,' 1799. He 
J vi&^ rIko the author of a paper *On Painful 

AlFections of the t?ide from Tumid Spleen/ 
read 1 Jan. 1811 tie fore the Medical and Chi- 
rurgical Society, of which Bret*, who had some 
years before been electe<l a fellow of the Royal 
Society, became a member of coimcil and a 
vice-preaident in March following ; and of a 
aecond paper on the same subject, read 26 May 
181:?, * A Ca^te of Splenitis, with further Re- 
marks on that Disease.* These pajiera were 
nl'terwards published in the first and second 
volumes of the * Medico-Ohirurgical Transac- 
tions.' Bree was further the author of a small 
tract on * Cholera Asphyxia/ 8vo, London, 
l83l^ 

[Introduction to the various e^litions of Bree's 
Practical Inquiry into Di«order«l Re«piiutioa ; 
Watt's Bibl. Brit. 1824 ; Gent. Mag. Novomber 
1830; Catalogu*^ of Oxfonl Graduates. 1851; 
Munk^s College yt Physicians, 1878.1 A. H. G. 

BREEKS, JAMES WILKINSON ( 1830^ 
1872), Indian civil servant and author of 

* An Account of the I*rimit Ive Tribes and 
Monuments in the Nilagiris/ was born 
Warcop, Westmoreland, on 5 March 18;; 
and entered the Madras civil ser\-icein 18 
After hlliug various subordinate offices 
the revenue and financial departments, h© 
was apiK>inted private secretary to Sir Wil- 
litira Denison, governor of Mtidras, in 1801, 
holding that appointment until the latter 

j part of I8ti4, wdien, owing to ill -health, he 
I left India and Joined a mercantile firm in 
I London, with the intention of retiring from 
I the public &er\'ice; but thia arrangement not 
j proving satisfactory, he returned to Madras 
. in the autumn of I8d7, and was shortly after- 
' wards appointed to the newdy constituted 
otlice of commiesioner of the Nilagiris, the 
principul sauatoriuro of the south of India. 
I While thus employed, Breeks, in common 
"with other heads of districts in the Madras 
I pra^idency, was, in 1871, called upon by the 
j government, at the instance of the trustees 
I of the Indian Museum at Calcutta, to m&ke 
I a collection of arms, ornaments, dreigseAi 
I household utensils, tools, agricultural imple- 
I ments, &:c., which would serve to illuatrate 
the habits and modes of life of the aboriginal 
triWs in the district, tus well as a collection 
I of objects found in ancient cairns and monu- 
ments. 



and J 
n &^H 
8;jO^H 




The di^hiirge of this duty, which he per- 
formed in a very thorough and siitisfactory 
manner, coet him hh life; for liavinp occa- 
flion, towards the close of his investigation, 
to vifiit a feverish loc&lity in n low part of 
tlie mouutaiii range, he there laid the eeeds 
of tm illnesfe which a few iiTonths later caiiaed 
hia death. In the tnetintime he had made a 
complet*? collection of the iitenKjb, anna^ &c*, 
in use among the four ahoriginal tribes of 
the NilagiriBj the Todaa, Kutiig, Kurumbas, 
and Irulas, and of the contenfs of miiny 
caimg and cromlechs, and had -wTitten the 
greater part of the rough draft of a report, 
which, completed and edited by \m widow, 
iK'ho had heen closely B^^sofiiited with him 
In hi^ inqumcB, was* publi^lied in London by 
Older of the Becretarv of etate. 

Thia report containn a ver\^ full account 
of each of the four tribes above mentioned^ il- 
luatrated by drawings and photographs, und 
supplemented by a brief notice of Bomeflimilar 
remains^ in other parts of India. PKotographa 
of the men and women of the several tribes, 
of their villugif^f., hoofieB, temples, &:c., are also 
given ; ai^ well as a vocabulary of the tribes, 
and descriptive eafalognee of the ornaments, 
imphmentF, &^c., now in OFe. The book is a 
valuable record of intelligent and accurate 
research. 

The BreelfF Memorial School at Ootaca- 
mund, for the children of poor Europeans and 
Eurasians, was erected by public iiubscription 
shortly after his death ns a memorial of bis 
services to the Kjhigiri community* 

Breeks married in lP6»i Sij*an Maria, the 
eldeM mrviving daogbter of C*>hmel Sir "VVil- 
liam Thomas Penipon, K,E., K.C.B., at that 
time go\ enior of Madras. He left t hree eons 
and one daughter. 

[lliidniM Civil List ; ^oiith of India OhserTcr 
lM(W*'pftj*'r, 13 find 20 June 1872 ; Bretkii'* Ac- 
eouot of the Primitive Tribes nndMonuTnertfe of 
the Kilflgiris ; pergonal recollections,] 

A. J. A, 

BREEH', JAMBS (1826-1800), astrono- 
mer, wa^ the second son of Hugh Breen, 
senior, who suj^erintended the luimr reduc- 
tions at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. 
He wa8 bom at Armngh, in Ireland, 5 July 
1820, wa*i engaged at the age of fiixteen as a 
calculator at Greenwich, and exchanged the 
post for that of asHiMtant in the Cambridge 
Ub.«erv'atnry in August 1840. In 1854 he 
published *Tbp Planet a ry Worlds: theTopcK 
graphy and Telescopic Api)earance of the 
Sun, Planet 8» Moon, snd CVimets/ a useful 
little work Miggpfited by discussions on the 
plurality of wn rids, showing considt^rahle ac- 
quaintance with the history of the subject, 



aa well as the practical familiarity conferred 
by the use of one of the finest refinactors then 
in existence. After twelve years' xealous co- 
operation with ChulH.M, hn resigned his ap- 
pointment towards the clost^ of 1858, and cul- 
tivated literature in Paris until 18(50, when he 
w^ent to Spain, and observi-d the tot o! eclipse 
of the aun (18 J uly ) at CamueNa, with Messrs. 
Wray and Buckingham of tlw Himalaya ex- 
pedition. In the following year, after some 
months in Switzerland, be settled in London, 
and devoted himself to literary and lin- 
guistic studies, reading much at the British 
Museum, and contributing regularly, hut for 
the most part anonymously, to the * Popular 
8c i ence Re v i ew * a n tl ot h er per i od i ca 1 s . H e 
had made arrangements fnr the publication 
of a work on stars, nebula?, and clusters!^ of 
which two sheets were already printe<], when 
hifi strength finally gave way betore the 
ravages of **low consumption. He died at 
noon, 25 Aug, 1 BOPn aged 40, and was buried 
with bis father at Nunhead. He had been 
elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical 
Society, 10 June 18B2. Extracts from his 
ohservationB at Cambridge 1851-8 appeared 
in the ' Astro nomische Kachriehten ' and 
'Monthly Notices/ He calculated the orbits 
of the double star $ Vn^m Majoris, nssipning 
a period of B3 14 years; of Petersen's third 
(1850), and Brorsen'a (1851, iii.) cometa 
{Mmithl^ Kiitkes^ x. 155, xxii. 158; A«tr* 
NaeA. No. 780). His f^bj^ervations of Donati*s 
comet with the Northumberland equatorial 
were printed in the ' Memoirs of tbe K. A. 
Soc; XXX. m. 

[Monthly Notices, xxtii. 104 ; R, Soc. Cat. Sc, 
Papert, i. 694.] A, M. C. 

BBEQWIN or BEEGOWINE (d. 765), 
archbishop of Canterbury, the son of noble 
parents dwelling in the old 8axon land, came 
to England for the salie of the learning spread 
abroad here by Theodore and Hadrian. In 
this learning he is said to have excelled. He 
was elected archbishop in the presence of a 
large and r ejoi ci n g crow d , a n d was consecrat ed 
on or about St^Micharl's day 759 (Flor.Wio. 
h hi J ed. Thorpe; Angkt-Saami Vhron. ; EccL 
Documentfiy iii. 397). In the account of the 
synod held at Clovesho in 798 there is a notice 
of a synod held by Bregwin, in which com- 
plaint was made of the unjust detention of 
' an estate granted to Christ Church by v^Ethel- 
bald of Mercia (I>vL Boctimetidi.ni. 399, 512). 
A letter is extant addrtfssed by Bregwin to 
Lullui*, archbishop of Mentj, informing him 
of the death of the Abbess Bugge, or Eadburh 
(Epp* Bmiif, ed. JatV*^, No. 113>. From this 
letter it appearn that Bregwin made the ac^ 
qualntance of Lullus during a visit to Rome, 



where he had much friendly convterse with 
him. The duration of Brejjwin'f* archiepi- 
ccof«it6 iA VArvoufilj gtated ; by the * Anglo- 

[ Saxon Chmiiicle* a« four, by Eadmer as 
three, and by Osbem as seven years. Aa he 
signs chapters in 764 {Codfx Dipt, civ., 
Cxi.), the date of his death given by Osbem 
(25 Ahj^. TftT)) may he accepted ai» cor- 
rect. The nlacei of his burial was a matter of 
interest , Tl i s pred ece?*dor, C lit h berht , caused 
the custom of inakintT St, August ine*8 the 
bur}inj^-place of the arcld^ishoji?* to be bro- 
ken thrnugh, and was laid in !iii* cathedral 
church. This greatly ang:ere<l the monks of 
St Augufltinea ; for the miracles and offer- 
injfs at the lonibs of arehhiifihojts brought 
them both honour and protlr. In order to 
secure the new privileir«" of their church, the 

lulergy of Christ Church observed the ekame 
secreT'T on the death of Bregwin as they had 
done In the caae, and by the order, of Cuth- 
berht. They concealed tlie illness of the 
arclibishop, and on his death buried him before 
they riin;^ the bell for him. When Jaenberht, 
ftbbot of St, Augustine*^» heard of the deaths 
he came down with a bund of armed men to 
claim the licjdy, but found that he wfe too 
late (Thokn, 177i'-4). An attempt was 
made in aftertimes to deprive Christ Church 
of BrepT^vin'a body. After the marriftge of 
Henry I and Adeliza of Louvain a monk 
named Lambert came from tlie queen's old 
home to aee her, and wa;^ lodged at Canter- 
bury. He begtfed the Iwidy of Br^^win of 
Archbishop Ralphs who promised to ullow him 
to have it to carry back w^ith him. Finding 
that the archbishop repented of his weakness^ 
Lambert set out for W'oocktock to lay his 
case before the que+*n. On his way he died 
at London. Tliis attempt to despoil the 
church of Canterbury wa.s naturally toEowetl 
by a vision, in which the departed archbiisbop 
expressed his indigUAtion. 

[Osbom De Vita Bregwini, Eadmer De Vita 
Bregwini. Anglia Sacra, ii.; Florence of Wor* 
ceatf^r; Acta S8. HollHiid, Aug. v. 827; Epp. 
Bonif., ed. Jaffi^ ; Haddan and Stub^js s Ecelws. 
Documents, iii. 397-99 ; Komble's Codex Dipl* 
i, 129-35. 137, \^^ ; Cliron. \\\ Thorn, ed. Twys^ 
den, 1772-4 ; Hook a Lives of the Archbinhopa of 
Canterbury* i. 23 i.] W. H. 

BREKELL, JOHN (1697-1769), ores- 
hyterian minister, bora at North Meols, 
LRUcasbire, in 1697, was educated for the 
mini^tr^' at Nottingham. His first known 
settlement was at Stamford, apparently ua 
assistant, but he did not stay long. lie 
went to assist Christopljer Ba,'*.snett fq. v.] flt 
Kaye Street, Liverpool 17:i9 (>o Dr. Evijre'B 
manuscript; llEjTBr Winder, D»D., in his 






tood 
loo^^ 



manuacript funeraJ st^rmon (2 Tim. iv. 7, 8) 
for BrekiMl. preached on 7 Jan. 1770, says he 
was mini?!iter in Liverjwol ' for upwarda of 
forty yean? ;* a manuscript letter of Wixder's, 
2 June 1730, mentions Brekell as a Liverpool 
minister). Tonimin prints a letter (datad 
Liverpool, r5 LW% 17:?0) from Brekell to Rev. 
Thomas Fickard nf Birminj4:liam, showing 
that Brekell had l»'n a^ked to Birmingham, 
but had * handsome encouragement to con- 
tinue' where he was. The date, April 1732, 
given bv L)r Martineau, may lie that of Ere- 
iceira admis^^ion to the statua of m colleague 
after ordination. On Bas«nett*a death on 
22 July 1744 Brekell became sole pastor. His 
ministr>^ covers the ^>eriod between the rise of 
the evangelical liberalism of Doddriilge (hid 
correspondent, and the patron of hia first pub- 
lication), and the avowal of Socinianism by 
Priestley, to whose 'Theol epical RepM»sit/>rv' 
he contributed in the lant year of hi* life, 
Brekell, though his later trt^atment of the 
atonement shows Sociniau influence, stood 
tirm on the person of Christ. In hia sermoi 
he makes considerable uaeof hi» classic liti 
tore. Lardner quotes him (j?w/. o/*^erffi 
bk, i,) as a critic of the aute-Niceue writers. 
His firat publication ivas * The Christian War- 
fare ... a Discourse on making our Calling 
and Election sure; with lui Appendijt con- 
cerning the Ferson>j proper to be admitted to 
the LortFs Supper,' 1742, 8vo, Following the 
example of bi^ predecess^or, he preached and 
published a j^ermon to sailors, * Euroclvdon, 
or the Dang<^rs of the Sea considered and 
improved,' &c. (Acts xxvii.), 1744, 12mo. 
Then came * Liberty and Loyalty,* 1 746, 8\-o 
(a Hanoverian pamphlet). More important 
is ' The Divine Oracles, or the Suthciency 
r>f the Holy Scriptures,' &c., 1749, Hvo, in 
reply to a work by Thomas Deacon, M.D., 
of Manchester, a nonjuring biahop of the ir- 
regular line. Xt this date (see pp. 72, 74) 
Brekel! *vides with Athanasius against the 
Arians. He published abo on * Holy Orders,' 
17o2t and two triiCtK in vindication of 'Paj- 
dobaptism,* 17o3 and 175.K BrekelFa name 
appe-ars among the «ub>^criljer3 to a work by 
\\ nit field, a Liverpool printer and sugar re- 
finer, who had left the presbyter ian>?, entitled 
*A Dissertation on Hebrew Vowel-point4S.' 
After Whitfield's lajise, Brekell wrote 'An 
Essay on tliellebrewTougue, being an attempt 
to shew that the Hebrew Bible might be ori- 
ginally read by Vowel Letters without the 
Vowel Points,* 1758, 8vo,2 pta., in which he 
is generally admitted to have had the best of 
the argument. Brekell wrote tracts on ^Bap- 
tizing sick and dying Injimts,* Glasgow, 17w, 
and on ' Regeneration/ 176L Soon arose a 
burning question among Liverpool presbj- 



* 



i 



tenana \n reference to a form of pmyer. At 
length II section of the Liverpool laity, holding 
-what they termed * free ^ views in theolop-, 
built & onapel in Temple Courts printed a 
*Form of Prayur and a new Collection of 
Pealms,' 1763, and secured a miniBter from 
I>ondon. The leadinie; spirit in this movement 
was Thomas Bentley (1731-1780) [q. v.], 
Wedgwood's partner, Hin m an n script cor- 
respondence deals pretty freely with Brekell, 
whom he treats as repreaeiiting * the presby- 
terian hierarchy/ Brekell did all he could by 
pamphlets in 1762 to show the inexpediency 
of forma of prayer. The new chapel * was 
sold to a Liverpool cler^man on 55 Feb. 
1776/ Meantime Brekell was publishing a 
dissertation on * Circumcision/ 1 763, a volume 
of sermons, * The Grounda and Principles of 
the Christian lievulation/ 1765,8vo, and * A 
Discourse on Music/ 1766. He died on 
28 Dec. 1 769. He married, on 1 1 Nov. 1 736, 

Elizabeth , and had five children. 

To^dmin gives the tit lea of sixteen of his 
pu hi i cations. To complete it should lie 
added : * All at Stake ; or an Earnest Per- 
suasive to a Vififorous Self-defence, kc. By 
J. B., author of the Christian Wiirfare, &c,,' 
Lirerpool, 174^>, 16mo (a sermon (Luke xxil 
36> dedicated * more especially to the Gentle- 
men Volunteers of Liverp<x)U and the Begi- 
ment of Blues raised at their own ex]>ence 
by that Loyal Town and Coqjoration/ At 
the end is a warlike * llvmn suitable to the 
Occasion of the general Fast to be observed 
with a view to the present War, both I^'oreipn 
and Domestic') ; also a * Sermon (Phih i. 1 1) 
on the Liverpool Inhrmary,' 1760, 8vo (his I 



last publication ). The sipiature to his papers 
177L is * Verus/ 



in the ' TheoL Repoa*,' voL L 1709, and ^ 



[Thorn's Liverpool Churches and ChapelSt 
1854, pp. 2, 7, 69, 71 ; Ciirppnt^r's Preiiby- 
teriunictni in Nottingliam (1861?), p. 126 seq. ; 
JoDPfi's Hi at. Preeb. Chapels ixnd Cliarities, 
1867, pp 664, 669 ; Toulmin s Mem. of Rev. S. 
Bourn, 1808, pp. 177. 182; Lnthbury's Hist, of 
the Nonjurors, 1846, p. 390; H*llpy*s Linca- 
fhire» it« Puritanism and Nonconformity, 1869, 
ii. 324, 410; Rutt'a Memo, ani Corresp. of 
Priestley, 183 Li. 60; Armstrong's Ordination Ser- 
rice for Jjimes Martinoati, 1829, p. 83 ; Monthly 
Repofiitory, 1822. p» 21, IB31, p. 789; Winder'* 
Hiimiscripts* MaiinfcriptBi rehitinfl; to Octagon 
Chapel, and Family Itcgrstep in Brekell's Bible, 
all in Eenshaw Street Chai>el Library, Liver- 
pool.] A. G. 

BREMBEE, Sm NICHOLAS (d, 1388), 
lord mayor of LnudoUt was the chief su]>- 
porter nmonp- the citizens of Richard 11. The 
* wort hie and puiasant man of the city ' of 
Grafton (who wrongly terms him a draper), 




and *the stout mayor' of Pennant, he was 
a 8on of Sir John Itrembr*^ (Hasted, if. 258), 
and, becomiiig n citizen and grocer of London, 
purchased iu K^72-3 (46 Kd. IH) from the 
Mulmnins family the ejjtateB of Mereworth, 
Maplescomb, and West Peckbam, in Kent, 
(ihid, i. L>90, li. 258, 264 ). He lirs^t appears as 
an alderman in 1376 (Letter-itoftk Jl,f. xliv), 
sitting for Bread Street AVard, in which lie 
resided (Hkbdert. i. 328). The citizens were 
at thi,* timp divided into two ftui'tions, the 
party under John of Xnrthampfon supporting 
John of (Jaunt and Wyelitte, while that 
headed by Walworth and Philipot supported 
the onpositinn and Court en ay. On the fall 
of Joiin of Gaunt and his partiiians at the 
close of Edward IlPa reign (1377), Staple, 
the then lord mayor, waf* deposed and re* 
placed by Brembre, who belonged to the op- 
]K)site party. He took his oath at the Tower 
29 March 1377 (Stow, Annals), and was also 
re-electefl for the succeeding year (1377-8). 
His * Proclamacio . . . . ex parte . * . ♦ 
Regis Ricardi ' in this mayoralty (as shown 
by the sheriflV names) is given in the • Cot- 
tnnian MSS/ (Nero, I), vl ion. 177A-9). In 
the purl iament of Gloucester (1378) Tliomas 
of W'oodstock, the king's uncle, demanded 
his impeachment as mayor for an outrage 
by a citizen on one of his followers, but the 
matter was compromised (Riley). He now 
b+?came for several yt^ars (at least from 1379 
to LJ86) one of the two collectors of customs 
for the port of London, with Geoflh^y Chaucer 
for his comptroller, his accounts being still 
preserved (Q. H, Cki^tojns Bundle ^ 247 ). Tlie 
party to which Brembre belonged had its 
strt^ngth among the greater companies, espe- 
cially the grocers, then dominant, aod the 
fishmongers, whose monopoly it upheld 
against the clamours of the populace Uhid.) 
It was oligarchical in its aims, striving to 
deprive the lesser companies of any voice 
in the city (Nokton), and was consequently 
favourable to Richard's policy. At the 
cri.-siis of the rising of the ec*mmons (15 Jan. 
1381) Brembre, with his allies Walworth 
and Philipot, accompanied the king to Smith- 
field, and was knighted with them for his 
services on that occasion {Letter^book M, 
f. cxxxii ; Fkoissart, cap. 108). He la men- 
t ioned as the king's financial agent on SI Dec. 
1381 ihsnes of Exckeqvjcr), and &a one of the 
leading merchants summoned *atreter and 
communer ' with parliament on suppUectj 
10 May 1382 {Hot. Pari iii. 123). Hi^ 
foremost opponent, John of Northampton 
(T. Wals, n. 111), held the mayoralty for 
two years (1381-3) in (Siuccefision to Wal- 
wortt, but at the election of 1383 Brembre, 
who had been returned to parliament for the 



: 



Brembre 



25^ 



Bremer 



citj At the beginning of t\m year {Betunt, i. 
215), mid who wa« one of the sixteen alder* 
men th*fn belonging to the greftt Grocers* 
ConiX^'*"y (Herbert, i, 207)/ ove forte main 
, , . ct gni muUifude des gentz - , . feust 
ifait niflire * (liot. Pari. iii. 2*26). Dr. Stiibbs 
calls attention to this forcible election tks ik>*<- 
Beasing * the importance of a const it uliunal 
episode * ( Cfrmt, lli*t. iii, 575 ), but wrongly 
msaigns it tn i;iH6 (i*<!nW.) On the outbreak of 
John nf Northampton's riot in Febrnnrj^ 1SS4, 
Brembre arretted and beheaded a rinj^leader, 
John Con^tantyn^ cordwainer (T, Wai^. ii. 
110-1). Our main knowledge of Ilrembre's 
conduct if* derivtvUVnm a bundle of petitions 
presented to pirliament in October-November 
1386 by ten companies of the rival faction, 
of which two (those of the merceni and cord- 
wainerf*) are printed in ^ Rot, Pari/ iii. 225-7. 
In these he in accused of tyriinnou8 conduct 
duriuff hif* miiyomlty of 1383-4, especially 
fif beUeatlinfi the cordwainer for the riot in 
Cheapside, and of securing bis re-election in 
1S84 by increnaed violence. Forl»idding bia 
opTK>nent8 to take \^^Tt in the elect ion, he 
fillt'd the GuUdball with armed men, who, 
at their approach, *^lleront sur etix ove 
gtlnt noise, criantu tuwez. tuwez, lour piir- 
suivantz bydoust^ment/ In 1386 he secua*d 
the election of bin accompljct\ Niclioliis Ex- 
ton, wbo w^iw thus ninyor at the time of the 
petition, m that the mayoralty was fit ill, 
It urged t Menuz par eonquest et maistrie.' 
Wbil<e mayor (KiH4l, Brembre bad effected 
the ruin of hiei rival, John of Northampton 
(who bad appealed in vain to John of Gaunt }, 
fcf hJa favourite device of a charge of treason 
(T, Wals. ii. 116); and though Gloucester 
(*Thoma8 of Woodittock *) and the opp)«ition 
accused bim of nlotting (T. Wals. ii. l.5€) in 
favour of Suffolk {the chancellor), who was 
impeacbed in the parliament of 138<i, and of 
compussing their death, he not otdy escaped for 
the 1 1 me J but at the clnsM* of the year ( 1 386) wast, 
with Burley and others of the purty of resiat- 
ane<^, mimmoned by Richartl into bis council. 
Thrtjuji^b the year 1387 he supported Kiehard 
in London iu bis struggle for aTjiwolute |>ov%fr, 
but WM again accuse<l by Gloucester and the 
opposition of inciting the mayor and citizens 
against them, when the former ( Exton ) shrank 
from such a plot ( T. \V'alh, iL Hio ; Hot. Pari. 
iii. 234). fie was therefore among the bve | 
councilors charged with treason by the lords 
apj>ellant on 14 Nov. 1387, and, on the citi- 
zens refusing to rise for him, fled, hut was 
captured (in Wides, mys Feoissakt) and i 
imprisoned at Gloucester (writ of 4 Jan. 1388 j 
in Rtmek's Fa'dera)^ whence on 28 Jan. 1388 1 
he was removed to the Tower {hmju: Hotis, 
11 Hich. JI). The * merciless ' parliament I 



met on S Feb., and the five coimcillorB 

were formally impeached by Gloucester and 
the lords appellant (Hot, Pari. iii. 229-36). 
Brembre, who waa atyled * £&ulx Chivaler d& 
Ijondres/ and w^ho was hated by York and 
Glfuiceftter tFB0i88iLBT),wia specially charged 
with taking twenty-two pnaonera out of New- 
gate and beheading them without trial at the 
* Foul Ohe ' in Kent (Jiot. Pari. p. 231). On 
17 Feb* he waa brought from the Tower to 
Westminster and put fyn his trial. He claimed 
trial by battle as a knight, but it was refused, 
and being again brought up on the 2Qth, he re- 
ceived sentence, and was ordered to be taken 
back to the Tower, whence the manhal 
should Mui treyner parmye la dite cite da 
Loundre^, et avant tan qtui diti Fourche* 
[Tyburn], et illeSos lui pendre par le cool' 
{ib. iii. 237-6). This sentence was carried 
into effect, though he had * many Intences- 
sors* among the citizeni* (T.Wals' ii. 173-4), 
but waa reversed by Richard in hi* last 
struggle, 25 March 1399 (Clau*, 22 Jiic/i, IT, 
p. 2, m. 6, dors.) Stow (Anmtlf) wrrongly 
believed that he waa beheaded (*with the 
same axe he had prepared for other '), He 
waa buried in the clioir of the Grey Friara, 
afterwanls Christ Church (Strtpe* iii. 138, 
where the date i^ wrongly given). Froiaaart 1 
(cap. 108) saya that be waa bewailed by the 
citixens, but this must have applied to his 
partisans. Walsingham (li, 178-4) narrat€« 
the ab<*urd charges brought against him at 
his fall. ' ' 

[Rolls of ParliAment, voh iii. ; Rymer'aFiBdem; 
Thomafi of Walsingbftrn's Hitttt^ria Anglicaoa 
(Rolls Series); Stow* Animls ; Stiyp©** 9tow'» 
Survey ; Cottonian MSS, ; DocmnenU (ut sapta) 
in Public Record Office ; Riley's MemoriaU of 
London ; Norton's Commentaries on the Histoty 
of L^indon ,- t>6Ton*s Rolls of the Exaheqaer; 
FroiBKirt*B Chronicle*; Stabba'a CoD^tituuoaal 
History; Herbert's Twelve Great Compiuiies; 
Hoatha Grocers' Compftuy ; Hiisted't Hiatoiy of 
Kent; Return of Members of Parliament.] 

J.H.R. 

BREMER, Sir JAMES JOHN GOR- 
DON (]7NII^1B50), rear-admiral, the. son 
and grandfton of naval officers, wns entered 
as a lirst-cla^ss volunteer on board the Sand- 
wich guard.^hip at tbe Nore in 1704. This 
was only for a few months ; in October 
1797 he was appointed to the Royal Naval 
College at Portsmouth, and was not again 
embarked till lH02, when he waa appointed 
to the Euflyraion as a midshipman under 
Captain I'bilip Durham. For the next 
fourteen years he was actively and con* 
tinuously rs-erving in different parts of tlie 
world. lie was made lieutenant on 3 Aug. 
1805, commander on 13 Oct. 1807, and 



J 



Bremner 



257 



Bremner 



.captain on 7 June 1814, biif had no op|ior- 
Vinities *3f achieving any i^pe-t'itil diKtinction. 
K)n 4 June 1815 he wa*i nominated a CB. ; 
and on 24 Oct. 181fJ, whikt in command of 
the Com us frigate, he was wrecked on the 
I coast of Newfoundland, In Fehruary 18124 
he was sent, in command of the Tamar, to 
eatabtish a colnnj on Melville Island, Aiia- 
I tralia ; after which he went to India and took 
part in the first Biirnu's«^ wan On t?5 Jan. 
1836 he was made a K.CJL, and in the fol^ 
lowing year was appointed to the Alligator^ 
and a^in went out to Au^traliB, where, the 
colonia'mg of Melvilk* Island having failed, 
he formed a settlement at Port Eft^ingt^jn, 
Thence he again went to India, where, by the 
death of Sir Frederick M ait land, in Decem- 
ber 1839, he wa;^ left ftenior otlicer for a few 
months, till superseded by Hear-admiral El- 
liot in July ; and again in the following No- 
vember, when Admiral Elliot invalided, till 
^_ the arrival of Sir William Parker in Anguflt 
^k84L Sir Gordon Bremer had thus the naval 
^KommAnd of the ejtpe<lition to China during 
^m great part of the years 1840-1, for which 
^nervices he received the thatdc,^ of parlia- 
ment, and was niadeK.C.B. on 2il July 1841. 
In April 184<j he wa» appointed second in 
command of the Clianuel ;st|Uiidron, wirh his 
broad pennant in the Queen ; and in the 
following November to he commodore-su- 
. peri nt en dent of Woolwich dockyard, which 
^most he held for the next two year». lie 
^■Ittained hin flag on 15 iSept. 1849, but died 
^^a few months later, on 14 Feb. 1850. 

He married, in 1811, Harriet, daughter 
of Thomas Wheeler, imd widow of the Hev, 
George Henry GIq^hq^ and left a family of 
two sons anrf four daughters, the eldest of 
whom mamed Ca[»tain (afterwards Admi- 
ral) Sir Leopold Kuptir. 

[O'Byme's NaT, Biog. Diet. ; Gent. Mag, 
(1860), N.a miii* 534.] J. K. L. 

BREMIfER, JAMES (1784-1866), enp- 
neer and ghip-rai&er, was born at Kei«9, pan^h 
of Wick, county of Caitlmes^^ on 25 Sept. 
1 784 , be ing the eon of a aoldien He recei v ed 
auch education at Kelae ad hh mothers 

k means could afford until 1798, when he was 
mpprenticed to Robert Steele & Sons, ship- 
liuilders of Greenock, whose establishment 
afforded every opportunity for both theo- j 
retical and practical inat ruction. He re- | 
mained at Messrs. Steele's for about six years i 
and a half. At the age of twenty-five, after 
having made two voyages to North America, | 
he settled at Pulteney Town tn his native 
pariahy where he eventually occupied the 
ahipbiiilding yard for nearly half a centuir. 
During that time he built £fty-flix veaaelk, 
VOL. VI. 



from a Bhip of 510 tons to a small sloop of 
45 tons. He was also engaged in designing 
and constructing harbours and piers on the 
northern coast of Scotland. His works of 
this kind included the reconstruction of the 
old harbour of Pulteuey Town, the construc- 
tion of Keiss harbour (1818), the recon- 
struction of Sarclet Imrbour near the bay of 
Wick (18*^5-45), the construction of Lossie- 
mouth harbour, and the harbour of Pitullie, 
near Fraserburgh, besides surveying and pre* 
pring working plan* for many other porta 
in Scotland. 

Bremner evinced great ingenuity in the 
raising and recovering of ivrecked vessels f 
and in the wide eircuit between Aberdeen- 
shire and the isle of Skye, comprehending 
the islands of Orkney, Shetland, and Lewis, 
and the critical navigation of the Pentland 
Firth, he rajM^d no les.'i than 236 veaeele. 
With one of liia sons he was employed in 
as^t^isting to take the Great Britain off the 
strand at Dundrum Bay in August and Sep- 
tember 1847. Bremner w^as elected a corre- 
sponding member of the Institution of Civil 
Engineers on 12 Feb, 1833, and received a 
Teltbrd medal in 1844 for his pivpers on 

* Pulteney Town Harbour,* * Sarclet Harbour/ 

* A New Piling Engine,' and * An Apparatus 
for Float ing Large Stones for 1 1 arbo u r W orki*. ^ 
For the last twelve years of hiti life he acted 
as agent at Wick for the Aberdeen, Leith, and 
Clvde Shipping Company- He died suddenly 
at ilarbour Place, Pulteney Town, on 20 A ug. 
1856. Bremner was the author of a tract, 
entitled * IVeatise on the Planning and Con- 
etructing of Harbours in Deep Water, on 
Submarine Pile Driving, the Preservation of 
Ships Stranded and Raising of those Sunk 
at Sea, on Principles of lately patented In- 
ventions,' 1845, 8vo. 

Of his numerous family the sons were all 
brought up as engineers * one of them, Davjd 
Bremner, engineer for the Clyde trustees, 
died in 1852. 

[Minuter of ProcewUngs of Institution of Civil 
Engineers (1857), atri. 113-20.] Q. C, B. 

BEEMMER, ROBERT (d. 1789), music 
publisher, was bom in Scotland in the early 
part of the eighteenth century. He began It te 
as a teacher of singing, but about 1748 set up 
in business in Edinburgh as a music printer 
and publisher, at the sign of the Harp and 
Hauthoy, in High Street. Here he published, 
in 1756," a work entitled 'ITie Rudiments of 
Music ; or, a Short and Easy Treatise on that 
Subject. To which is added, A Collection of 
the best Chareb tunes, Canons, and Anthems/ 
This book, which is characterised by ite sen- 
Bible directions for church singing at a time 

s 




Brenan 



n« 



Brenan 



when ecclesiasticiil music waa in n very corrupt 
itate, waa reissued in a eecond edition, puD- 
li»hed in 1763 at London, whither Bremner 
hiid in the mt*antime remoynd. His shop in 
London wag at the sign of the Harp and 
Hauttioyy oppo«ite Somerset House in the 
Strand, Here he continued his publishing 
business with jfreat succesft, beside^n bringing 
out several collections of* Scots Songs/ the 
words of which were by Allan Rjim»ay, an 
instruction book for the guitar» 'Thoughts 
on the Perfonnnnce of Concert Music,* * The 
HarpHicliord or Spinnet Miscellanv. Being 
a Gradation of FrMp<?r Lessons from the Be- 
ginner to the tolerable (>i'r) Perft:»nneT, 
Chiefly intended to save Masters the trouble 
of writing for their PupLls/and * Select Con- 
cert Pieces fitted for the Harpfiichord or 
Pianoforte, with an Accompaniment for the 
\'iolin.' The last publication, of which 
several numbers appeared, contains a valu- 
able collection of classical music. In the pre- 
face to it, Bremner mentions his having 
bought the celebrated manuscript wrongly 
ImowQ aa * Queen Elizabeth':* Virgin a! Bw>k ' 
at the sale of Dr, Pepusch's Librarv\ For this 
he gave ten guineas : the manuscript passed 
from his hands into those of Earl FitzwiUiam^ 
nnd h now prest^rved in the Fittwilliem Li- 
brary at Cambridgr*. lu the latter part of 
bis life Bremner lived at Kensington Gore, 
where he died 12 May 17R9. 

[Grove's Diet, of MusicinnB, i. 273 b, iv. 307 A ; 
Gent. Miig. 1789, i. 471 ; B rem nor's works meu- 
tioDod above.] W. B. S. 

BRENAN, — ij. 17r»6), is the author 
of the * Painter's Breiikfast ; * a dnimmtic 
satirt\ Ihibliii, 1756, l^mo. He is also cre- 
dited with the production of a comedy, en- 
titled *■ The Lawsuit/ which Burke is said 
to have int^^nded to publish by subscription, 
but which never saw t\m light. Of hm life 
nothing whatever is known, except that he 
was a painter in Dublin. The * Painter's 
Breakfast ^ is a clever work. Pallat , a painter, 
flsks to breakfast some known patrons of art. 
lie then, with the aid of Dactyl, a i>oet^ and 
Friendly, a comedian, sells l)v auction as ori* 
ginal works some copies of paintings executed 
by hx8 acquaintance. The proceeds of the 
fisle, after the deduction of the cost of the 
breakfoat and the true value of the paintings, 
are to be devoted to a fund for the relief of 
UuiKtic^. The intention is of course to ridi- 
cule would-be connoisseurs of artjwho neglect 
mod«i»m work, and will hear only of the an- 
tique. The characters of Sir Bubble Buyall, 
Formal (a connoisseur), La^ly Squeesse, Bow 
and Scraps (two hookers-in), and others are 
well drawn, and the piece has some humour. 



I [Biographia Pnunatica; The Painter's Brrak- 
fftst.] J.K 

] BRENAN, JtJHN (1768 P-1830), phy- 
sician^ bom at Ballaghide, Carlow, Ii^ajid, 
about 1 768, waa the joongeat of aix childnan. 
His father, a Roman catholic, pos&easciid aomo 
property. Brenan's earliest bterary produo 
tion8 appejir to have been epigrams and abort 
pof>ms, which he contributed to Dublin peri- 
odicals in 1703. He graduated as doctor of 
medicine in Glasgow, and estublished himself 
in that profession in Dublin about 1801. For 
some time \w was a contributor of verses in 
the * Irish Miig&zine,' commenced in Dublin 
in 1807 by Walter Cox. Cox was tried in 
Dublin in 1812 for publishing a production 
in favour of a repeal of the union between 
Ort^at Britain ana Irtdand, and condemned to 
stand in the pi Dory and to be imprisoned for 
twelve mouths. While Cox waa m gaol under 
this sentence, Brenan quarrelled with him, 
went over to the opposite party, and started 
thw * Milesian Magazine, or Irish Monthly 
n leaner/ The first number appeared in April 
1812, and in it and sub^etiuent issues be as- 
sailed Cox with great acerbity. Brenan was 
nrdently devoted to gymnastics, an expert, 
wreiitler, and occasionally showed symptoma 
of mental disorder. About 1812 puerperal 
fever and internal inflammation prevailed to 
a vast extent in Dublin. Brenan discovered 
' a valuable remedy in preparations of turpen- 
tine, with which he successfully treated many 
cases. The greater part of the medical prac- 
tice in Dublin at that time was in the hand* 
of the College of Physicians. An old bylaw 
of thecn!leg<^ tbrbidding members to hold con- 
sult at ious with non-members was, accordiii^^J 
to Brenan, put in oih ration to curtail his pn^^H 
tice. Brenan stated t hat tlie Dublin pbysiciai^^ 
declined to use his rt»medy from personal jea- 
lousy. It was, however, adopted by practi- 
tioners with suc^-ess in the countiy part* of 
Ireland, as well as in England and Scotland. 
In 1813 Brenan published at Dublin a pam- 
phlet entitled * Mssay on Child-bed Fever, with 
remarks on it, as it appeared in the Lying-in 
Hosuital of Diililin, m January 1813, &c.* 
In this publication he attacked the College 
of Physicians. He followed up tho attack 
by a series of articles, both in verse and prose, 
in the * Milesian Magazine,' in which he sati- 
rised the prominent members of that college, 
Brenan also attacked persons agitating for ca- 
tholic emancipation. A government pension 
was alleged to have been given for thes€ pro- 
ductions. Many of Brenan's satires were in 
the form of adaptations in verse of passages 
from the Latin cLaasics, which he applied with 
much poignancy. Among these was an ela- 




f iKirate piece on Daniel O'Connelli then in the 

f #urly s t ikgeM of h i ^ career, Th e * M i If ^^^ i a n Mii- 

gazine* wa^ pulilished at long int^^rvuls*. Tlie 

£l«t number, which appjara to have heen thtit 

Sinted in 1825, contained a letter which 
renanftddresaedtothe Mnrquis of WellHslHV, 
lord-lknitenont of Ireland, Jidvocutin)^ iin in- 
I quin* into the administration of the Lving-in 
Hospital at Dublin, and stating the eircum- 
1 stances of his discovery in connection with 
turpentine. Brenan's dea^th took place at 
I Dublin in July 1830, 

[Antholofiria Hihenjiea, 1793-1 : Mii«onic Ma- 
gazine, 1793^4; Cor's IrMh MagtuEine. 1812; 
BeflectiQDS npon CHI of Turpentino, and upon tho 
preaent Coodition of the M*«dii!a! PnjfpsjjLon in 
Irelaiid, 1817 ; Maddens Unitotilnahaien, 1858*] 

J. T, G. 

BRENDAK or BRENAIM'N, 8aint 
(4SK)?--o73 ), of Birr, which wa-s so called from 
the abundance of wells there (6irr^ birra, 

I wat«r), now Parsonstown, in the King's 

I County, was horn about a.d. 400. He wa» 
son of Neman, a poet, and Mausenna, and 
lielonj^efl to t!ie race of Corb Aulani, great- 

I grandson of Itudhraig-he, from whom were 
the Clanna Uudkraighe. A disciple of St, 

^ Finnian of Clonard, he is descnbf?d m the Life 
of St. Finnian a* * a prophet in those schools/ 
He belonged, like the other Brendan (of Clon- 
fert)|to the second order of Iri.sh .sainU* and 
i^ sometimes dtatinguished jis Brendan the 
Senior, He was present at the council in 
ich St* Columba was ejccommunicated, but 
\ his intimate friend, and is aaid to have 

, D consulted by him m to the place he .should 

choose for Kia exile, on whicli occasion he 
recommended Ily. The foundation of his 
monastery of Birr is placed hy some irarao 

I diately before 563, but by oth^ri^ somewhat 
earlier. In the * Ftlire ^ of Oyngua Ccle D6 




» 



The royal fea«t of Brenana of Birr, 
AgHinPt whom burst th© sea^levol. 
Fair diadem, much enduring. 
White head of IreUudV prophets. 

* Much enduring ' iei explained * very great 
ivas be ill enduring tribulations and tr»>uble§, 
or, in supporting the poor and needy for God's 
siike/ The note from the * L^bar Brecc * 
e^laina the incident in the second line thus : 
'Ttie surge of the Bea rose af^^ainst him when 
he went thereon, and Brenainn, son of Find- 
logfL, caught him by the baud/ The term 

* white head * seems to refer to the meaning? 
cf his name, for it may be observed t hat in the 
popular form of the name (Brendan) the ter- 
minatiou is not the word an, * noble/ usually 
the suffix to Irish ecclesiastica! names, as 
Colm-an, Aid-an, for the correct form in all 




Irish authorities is Brenann or Brenainn, of 
which Brcnaind is a later form; this is in- 
terpreted Braen-Z'Amrf, or Braen the Fair 
{Feiirf, Ixxxvi). 

His death, which took place in the eightieth 
year of his age, the night before 29 Nov., 
Las been assigned by Lsaher to 571, but by 
Tighemach to 573, which Dean Reeves thinlEs 
more likely, St. Columba is represented as 
having been aware of his death at the time 
of its occurrence, and to have seen liJs soul 
entering heaven accompanied by angels. * Get 
readv the sacred service of the eucharist im- 
mediate ly * (he said to bis attendant ), * for this 
is the natal day of Brendan/ ' Why,' said 
the attendant, * do you order the sacred ritea 
to-day, for no messenger has come from Ir^ 
land with tidings of that holy man's death ? ' 
* Go,' said Columba, * and obey my orders, for 
last night I saw iieaven open au(! choirs of 
angels descending to meet the aoul of St. 
Brendan^ and the whole world was illumi- 
nated by tlieir brilliant and surpassing ra- 
diance/ His day in the calendar is 29 Nov. 

[Reeves's Adfimuan, pp. 209, 210* Dublin, 
1867; Martyn>lojry of Dunegal, Dublia, ]864; 
Felire of Ot-ngus C^lu T>e, Tmnsactions of Royal 
Irish Academy, pp. Lxxxvi, clxvi, cLotiii ; Ua- 
fiher's Works, vi. 594, 695.] T. O. 

BRENDAN or BRENAINN, SiiJfT 
(484-577), of Clonfert, was born in 484, at 
Littus li, or Stagnum li, n<>w Tralee, co. Kerry. 
I He is termed son of Finnlnga, to distitiguiab 
I him from liis contemporary, 8t. Brendan of 
I Birr [q, v.], and Moeu Altn, from his great- 
grantltather, Alt a, who was of the race of 
I Ciar, descendant of Uudraij^he, from whom 
were the Ciarraiglip, who Inive giveu iheir 
nainu to Kerry. Ilia parents, though free and 
well l>orn, were in a relation of dependence, 
and under the rule of their relative. Bishop 
l' Ere. Some have tlionght this was the well- 
I known hisbop of Slane, co. Meath : but there 
were many of the name, and he seems to 
) have been rather the head of a local monas- 
tery, and |jermaiiently resident in Kerry. 
I Here Brt^ndan mus born, and when a year 
i old was taken by Ere and placed in charge 
I of St. It a of Cluain Credbail, in the soutn- 
j west of the county of Limerick. Remaining 
five ycjirs with h«r, be returned to Ere to 
I begin his studies, and in course of time, 
I when he bad ' read through the canon of the 
i Old and New Testaments, he wished also to 
I study the rules of the saints of Ireland. 
' Ilavinof obtained Erc's pennission to go to 
St. Jarlath of Tuam for the purpose^ with 
the injunction to return to liim for holy 
orders, he first paid a visit to St. Ita, * hiii 
nurse/ She approved of his design, but 

2 



Brendan 



360 



Brendan 



^utioned him ' not to study with women or | 
irgins, for fear of sciinJ&l/ and he then 
pureut'd his journey^ and arrived in due 
time lit Tuam. (M the complption of his 
titudieM there he returned to Bishop Ere, and 
wai ordained hj him, but never proceeded 
l)eyond tiie order of pn^sbyter, such being the 
iisiif^e of thi' second order of Imh Mintii to 
which he belonged. 

It se*'mB to hare been at thia period that 
the deein^ took poasedsion of him to jfo forth 
on the expedition which formed the basis of 
the * Navigation of St. Brendan,' the moat 
popular le|jrend in the Middle A (yea. Some 
dimculty hns always l>een felt with regard 
to tlnL" date usually assigned !€► it, as he muat 
have been then Rixty years of ape^ and it is 
not easy to reconcile it with thf other fact* of 
his life (Lanioax) ; but this difliculty aeema 

Fto arise from t!ie belief that there was but one 
Voyage, as stated in the versions current 
abroad. The unpublished Irish life, in the 
*B<>ok of LiHmore'(A.T). 14O0), removes much 
of thf difficultv by de<scribin|f two voyages, 
one early in lite and the other later on. It 
8tat<"B tiiat at his ordination the words of 
Sci'ipture (St. Lulie xviii. 29,30) produced 
ft profound impression on him, and he resolyed 
to fon*«lie !ii» country and inheritance, be- 
aeeching his Heavenly Father to grant him 
•the myaterioua land far from humun ken.* 
In his aleep an angel appeared to him, and 
said, * Rise, Brendan^ and God will grant 
you the land you seek.' Kt^joiced at the 
message he rises, and goes forth * alone on 
the mountain in ibe night, and lieholds the 
vast and dim ocean stretching away on all 
Bidea fix)m him* (such is exactly the view 
from Brandon IIill)^ and far in tlie distanct* 
he seems to behold Mhe fair and excellent 
laud, with angels hovering over it.' After 
anotlier vision, and the promise of the angel s 
presence with him, be goes forth on his 
nnvigation, but, after srvfiu years' wandering 
without success, is advised to rt'tuni to his 
country, where many were waiting for him, 
and there wiis work for him to do. That 
Brendiui niuy have undertaken some such 
expedition, and visited some of the western 
ftnd northern inland?;, is quite pos^sible; for 
it ie certain that Irish hermits found their 
way to the Hebrides, the Shetland and Faroe 
Isliuids, and even to Iceland (Uicitil). 

Somewliere alxjut this time may be placed 
his visit to Brittany, which ia not noticed in 
the Irish life* He is said to have gone thither 
between 1520 and 630. After a considerable 
stay he n^turned home. But the desire to 
reach the iindiseovennl land was not extinct, 
and now it revived with new vigour, and 
once more, after congulting Bishop Ere, he 



ihat 



went to St, Ita and aaked her 'what hi' 
ahould do about his voyage.* * My dear son,' 
she replied, * why did you go on your [former] 
expedition without oooaulting me. That 
land you are seeking from God you shall 
find in tbose perishable leaky boats of hi 
but, however, build a ship of wood, and 
shall find "the far land.''' The vesse! 
the first voya^ is described in the *Navi- 

fation * as covered with hides ( ScHBOBBB). 
le then proceeded to Connaught, and built 
*a large wonderful ship,' and engaging arti- 
ficers and smiths, and putting on board many 
kinds of herbs and seed^, the party, ai3rty in 
al I, embarked on t heir voyage, and, after many 
adventures, reached * that paradise amid the 
waves of the sea,* 

The story of the ' Navigation * had * taken 
root in France aa early aa the eleventh cen- 
tury, was popular in Spain and Holland, and 
at least knoiivn in Italy, and wns the favour- 
ite reading, not only of monks, but of the 
widest circle of readers' (Schboder); but it 
had been altered from its original form, the 
two voyages compressed into one, and the 
adventures of other Irish voyagers worked 
into it. The legend in this form is traced by 
Schruder to the Lower Rhine ; but he is un- 
able to conjecture why it waa connected 
with Brendan's name. It was, however,^ 
only one of a class of Irish tale.^, known as 
* ImramaSj or expeditions, of which several 
are still extant ; and the popularity of this 
particular l^'ud abroad may be accounted 
for by the feet that when it was taken to 
the continent in the general exodus of Irish 
clergy in the ninth and following centtirii 
owing to the Danish invasions, the monks 
Brendun s order in one of t he numerous Iri 
foundations on the Rhine thought fit to exi 
their patron by dressing up the legend in 
manner suited to the popular taste. 

Some of the adventures bave been sup* 
pnfie<l to be derived from the * Arabian 
Nights ; * but there is reason to think that 
tJie converse is more likely (AVright), There 
is proof of the intercourse of Irish monks 
with the East in the ninth century (Pictm.) ,- 
and some of the stories, as that of the great 
fi[sh, called in the 'Navigation* laaconius 
(Ir. ias€', a fiali), which Sinhad took for an 
island, are SBiientially of northern origin. 

It seems to have bt*en aft^r his return from 
this voyage that he founded, in 553 ( A, F. M. 
the monastery of C^luain Feartaj * the la 
of the gnive,^ now Clonfert, in the 
and county of Longford, which 
became a bishop s see. 

He subsequentljr visited St, Colnmba at 
Hy, in company with two other sainta. This 
must have been after 563, when he was in 



rish 

m 

in^^ 





[liis aeTeaty-ninth yeiir. On tkig occ&slon he 
^ may have founded tki two churches in Scot- 
loud af wliich he wus piitron (Rekves), 

Tlie last time we hear of him is at the in- 
auguration of Audh Caemh, the first christian 
king of CasheU in 570, when he took the 
place of the official bard, MacLenini, wh{j 
wa« a heathen. On this occasion Brendan 
was the means of tlie bftrd » conversion, when 
lie gave him t he name uf Cokmin. ITe i*^ aiiice 
known as St. Colman of Qojne. Brendan 
died in 577, in the ninety-fourth year of his 
age. His day in the calendar is Iti May. 

[Bollandists' Act^i Sanctorum, Mail, toin. iii , 
Antverpiffi, 1680; Colgan*s Egroasio Familire 
Brendani, i. 72 ; Wright s Early English Bullads 
^^ {Percy Society), vot xW,, 1844 ; Schroder's 
^K^nct Brandiin, ErUngeii, 1871 ; literes'i Adum- 
^■jian's LifD of Columbu, 1857; pp. dd> 220, 223; 
^■XaDigan's Eecl. lIiNt. ii. 22^ &e. ; Dir!uii, Do 
■ifienBUTO Orbi«, PhHm. I8H ; OCurry 8 MS. Ma- 
rten »!§ of Irish History, p, 288. DuUin, 1861; 
B«Qtha Breanainn, M^„ in the Book of Lismorts 
Eoyal Irish Academy, Dublin ; thtt Book of 
Munater, MS» 23» E 26, in Royal hhh Aca- 
demy,] T, O. 

■ BKENT, CHARLOTTE (d. 1802), aftei^ 
^^ warda Mks, Pinto, siJiger, was the daughter 
of a fencing-maater and alto singer, ivho 
aang in Ilanders 'Jephtha* in 1752. Mjbs 
Brent was a favourite pupil of Dr. Arne, and 
for her he compoaed much of hia later and 
more florid music, at\er his wife had retired 
from public hfe. Mhs Brent's first ap- 
pearance tCHDk place in February 1758 at a 
concert. On 3 March of the same year she 
aang at Drury Lane in Ame's * Eliza/ per- 
formed as an oratorio for the composer's 
benefit. Her voice at this time had not at- 
tained its full strength, and Garrick (who 
was no mmician) refused to give her an en- 
gagement . lloweyer, she was moi'e fort. unat e 
at Coventr Garden, wdiere she appeared as 
Polly in the ^Beggars Opera 'on 10 Oct. 1759, 
and repeated the same part lor thirty-seven 
consecutive nights. The following are some 
of the principal parts which she played at 
ICorent Garden during her ten years' con- 
nection with it, Rachel in the * Jo vial Ci\^w* 
(14Feb. 1760),Sabrinn in * Comus* (27 March 
1760), the Fine Lady in ' Lethe ' (8 xVpril 
1760), Sally in 'Thomas and Sally ('2S Oct. 
1760), Mandune in * ArtaJterxes ' {2 Feb. 
1762), Margery in the ' Dragon of Wantley ' 
(4 May 1762), liosetta in *Love in a Vd- 
lage (8 Dec, 1762), Flirrilla in the * Guar- 
dian Outwitted ' (12 Dee. I7(i4), Patty in the 
'Maid of the Mill * t-il Jan. 1 765), Miss Biddy 
in *Mias in her Teens' (22 March 17tM>), 
Lady Lucy in the * Accomplished Maid ' 
(Ji Dec. 1766), Koeamund in the opera of that 



^■lie( 

™ I7f 




name (21 April 1767), Jacqueline in the 

* Royal Merchant * (14 Dec. 1767 )» Sophia in 
'Torn Jones * (14 Jan. 1768), and Thais in the 

* Court of Alexander' (1770). She was the 
original Sally, Mandane, Flirtilla, Rosetta, 
and Patty, most of which parts were written 
to di*<pliiy her perfect execution and good 
style. In 17ti't-5 Tenducci and Miss Brent 
performed in ' Samaon ' and other Handeljan 
selections at llanelagh. She sang at the 
Hereford festival in 1765, at Gloucester in 
1766, and at Worcester in 1767. In the au- 
tumn of 1766 she became the second wife of 
Thomas Pinto ; her marriage is said to have 
80 disguj^ted On Anie that on hearing her men- 
tioned he exclaimed, H)h, sir, pray don't name 
her; she has married a tiddler.' About 1770 
she left Co vent Garden, where Miss Cat ley 
was beginning to occupy the place she had 
hitherto tilled, and fur the next ten years she 
went a succession of tours with her husband 
in Scot hind and Ireland, appearing at Dub- 
lin in 1773 an L rganda in Michael Ame's 

* Cymom' Although she had acquired large 
sums of money, she was embarraiised in her 
old age. In 1784 she was living in Black- 
moor Street, Clare Market. On 22 April of 
this year she reappeared at Co vent Garden for 
one night in ^ Comus,* singing for the bene- 
fit of 11 nil, tho at age-manager. It was said 
that her voice still * possessed the remains of 
those qualities for which it had been so much 
celebrated — power, flexibility, and sweetness. 
After her hysband*s death she devoted her- 
self to the education of her talented Btep- 
grandeon, G. F. Pinto [q, v J, w hose prema^ 
tore decease s!ie survivea. In the latter part, 
of her life Mrs. Pinto lived at 6 Vanxhall 
Walk, and was so poor that Fawcett, the ac- 
tor, used to give her a dinner every Sunday, 
and * sometimes a bit of tinerv, of which she 
was very fond,' Here she died 10 April 1802, 
and was buried (in the same grave as G. F, 
Pinto) in the churchyard of St, Margaret's, 
Westmiiister, un the 15th of the same month. 
The only portrait of her seems to be a small 
medallion with Beard in 'Thomas and Sally,* 
printed for Robert Sa^vyer. 

[Information from Mr W. H. Hu«k; Thtispiun 
Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1805 ; European ISrlagazine, 
xli. 33o ; (icnest's History of ibo StJige, vol. iv.; 
Busby's Anecdott^, i. 110; Parke's Musical M^ 
moins^ i. 67. loO; Fohl's Mozart iu London, 43 ; 
AnnaU of tho Three Cboira, 41,43.] W. B. S. 

BRENT, JOHN (1808-1882), antiquary 
and novelist, was bom at Rotherhithe on 
21 Aug, 1808, and was the eldest son of a 
father of the name name, a shipbuilder there, 
who abciut the year 1821 removed to Canter- 
bury, and became thrice mayor of the city 



antl deputy-lieiittuunt nf the cotiuty. His 
mother was Suftanrmh, third daughter of the 
R^v.SampjKJn Kingsfordof Slurry, neur Can- 
terbury {Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxvii. pt. iL 1074). 
In his early dove* he carried on the basinet of 
a milbr^ occupied for many years a seat on the 
council of the C'iinrerl)ury corjjoratiori, and 
wa* elec te<l an a Id emijin, hut resigneilthat po- 
sition on lieiii>,'^ appoitited city treai^urer. Brent 
died at liif* house on the Dane John^ Canter^ 



tiuo, zjiZTiii, 23a-d; GniUauinet's Tablettw 
Biographiques; Kentish Clirouiete, 29 April 
18il2; Timw, 29 April 1882; BiMch Smith** 
Hetrospectioii«(, i. 169.] G. G. 

BRENT, Sir NATHANIEL (1573 y- 
1652), warden of Merton t'ollege, Oxford^ 
was the son of Anchor Brent of Little Wol- 
ford, Wanft'ickshire, where he was bom about 
157.^, His grandfather's name was liich&rd^ 
and his great-grandfather waa John Brent 
' " ' ^ ' ' '" became 



bur}',232lprii 18^^:^, During the rourw* of a i of Ooeington, Somersetshire, He became 
long life, he Wtti^ iiidei'utigiiblu in his attempts ; * portion ist/ or poBtmiister, of Met^on Col 
^_ .^ — .. i!..i.^ -.„ .1- .., . 1,:.. ir^u. ,..*-. I \f,gQ^ Oxford, in 1581* ; proceeded B.A- on 



to throw light on the pft>t hUtnryof the eity 
and county in which he dwelt. He l>ecame ' 
II fellow oi the Society ot Ant iqimrien in April | 
1853, and wa» sIk) a nu^inhtT of the Briti^^h i 
ArchtPolngical Associatinn and of the Kent i 
Archaeological Society. Hi^ c(mtrihutions to i 
autiijuarian literature are nirwtly to be found 
in the variuu.s publieaTioiiK of tlie.<*e societies. 
To the forty-first volume of t)u' '.\rt^hiiHilogia' 
(pp. 4tK*-ifd) hecommunicHt tnl a papur of value | 
lo ethnolopicnl ijicienc*', beiii^ an account of his 
* Re.«^^H^eheH in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at | 
Stowt i ug, in Kent , d uring t he au t umn of 1 86*).' | 
In 180*1 he had piibH^hed a revised edition of 
¥v 1 i A S 11 nitner 1 y V * M ji n d Ik k i k f o r Ca n t erb ur>%* 
and in l87ij there appejirwi hi^^ *Gutalogueof 
the Antiouities in the Canterbury Mustami/ 
of whieh lie wa.H hnnorary curator. Hia work 
upon * Cuiiterbury in the iJldcu Time/ 8vo, 
IttOO (euUr^^ed eJiition in 1871^), from iti* re- 
eeareh and origiuulity, beurt* testimony to his 
unw^earicd industry and hi,H alii I it y as an an- 
tiipiariaii topngnipher. Brent also claima 
not icea*. a poet arid novelist, having published 
I. 'The Sea Wolf, a Homance/ ll^mo, Lon- 
don, 1834. *J. * Layy of Poland,' lifmo, Lon- 
dout 18,% ii, * Lay8 and Legends of Kent/ 
12mo, Canterbury', 1840; second edition, 186L 
4, * Guillemette La Deluuai*e*e,'a poem, 12mo^ 
Canterbury, 1840. o. * The Battle CrosB. A 
Eomance of the Fourteenth Century,' 3 vola. 
l2mo, London, 1845. iS, * KUie Forestere, a 
novel/ ri volsi> li/mo, London, 18o0. 7. ^ *Sun- 
i>eam& and Shadows/ poems, printed for pri- 
VII tc circulation, 185:1 8. * Village Bells, 
Lady Gwendoline, and other roems/ 8vo^ 
Londtm, 1H(>5; isecond edition, I8ti8. 9, 'Ata- 
lanta, Winnie, and other I'oems/ llfmu, l^n- 
douj 1873. 10. * Justine/ a poem, IlJmo, Lon- 
don, 1881. A Coll e<.' led idition of hij^ y»oem8 
was published iu '2 voU. 8vo, London, 1884. 
NumenjUM tales, poems, and miacellaneous 
urticles from his pen an* al^o to be found iu 
the various magazineK devoted to light lite- 
rature. At the time of the ins^urrectiou in 
Poland, Brent became the local secretary of 
the Polish AiS84X"iation, 

[Information from Mr, Cecil Bnmt, F.9.A. ; 
J our Dal of the British Arch»eulogical Associa- 




20 June 1593 : waa admitted prt^bntioner fel 
low there in 1594, and ffujk the degree of 
M.A. on 31 f»ct. 1598. He was proctor of 
the universitv in lt307, and admitted baciielor 
of law on 11 Uct. Iti23. In 1613 and 1614 
he travelled abroad * into several parU of the 
learned world, and under^'ent dangerous ad- 
ventures in Italy to procure the " History of 
the Council of Trent," which he translated 
into English' (WooD^ In ICSIH Carleton, 
amba9»ador at the Hague, writes to Win- 
wood that he leaves Brent, * one not un- 
known to your honour,* to conduct the busi- 
ness of the embassy during his temporary 
abs^^ncc at Spa. On 31 Oct. of the same 
yearCarleton writeB again to Winwoodthat 
Brent is bringing home despatches, and 
hoped to secure an office in Ireland, for which 
Carlet on recommends him highly. On 26 Nov. 
Winwood replied that the post in question, 
that of* j^ecretarj^ of Ireland,* had been con- 
ferred on Sir Francis xVunesley before Brent*^ 
arrival in England. Soon after the close of 
his foreign tour Brent married Martha, the 
daughter and heiress of Robert Abbot , bishop 
of Salisbury, and niece of George Abbot, 
archbishop of Canterbury. 

Theiuthience of the Abbots secured Brent's 
election in Itf2:^ to the wardeuship of Merton 
College, in succession to Sir Henrj* Sa\ile. 
Ho was afterwards appointed commissary of 
the diocese of Canterburj\ and vicar-general 
to the arcbbishop, and on Sir Henry Marten's 
death became judge of the prerogative court. 
During the early years of Laud's primacy 
(lti^i4-7), Brent made a tour through the 
length and breadth of England i^outh of the 
Trent, reporting upon and correcting eccl*>- 
siai^tical abuses (Gardiner, Hiitf. 1884, viiL 
108-17; ef. HM. MS6\ (o//m.4th llep, 131- 
147). But Brent chiefly owed his fame to his 
CO nn ec t ion \^' i t h >1 e rt o n i \il 1 ege . AV ood, who 
was largely indebted to l?rent, refers to him 
as one who, 'minding wealth and the settling 
a family more than generous actions/ al- 
lowed the college to lose much of the re- 
putation it bad acquired under Sir Henry 
Savilo (Wooii, Atherufj ed. BUas, ii, 316). 



I 
I 



A 



^ 

N 
» 



Complainta were frequently made of Brent*a 
long sojourns in London, where he had a 
house of hig own in Little Britain. On 
23 Aug. 10L*9 he was knighted at Woodstoclc 
hy the king, who was pr«?piiring to pay a 
state visit to Oxford. On 24 Aug. Brent 
entertained the Fn^nch and Dutch ambas- 
sadors at Merton, and on 27 Aug. gave a 
dinner to the king and queen. In 1029-30 
he WM admitted to the Ireedom of the city 
of Canterbury hmorU causa {Hist. MSH. 
Qmm. 9th Hep. 163 b). In August mm 
Brent presented Prince tliarles and IVince 
Rupert for degrees » when Laud, who had 
become chanc*nlor in KVIU, was entertain- 
ing the royal family. In I0^i8 Laud held 
a visitation of Merton College, and m- 
fiisted on many radical reforms. Laud atayed 
at the colle^ for many weeks^ and found 
Brent an obst mate opponent » Laud t^omplains 
in his * Diary* that *the waixien ap|>eared 
very foul/ Some outrageous charges of mal- 
administration were indeed brought against 
Brent by some of those whom Laud examinpd, 
but the visitor took no public proceedings 
against Brent on tlieae gnmuds- His let- 
ters to the warden are, however, couched in 
very haughty and decisive language. Hrent 
ultimately gained the victory over Laud. 
The tenth charge in the indictment drawn 
up agsinBt the arclibi>ibop in 1641 treats of 
the unlawful authority exerci.sed by him at 
Merton in 16*38. The warden came forward 
as a ho.Htile witnei^ at Laud s trial. His testi- 
mony as to Laud's intimacy with ptipists and 
the like was very damaginjyr to the archbiahop, 
but it does not add much to his own reputa- 
tion. Laud replied to Brent^s accusations 
in his • HiFtory of the Troubles and Trial ' 
{Angh-Cath. Libr, iv. 104). On the out- 
break of the civil wars Brent sided with the 
jjarliamont. Before Charles 1 entered Ox- 
lord (2lM*ct. 11)42), the warden bad aban- 
doned t Oxford for London. On 27 Jan. 1644- 
1645 Cliarles 1 wrote to the loyal fellows at 
Merton that Brent was disposed from his 
office on the gTounds of his having abseuled 
himself for three years from the college, of 
having adhered to the rebels, and of having 
accepted the olhce of judge-marshal in their 
ranks. He had ato signed the covenant. 
The petition for the formal removal of Brent, 
to wnich the king's letter was an answer, 
was drawn up by John Greaves, Savilian 
professor of geometry. On 9 April the great 
William Harvey was elected to fill Brent *« 

Elaee ; but as soon as Oxford fell into the 
ands of Fairfax, the jiarliamentani* general 
(24 June lt346), Brent rf.4unied to Merton, 
and apparently resumed his jxjst there with- 
out any opposition being oHVred him. In 




l<i47 Brent was appointed president of tho 
famous parliament tiry commiaaioii. or visita- 
tion, ordered by the parliament *for the due 
correct ion of offences, abuses, and disorders ' 
in the university. The proceedings began 
on 3 June, but it was not until tiO Sept. 
that the colleges were directed to forward 
to Merton their statutes, registers, and ac» 
count i to enable Brent ana his coUeague 
tf» really set to work. On 12 April 1648 
Brent presented four of the visitors for the 
degree of M.A. Early in May of the same 
year Brent showed more mercy than his 
coUeagues apnroved by * conniving' at An- 
thony i^ Wood's retention of his postmaster- 
ship in spite of his avowed royalism. Wood 
tells us that he owed this favour to the in- 
tercession of his mother, whom Brent had 
known from a girl. On 17 May 1B49 Fairfax 
and Cromwell paid the university a threaten- 
ing visit, and malcontents were thencefurth 
proceeded against by the commission with the 
utmost rigour. But Brwnt grew dissatis^iied 
with its proceedings. The visitors claimed to 
rule Merton College as t hey please^l, and, wi r h- 
out consulting the warden, they adinitted fel- 
lows, masters, and bacbelora of arts. On 
13 Feb. 1650-1 he sent a petition of protest 
against the conduct of the visitors to jmrlia- 
ment. The commissioners were ordere<^J to 
answer Brent's complaint, but there is no 
evidence that they did so, and in CJctoWr 
1651 Brent retired from the commission. On 
27 Nov. following he resigned his office of 
warden, nominally in obedience to an order 
forbidding pluralities^ but his refusal t^ sign 

* the engagement,* wliich would have bound 
him to support a commonwealth without a 
king or a house of lords, was probably the 
more direct cause of his resignation. Brent 
afterguards withdrew to his nouse in Little 
Britain, London, and died there on 6 Nov. 
1 652. ] la wfis buried in the church f>f St. Bar- 
tholomew the Less nn 17 Nov. Wood states 
that he had seen an epitiiph in print on Brent 
by one * John Sictar, a Bohemian exile, whom 
Brent had provisione<i ' in his lifetime. 

Brent's dsiuirhter Margaret married Ed- 
ward Corbet of Merton College, a presbyte- 
rian, on whom Laud r«»peatedlv refused to 
confer the living of Chartham. iFirent's lite- 
rary work was small. In 1020 he translated 
into Knplish the * History of the (\>uncil of 
Trent* by Pietro S^iane Polano (i.e. Pietro 
Sarpi ). A second edition appeared in 1629, 
and another in 1676. Archbishop .\blx>t had 
caustid tho Latin original to be published for 
the first time in 1619 in London. In 1625, 

* at the importunity of George [Abbot], arch* 
bishop of C«nterbur\%' Brent edited and re- 
pubUshed the elaborate defence of the church 



Brentford 



a04 



Brenton 



of England * Vindiciie Eccleaiie AngliCAnse/ warda 
first pubUslnKl in 1013 by Francis Mason, August 1 
ftrchtIi»jicon of Norfolli (Stripe, Parker, i. 
1 17 1* lie did * review it ,' aays Wood {Athena 
Otron., Bliss, ii, ♦307), 'examine tHe quota- 
tiona, compare' them with the originals, and 
at length printed the copy as he found it 
under the author's hands/ 



[Brodrick's Memoriala of Mertoii Collogf, Ox- 



Ti eonvDV service, and in 
ppointea to command the 
Spartan inguie, tii succession to his brother 
[see BEENT0I7, Sir Jahleel], In the ooorDe 
of 1811 the Spartan waa sent to North 
America, and continued on that station 
during the greater part of the war with tlit 
United State*, but met with no opportunity 
of distinguished service. She returned to 



fold J Wood's A thaiMbOion, (Bliss), iii, 332-6, I England m the autumn of 1813, when 
and pasatm ; Wood's Fasti (Bliis), i. iii. ; Laud's Brenton went on half-pay ; nor did he ever 
Works; ChI. St»te Papers (DomO. 1616-60; 1 »eiTe again, with the exception of a few 
Bttrrow's Parlianientttry Visitation of Oxford ' montba in the summer of 1815, when he 



(Oamden 8oc.)]> S. L, L. 

BRENTFOEB, Karl of. [See RtTH- 
TBjr.l 

BRENTON, E n \V ARU PELH A U 
(1774-1H3U), captain in the royal niivy, 
younger brother of Vice-ad mi ml Sir Jnhleel 
Brenton fq. v.],wai* lK)rn nt Hliode Island on 
20 July 17/4. He ent^-rtKl the navy in 1788^ 
and, atter 8«?rving in the Ea^t Indiej* and in 
the Chan m-l fleet, wan mfid*> lieutenant on 
27 Miiv 1795, HiH (Services in that rank in 



acted as flag-captain to Rear-admiral Sir 
Benjamin HallowelL 

Brenton now devoted a large portion of 
hilt time to literary pursuits, and published 
in 1S23 a 'Naval llistory of Great Britain 
from the year 1783 to 1822,* 6 vols, Sto; 
and in 1838 the * Life and Correspondence 
of John, Earl of St. "N'mcent; "2 vols, 8vo. 
A« an ollieer of rank, who had been actively 
employed during all the important part of 
the |»eriod of his histor\% his opportunities 
of gaining information were aLmost un- 
he seems to have been con- 



the North 8*'a, on the Newfoundland station, eciuallwd ■ Ibut 
and in the West Indie^^, cull for no special stitutionally incapable of ^Lftingstich evidence 
notice. On ii9 April 1802 he waM made as came Iw fore him, and to have been guided 

'v by prejudice than by judg- 
un ot his work is good and 



commander, and on the renewjil of the war 
in I80*'i was appointed to the command of 



Lppoii 
Eld ei 



more fretiuentl 
ment. Tlie pi 



I 
I 



the Merlin, and employed in the blockade comprehensive, but the execution is feeble, 
of tho north CH>a8t of France, On U\ Dec. ' and its authority as to matter of fact is of 
IbOJi he «uco i*dt»d in a gallant attempt to the slenderest possible. In addition to these 
destroy the Slmimon frigate, which liaii got more important literary labours, he took an 
on shore not far i'rom Cii|ie Barfleur, and I active, and latterly an absorbing, part in 
had been tiiken po^riession of by the French. ' the promotion of temjx^rance societies, in 
In January 1805 he wa8 apjjointed to the | the es^tablishment and conduct of the Society 
Amaranthe brig, in which lie crui.ned with for the Keltef of Shipwrecked Mariners, 
aome sviccesH in the N^irtb Sea; nnd in 1808 I mid more e^peeially of the Childreu*s Friend 
hewa*>ient to the West IiulieH, where, for his I Society^ the intention of which was, in 
difitinguipihed gallantry in the attack on a I many re.**pects, better than the resulta. 
amall French ssqn ad ron under the batteries* of Tliefte, in fact, drew down on him and his 
St, Pierre of Mart iniqiiej he was* advanced to management much han^h criticism, which, 
post rank, hi« commisijioii being diited back | he felt riever^4y» and which to a serioua 
to 13 Dec. 1H08, the day of the action. An- ! extent embittered the closing years of his 
ticipatiiig hi« pnrnnotion, the admiral, Sir ' life. He died suddenly on April 1839. 



Alexander CfX-hmne, had ajtpointed him act- 
ing captain of the Pomjifie {74), bearing the 
broad pennant of Commodore Cockburn, under 
whose immediate command he served with 
the brigjule of penmen landed for the reduc- 
tion of Martinique. He afterwards returned 
to Europe, with the commodore, in the Belli 



He married, in March 1803, Margaret Diana, 
daughter of General Cox, by whom he had 
a large family. 

In addition to the more bulky works 
already menti(med, he was also the author 
of *Tlie Bible and Spade: an Account of 
the Rise and Progress of the Children'* 



isle, in chargeof the garrison, who, according Friend Society,* 1837, 12mo; and of se^reral 
to the capitnhition, were to l>e convevi^ to pamphlets on *Suppre^ion of Mendicity,' 
France and there exchanged. Am, however, * Poor Laws/ * Juvenile Vagrancy,* and 



the French government refused to restore an 
equivalent numl>er of Englif^b, the pn*!oners, 
to the number of 2,4(X), were carried to 
Portiiimouth and detnined there till the end 
of the war. Captain Brenton was after- 



similar subjects. 

[MarsihaH's Royal Nav. Biog. v. (suppl part i.) 
411; Memoir of Captain Edward Pdham Bren- 
ton, with Sketches of his Profcasiooal Life and 
Exertions in the Cnuse of Htimaalty as con- 



J 



Brenton 



Brenton 



■tiected with the Childpeu's Friend Society, See. ; 

I CbaeiTatioii^ upon BrtMiton's Naval History and 
Life of Lhe Earl of 8t. Viiicciit, by his brother, 
Yice-admiml Sir Jahlw^l Brenton, 1842, 8vo, a 
T«y ooe-sided view of Captain JJrenton's great 
meritfl njB ao historian And as & philAAthTopifit ; 
Qaaiterlj RcTiew, liii, 424» a severe, but not 
too serere, article on the life of liord St , Vincent.] 

J. K. L. 

BRENTON, Sm JAIILEEL (1770- 
1844), vicf-admiral, eldt^st acm of Keiir- 
ftdmirti! Jable^l Brenton, the bead of a family 
which had emigrtited to America early in 
the aeventeenth ceiit*ir}% was Ijorn in Rhode 
Island on 22 Aug. 1770. When I be ■\var of 
independence broke out^ Mr. Brenton, then 
a lieutenant in the navy, ailhered to the 
royalist party ^ and bit* wife and children 
were sent to England, Ht? himself was in 
1781 promoted to the command of the Queen, 
armea ship, on board which &bip hi^ 8ou 
JaMeel wua entered aa a midshipman. For 
two year* the boy aerved under bis* father's 
inunediate command, and on the |>eace in 
1788 was sent to school at Chelaea, wbere^ 
and afterwards in France^ he continued till 
1787^ when be again entered the mn y as a 
midshipman. In 1790| having passed his 
examination, and seeing no chance of either 

■ employment orproaiotion» he accepted a com* 
mission in the Swedish navy, and took part 
in the battleii of Biorkosund on '4 and 4 June, 
and of Srenskasund on 9 July. In later life, 
when deeply impressed by religious ideas, he 

• * felt and acknowledged the guilt of tbi« 
Btep.* On 20 Nov. 17(lO he wa^ promoted to 
the rank of lieutenant in the English navy, 
and returned home in consequence, itm 
service during tlie succeeding years, mostly 
in the Mediterranean, does not require any 
epeciii) notice. In tlie battle olf Cajie St. 
Vincent he was, still a lieutenani, on board 
the Barfleur^ and in the course of 1798 he 
obtained fTt>m the commander-in-chief an 
acting order to coramand tlie Spe^y brig, 
though hew^ttJt not confirmed in the rank till 
3 July 1799. His condtiet on several occa- 
sions in action witli tbe enemy's gunboats 
won for him tbe u]>proviil of the admiralty 
and bis ])Otit rank, 2o Aiiril 180(), wdien be 
was appointed temporarily to the G^*n6reux 
prize» giving up tbe command of the Speedy 
to Lord Cochrane, who rendered her name 
immortal in the history of our navy. In the 
following January he ivas apjwinted to the 
Csesar, as flag-captain to Sir James Sauraarei, 
and had thus an important part in tbe un- 
^^ortunate battle of Algeziras on July, and 
^Bln the brilliant defeat of the allied fi<Hiiidron 
in tbe Straits on 12 July 1801. lie con- 
tinued in the Caesar, after the peace, till 



March 1802, when be obtained leave tore- 
turn to England, chieflv, it would seem, in 
order to be married to Miss Isabella Stewart, 
an American lady to w^hom he had been long 
engaged. 

in March 1803 he was appointed to the 
Minerve frigate, but had onlyjust joined her 
w hen a severe wound, given by a block fall- 
ing on his head, compelled him to go on 
shore ; he wa.s not able to resume the com- 
mand till Jtme, and in his first cruise, having 
chased some ve^ssels in towards Cherbourg 
in a thick fog, the ship got aground under 
the guns of the heaviest batteries (2 Jidy 
1803). After sustaining tbe enemy's fire 
for ten hour;*, and failing in all attempts to 
get her ort, Brenton w^as compelled to sur- 
render. He and the whole ship*s company 
were made prisoners of war, and ko the 
greater numl>er of them continued till the 
peace in 1814 ; but Brenton himself was for- 
tunate in being exchanged in December 180«* 
for a nejjhew of Mass6na, who had Ijeen taken 
prisoner at Trafalgar. He was shortly after- 
wards tried for the loss of the Minerve, and 
on his honourable acquittal w^as at once ap- 
pointed to the S|iartanj a new^ frigate of 'i8 
guns, ordered to the ilediterranean. Tlie 
service there was arduous and honourable, 
but years passed away without leading to 
any especial distinction. In October 1B<J9 
the Spartan was part of the force engaged in 
the reduction of tlie Ionian Lsles, and in May 
1810, whilst cruising in company with the 
Success, of '42 gutis, and the EH|K)ir brig, 
cliased a .^mall French squadron into Niiples. 
Til is consisted ^^f the C^res frigate of the 
same force as the Spartan^ though with about 
one-fourth more men, the Kama frigate of 
28 guns, a brig, a cutter, and seven gunboats, 
Brenton, feeling certain that the French ships 
would not come out in the face of two fri- 
gates, despatched the Success to the south- 
ward, ana on tbe morning of 3 May stood 
back towards Xaj^les, hoping to tempt the 
enemy to come out. They bad anticipated 
his wish, and having taken on board some 
400 soldiers, in addition to their already 
large complements, met the Spartan in tbe 
very entrance of the bay, abrmt midway be- 
tween Ischia and Capri. The action that 
ensiiwd was extremely bloody, for tbe Spar- 
tan's broadsides told with terrible effect on 
the crow^ded decks of the C6r^ and her 
consorts, w^hile on the other band the heavy 
fire of tbe gunboats inllicted severe loss 
on the Spartan. Brenton himself w^as badly 
wounded in the hip by a grape^hot, and 
during the Utter part of the ^ght the S])ar- 
tan was cfxmmanded by her tirst-lieu tenant, 
\\*illes, the father of the present Admiral 




Sir tJi("t>rj;e nmmnTuiey Willes. The brijf was 
cttptiireJt but, the Spartiin's rigging l>emg 
much OUT, th^' V^riis and Fiima jiticreede*! in I 
getting under Pome batteries in Bnia Bay 
(Jambs, Nat^il Hi^toty, edit, 1859, v. 116). 
, jfor his pliant and i*kilful conduct of the , 
mention WtllHS waa dt'**nedly promoted : and 
Captain Brenton's braverVp his luotical skill, J 
ana the severity of his wound won for him | 
sympfttliy and admiration which forgot to ' 
Temajrkon his mi«?tflken judgment in .*ent!ing i 
the Succe^ away — mistaken, for the resolve I 
of the enemy to come out wa,^ iVirmed quite | 
mde^)^ndent ly of the Huccess'ft absence. The 
Patriotic Fund at Lloyd's voted bim a ^word^ 
value one hundred guineas ; the king of the 
Two Sicilit^'< presented liira with the Grand 
Orosa of St, Ferdinund ; be wns madea baronet 
on 8Nq\% 1HIi>, and a K.CJi on 2 Jan. 1815. 

Brenton's wound made it neeeKwiry for 
him to return to England, which be was per- 
mitted to do in the t^ptirtnn ; and for nearly 
two years he wuh nn whore, 8utt'ering muob 
pain, Aggravated by the Ioas of all bis pro- 
perty by the failure of bis agi^nts, ond by the 
loss of a priae appeal which involved bim 
to tbt^ ext«»nt of 3,000/. T]\h liability, how- 
ever, some friends took on thems4»h*?8, trust- 
ing to have it made good from the bankrupt ^a 
astate ; and ii jtension of liCKi/. in considera- 
tion of bii^ wound relieved bim ofthis prt?».siiig 
pwuniarv' anxiefv. In March 1811, having 
partly recovered from hi.-i wound, be ac- 
cepted the command of the Stirling Castle, 
74 guuB, in the Channel ; but feeling that bis 
lameness and the occasional pain incapacitated 
liim for Hctive service, he soon resigned the 
appointment. Toward-s tlie cln.se of 181;^ he 
was apj)ointed commi>si«>tier of tbi- dockyard 
at Port ilalion, and on the addition of that 
establishment nt the peace he was sent to the 
Cope of GfM:>d Hope in the anme capacity* The 
eatablinhment there was also reduced on the 
death of Napolerui in 1821, and Brent on re- 
tumed to En glan d i n J ii n u n ry 1 H 22. H e t h en 
for some time hnd thi' command of tlie Knal 
yacht, and uftrrwards of the guard.ship wt 
febeemes.s, H« tittnined hi> Hag in 18*W, and 
in 1831, on the death of Captain llmwell, 
was appointed 1 ieut enant-go vemor of Green- 
wich lIospitaL In couni** of seniority he 
would have bt?eti included in the promotion 
on the queen's <'or<in»tion, mid hmve heen 
made a vice-admiral ; but that being incfnu- 
patiblewith his otlice af Greenwich, the rank 
was held in uVM?v«nee, though given him, with 
his original w'uiority, on lli^ retirement in 
1840. His health had during idl these years ' 
been verv broken, and he died on t\ A]jril 
1844. 

During a great part of his life he devoted 



much time and energ)' to busln^es connected 
with religious or charitable organisations^ 
and in assisting his brother [see' Brepttof, 
Edwabd Peiham], of whom he wrote a me- 
moir referring chiefly to the.*e pursuits. He 
was also the author of ' ITie Hope of the 
Navy, or the True Source of Discipline and 
Efficiency * (cr. 8vo, 1839), a religions essay ; 
*An Appeal to the British Nation on be- 
half of oer Sailors' (12mo, 1838); and s<ime 
pamphlets. He was twice married : his first 
wife died in 1817, and in 1822 he married n 
cousin, Miss Harriet Brenton, who gnrvived 
him. He left only one son, Lancelot Charles 
Ij*^e Bn^nton, who, nf>er taking his degree at 
Oxford, betmme a ntmconformist mimBter; 
on bis death, without iasue, the baronetcy 
became extinct* 

[Memoir of the Life and Services of Yice- 
ndmiral Sir Jahloel Brenton, Hart., K.C.B,. edited 
hy the Rev. Henry Rnikes, Chancellor of the 
DioLt^e of Chester, 8vo, 1846 — a ponderous 
work, f^inolhere*! in a confujietl miuss of religious 
meditntioD ; a somewhat ubridged edition, edited 
by Sir L. Charles L, lirtmton, vn\s published in 
1865 ; gome of 8ir Jald eel's otiicial correspon- 
denco, whilst nt the C'npo, with Colonel (afler- 
warils 8ir HlhImoiO L»we is in Brit. Mus. Add. 
:M8S. 20139, 20189^91, 20233.] J, K. L. 



[See AXDEBTOK, 




BRERELEY, JOHN. 
Jambs.] 

BRERELEY or BRIERLEY, ROGER 
(In^tS lt>ir), divine and poet, wit.-* honi on 
4 Aug, lo^<K Uit Marliiud^ then a hamlet in 
the parish of Rochdale^ where Thomas* Brere- 
ley^ bis father^ anil Roger, his grandfather, 
Wert* farmers. The name ia studied in manjr 
wavB, but it seems beat to adhere to the 
form wliich constantly recurs in the Roch- 
dale baptismal register^ as this undoubtedly 
represents the right pronunciation. From 
bis father's brother Richard the Jirearleys of 
Ilandworth, Wirkiihire, are descended. He 
Imd three brothers ami two sisters younger 
t ha n 1 li mse If, B rerel ey h 1 m sel f bega u life a^ a 
purit an. He t rH>k orders and became perjjetual 
curute of Grind let on Cbnpeb in the parish of 
Mitt on in Craveu. The stipend (m 1654) 
WHS worth 5/. He held tin UJ*26) a clo«ie in 
Castleton, in the manor of UtK^hdale, which 
bad beh ^uged t o hi s gm n rlfat 1 ler, H i s preach- 
in;X was .simple and spirit unl, and bis follower! 
soon became distinguished as a party. As 
eiirly ns If5l8 Nicbobis Asshetou, recording" 
the burial of one John Swinglebiirfit, adds 
* be diwl dint met ; he was a great follower 
of Brterlev.' J. C, the writer of the first 
notice of bis life, say»: * BecaiUie they could 
not well stile them bvthenameof Breirlist^^ 
finding no fault in bis dixrtrine, they then 




I 



fled his hearL^rs bv the niimo of Gritide- 
MhUB imc)f by the nnme of a town in Cra- 
Vttn, called Grinclleton, where this author did 
ftt that time exiTci^o hh min'mttyj thinking 
by his name to render tliem odious, and brnnd 
them for some kind of sectaries; but they 
could not tell what sect to parallel them to, 
bene* rose the name (Trindletnnifim/ And 
Brereley himself, in hia piece * Uf True Chris- 
tian Liberty/ writes: — 

I WM soroetime (as then h stricter man) 
By some good fellows tearni'd a puritan. 

And now men sity, I'm detply drown'd in schism, 
Betyr'd from Gotl's graoe unto tTrintllBtomsin. 
In a sennrui preached at PiiuFs CVoss on 

II Feb, 1*527, and |mblished under ihe title 
of * The White Wolfe; W-J7, Stephen Deni- 
son, minister of St, Catherine Oree^ charges 
the MTrinj;j:ltnnian Ikniilists' with holding 
nine points of an antinomiaii tt^ndent-y. These 
nine points are rejjeaterl from Denison by 
Ephreiim Paptt in his * lleresiogruphy ^ (lind 
ed. 1645, p. w9),and glanced at by Alexander 
Koss, n a v(Ttlieia ( :^ i ul ed . 1 600 , p. iWt ) . Pagit t 
is the authority Sir Walter Scott ^ives for 
the extraordinary collocation ( WoodMock^ 
1826, iii. 205): * Those GrindletrmiiuiJ^ or 
Muggletonians in whom i** the pi*rfection of 
^x^ry fold and blasphemouw heresy, united 
with «uch an universal practice of hypo- 
critical asi^eut nation, as would deceive their 
master, even iSjitnn liimwlf.' The nine points 
may perhaps be a caricature of po.sitions ad- 
vanced by some <r»f Brei-eley's hearers, but 
they bear no resemblance to his own tejiching. 
If Denison derived them from the * Hfty ar- 
ticles' mentioned by J. C.,as exhihitedagainst 
Brereley at York by direction of the high 
commission, we caji easily understand that 
* when he came to his trial n<it one of them 
[was] dir<«t ly proved agidnst him/ This trial 
must have he+'u prior to 1»J28, for it was held 
b.^fore Archbii<ho[) Tobias >[atthew, who died 
29 March in that year» Matthew, a strict 
and exemplar}^ pre late, sustained Br**reley in 
the exercise of his ministry, and before leav- 
ing York he preache^l in thecathedraL It is 
certain that Brereley was nut ciuiscituisfif any 
deflection from Calvini^tie ortht>doxy. lie 
expressly censures Amiinius {Senn. 21 ), * who 
will needs set rules and laws to God/ He 
calls the heresies of Nestor i us, Eutyches, &c*, 
*Iittte holes in Christ's ship* {Fu&mg^ p. 4B). 
Although his hmgiui^^*' about the second 
Person of the Trinity may be thought to 
fehow traces of Socinian induence, no anti- 
trinitarian heresy seems to have bee u charged 
np<:)n him. iJenison's most damtiging point 
is clean cf^ntrarj' to Brerf4ey'i< own language. 
He quaintly owns that 'men no angels are/ 




and he doubts the ]><issibdity of perfection in 
the saints on earth. He is veri strong" agaijiist 
mere forms; for instance, he calls* bread and 

' wine a silly thing, where the heart is not led 
further" {iSerm. 9), But he was the very 
opposite of a S(K'tar\r, and desinnl to remain 
a humble son of the church. In 1 6^il Brereley 
was instituted to the living of Ilomley, Lan- 
cashire, lie died in June 1037, the Burnley 
register recording that * Hoger Brearley, 
mi n inter,* was buried IH June. He was niar- 

I ried, and had adanghter Alice, living in 1636, 
His literary remuins are: 1. * A Bundle of 
Soid-c<uivincing, directing, and comforting 
Truths; clearly deduced from divers select 
texts of Holy Scripture, , , , Being a brief 
summary of several sermons preached at large 
by . . , M. Hodger Breirly . . , Edinburgh, 
printed for James Brown, bookseller in Glas^ 
gow, 167D, sm. 8vo (this, which can hardly 
be the first edition, consiBts of twenty-seven 
sermons, and thebiogTK|jhical * Epistle to the 
Reader/ hy J. C.^ wlio says of the origin of 
the vnlume: * After his <1 eat h a few headnotea 
of some of his senmms came to m\ view,' per- 
haps implying tlmt the notes wer*.- Brereley *s 
own). 2. Another edition, London, printed 
by J, K. for Saraiud Spnint, 1H77, 18mfS is 
probably a rejtrint from an c*arlrer issue ; it 
reckons the sermoui? as twenty-six in number, 
what isSennon 22 in the lt>7t) edition being 
not numlx^ri'<i, hut headed * Exposition,' &c. 
(it is on the beatitudes). It contains also, 
after the sermons, the following pieces iti 
verse r * The Preluce of Mr. Brierly T * Of 
True Christ ian Liberty ; ' ' The Lord's Keidy/ 
four pieci's thus headed, alternated with three 
pieces* headed * The SouFs Answer,' * The 
8ong of the SoiiKs Freedom,* * Self Civil 
War.' The s|H"lling of the jKM^ms is often in- 
teresting, as indicating a northern pronuncia- 
tion, and there are a few Lancashire words; 
the punctuation is atrocious. There is of^en 
much pathos in Br*.?reley's rude lines: his 
spirit n- minds one of Juan de \'aid{'tf» none 
of whose writings were translated in his time, 
[Raine's Jouraal of Nicholas As§httoa, Chet. 
Soc\ vol XI r. 1848, 4to, pp. 85>-90 (iacladiog ex- 
trHcU from Hrert'le\*M pof^ms) ; Halhy's Linea- 
sbire, its Punianis*m an'i Nonconrorttiity* 1869, 
i. 169-64; WbitHkor'a Craven (ed. Mgrant). 
1878, p. 34 ; Whitakers Whalley (ed. Nichols ftud 
Lyons), ii. Iti9; Notes aad Queries, oth «er, tj, 
388, 517 (more extracts fnm thepoenifi); certr- 
ilwl extmctti from Kocluhde parish register ; 
work> citfd above] A. G. 

BRERETON, JOHN (Jt. 16^), voyager 
to Xew England, has left tew records of liis 
life. His birthplace is unknown, and to which 
branch of the Breretons of Brereton, Chedhire, 
he belonged is uncertain, although he wuft 



Brereton 



368 



Brereton 



probiihly & relative of »Sir William Brereton 
( 1 604- 1661 ) [q. V. 1, mnjor-general of Cliesliire, 
-w bo, before his tniutiiry career, wa^ intere*t<»d 
in Anitfricatt colonisation, grants of Land along 
the uorth-«A£tem coast of Mas«adiu^ttf< liny 
having been made to bim by Sir Ferdintuido 
Gorges at a time wben he intended to settle 
thefe. John Brereton wii« admitted sizar at 
CaiuB College, Cambrid^^, 1587, and w»« It. A, 
1 602- 5. He j« uned C'apt ain Hart h< domew Gos- 
ziutd, Banbolomt'W Uilb*?rt, Gabniil Archer, 
mud others to make the first Eiigli&b attempt 
to settle in the land since called New Kngland. 
Twenty-four gentlem^ and eight sailors I«ft 
Falmouth in a small bark, the Concord, on 
26 Miirch 1603, twelve of them intending 
to settle, while twelve others retnnitwl home 
with the pnxluce of the land jiiid of their 
trading with the u«nv**>«. The voyage wu4^ 
ftanctioned by 8ir Walter llaleigh, wbo had 
an exclusive crovni grant of the whole coast. 
Instead of making the circuitous route by 
the Oimariea, Qosnold steered, as the w inds 
permitted, due west, only southing towards 
the Azores, and was I he first to accomplish 
A direct course to America, saving ' the better 
part of a thousand leftgiiea* By 15 May the 
voyagers made the headland which they 
named Cape Cod, Here CjhD«ni)ld, Bn^reton, 
and two others weat uhore on ^tbe white 
eauds/ the tirst spot in New Hngland ever 
trodden bv Englisli feet. Doubling the Cape 
and pitswmg Nantucket, they touched at 
Marthii's \'iiieyard, and pjjA^i ng round Do\'er 
CliiF entered BuEzard's Bay, which they 
caUed Ousnohrs Hope, reached tht; islund 
of Cutty himk, which they named KIizabeth*s 
Islatid, Here they determined to settle i 
in nineteen days they built a fort and ^^ to re- 
house in an islet in the centre of a lake of three 
miles compass, and began to trade with the 
natives in furs, skhu^, and the i^assafros plant. 
They sowed wheat, barley, and petw^, and in 
Iburteen days the young plant t* had sprung 
nine inches and more , The count ry waiii fruit- 
ful in the extreme. It was decided, h(nvever, 
that 80 sraall a company would be useless for 
colonisation; their provisions, after division, 
would have lasted only six weekfi. Tlie wholts 
company therefore syiiled for England, making 
a very short voytige of live weeks*, and landed 
At Exmouth on 2i^ July* Their freight real- 
ised a great protit, the ^aKHafrtiH alone selling 
for 336/. a ton. 

Brereton wrote * A Briefe Kelation of the 
Description of Eliza hi'thV He, and 8<irae others 
towards the North Fart of \'irginie , , . 
written by John Briertou, one of the Voyage,' 
Ijondfm, 1602j8vo, A second imprej^j»,inu wa-s 
published the same year entitled * A brief and 
true lielation of the Discovery of the North 



Part of VLrgiiua . . . written by John Brace- 
ton, one of the Voyage,' London, 1602, Btol 
To thie e<lition is added * A Treatise of M. 
Edward Haves, containing important induce- 
ments for tlie planting in these parts,' Jtc 
Furchtts gives a chapter headed 'Notes taken 
out of a Tractate written by James Rosifsr 
to Sir Walter Raleigh ; * but this is signed 
* John Brereton,' and is evidently part of a 
letter written by him. Hosier was not with 
Brereton, but was a feUow-voyager in Wey- 
mouth's expedition tive years ^Eterwards. Of 
Brereton nothing more is known. Captain 
John Smith, in his * Adventures and Dis* 
courses,* speaks of * Master J ohn Brereton and 
liis account of his voyage * as fairly tuminjg' 
his braiuh, and impelling him to cast in hu 
lot with Oosnold and WLngfield, and m^j^ 
that subsequent voyage whidi resulted in |j^^| 
planting and colonisation of Virginia in lO^^^I 

[Stithji Hist, of Virginia, p. 30, Mana- 
chosetts Historical Collections, 3rd. eer. riii 
B3-l::3; Purchas His Pilgrimes, *the 4th part/ 
pp, 164tl, 1656; B«lknap'» Ameri gad Biog. (Hub- 
hard's), 1844, ii. 206 ; Anderson's fiiat, of Com- 
merce, A.n. 1602 ; Haklujt, iii. 246; Pitikerton'0 
Voy. and Trar. xii, 219, xiii. 19 ; Bancroft't 
United StaU-s, i. 88 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, iii» M ; 
Holmes's Annals of America, i. 117,* Beverley s 
Hist, of ViiTginia, p. 19 ; the Adventures and Dia- 
eour»es of Ciipt, John Smith (A^h ton's reprint, 
1883), p. 69; Biogr. Brit, imder 'Greenville/ 
p. 2284. note/] J. W.-G. 

BRERETON, OWEN SALUSBURY 
(17i5-l7il8),antiquary^wasboniinl715. Hii 
fatlier was Thomas Brereton, afterwards of 
Shotwick Park, Cheshire, w^ho C4mie into the 
pfiwisep.'iion of that estate through miirriage with 
Cdtherine, daughter of Mr, Salusbury Lloyd. 
Oweu Brereton was the son of a former mar- 
riage with a Trelawney, and added the name 
of Srthisbury on succeeding to estates in the 
counties of Chester, Denbigh, and Flint on 
his fathers* death about the year 1756. He 
wris admitted a scholar of Westminster 
School in I7i*9, and wa-n tdected to Trinity 
College, Cumhridgt*, in 1734. lie was caUed 
to the bar in 17S8, and in that year held the 
post of a lottery commissioner. In Septem- 
ber 174li he w^as api>tiinted recorder of Liver- 
pool^ nn office he retained till his death, 
n i>eriod of fifty-six years. WHieu be pro- 
posed to resign in l79tJ, he was requested 
by the corporation to relaiii the t^ituatioUi 
and they appointed a deputy to relieve him 
of the pressure of its duties. He became a 
member of the Society of Arts in l7iV2, and 
wras vice-xjresident from l7lJ5 to 1798, in 
which cuiuicitv he rendered grt'at ser^'ice to 
the society, lie was also n member of the 
Royal Society und of the Society of Anti- 



Brereton 



269 



Brereton 



I 



fnmnes (elected 1763), a Ij^nclier of Lincoln's ' 
nn, treasurer of that body, and keeper of | 
Fthe Black Bonk. He was merat>er of parlia- ' 
jment for Ileli«st-er in Somerset from 1775 to 
11780, and constable of Flint Ca-ntli^ from 
1 1775, He died at his rei*idence at WindiM^r, 
[onS S«pt. 1798, in his eighty-fourth year, and 
['was bixried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, 
■on 22 Sept. 

To the * Philosophical Transactions ' of 1 781 ; 
lie contributed an account of a atorm at East- 
boume, and to the * Arcteologia ' he 8<*nt 
several papers: 1. 'Round Towers in Ire- 
land/ ii. 80. 2. * Observations in a Tour 
through North Wales, Shropjfhire, &c./ iii. 
Ill, ;i 'Extracts from a MS, relating to 
th<* Hoiu^ehold of Henry YHI,* iii. 145. 
4. * Particulars of a Uiscoveiy of Gold Ooina 
at Fen wick Ca^^tle/ v, WS. 5. ' Description 
of third impuljlishfid Seal of H*'nrietta Maria, 
daughter of Henry IV of France/ v. 280. 
i>. ' Brereton Church Window/ ix. 368. 
7. * Silver Coin of Philip of France/ x. 465. 
In vols. viii. x. xi. and xii. of the Mime work 
are particularj? of viinons objects of antiquity 
exhibited by him. The paper on Brereton 
Church contains several unaccountable in- 
accuracies, which have been commented upon 
by Mr. Ormerod in his * History of Cheshire.* 

[John Holliday in Tmns. of tho Society of 
Arts. xix. 4-8, with portrait ; same article in 
Chalaiers'« Biog. Diet-. ; Gent, Mag. 1798, Ixvtii. 
part ii. p. 813 ; Ormerod*s Chefihire, od, Helsby, 
1882, 11, -573; Welch's Westminster Schol&ra, 
1788; Eeturn of Members of Parlittinent, 1878, 
ii. 154.] C. W. S. 

BRERETOK, THOMAS (1691-1722), 
dramatist, wits descended from a younger 
branch of the noble family of Brereton in 
Cheshire, his father lieing Major Tbomas 
Brereton of the queen a dragoons. He wits 
boni in 1691, and after attending the fn?e 
school of Cbe^ter, and a boarding school 
in the same city, kept by a Mr, Dennis, 
a French refugee, he matriculated at Brase- 
no«e College, Oxford, 16 April 1709, pro- 
ceeding B.A. 14 Oct. 1712. lib father die<l 
before lie reached bis majority^ leaving him 
a considerable fortune^ which, however, he 
soon di^ipated, his wife and family being 
compeUed by destitution to retire to their 
relations in Wales in 172 L Tlie same year 
he received from the government a small office 
connected with the customs at Chester. In 
connection with the election of a relative 
aa member of parliament tor Liverpool he 
wrote a libellous attack on the rival rmndi- 
dlate, and t^i e-^^Cftpe prosecution waii advised 
^^ to abecond. To bame pursuit he determined 
^H tocross the Saltney when the tide was coroing 



in. In the middle of the stream he quitted 
his horse, resolving to trust to his remarkable 
powers m a swimmer, but he wa.H unable to 
reach thw shore. His death took place in 
February 1722. Brereton was the author of 
two tragedies, or rather English iid apt at ions 
of French plays, but they were never acted 
and do not possess much merit. They are : 

1. 'Esther, or Faith Triumphant, a sacred 
Tragedy in Rhyme, with a chorus after the 
manner of the ancient Greek's; translated 
with improvements from Racine/ I7lf); and 

2. ' Sir John Oldcastle, or Love and Ze-al, a 
Tragedy/ 1717, founde<l on the *Polyeucte'' 
of Comeille. To ' Esther' he prefixed a 'large 
dedicjition to the Lord Archnishop of York, 
in defence of such compisifions against the 
rants of Tertullian and Mr. Collier,' He 
also published * A Day's Journey Irom the 
Vale of Evesham to Oxft^rd, to which are 
added two Town Eclogues/ no date ; * An 
English Psalm ... on the late Thanksgiving 
Day,' 1716; *Gfiorge, a poem, hum lily in- 
scribed to the Right Honournble the Earl of 
Warrington/ 1715 ; and ' Chamock Junior, 
or thfl CVironation, being a Parody on Mack 

Ilecknoe, occasioned by Dr. S I's late 

exploit at St. Andrews/ 1719, This had 
been published in 1710, badly printed and 
without the author's knowledge. It is a 
burlesque on Dr. Sacbeverell's progress after 
hia trial. He married Jane (&. 1^85), daughter 
of Thomas Hughes of Bryn Griffith, Mold, 
Flint^re, on 2i? Jan. 1711. Two daughters 
survived him. His wife died at Wrexham 
on 7 Aug, 1740. She wrote a good deal of 
vers© in the ' GJentleman*s Magazine * and 
elsewhere, which was collected after her 
death and published, together with some of 
her letters (1744). 

[RawlimsoD MSS. 4to, i. 379: Jacob'i Poetical 
Register (ed. 1723), i. 283; Biogr. Dmmatiea 
(t»d. Biikfr), r. 63-4 ; Brit. Mus. Catalogue : Mrs. 
Jano Broreton'a Foams,] T. F. H. 

BRERETON, THOMAS (1782-ia32), 
lieutenant-colontd, was horn in K ing s County, 
Ireland, on 4 May 1762. lit' went as a 
volunteer to the West Indies with his uncle, 
Captain Coghlan, in 1797, and received his 
commission as ensign in the 8th West India 
regiment in 1798, being promot*Kl lieutenant 
18O0, and captain 1804. With thfi excep- 
tion of a short term of service in Jersey in 
1803-4, he appears to have remained in' the 
West Indies until 18 13, acting for a time as 
brigade-major to hi.s relative. General Brere- 
ton , governor of St. Lucia, and b«ing present 
at the capture of Martinique and Guadaloupe* 
In consequence of ill-health and of inju- 
ries received during a hurricane in 1813, he 



Brereton 



270 



Brereton 



ivtunied that \ i?ar to England invalided. In 
1814 lie was appointed lii^utenant-provenior 
of St^negal and tk>ree, and the next vt?ar wau 
made lieutt'nant-colonel of the lloyal African 
corpa. In Dec»'tnl>er 1816 he wa3 again in- 
Yalidedf and rt^tunied to England* lie waa 
appointed to u conimund cm the frontier of , 
the Cape Colony in 1818, visited England in 
1819, and tommanded the Cape Town garri- j 
aon until 18l*.3. In tbe meanwhile he had ' 
exch^inged first into the r)vird regiment, after- 
wards into the Itoyal York Hangers, and in 
1821 into the 40th regiment. ( )n his final re- | 
turn to England he was appointed inspecting 
field orticer of the Bristol recniiting district. 
As senior of lice r on the spot he had command 
of the troops quartered in the neiffhlxjurhood 
of Brii»tol at tile onthreali of the Refonn riota | 
I in that city on Salurdtty»290ct. 18.S1. Tliese 
troops were com posed of a squadron of the 
14th light dragoons and a tr<x>p of the 3rd 
dragoon gnards. About five n.m. of :*9 Oct. 
the mayor wad forced to ivad the Riot Act, 
and lirereton was called on to bring his force 
at once into Bristol. During the half-hour 
that pajssed betVire hi.s urrival the lower part 
of the mansion house wa* ^tacked, Brereton 
appears to have heen ordered by the magi»- 
tratea to clear the streets, "their orders, 
Ijowever^ did not eeem to him to warrant 
ftiij forcible measures, and be ordered Cap- 
jtttin Gage to disperse the raob without draw- 
'ing sworda or using tiny \iolenee. lirereton 
endeavoured to bring the people to good hu- 
mour, and came in from time to time to tell 
I the magistrate* that he had Iweu shaking , 
^Wnda with them, and that they were gradu- 
ally dispjrsing. As, on the contrary, the 
numbers and threatening aspect of the mob 
increased, at eleven p,m. he ordered Gage to 
clear the streets by mrce. The soldiers were 
badlv pehedj and Gage asked tlie mayor to 1 
allow them to use their carbines to dislodge | 
those who were pelting them from a dis- | 
tance. Brereton t liovvever, tlio tight this was 1 
unnecefiMry, and the request was refus*^d. A 
Boldier belonging to a troop of the 14th, de* 
tailed to protect the council bouse, shot a 1 
rioter who had struck bim w4th a fstone, and 
this added to the rage of the mob. The j 
Btn^'ets were» however, cleared by the sabres 
of the dragoons, and were kept free during 
the remainder of the iiigbt. On Sunday the 
riot broke out atresb, and the sack of the | 
mansion house was completed. The 14th , 
were fiercely attacked, and, as they had no 
orders to retaliate, the men suffered se« 
verely Brereton ordered that they .should 
leave Queen^s Square, in which the mansion | 
house atoodt and I bat the 3rd dragoons should | 
take tJieir place. In obeying the order they 



were sopresaed by the rioters that they were 
forced to* fire on them, Brereton, however, 
rode down from College Green to the squai^, 
and, it h said, assured the rioters that there 
should be no more firing, and that the 1 4th 
i^bould be sent out of the city. On his ap- 
plying to the magistTates to allow him to re- 
move the 14th he was told that they would 
not agree to liis doing so. Brereton, how- 
ever, ordered them to Kevnahjim, declAring 
that if they were kept in ^Bristol every man 
would be sacrificed, and the troop of the 
3rd dragoons was left ftlone to protect the 
city. The mob then broke open and set fire 
to the bridewell, the gaol, and the (Houces- 
ter county gaol, and released the prisoners. 
Meanwliiiie, Brereton ordered Comet Kelson 
to go down to the city gaol, but on Kelson 
asking for orders said he had none to give, 
that he coidd find no magistrates to give 
him the authority he needed, and that no 
violence waa to be used. During these pro- 
ceedings the soldiers were in too small force 
to interfere with any etTect, and it is said 
that Brereton went to be<l for some houn. 
By midnight the bishop's palace, the mansion 
house, the cu.stom house, and a large num- 
ber of other buildings were destroyed. In 
the course of the night the Do^dington 
yeomanry were brought into Bristol ; but 
some difficulty having arisen aa to their 
billets, Brereton told their captain tliat they 
could he of no use, and that Lf the people were 
let alone they would be peaceable. Accord- 
ingly the yeomanry returned to Doddingt on- 
Early in the morning of Monday Brereton 
went down to Queen^a Square in company 
with Major Mack worth, and in his presence 
Mack worth and thet'ird dragoons charged and 
dispersed the crowd, ^lajor Beckwith, of 
the 14tli, now arrived from Gloucester, and^ 
having brought back thedivi,sion of the 14th 
previously sent away by Brereton, took the 
command of the cavalry, made repeated 
cliarge^ on the rioters, and restored some 
measure of security, (hi 4 Nov. the magi^ 
trates sent documents to Lord Melbourne 
and Ijord Hill defending their own conduct 
during the riots, and laying much blame 
on Brereton, whom they accused of dis- 
regarding their orders, of forsaking his post^ 
and of withdrawing the 14th from 
city. In consequence of these charges 
military commission was held to inquire in 
Brereton*3 conduct. This was followed by 
a court-martial on him, wliicb was opened 
at Bristol on 9 ,Tan, IHS2 hy Sir Henry Fane 
as president. The substance of the eleven 
charges made against him was that be had 
been negligent and inactive ; that be had 
not obeyed or supported the civil authority ; 



Brereton 



271 



Brereton 



^tliBt he had impropfirly witJKlniwn the 14th ; 
that hehiid ivfusedto ;^nve Cornet Kelsun the 
^siieedtul ordersSjfliid had Tie^le(!tc»d to take iid- ) 
^^Vantaife of the arrival of tlie yeoinfiiiry. On I 
^^^riday, the fifth day of the trials t he proceed- 1 
^BxigB were stopped W the news of BreretonV 
^Rififtth : he had shot himf4»-df in his l>i'd early I 
thiit nioming. The verdict at the mauest ; 
was thxit * he dierl from a pistol- wound ^ in- 
flicted on himself whde untler n fit of tem- 
porary derangBmrnt/ llh iinfort unate errorg 
seem to have been the IViiit of \indecided 
character nUher tiian of any deliberate ne^- 
*ect, On 4 Miiy I7H2 he had married Olivia 
089, daii^'-htriT of Hiiiiiilton Ht^sSy formerly 
of the 8l8t reg-iment and then a merchant at 
the Cape. Mrs, Brereton died nn 14 Jan. 
1829y leaving two daughters, who survived 
their father, 

[Colhum's United St^ryiee Jmiruah 1831, pt. 
ill. 433, 1832, pt, i. 257; Monthly Repository 
L^new series), V, 810, vi. ISO; 8omertOD*9 Narm- 
itivo of the Bristol Riot8; Coun-miirtfjil on 
XioQteiiant-shilont^t Brtm?t<>n in J^onierton'f* Brifitol 
Riots Tmcta ; Tniil of C. Pinney, late Mayor of 
Briat*>l : Trent, >Ih^. 1832, I 84.] W." R 

BRERETON, Sir IVB.LLVM (1604- 
IWI ), imrliamentary eommander, aon of Wil- 
liam rSrereton of Ilandfortht Cheshire^ and 
Marjfurett daughter and coheiress of Richard 
Holland of Denton, Laneashire^was baptised 
at the coll ejfi ate church, Manchest>er* in 11^4. 
On 10 March 1626-7 he was created a baro- 
net. In 1 634-5 he travelled through a large 
partof Great Britain and Ireland, and crossed 
over into Holland and the United Provtnces, 
He kept a * Diary' of hh travels, which wa^ 
publisned by the Cliethain Society in 1844, 
and atTords various? interesting information 
re-gardinj^ the soi'ial i/ondition of Scotland 
and England; it also manifestj* a aerioui* and 
leli^ioiis cjist of thought. Brereton^a naturiil 
l)ias towards puritanlsm was doubtless further 
confirmed by his marriitgeto Suf*anna, fourtli 
daughter of Sir Gtx^rge Booth of Dunham Mii»- 
8ey, and by intercourse with his near neigh- 
bour?, Henry Brad^hnw and Colonel Duken- 
field. He wii^ elected to repreAent his native 
coimty in parljament in 16:?7-K and 163!)-40. 
The name of William Brereton occurs in the 
|Miriflh reg-ister of Wan^tead, Essex, attached 
to \i d«icuraent signed by fifty of the principal 
iidiabitants expre.swive of their attachment to 
the church of England and abhorrence of |m|>al 
Innovations, but there \8 no evidence to eup- 
jort the 8up|K>sitinn of Lysons (Envirotut of 
Jjondon/w. 24.1) that thfl name was that of Sir 
"William Bn»reton of Handforth. According 
to C'larendon^ he was * most couBiderable for 
a known ayerseneiis to the government of the 



I 



dmrch' {History, vi. 270). On the first 
symptoms of the approaching civil war he 
put himself at the head of the movement in 
Cheshire. In Augiu^t 1642 the hou^ness of 
parliament drew up instructions to him as 
one of the deputy-lieutenants of the county 
{Admcf and Direcfions of both Hou^en 0/ 
Parliametit to SirfVilliam Brereton and the 
reM of the Deputy-It untenant t^ of the County 
of Ckejitei'i publiifihed at London on 19 Aug, 
1642). Sut>set|uently be wasapjxjiuted cora- 
mander-in-i::hief of the tbrces in Cheshire and 
the neighbouring counties to the south. Hav- 
ing entered Cheshire from London with one 
troop of horse am! a re>fiment of dnigOims, 
Brereton, lifter a f^evere confiict, completely 
defeated Sir Thomus Alston near Nantwich 
on 28 Jan. 1642-3, the accidental explosion of 
B piece of the royalists* cannon greatly aiding 
his victor)^ Thi;^ enabled him to occupy Niint^ 
wich, which became the headquartei*8 of the 
parliamentary party, while Cheater was for- 
tified by the royalists. From these places 
the two parties 'contended/ in the words of 
ClarendoUj ' which should most prevail upon, 
that is, most subdue, the atfe^jlions of the 
coimty to declare for and join them* l Uiaiorif^ 
vi. 270). Clarendon states that the lower 
orders were specially devoted t o Brereton, and 
that he obtained much advantage from their 
readiness to supply him with iutelligence. For 
a considerable time it reouired his utmost 
energy to enable him to hold his own. He again 
inflicted a severe detmt, Li March UU2-iJ, on 
Sir Tboma.'* Aston, who attempted to hold 
Middlewieh on behalf of the king, but aft er tlie 
royalists had been strength eiie<-l W troops JVom 
Ireland, Brereton was himself worsteu at the 
same place. Meanwhile, in the summer of 
ItU^'i, he captured succesaively Statford, W^ol- 
verhampton, and Whitchurch, besides various 
strnnghfdds. During his absence Nantwich, 
while held by Sir Ueorge Booth, was closely 
beiiieged by f^rd Byron, but, with the assist^ 
ance of Sir Thomas Fairfax, Brereton, on 
14 Feb. 1643— t, totally routed the besieging 
forces, the greater part of them escaping to 
Cheater, while large numbers surrendered. 
Having parte<l from Sir Thomas Fairfax, he 
pmceeded towards Chester, and in August 
1641 defeated at Tarvin Prince Rupertp who 
waj^ marching to its relief. Folh»wing on this 
came the capture of the town and castle of 
ljiveq)ool,and the tow^l and castle of Shrews- 
bury. Aft^r their defeat^at llowton Heath in 
September 164o, the royaliata eould make no 
further st^nd in Chesliire, and BeeBton Castle 
and Chester were closely invested. Brereton 
obt^iined a complete vict^irj' over the king^s 
forces under Sir W' illiam ^^aughan on 1 Xov. 
at Denbigh, and all hope of succour beiii^c.\^ 




Brereton 



Brereton 



offythe girrison at Beeston Castle surreDdered 

tlie same montlit nnd that of Chest t»r in Febru- 
ary ld45-6. Iinmediatt'ly advancing south- 
wards against Prince Maurice witli l,(XXJ foot, 
Brereton found that the enemy hud dtsnp- 
peared. On March he caiiturvd LiL-liiield, 
and OQ 12 May Dudley Ciwitle. On the 2'2nd 
of the hitter month he dispersed near Stow- 
in-the*Wold the forces of Lord Ashley, the 
}a»i important body of the myalistsin arms. 
After the conclusion of the war he received 
the chief forestership of Macclesfield forest , 
and tlie j^eaeachalsnip of the hundred of 
Mooclesfield. He also obtained various 
granta of moneys and lands, iiraong other 

Eroperties which came into hi:* possession 
eing that of the archiepiscopul palace of 
Croydon, In an old pamphlet, * The Myste- 
ries' of the Good Old Caiise^ (1663), which 
mentions his possession of the palace^ he is 
described as 'a notable man at a tbanks- 
givijig dinner, having terrible long teeth and 
a prodigious stomachy to turn the arch- 
bianop^s chapel at Croydon into a kitchen ; 
also to swallow up that palace and lands at 
ft morsel.' He died at t roydon on 7 April 
166L His body waj* removed thence to be 
interred in the Ilandforth chapel in C beadle 
churchy but there is a tradition that in crosa- 
ing a river the coflin was swept away by a 
flood, and this is confirmed bv the fact that 
there is no entry of the burial, but only of the 
death, in the Cheadlo registers. By liia first 
wife be bad two sons and two daughters, 
and by his second wife two daughters. 
There are rude portraits of Brereton in lii- 
craft *s * England s Champions ' and Vicars^a 
' England's Worthies/ In the Sutherland 
collection of portraits in the Bodleian Li- 
brary there is an illustration of him on horse- 
back drawn by Robert Cooper. 

[Ricraft's Survey of EuglBud's ChampiotiSp 
1647; Vimrs's England s Worthier, 1647; Cla- 
rendon's History; Binghalls Providence Im- 
proved, written 1 628-73* published at Chester in 
1 778, coDtaitiing an account of the «ioge of Nant* 
wich ; Chejshirc Suct^esses, 1642; Magualia Dei, 
A Belalion of some of the m^ny remarkablo 
Paaaages in Cheshire beforu tho Siege of Nampt- 
wich . . * and at thci huppy Rjtising of it by . . , 
Sir Tho. Fairfax and Sir William Bn^reton, &c,. 
liOatloD, lfi43 ; History of the Siego of Che§tBr, 
17^3; Sir %VilUam Brereton's L<4U+r sent to the 
Hon. William Letithall, Esq., Sppakorof the Hon. 
House of Commons, concerning . , . the Siege 
... of Ch^ter, 5 March 1645 ; Cheaters En- 
largement after Throe Yeara' Bondage, 1645; 
tbo various contemporary accounti* which were 
puhliuhwl of biii mon^ remarkable victories. Dr. 
Oower, in Account of Cheshire Collectioni (p, 43), 
mentions the JoTirnalsof Sir Wm» Brereton in five 
folio volumeiif written in a small hand, describing 




every circamstance that oocarred during the four 
yean he was geneml. The only document now 
known to be in «xist©nce, corresponding in any 
degree to this description, h hh letter-book from 
April to June 1642, and from December 1644 to 
December 1646 ; Add. MSS. 11331-3. Detailed 
aecouiitii of Breroton's career are contained in 
Arch?eologitt, voh xxiiii., Ormerod's Cheshire, and 
Ejirwakers East Cheshire.] T. F, fl- 

BRERETON, Bra WILLIAM (1789- 
18<U), lieotenunt-general and colonel-com- 
mandant 4th brigade royal artillery, was de- 
scended from the very ancient Cheshire family 
of Brereton of Brf-reton Hall, through its 
Irish branch, the Breretons of Carrigslaney, 
CO. Carlow, of whom isome pirticulara are 
given by Sir ¥. Dwarris in * Arch apologia,' 
vol. xxxiii., and in Mervyn ArchdaUa edition 
of * Lodge's Peerage of Ireland/ ii. 25 L In 
the only biographical notice wherein his 
pjm^ntiige is given he is described as a aou 
of Mujor Robert Brereton, who fought at 
Ciilloden^ and younger balf-br*:ither of Major- 
general Robert Brereton of New Abbtfv, co, 
Kildare (formerly of 30th and 63rd reffi* 
niL'ntB), and I it»u ten ant-governor of St. Lucia, 
who died in 1818. He was bom in 1789, and 
enter»3d the Royal Military Academy aa a 
cadet in 1803^ whence he passed out in May 
1805 aa a second lieutenant royal artillery. 
He served iu the Peninsular and Waterloo 
campaigns from December 1809 to June 
1816, including the defence of Cadiz, where 
he commanded the guns at Fort Matagorda, 
the battle of Barossa, where he was wounded, 
the Burgos retreat, the battles of Vittoria 
and the Pyrenees, the siege of San Sebastian, 
where he was temporarily attached to the 
breaching batteries, the battles of Orthex, 
Toulouse, Quatre Bras, and Waterloo, During 
the greater part of the time he was one of 
the Buhul terns of the famous troop of the 
royal horse artillery commanded by Major 
Norman Ramaay, with which he was severely 
wounded at Waterloo. He became a second 
captain in 1816, and was placed on half pay 
the year after. He was brought on fuJl pay 
again in i82;5, and, after u quarter of a cen- 
tury of further varied st'rvice at home and in 
the colonies, was sent to China, where he was 
second iu command under Gent^ral dWguilar 
in the expedition to the Bocca Tigris, and at 
the capturu of the city of Canton in 1B4S. 
During the early part of the Crimean war, 
Colonel Brereton, who waa then on the 
strength of the horse brigade at Woolwich, 
was present with the Black Sea fleet, as a 
guest on board ILM.S. Britannia, carrying the 
flag of his relative, Vice-admiral Sir J. D, 
Dundaa, and directed the fire of her rocketa 
in the attack upon the forts of Sevastopol on 




B re re wood 



273 



Brerewood 






\ 17 Oct. 1854. He In^cnitie a major-generttl 
lin Decemlier IB/U, and wiu? made K.O.R. in 
[1861. For a short period he wm at the 
[head of tb*? Irish cotistabuhiry. Brereton* 
f 'who !xad been pnimoted to the rank of lieu- 
ten ant -^:^• rubral a few days before, died at his 
' chambers in tk<^ Albany, Ltindout on 27 July 
1804, in the st^venty-fourth ypar of his ag-e. 
He wrote a brief narrative entitled *The 
Britifih Fleet in the Blade Sea/ whifh wom 
yrivately printed (1857 ? *ee Brit Mua. Cat.) 
I Selections from Paixhiins* * Const it ut ion Mi- 
f lit^ire de France,* translateil by him in 1850^ 
appear tn * Proceed inp.«i Roynl Art. Inst.,' 
vol. i. (1857), By hin will, executed 10 April 
1850, and proverl 10 Aug. 1804 (personalty 
sworn nndvT L'5,000/.), he left the sum of 
l,(X)0/», wljereof the intexest is to be applied 
in perpetuity to encouraging the game of 
icficicet among the non-commiBsioned officers 
{of horse and root artillery stationed at Wool- 
wich. 

[Archneologia, vol xxxiii. ; Lodj^'a Peerage of 
iTHlaQd, ed. Arch (Ml, ii, 251 ; Barkers Landed 
Gt^ntry (1868); Kane'y Li&t nff", Royai Art. (re- 
Tised ed, Woolwich, 1869); Hnrt'*, Army Lists; 
DttncAn^fl Hist. R. Art. i. 223, ii. 362, 364, 886, 
480. 432, 434, 437; Proc. K Art. Inst. voL I ; 
Ann. Ri^g. 1864; Illust. Load. News, xlv. 154, 
29&(inir),J H. M. C. 

BREREWOOD or BRYEBWOOD, 
EDWARD (lo0oV-1013),unt]quurv*and ma- 
thematician ^sion of Robert Brerewood, a wet- 
(^lover ,who had thrice heeu mayor of Oheeter, 
was horn and educated m that city. In 1 581 
he was sent to Brasenose C^>lle|^e, Oxford, 
where be hml the character of a very hard 
Ptudent. He gradnaled B. A, ll> Feb. 1586-7, 
M.A- 9 July lo90. and * being ciindidate for 
a fellowship, he lost it without lorn of credit, 
for where preferment goes more by favour 
than merit J the rejected have more honour 
than the elect4*d' (FtaLBR, Worthie^,ed. 16<J2, 
Cheshire, HK>), Tbeo lie mii^rated to St, Mary 
Hall, and on 26 Sej)t. 1592, when Queen 
Eli2ab(?th was at Oxtord, he replied at a dm- 
i>ut4ition in natural philasophv. In March 
1596 he was chosen the first professor of as- 
tronomy in Gresham College, L/>ndon, where, 
as at Oxford, * he led a r*jtired and private 
course of life, delighting with profound spe- 
cula! ions, and the diligent searching out of 
hidden verities.' Brerewood, who was u 
member of the Old Society of Antiquaries, 
died on 4 Nov. 1013, and was buried in the 
church of Great St. Helen. Hi^ large and 
valuable library he b<?<iueathed with his other 
effects to bis nephew Robert [q.v,] (alterwardfl 
knight and a iu.stice of the common pleas), a 
Bon of bis elder brother, John Brerewood. 

VOL, VI* 



His worka are : 1. * De ponderibus et pretiis 
vet e rum nummonim, ef>nimt|uecum r€*centio- 
ribuB col la t ioue,^ London , I ti 1 4, 4to, This waa 
first published by his nephew, and aft erw^arda 
inserted in the * Apjifinitus' of the * Biblia 
Poly^lotta,'by Brian Walton, and also in the 
* totici Stwrri,' vol, viii. 2. * Enquiries touch- 
ing the Diversities of Languages and Religions 
through the chief parts oi the world,* London, 

1614, 1622, lfiar>, Ito, 1647, &c. 8vo. This 
was likewifk* published by his nephew, and 
afterwards translated int-o French by J. de 
la Montague, Paris, 1640, 8vo, and into Latin 
by John Johnston. Father Richard Simon 
made some remarks on Brere wood's work, 
nnder the pseudonym of le Sieur de Moni, in 
a treatise entitled * HitJtoire critique d** la 
CT^ance et des contumes des nations du Le- 
vant/ Frankfort (rtsally printed at .Amster- 
dam), lt»84. In 1093 it was reprinted, and 
again since that date with the following al- 
terations in the title: — 'Histoire critique 
des dogmes, des contro verses, de^ coiitiuiiea, 
et dea cert^monies des Chretiens orientaux,' 
3. * Elementa I*ogicB&, in gratiam studiosce ju- 
vent utis in academia OxonienHi,* ljomlon,loi 4, 

1615, &c. 8vo. 4. *Traclalus quidnm logici 
de prsedicahdibiLs, et ppedicamentis,' Oxford, 
1628, 16S7, &c. 8vo. This book was first pub- 
lished by Thomas Sixei^mith, M, A, » fellow of 
Brasenose College, Oxford. A manuscript of 
it is prcsenvd in Queen *s College library in 
t hat un i versity . The work is somet i me.<^ q u ot ed 
as * Brerewood de moribus/ 5. 'Tnwniitua 
duo : quorum primus est de meteoris,fiecundua 
de oculo,' Oxford, 1631, UUi8, 8vo. These 
two tracts were also published by Sixesniith, 
0. ' A Treatise of the Sabbath,' Oxford, 1630, 
1631, 4to. This book was wTitten as a letter 
to Nicholas Byfield [q . v.], preacher at Cliester, 
having been occasioned by a sermon of his 
relating to the morality of the Sabbath. It 
is dated from Greshftm House 15 July 1611. 
The original manuscript is in the British Mu- 
seum (Addit. M8. 21207). Richard Byfield 
Iq. v.]i Nicholases brother, wrote a reply to it, 
7, * Mr. Byfield's Answer, with Mr. Brere- 
wood s Replv,* Oxford, 1 (i*il , 4to. These were 
both printeti together, with the second edition 
of the former. 8. * A second Treatise of the 
Sabbat h, or an Explication of the Fourth Com- 
mandment,* Oxford, 1632, 4to. 9. 'Commen- 
tarii in EtbicAAristotelis,* Oxford, 1640, 4to, 
These commentaries relate only to the firs* 
four hooka, and were published by Sixesmith. 
The original manuscript, which was finished 
27 Oct. 1586, is in the library of Quejiu's Col- 
lege, Oxford. It is ^Titten, says Wood, * in 
tlie smalle^st and neatest character that min« 
eyes ever yet beheld,' 10. * A Declaration of 
the Patriarchal Government of t\Mfc wsX\s?c* 




Brerewood 



274 



Bretland 




Church/ Ojcforrl, 1641, 4to, Tendon, 1647, 
Brtrraen, 1701, 8vo, TUk' <)xff>ni edition is 
Bubjoined to a trt?'atiyo callml 'The origiiml 1 
of Bifihops and Metropolitans, briefly laid 
down bv Archbishop Ussher,* &c. 

[Wowi's Atheoic Oxon. (Bliw^ ii. 139, Fa*ti, 
i. 236» 261 ; Ward's Oresham Profesaora, 74. 336, 
with the AUthor*s nmnUBCript iiote« ; Archaeolo|fiH, 
i. p, xijt ; Gent. Mi^', Ui. (ii.) Jli.] T. C. 

BREREWOOD, Sir ROBERT (158ft- 
165i), jiidf^o, belonged tjo a fiimily of re- 
6p«'Ctubl*' citizens of Ohaster, who hnd held 
municipal office. Hi^ ifrandfather, Bol>ert^ 
w calh»d a wet -jf lover by trade, and wa^ onc« 
iheriiF, in 15fM^» and thrice miiynr, m 15H4, 
lr)87, and 1600, in which ItiHt yi-nr hi* died 
in office. Hi^ father, Jolm. the <>ldest son of 
Robert th^ older, was i^herifT of Chester, and 
liis uncle Edward [q, v.] wa>i a scholar of emi- 
nence , th« first Orer^hnm professor of astro- j 
nomy. Two of Edward Brerewood'a treatiaes 
wen^ published by hia nephew in 1614, on ' 
the author's death, Robert Brerewood was 
born in Chester in 1588. In I (>f>\at the age 
of sevente«?n, he wm sent to t.*xford, and ma- 
triculated at Bra&enose C^illege, and two yeai^s 
Imter was admitti^sd a member of the Middle 
Temple. Probably he was his nncle*s heir, 
for in dedicating one of Edward Brerewood*8 
posthumous works to the archbishop of Can- 
terbury^ he e4iya of hira, * Succeeding him in 
his temporall blessings I doe endevour to suc- 
ct'de him in his virtues/ He was called to 1 
the bar on IH Nov. 1615, and continued to 1 
practise for two-and-twenty years. He also \ 
turned his attention to literature, and pub- ' 
lis bed some of the works of \m uncle Ed- ; 
ward. In 1637 he was app>iuted a judge of 
North Wftle^, probably through the locoil in- 
fluence of hi* family, aa he had constantly 
maintained his connection with Cheshire, and 
in 16^S9^ic was elected recorder of bis native 
town. He had been appointed reader at the 
Middle Temple in Lent term 16Ji8, and in 
1640 was raiaed to the degree of serjeant-at- 
law. In Hilary term 1641 he was appointed 
king's Serjeant, was knighted in 1643, and 
raised to the bench about a month aft^r, on 
31 Jan, 1644. The king heing then at Oxford, 
he was sworn in there. Though he continued 
to flit until the end of tht? civil war, he never 
eat in Westminster Hall, and after the exe- 
cution of Cliarle.s I he retired into private life, 
lie died on 8 8ept, 1654, and was buried in 
St. Mary s Church, Chester. He was twice 
^marrie*] : first to Anna, daughter of Sir Ran- 
'e Main waring of Over Peover, Cheshire, 
d second to Katherine, diiugliter of Sir 
chard Lea of Lea and Demhall, Cheshire, 
id had several ckildren by each of his wives. 



[Foss'« Lire* of the Jud^ei ; Dngdale'a Orig. 
220; Wood*8 Athenie (Blisst), ii. 139-40 i GfuU 
Mag Ixi. 714; Books of the Middle Temple; The 
Vale Royiil •»f England (Smith and Webb). p. 85 ; 
Orm^rod's Cheshire, i. 181, 182; Arclwecilogia 
(»Soc. Antiquaries), i. xx n.] J. A- H. 

BREREWOOD, THOMAS (d, 1748), 
poetical writer, was son of Thomas Brere- 
wood of Horton, Cheshire, and grandson of 
Sir Robert Brerewood [t^v.l, justice of the 
court of common pleas* Tie led the life of a 
country gentleman at Horton, and died in 
1748. Some pieces of poetry by him were 
printed in the earlier numbers of the 'Gen- 
tleman's Magastine;' after his death there 
appeared a work by him in rhymed vers© 
of little merit (with a eulogistic preface by 
an anonymous editor)» entitled * Oalfred and 
Juetta, or the Road of Nature, a Tale in 
three cantos,' London, 1772, 4to, pp. 56. 

[Gent. Mft^. vii. "60, xiv. 46, xyi, 167, 265. 
XXIV. 428, In. 714; Universal Catalogue for 
1772, art 78 ; Lipsc?onib's Backinghamshire, iv. 

an] T. c, 

BRETLAND, JOSEPH (1743-1810), 

dissenting minister, son of Joseph Bretland, 
an Exeter tradesman, was bom at Exeter 
22 May 1 742. He was for several years a 
day scholar at the Exeter grammar school, 
and was placed in busines.'^ in 1757, but shortlv 
after left it for the ministr)\ For tliiawork 
he n^ceived a special education, his course of 
study being finished io 1766. From 1770 to 
1772 he was ministjer of the Mint Chapel, and 
from the latter year until 1 790 kept a classical 
sclnind at Exeter. He resumed his duties at 
the Mint Chapel in 1789, and continued there 
unti I 1 79J1 For tlu-ee years, 1 794-7, he acted 
as mini.ster at the George's meeting-house in 
Exeter, and on the establishment in 1799 of 
an academy in the West of England for 
educating minislers among the prot-estant 
dissenters, he was appointed one of its tutors. 
Thb p<^>sition he retained do\\Ti to its dis- 
solution in 1805, and he then retired into 
private life. In 1705 Bretland married Miss 
Sarah Molfatt. He dieti at Exeter 8 July 
1810. He is described as a believer in the 
unity of the Deity and in the simple hu- 
manity of Jesus Christ, and he is styled a 
scholar of * extensive and solid learning.* 
Many of his theological papers are in Dr, 
Priestley's * Theological Repositorj^ *and in the 
* Monthly Repository.* lie compc^sed seve- 
nd sermons and many prayers for the use of 
unitarians, including a * Liturgy for the Use 
of the Mint Meeting in Exeter,* 1792. Ait^r 
his death there were printed at Exeter two 
volumes of * Sermona by the late Rev. Joseph 
Bretland, to which are prefixed Memoirs of 



^ 



^ 



k 



bis Life, hy Wm. Benjamin KHiinftwiiy, 1820.' 
He wttfi miidi attached to Dr. FriefiHt^v, iiTid 
e^ted a new edition of his * Rudiments of 
"Hfiglish Gruramftr ; ' miiny of liis letters to 
the doctor are printed in J. T. Rutt's me- 
moirs of Priestlyy, 

[Life by Kennftway; Rutt*s Priestley, passim; 
Monthly Repoaitorv, 181&, pp. 445, 473, 494, 
659.1 ' W. P. C. 

BRETNOR, THOMAS {ji. 1607-1618), 
nlmiuia^ makerj calls himaelif on tlie titltj- 
page of ODe of his almanacs * ,y indent Id 
Mtronomie and physicke/ and on that of 
another, ' professor of the mathematickHi and 
student in phyBicke in Cow Lane^ London.' 
His extant works are as follows: L ^A 
Prognostication for this Presient Yeere . . , 
M.DC.Tll. . . . Imprinted at LontJon for the 
Companie of Stationers ' (a copy is in the 
British Museum). *Nece88ary ohservationa 
in PUehotomie ' and * Advertisements in 
Hu*bandrie * are introduced into the work. 
2, * ANewe Almanacke and Pro^iostication 
for . , . 1615* (copies are in the Hutli Li- 
brary and the Rodl«ian), 3. * Opiologia, or 
a Treatise concerning the nature, properties, 
true preparation, and safe vse and administra- 
tion of Opinm. By Angel us 8ala Vincen- 
tines Venatis, and done into English and 
something enlarged hy Tho. Bretnor, M3L/ 
London^ 1618. This translation, which is 
uuwle from the French^ is dedicated * to the 
learned and ray worthily respected friends 
D. Bonham and Maister Nicholas Carter, 
physitiana/ In an address to the reader 
Bretnor defends the use of hiudanum in 
medicine, proraif^es to pn?pare for his readers 
* the chiefest physicke I \'se my selfe/ and 
mentions his triends * Herbert. Whitfield in 
Newgate Market/ and * Maister Brorahall/as 
good druggists, Bretnor was a notorious 
character in London, and is noticed hy Ben 
Jonson in Eia * Devil is an Ass * (1616), i. 2, 
and bv Thomas Middleton in his * Fair 
Quarrel ' (1617), vi. 

[Nanss's Oloasary (©d. Haiti well), s.v. * Bret- 
nor;' Brit. Mus. C^U ; Middleton'M Wypks (ed. 
A. H. Bullen), xv. 263.] S. L. L. 

BRETOK, JOHN LE {d, 1275), bishop of 
Hereford, wa.s chosen bishop about Christ rans 
12<I8, being tlien a eannn of Hereford, and waa 
consecrated 2 June 1269, For about two 
years before this he was a justice of th^* kinfr'*' 
court. He died 12 May 1275. ^ 
years after hi.^ death, perhaps soon 
lief was current that he wrott* the b<>tjk uuvv , 
known to lawyers as * Britton/ Thnt b^*-^ 
(first printed without dute /i' 
printed in 1<)40, and carefully 



Nichols in lHfJ5) is in the niiiin Brneton's 
tr»*atise on English law condensedj re- 
arranged on a new plan, purged of speculative 
jurisprudeuce, turned from Latin intoFninch, 
and put into the mouth of Edward I, so 
that the whole law appears as the king's 
command. Seemingly, it is an unfinished 
work, but it became very populiir, and was 
often copied in manuscript, hVequent refe- 
rence is made in it to statutes pas^sed after 
the bishop*a deatli, jind from the internal 
evidence we must suppttse it wxitten shortly 
lifter 129t). Possibly we have but the l>ishop a 
book jis ultered by a biter band, or possibly, 
as Selden suggested, there bus been some eon- 
fusion between the bishop and the conlem- 
porary judge whom we call Bract on [q. v.], 
but whose name seems ruMilly to have been 
Bratton. The book * Britton ^ might fairly be 
called a Bructon for practising lawyers, and 
in fourteen th-Cf'nttiry manuscripts the two 
books are indisi^riminately called Bretoun, 
Bret tonne, and the like. 

[For election, con-seeration, and death, see the 
following Chronicles under yeiira 126B-9, P275 : 
G^rvas© of Canterbury (ed. Sttibbi) ; Annali of 
Winchester, Wayerley, Osney. Wykes, and 
Worcester (nil in Annales Montiaticit ed. Luard, 
who, vol ii. p. xiivii, diseoMies date of conse- 
erjition); Lo Neve's F^isti P>clt«» Anglicanfle, 
ed. Hardy, i. 450-60. For jitdieial rmploymeot: 
Excerptrt e Hot u I is Finiura (Record Commission), 
ii. 444-82 ; Liber de Antiquis Logibu* (Gtmden 
Society), year 1267. Judge aod bishop same 
mim: Ann. Osney, year 1268. The HLiit«nieDt 
that he wrote a law book is in the following, 
tinder year 1275: F. Nieotai Tnvett Annules 
fed. Hog.) ; Chmnicle of Rishanger (ed. Riley) ; 
Floree Hifftorianim Matth. Westm. (ed. 1670, 
bat it is not in the first edition, nor in manj 
miuinaeripT« — soe Hurdy, Catalogue of Materials 
for British History, iii. 209). The unthonihip 
uf Britton is diaenssad by Selden, Notes to 
Heogham, ed. 1616, pp. 129-31 and Didsertation 
sulRxed to Fleta, pp. 458^9, also in F. M. 
Nicholas preface to edition (1865) of Britton; 
Fow's Judges of EnglaniL) F, W. M. 

BRETON, NICHt*LA>S (l->45?-162HP), 
po^*t, was descended from an ancient family 
originally settled nt Ijiyer-Breton, Essex. 
His graudfathert William Breton of Col- 
chester, died in 1499, and was buried there in 
the monastery of St. John. His father, also 
William Breton, was a younger aon, came to 
T.ondnu and amassed a fortune In trade. Ula 
fl mansion house ^ was in Red Crosa 
in the parish of St. Oile^ Without 
Criiiplegaie, ana he owned tenements in other 
> of T xin d on , liMidAB Uadia EsMx an d L i n- 




J 



Hichard and >iicholA^^ and three dauf^bters, 
Tbamar^ Anne^ and Mary. He died 12 Jan, 
155H-i*, wbi]« his sons were §till b<\vs, and left 
by will to Nicholas the manor of Biirgh-in- 
tae-Marsh, nearWamflcet, Lincolnshire, fort j 
pounda in money, ' one aalt, all gilte, w^ a 
cover » , - TJ aiWer sponos, and the gilte 
bedst^ and liedd that I lye in at London/ 
with all it* furniture (will printed in Dr. Gk>- 
eart*« pret to BHEToir*8 Uorkjn^ pp, xii-xvii). 
This pro[ierty wai to be applied oy the child^a 
mother to his ^ maynteoAiinoe and fynding* 
until he was twentj-four jeam old, when he 
waa to ent4L^r int^i full possession. William 
Breton left much to his wife on the condi- 
tion that she should remain unmarried, but 
before 1668 she had bec<ime the wife of 
George Gascoignef the poet, who died 7 Oct. 
1577, and was thus for more than nine years 
Nicholas Breton's stepfather. 

From the fact that Breton wa« a boy in 
1559^ the year of his father*8 death, the aate 
of his birth may be eoujecturally placed in 
1546, but no sure information is at present 
acceeeible. From his ' F!oori.^h vpon Fancie * 
we know that in 1577 Breton was settled in 
London and had lodg^in^ in Holborn. The 
Rev, llic'hard Madox, chaplain to a naval ex- 
pedition m 1582, whose unpublished diar^^ iw in 
Sloan e M 8. 1006, records under date 14 March 
1682[-3] that while on the continent, appa- 
rently at Antwerp, he met * Mr. Brytten, once 
of Oriel CoUedge, w*" made wyta will [i.e. 
the prose tract, ^ The Wil of Wit, Wit's Will, 
or WiFfi Wit/ entered on the Stationers* 
Heffister 7 Sept. 1580]. He speaketh the 
Italian well/ No university document sup- 
ports the statement that fireton was edu- 
cated at (Iriel College, hut in ^ The Toyes of 
an Idle Head/ the appendix to his first pul>- 
liahed book^ * A Floorish vpon Fancie, he 
referB to hinuself an *a yong gentleman wlto 
. * . had spent some years at Oxford/ He 
also dedicfttes the * Pilgrimage to Paradise ' 
(1592) * to the gentlemen atudlents and 
gcholera of Oxforde.' On 14 Jan. 1592-3 he 
married Ann Sutton at St. Giles's Church, 
Cripplegate, the church of the pariah in 
whicli stood his father's * capital 1 mansion i 
house/ On 14 May 1603, according to the f 
St. Giles's parish register, a son Nichol«« 
wa8 bom ; on 16 March 160.'>-6 another son, 
Edward; and on 7 May 5<i07 a daughter, 
Matilda. In the burial register of the same 
churcli are recorded the deaths of Mary, 
daughter of * Nicholas Brittaine, gent.,' on i 
2 Oct. im\ and of Matilda, daughter of 
* Nicholas Brittaine, gent./ on 27 July 1625. 
But of Breton's own death no record has yet ' 
been found. Ills last published work bears 
the date 1626. The Captain Nicholas Bre- | 



ton, son of John Breton of Tamworth, who 
serred under Leicester in the Low Countries 
in 15B6,piixcba8edan estate at Norton, North* 
amptonMuie, and died there in 1624, haa 
often been erroneouslv identified with 
Doet (Shaw, Stafbrdikim, L 422; Bf. 
Aorthampton^Mre, i. 78 ; Phxlufps, 
trum Poetarum, ISOO, p. 321). 

These scanty fact^ are aU that is 
of the poet 'a life, EUs voluminoos 
in pfofie and verse were issued in rapid i 
cession between 1577 and 1626. Among 1 
early patrons, the chief was Mary, connti 
of Ipfembrolse ; he dedicated to her the 
* Pilgrimage to Paradise,' 1592, to which is 
added the ^Countesse of Pembrooke'a LoTe/ 
where he speaks of himself as * Your Ladi* 
shipped unworthy named Poet.' He also 
wrote for her his * Auspicante Jehoua,' 1597, 
and the Countess of Pembroke's * Passion/ 
Paaaages in * Wit's Trenchmour ' (15971 re- 
fer to the rejection of the poet^s love-suit 
by a lady of high station, and it seems not 
improbable that Breton s intimacy with the 
Countess of Pembroke passed tieyond the 
bounds of patron and poet. Whatever the 
character of the relationship, it ceased after 
1(X>L 

As a literary man Breton impretssee us most 
by his Yersatility and his habitual refinement. 
lie is a satirical religious, romance, and pas- 
toral writer in both prose and verse. But he 
TftTote with exceptional facility, and as aeon- 
sequence he wrote too much. His fertile 
fancy often led him into fantastic pueri- 
lities. It is in hispastoral lyrics that he is 
seen at his best. The pathos here is always 
sincere; the gaiety never falls into groeisneaSy 
the melody is fre«h and the style clear. His 
finest lyrics are in * England*s Helicon ' and 
the collection of poems published by him- 
self under the title of the ' Passionate Shep- 
heard." *' Wit a Trenchmour/ an angling idyll, 
is the hm\ of his prose tracts, and had the 
author not yielded to the temptation of di- 
gressing finom his subject in the latter half 
of the Dook, he might have equalled I/,aak 
Walton on Ida own ground. Throughout 
his works runs a thorough sympathy with 
country life and niral scenery ; the pic- 
turesque descriptions of country customs in 
his * Fantasticks * and the * Town and Coun- 
try * are of value to the social historian^ Bre- 
ton's satire, most of which appeared under 
the pseudonym of Pa«quil, is not very im- 
pressive ; he attncks the dishonest prac- 
tices and artificiality of town society, but 
writes, as a rule, like a disappointed man. 
Of the coarseness of contemporary satirists 
he knows nothing. He lacKS the drastic 
power of Nash, who wrote under the same 



^ 
^ 



pseu<iotiyni, and Me rofinement brought down 
on kim Nash*s censure. Nash speaks of Bre- 
ton, in iillysioQ to his ' J tower of Delights,' 
BA * Pan sitting in his B<>wer of I>elights, and 
A nuEiber of Midaaes to admire his mise- 
rable hornpipes/ In his religious poems 
and tracts there is a pnasionate yearning 
and rich imagery wlil^h oft<?n suggest South- 
well, or even Crashaw, but they are defaced 
laj wire-drawn conceits and mystical subtle- 
ties, lie wiis probably an eanii'st student of 
Spenser, for whom he wrote a sympathetic 
epitaph. 

The enthusiasm for the Virgin Mary ex- 
hibited in a few poemrt, very generallv attri- 
buted to Breton, Las led to the belief tliat the 
poet was an ardent catholic. But it is almost 
certain — as we state below — that the un- 
doubtedly catholic |JOems ascribed tu Breton 
were by another hand ; his long intimacy 
with the protestant C^iuntess of Pembroke, 
which probably rested mainly on common 
religious sentiments, the direct attacks on 
Homamsm which figure in many of Breton*a 
proee tr&ct>6, and his sympathetic references 
to the practices of the English reformed 
church, point in quite the opposite direction. 
His description of the Virgin, aaints, and 
angels, only noticed by him as part of the 
acknowledged host of heaven, and his con- 
stantly recurring conijiiirison of his own spi- 
rit nal condition to that of Mary Magdalen, 
merely illui^trate the strength of his religious 
fen- our (see Dn Brinsley Nicholson's nntes 
in Nofe^ and Qu^f^n'e^^ 5th series, i. 501-^). 

Breton's popularity lasted through the first 
half of the seventeenth century. A highly 
eulogiHtic sonnet *in authorem 'is preUxed by 
Ben Jonson to Breton's * Melancolike Hu- 
mours/ 1<3<X), and Francis Mere^ in his * l*al- 
ladis Tamia,^ 169H, classes him with the 
greatest writers of the time. Sir John Suck- 
Eng, in * The Goblins/ iv, i, (Dobslev, Old 
Pia^s, 1826, X. 143), joined hia name with 
that of Shakespeare :— 

The last a well-writ pioce, I assure you» 

A Breton I take it^ and Shalt<5«peare'8 very way. 

Less respectful reference to the poet*8 vo- 
luminou.<^nes8 is made in Beaumont and 
Fletcher's * Scornful Lady ' (ii, 3), and 
*Wit without Money' (iii. 4). At a later 
dute^ Hichard lirome, in bis * Jovial Crew* 
( Works f iii. 372), speaks of * fetching sweet- 
meats^ for ladies and coui'ting them 'in a 
eet speech taken out of old Britain's works.' 
At tnw f.nd of the seven teentb century Bre- 
ton seems to have complettdy dropiJt^d out 
of notice, hut his reputation was restored by 
Bishop Percy, who printed his * Phillida and 
Cory don ' und * The Shepherd's Address to 



his Muse * (both from * England's Helicon ') 
iji his * lleliques of Ancient P<>etr)'/ In 
most of the subsequent poetical collections 
Breton hiis been represented. 

L Breton's Poht tcALproductions, all biblio- 
graphic4iJ raritie^^ are as follows : — 

L *The Worker of a young Wit trust 
up with a Fardell of prettie fancies, profit- 
able to young Poetes, prfijudiciaJ to no man, 
and pleasant to every man 1o passe away 
idle time withall. Whereunto is joined an 
odde kiude of wooing with a bouquet of 
comfittes to make an end withall. Done by 
N. B., Gent.,' loTT. Uidy one copy of this 
work (entered on tlie Stationers' Register 
under date June 1577) is now extant; it 
bcdongs to Mr. Christ le-Mdler of Britwell. 
George Ellis printed two poems from it in 
his * Specimens of Karly English F^oets ' 
(3rd edition, IBOJJ), ii. 270-8; and Mr. W. 
C. Hazlitt has reprinted *The Letter Dedi- 
catorie to the Ke^ider* (dated 14 May 1577) 
in his * Prefaces &c, from Early Books/ 1874. 
2. * A Eloorish vpon Euucie. As gallant a 
gloao vpon so trifling a text as ever was 
written. Compiled by N. B., Gent. To 
which are annejied The Toyes of an Idle 
Head ; containing many pretie Pamphlets 
fornleasaunt heads to passe away Idle time 
withall. By the same Authour/Ijfmdon, * im- 
printed hv Richard J hones/ 1577 and 1582. 
Tbis work was entered on the Stationers' 
Kegister 2 April 1577 ; the only extent copy 
of the edition published in 1577 is now at 
Britwell ; that of 1582 is cJirelessly reprinted 
in Park's ^Helioonia* (cf. W. C. Hazliit*8 
Pnp/a«w,4-c.(ia74),p.55). 3'. 'The Pilgrim- 
ago to Paradise, coyned with the Countesso 
01 Penbrooke^s love, compiled in verse by 
Nicholas Breton, Gentleman/ Oxford, by 
Joseph Barnes^ 1592, entered on the Sta^ 
tiontrs' Eegister 23 Jan. 1590-1, with 
the dedication to MarVf countess of Pem- 
broke. John Case, M.D., prefixes a letter, 
addressed in high praise of the author, * to my 
honest trve friend, Master Nicholas Breton,' 
and William Gager, doctor of laws, and Henry 
Price add Latin verses (cf. A^ldit, MS. 22583, 
f. 8«). 4. ' The C^3untes« of Penbrook'a Pas- 
sion,* firiit privately printed bv Mr. Halli- 
weU-Phillipps, from a manuscript preserved 
in the Public Library at Plymouth in his 
* Brief Besrription of the Plymouth Manu- 
scripts ' ( 1 653 ), pp. 177-21 0. An anony mous 
writer in * Notes and Queries' (1st series, v. 
4^7) descrihed another manuscript of this 
poem in his possession. A manuscript older 
than either of these is in the British Museum 
(Sloane MS, 1303), and this was printed for 
the first time in 1862» under the title of ' A 
Poem on our Saviour's Passion/ as the work of 



f 



I 



MatT Sidney, countess of Pembroke^ Horace 
Wafpole, in liis * lioyal ftod Noble Authors/ 
fiitnilarly attributed t be poem to tbe Countess 
of Pembroke, but Georgy Sti^vens, to whom 
the PIvmouth manuscript at one time pro- 
bably fcclongedy describes it a« lireton*» work 
(8ti:ev bub's Sale Catalo^\ie^ 1*97) ; its iden- 
tity of ttvle with tbe 'Cbunteeeeof Pem- 
brookp*t Love/ mentioned aboTe, removee 
olmofit all doubt as to its autborihip. Dr. 
Brinslfj XichotBon discussed the question 
in tbe * Athemeum ' (9 March 187S), and, 
wbili* arriving at this cuoclusion, pointed out 
that tbe author wa*; somewhftt indebted to 
Thomas Watson's * Tears of Fancie/ The 
title may be compared with * Tlie Counteas 
of Pembroke** Arcadia/ by Sidney. *The 
Counteaa of Pembrtike's Emanuel ' (1591), 
and *The Couiitesa of Pembroke's Yiiy 
Church' iir»91-:^)» by Abraham Fraunce, 
5*, * PHaquU^a Mad-cappe, Throwne at the 
Comiptiaus of these Times, with his Message 
to Men of all Estatea/ 1626. It waa en- 
tered on tbe Stationers' Regri»ter 20 March 
1599-UiOO, and ag^ain on 29 July 1605, but 
no enrlier copy than that of 1626 is extant, 
*). * Pnsquirs Foolee-cap sent to STch (to 
ket^jx^ theirweake braines warme) aa are not 
abli* to conceive aright of his ^lad-cap. With 
Pftsquil's Paasion lot the Worltrs wnpvard- 
nesse, begun by liimselfe and tiiiished by hiR 
friend Mor]>herius/ 1000 (ent^Ted on Sta- 
tioiurs* Rejj^ifiter 10 Mhv IHOO). The only 
copy kn(iwn is in the Bodleian. Tliededica- 
X'unif tiddrt*8sed ' to my very ^ood friende* 
MastfT Edward Conquest/ is 5i|fned * K. R/ 
7. *PiKsquirn MLstrf^ii^e, or the Worthie and 
Vn wort tie AVoman; with fiia Description 
and Pu?i.sion of thnt Ftirie^ Jealoufiie/ llitJO. 
The detlicatory epistle is signed *Sttlohcin 
Trehoun/ apparent lyim anagram upon Nicho- 
las Breton* A unique copy is at Brit well. 
H*. 'Pasi^uiFs Passe and Passeth Not, **et 
downe in three ]>ee8^ his Piiese^ Precession, 
and Provost i cat ion/ London, lt3O0 (en- 
tered on Stationers* Register 29 May 1600). 
Tlie dedication, si^rned * N* B*/ is ac^- 
dressed * to my , . . good friend M* tTrjffitli 
Pen.^ 9. ^Melancholike Huiiiours, in verges of 
Divense Natures set downe by Nich* Breton, 
Gent,/ London, HKK>, This w<is reprinted 
privately at the Lee Priorv Press by Sir S, 
Egeii on Bry d ges . 1 1 i s d i m1 i ca f ed t o * M ast er 
Thomas Blunt/ and 'Ben. lobnson' pretixes 
fi fjonnt't ' iu autliorem/ Copies are in the 
Ilnth Library' and tlie Bodleian. 10. * Marie 
Magdalen*B Love : a Sole nine Passion of the ; 
So vies Love, by Nicholas Breton/ London, j 
by John D«nter, 1595. The first part is a 
prose commentary on St- John \, 1-18, The 
^cond i« a jioem in six-line stanzaa, and waa I 



republished aepamtely in 1598 and *162a._ 
It was entered on the Stutioner^' Re^ 
20 Sept, 1595. It is almoBt certain" th 

* Marie Magdalen's Love^' a catholic treatw 
was bv another hand, and bound up by tk 
publiaiieF — who leaned towards catboUcis 
nimaelf^-with Bneton a tindoubted work, 1 
flecTue a sale for it. 11*, * A Diuine Poen 
diuided into two partes ; The Ravisht Sou 
and the Blessed A\ eeper. Compiled by Nicbo- ' 
lag Eireton, Gentleman,* London^ 1601, dedi- 
cated to the Countess of Pembroke* A cop 
is in the Huth Library. It waa reprinted i 

* Excerpta Tudoriana. 12*, * An Excellen 
Poeme, vpon the Ijonging of a Blessed Hearl 
which, loathing the world, doth long to 
with Christ ; with an addition vpon the de 
nition of love. Compiled by N ieholaa Bretoq 
Gentleman/ London^ 1601. It was privatelj 
reprinted by Sir Egerton Brydges in IBlfi 
The dedication is addressed to Lord NorthJ 
and * H, T., Gent,/ contributes a sonnet 
praise of the author. A copy is in the Hut] 
Library, 1 3. * Tlie Soulea Heavenly Exercia 
set down in diverse godly meditations, boi 
prose and verse, by Nicholas Breton, Gent,^^ 
London, 1C501, dedicated to William Ridef^ 
lord mayor of London, This little quarto i^ 
not mentioned by any of the bibliographers c 
writers on Breton, A copy which is believe 
to be tinique is in private hands; it is bou 
in old velhuiu with Queen Elizabeth's 
stamped upon it in gold. 14*. *The Soule 
Harmony, Written by Nicholas Breton 
London, 1602. Dedicated to Lady 
Hastings, 16, * Olde Madcapp* newe Gallj 
mawfrey, by Ni, Breton/ London (Richa 
Iolmes)j 1602, and dedicated to Miatrea 
Anne Breton of Little Calthorpe, Leicester 
shire, entered on the Stationers' Registe 
4JuneltH)2, A unique copy is in Mr. Christie _ 
Miller's library' at Britwell. 16/ The Mother'* 
Blessing/ London, 1602, with a dedication 
signed Nich. Breton, addressed to* M.Thomas 
Ilowe, Sonne to the Lady Bartley of Stoke/ 
The only complete copy known is in the li-^^H 
brary of Sir Cnarles Isham of Lamport HallJ^| 
Northam])ton. 17. *The Pasaionate Shep-^ 
heard, or tlie Sheplietirdes Love; set downe 
in Passions to liis Shepherdease Aglaiu,^lx>n- 
don, 1604, Breton here writes under thi^ 
pseudonym of Bonerto, The only perfe_,| 
copy known belonged to Mr, Frederic Ouvry^ 
and was reprint ed by him in 1877. 1 8*, * Tha 
Sonles ImmortaU Crowne, consisting 
Seaven Glorious Graces/ London, UiOo, dft- 
dicnted to James L A manuscript of the 
work, signed bv Breton, is in the British Mu- 
seum (M8. Royal, 18 A, Ivii,) 19. * ATn;e 
Description of \'nthankfulnes&e,oran Enemie 
to Ingratitude. Compiled by Nicb ' '^ 



offl 



holas Breton^H 



Breton 



Breton 



u 



Gent,/ London, 1602; dedicated to * Mietria 
Mary Gate,' daughter of Sir Il^nry Gate of 
Seamer, YorkfiliiTie, A cop j is in the Bodleian. 
20. ' The Honovr of Valovr. By N icholas Bre- 
ton, Gent, /London, 1606. A unique copy is in 
the Huth Library ; it Is dedicated to Charles 
Blount, earl of l>evon. 2L * An InvtK!tive 
Bffftinst Treai^oij/ printed by Dr. GroBart from 
t£e Royal MS. (17 C, xxxiv.) in the British 
Museum, with a dedication, signed * Nich. 
Breton,' to the Duke of Lennox. An edition 
entitled 'Tlie State of Treason with a Toncb 
of the late Treason/ wa« publishe<l in 1610, 
but no copy is now known. Tbe poem refers 
to the Gunpowder Plot. 22. ^ I would and 
I would not/ London, 1614. The address to 
the reader is ginned *B. N./ but the style 
of the poem and the initials (probably re- 
versed) give the poem a title to be connected 
with Breton's name. 

Breton was a regular contributor to the 
poetical collections of his age, and bis poeti- 
cal fiwne induced an enterpri^inj^^ publisher, 
Richard Jones, to put forth two miscellanies 
under his name. In the Stationers* Be- 
gister, under date S May 1591, * Bn ton's 
Bowre of Delights^ was entered to Jones, 
and published in the same year as ^contayn- 
ing many most delectable and fine deuiees 
of rare epitaphes, pleasant poema^ pastorals, 
and soneta, by N. B., Gent.* Of this publica- 
tion Mr. Christte-]\f iller owns a unique copy. 
Breton says in an epistle (12 April 1592) pre- 
fixed to his * Pilgrimage to Paradijie:' *There 
hath be(me of late printed in J^ndon by one 
Ricbarde Joanes, a printer, a booke of English 
Terse, enli tilled ** Breton^s Bowerof Deliglit;*," 
I protest it was done altogether without my 
consent or Knowledge, and many things of 
other men mingled with a few of mine, for ex- 
cept '^4.mnris LachrimsD/*aii epitaph vpon Sir 
Phillip Sydney, and one or two other toiea, 
which I know not how be vnhappily came by, 
I have no part of any of tbem/ Georgn Ellis 
printed In his* Specimens of ibe Early English 
Poets/ 3rd edition, 1803 (ii. 286-8)/* a sweet • 
contention betwetm love, his mistress, nnd I 
beauty ' from a copy of * Tbi^ Bowre of Dh- | 
lights,' dated 1 597. A similar story may he told 
of 'The Arbnr of Amorous Deiiices : "VVherein 
young Gentlemen may rendp many pleasant [ 
lancies and fine Deaices ; And thereon me- i 
ditate diuers sweete C^nceites tn court the 
loue of fairo Ladiea and Gentlewomen. By ' 
N. B., Gent,/ London t 15^)7 (ef. BEAtTtEtiC^s I 
Saic Catalogue, 1781; W. C. Hazlitt's ' 
Handbook), Only one copy ofthis book is still 1 
extant, and that ha* lost itr* title-page and is , 
otherwi'fte defective ; it is in th+^Capell collec- 
tion at Trinity College, CambridgH. There 
is an entry on the Stationers* Register of 



* The Arbour of Amorus Delightes, by N. B., 
Gent./ under date 7 Jan. 1593-4. This book 
is only in part Breton's ; it contains poema 
by other hands, collected together by the 
nrinter, Richard Jones. Two pieces are from 
Tottel's * Miscellany/ a third is from Sidney's 

* Arcadia.' The most beautiful j>oem in the col- 
lection is the well-known * A Sweete Lullabie,* 
beginning, *Come little babe, come silly soule/ 
and it has been assumed by many to be by 
Breton, but ^ Britton's Divinitie' is Breton's 
pole undoubted contribution to the volume. 
In the * Phoenix Nest/ piiMished in 1593, %vq 
poems are described as *by N. B., Gent,' In 

* England's Helicon,' publii^bed in 1600, eight 
poems are signed *N. Breton,' among them 
being the far-famed * Phillida and Corydon * 
(originally printed anonymously in 15111 in 

* The . . . Entertainment gieven to the Queen 
. , . by the Earle of Hertford '), and several of 
Bretons most delicate pastorals. Some songs 
set to music in Morley's * New Book of Tabla- 
ture/ 1596, and Dowland's * Third Book of 
Songs,' 1603 (see Coixieb^s Lyrical Poeniif, 
published by Percy Society )» have on internal 
grounds been ascribed to Breton. SirEgerton 
Brydges printed in bis *CensumLiteraria* as 
a poem of Breton's a few verses beginning 

* Among the groves, the woods, the thickets,' 
described in John Hynd's* EliostoLibidintiso/ 
1606, as *a fancie which that learned author, 
N, B., hath dignified with respect.' Part of 
the poem was printed anonymously from 
Brit. Mus. MS. HarL 6910/ in * Excerpta 
Tndoriana.' To * The Scvller,' 1612, by John 
Taylor, the Water Poet, * tby loving friend 
Nicholas Breton ^ contributed a T>oem * in 
laudem autbr^ns.' A iieventeenth-century 
manuiicript collection of verse by various 
authors of the sixteenth and the seventeenth 
centuries (in the possession of Mr. F. W. Co- 
sens) contains transcripts of many of Breton's 

f»oems, some of which were printed in * Eng- 
and*s Ilelicon,' others in *The Arbcjr of 
Amorous Devices/ 1597; and one, * Amoris 
Lachrima^for the Death of Sir Philip Sidney/ 
in * Brit ton's Bowre of Delights,' 1591 ; there 
are also some thirty short pieces, fairly at- 
tributable to Breton, which do not appear 
to haye been printed in the poet's lifetime ; 
they were published for the first time by 
Dr. Grosart. Among t he Tanner 51 SS. at the 
Bodleian are five short poems by Breton of no 
particular literary interest. 

n, Bretcin's Pbose works are : — 
1 •. * Auspicante Jeboua, Marie's Exercise/ 
Lf)ndon (by T. Este ), 1597. There is a dedi- 
cation, signed * Nich. Breton/ addressed to 
Mary, countess of Pembroke, and another 

* to the Ladies and Gentlewomen Readers.' 
One copy is in the Cambridge University 




Breton 



Breton 



'Wit« TrencbmouT, in & con- 
Wlwixt a SchMller and an Angler. 



the Bodkian). The tddfees to the reader is 
signed * N. IS,* 'A reprint of thispfLrt, dated 



II hv Nich. Ureton, Gentleman/ Lon- I 1664, consists of lOi fantastic paragraphs, 



don, 1597' {Treiickm*mr u. the name of a ' each deacribing four things of ?inauar quality, 
boisterous dance), A unique copy is in Mr. 7**. 'Wonders Worth the Hearing, which 
HuthV library. The dedication is addreesed 1 being read or heatd in a Winttr'*" evening 
to * William Harbert of the lied Ca^le In I by a good fire, or a Summer a morning in the 
Montgomery-ahire/ Isaak Walton is uaually greene fields, may serve both to purge ttn 
aatdy without much reaaon, to have been in- lancholy from the minde & gro&m humours, 
debted to thia work for the suggestion of from the body/ London, 1605, The dedica*< 
his * Anffler/ 8* •. * The Wil of Wit, Wit's | tion, signed - S ich, Breton/ and dated 22 Dec 
Will or Wira Wit, Ch use you whether. Com- i 1602, i^ addressed * to my honest and loving 

Silt?d by Nicholas Breton, Gentleman/ Lon- j friend, Mr, lohn Cradocke, cutler, at hia 
cm (by Thomas Creede), 1599. The book is i house without Temple Barre.' The book con- 
entered on the Stationere' llepister 7 Sept. tains quaint dt^scriptiona of Elixabetl 
1680. The Rev. Richard Madox r^'fere to the ' manner**. 8. * A Poste with a Packet 



n 



book as its author s chief work in his * Diarv,* 
under date 14 March 1582-^. There is a dedi- 
cation * To Gentlemen SchoUen and Studcnta| 
whatsoever,' and two copies of unsigned 
venses, *ad lectorem, de authore,* together 
with some stanzas by Wfilliam] SfmithJ, 
The book contains ; (1) ' A Pretie and Wittie 
Bisoourse betwixt Wit and WiU, in which 
several songs appear/ {2) * The Author 6 
Dreame of strange effects as followeth.' 
(3) * The Stholler and the Soldiour , , . 
the one defending Lcsariiinf^, the other H^- 
tiall Discipline, in which the Soldier jfets the 
better of the argument/ (4) 'The Miseries 
of Mamllia, the most unfortunate Ladie that 



Mad Letters,' was published first in 160SI 
(entered on Stationers* Register 18 May] 
1602), of wliich a copy is in the Advooat^aN 
Library, Edinburgh, 'An edition, ' ihel 
fourth time enlarged,' appeared in 1609, and] 
it appeared again in a much enlarged shape 
(two parts)* in 1637. Frequent editions 
were issued down to 1686. It is dedicated to 

* Maximillion DaDison, of Hawlin,* Kent. It 
consists of lett-ers from persons in a variety 
of situations, several of which are signed 

* N. B,/ and read like extracts from the author a 
actual correi3|K>ndence. One letter (Lef. ii- 
19) of this kind, * To my deArest beloved friend 
on earth, 11. W.,' tells the story of a life of 



ever lived,' a r^imiiMce. (5) * Tlie Praise ! sorrows, which has been assumed to be auto- 
of Vertuoufl Ladies, an invective written I biographical. 9, * A Mad World, my 3f ast-erSj 
againsttlie discourteous di.scf>urses of certftine ' a merrv dialoKHe betweene two travellerai 
malicious persons, written iigainttt women [Dorindo and Lorenzo],- London* 1603 and 
whom Nature, Wit, and Wij^eaom (well con- 1635. The first eilition is dedicated to John 
aidered) would us rat her honour than disgrace/ Florio. Both editions are Ln the Bt^leian, 



This piece was reprinted by Sir E|?erton 
Brydges In 1815. (6) * A Dialogue l>etween 
Anger and Patience.* (7) *A Phisitions 
Letter/ with practical directions for healthy 
living. (8 J * A Farewell/ Tlie whole work 
wsjs republished in 1G06*, and a very limited 
reprint was issued by Mr. J. O- Ualliwell- 
Phillipps in 1860. 4^ ' The Strange Fn\Tes 
of Two Excellent Princes [Fantiro and 
PenilloJ, in their Lives and Loves to their 
equall Ladiea in all the titles of true honour,* 
1600, ttfit^jry from the Italiiin. A unique copy 
is in the Bodleian, dedicated to * lohn Line- 
wray, Esquire, clerk of the deliueries, and the 
deliuerauce of all her Maie^tiHS ninJenance/ 
5, * Crossing of Proverl>fi, Crosse Answere-S 
and Crosse Humours, by X, B., Gent./ Lon- 
don, 161*1, yjts. i. aud 'ii. 6. 'The FigiT^e 
of Foure* was first entered on tlie Sta* 
tionera* llefifister 10 Oct, 1597, and again 
19 Nov. ItHJT. Ames notes an edition of 
1631. But hU that seems to have survived 
of this book is an edition of * the second pari/ 
issued in 1636 (of which a unique copy is in 



Middleton's play with the same title waa 
publisht^ in 1608. 10*. *A Dialogue fuaj 
of Pithe and Pleasure : betwet^n three Phy« 
hiaophers: Antonio, Me«ndro, and Dinuroo: 
Vpcm the Dignitie or Indigiiitie of Man. 
Partly trans hi ted out of Italian and partly 
set down by way nfobser\'ation. By Nicholas 
Breton, Gt^ntleman,* London, 1603, dedicated 
to * John Linewray» Esmiier, Marster Sur- 
veior Generall of all her Maiesties Ordinance/ 
11*. Griraello 8 Fortuiiei*, with his Entertain- 
ment in his Travaik'^' London, 1604. T^o 
copies are in the Bodleian and one in the 
HuthLibmrv, The address 'to the reader' 
18 signed ^ B, N/ 1 2*- * An ( )lde Man ^s Lesson 
aud a Yovug Mm/s Love, by Nicholas Bre- 
ton,* London, 16U5. One copy is in the Huth 
Library, dedicated to Sir John Linwraye, 
knig-ht . . , o f his Maies ties Ordinance.' 13,*I 
pray you be not Angrie: A pleasant and 
mi'rry Dialug:ue betweene two Travellers as 
they met *in rhe lli^thway [touching their 
crosses, and of the wrtue of patience]. By 
N, B.,* London, 1605 and (with a slightly 



I 



A 



^ 



V 



diiferent title-page) 1624. In tbe Bodleiiin 
Libmry copy of tbe first edition tbe signa- 
tUTe 01 tbe nddreas to the reader is * Nicho 
las Breton/ 14*. *A Murmurer,' written 
* against murmurers and murmuring/ Lon- 
don, 1B07. The dedi€Ation, to ' tbt^ Lords of 
his Maiesties mo^t Honorable privie Coun- 
ftel/ is si^ed * Nicholas Breton/ One copy 
is at Bndpewater House. 15**- * Divine 
Con«ideration8of the Soul© ... By N. B., 
G,/ London, 11308. It is dedicated "to ^Sir 
Thomeui Lake, one of the Clarkes of hif; 
Maiesties Signet, health, happineasey and 
Heaven,* with the signatiire of* Nich. Bre- 
ton/ 10. ' Wit« Private Wealth stored with 
Choice of Commodities to content the Miude/ 
J6i2* and 16^9 — a collection of provcrbiftl 
remarks— dedicated to *Iohn Crooke, son and 
heire to Sir John Crooke, knipht/ with the 
signature of * N. Britton/ IT". ' Characters 
upon Essaies, Morall and Diuine,' London, 
1615, dedicated by ' Nich. Breton ' to Sir 
Francis Bacon. 18, *Tbe Uood and the 
Badde, a Description of tbe Worthies and 
Vnwortbies of thia A^e,' London, *1616and 
164iJ, dedicated by * Nicholas Breton ' to 
Sir Gilbert Houghton. 19* *. * Strange Newes 
ovt of Divers Countries/ London, 1022, 
with an address to the reader sip^ied * B. N/ 
20*. *Fantaaticks, swerving for a perpetuall 
Prognostication," London, 1626, Copies are 
in Mr. Hutb's and Dr. Gr^jt^art's libraries. 
There is a dedicnrion to 'Sir Marke Ive, of 
Kiners Hall in Eitsc^x / signed * N. B.' Extracts 
appear in J. < ). Hulliweirs ' Books of Cha- 
racters/ 1857. 21. *The Court and Country, 
or a hriefo Discourse betweene the Courtier 
and Conntryman, of the Manner, Nature, and 
Condition of their lives, Dialoguewise set 
downe. . , . Written by N. B., Gent.,' Lon- 
don, 1618. A uniciue copy belongs to Mr. 
Chiistie-Miller of Briiwell. * Nich. Breton' 
fiigns the dedication to * Sir Stephen i'oll of 
Blaikmoom in Essex/ Mr W. C Hazlitt 
reprinted this book in his * Inedited Tracts* 
(iloxburghe Club, Ism), 22. * An Eulogistic 
Charact*ir of Queen Elizabeth, dedicated bv 
the author, Nicholas Breton, to Robert Cecil, 
earl of Salisbury,' is extant in Breton's hand* 
writing, in the Brit. Mus. MS. Harl. 6207 
ff. 14-22. It was printed by Dr. Grosart lor 
the first time. I 

The most serious mistake made by Breton*s ' 
Mbliograpber^ has been the ascription to 
liiiii of * Sir Piiilip Sydney's Ourania ... by 
K, B.' 1606. The author of this work is Na- 
thaniel Barter [q^ v.l In the British Museum 
Catalogue * Mary Mai^dalen's Lamentations 
for the Losse of Her Maister Jesus, London, I 
1604p and * The Passion of a Discontented 
Mind,* London, 1601, 1602, 1621, are errone- I 




I oualy ascribed to Breton. Robert Southwell 
I was more proliably the author of the latter. 
A imique copy of the first edition is in the 
Huth Librarj% and the second edition (In the 
Bodleian) is reprint<*d in J. P. Collier's * 11- 
lustratious/ vol. i. The Rev. Thomas Oorser 
ascrities ^ The Case ib Alt ert»d. How? Aake 
Dalioand Millo/ London, 1604 and 1635, to 
j Breton ; Mr. J. P. Collier assigns it to Francis 
Tliynne, although internal evidence fails to 
support, this conclusion. 

Breton^s name was pronounced Brit Ion. 

I [Dr. Grosart has coUectetl moat of Brotjon's 
I works in liis e<^^lition, privately published, in the 
1 Chertsey Worthies Library (1877). The poeti- 
' Cfd works numbered above 1, 7, 13, and Id do 
not appear there The editioas marked * and 
** are in the British Mu^euin, and the latter 
.aio believed to be tinique. See also Oiraors Col- 
ieetaoea ; Hitson's An^IoPoettcn ; EUitt's Spbci- 
mens of the Early English Poets (1SU3J and Hun- 
ters MS. Chorus Vatum in Brit. Mus. Addii. M8. 
24487, C 307 et seq., which is eapecially thIu- 
able] S. L L. 

BRETON, WT:lLIAM. [See Briton.] 

BRETT, ARTHUR (d. 1077 ?), poet, was, 
Wood believes, * descended of a c-enteel family .' 
Having been a scholar of ^V est minster, he 
wa8 elected to a studentship at Christ Church, 
(Jxlbrd^ in 1653, He proceeded B»A. in 
Bioti and M.iV. in 16-19. He was one of the 

• Terras hlii ' in the act held in St. Mar^'^s 
Cburcli, lt!61, * at which time he .nbowed him- 
self suiEeieutly ridiculous.' Having taken 
order:*, he became vicar of Market Lavin^on, 
Wiltshire, but he seems iil*ter a while to have 
g-iven up the living. He came up to London, 
and there fell into poverty, begging from 
Ifentlemen in the streets, and especially from 
Oxford men. He was somewhat crazed, ac- 
cording to Wood, who met him by chance 
in 1075, and was i>erhaps annoyed by hia 
importimitVi for he writes w ith some bitter- 
ness of him. Brett was * a great pretender to 
[x>t'try,' He wrote: 1. *A Poem on the Ite- 
stonition of King Charles 11/ 1660, included 
in * Britannia rediviva.* 2, * Threnodia, on 
the Death of Henry, Duke of Gloucester/ 
BMSO. 3. * Poem on the Death of the Prin- 
cess of Orange,* 1660. 4. * Patientia victrix, 
or the Book of Job in Lj-ric Veree/ 1661 ; 
and ia alao said to have written an esaay on 
poetry. He died in his mother's house in 
the Strand ' about 1677.' Wood knows not 

* where his lean and maciemted carcade wu 
buried, unlefid in the yard of SL Clemeiit'i 
church, without Temple Bar,' 

[Wood's Atheoa? Oxon. iii. c»L 1144; Fasti, ii. 
192, 2itt(Blii*s); Welch's Alumni Wfuftmon. 
(1852), 141.] W. H. 



WXrr, HKXKY (dL 1724), eolooel, of | cMdreii. The young Udj's ambition and 
fiindywell Park, Qlouoetterahn^, th« mmo- prospecto of a coronet were disappointed 



' ekle of AddisoD and St«ele, wm eldeit aim 
of Hemy Brett of Cowley, Glouoecterthirep 
ihe dettoietidaiit of the old Warwiekshire 
family of Brett of Brett's Hail (aee Ax- 



thiougii the death of the king in 1727, and 
fhe mbaeqiieii t ly married 8 Lr W illiam Leman, 
second bftronet , of Northaw or Northall, Hert- 
fordshire^ and died without iaeue in 1743. 
mra^a GhueetterMrw^ p. 400 ; DrepALEfs Mrs. Brett lived to the age of eighty. She 
Warwkhthir^, ii. 1039). Colley Cibbcr, who i died at her reeidence in Old Bond Street, 
wan intimate with hinif sayti' that young' London^ on 11 Oct. 1753. She iB said to 
Brett wa» sent to Oxford and entered at the I have been a woman of liteimiy tastes, and 
Temple, but wa« an idler about town in 1700, ! CoUey Cibber is stated to have esteecmed her 
when he married Ann, the divorced wife of \ judgment so highly as to have submitted to 



Charles Gerard^ second earl of Macclesfield, 
who succeeded to the title in IdOS. She was 
daughter of a 8ir Richard Mason, kiught, 
of Sutton, Surrey, and married the Ean of 
Maecleafield, then Lord Brandon, in 1683, 
hut separated from him sioon after. She had 
afterwards two iUi^^itimiite childrt^n, one of 
whom, by Richard Savage, fourth and last 
earl Rivers, was populnrly identified with 
the unfortunate jwet, Ricliard Savage (aee 
iVotof and Queries, 2nd ser, vi, 361 et seq.) 
The countess ivos divorced in 1698, when 
her fortune of 1 2,000/. (or, as some accounts 
have it, 2*1,000/.) wa* returned to her, and 
two years later ehe married Henry Brett. He 
was a very handsome voiin^ fellow, and the 
lady's ^mpnthy is said to liiive been evoked 
byaawiBiiiilt committt»d upon bini by bailiffs 
opposite her wiiidowg. After his marriage 
Henry Brett wns for a Bbort time member for 
the boroui^Ii of BishopV Ca«tle, Salop. He 
also obtained in 1705 the lieutenant-colonelcy 
of a regimen I of foot u»*\vly rfiised by Sir 
CharltiSs Hothnm, but piirted with it soonafter, 
Brett WQe* a weH -known mem her of the little 
circle of which Addiwin way the bend, trnd 
whieh held its scK'ial gutheriiigs at ^Vill*3 
and afterwards at Button V. He is suppos*?d 
to b^ the Colonel Humbler of the *T»itler' 
(No. 7). He rebuilt Sandywelt Park, which 
he sold to Lord CJonway, lind at one time 
had a share in the patent of Drury Lane 
Theatre (Cibber, A polot/t/ , p. 2 1 2 ) . H e s tir^ 
yiv*Ml liiH friend Acldit*on, and died, rather 
enddenly, in 17lU. Hin will, wherein he ie 
simply described as Henry Brett, iind be- 
queaths all his real and i>ersonal i>roperty to 
Ilia loving .'ipou.^e Ann Brett, exeepl Iiih lot tery 

ticket8,hQlubeproeeedsofwbich,in the event I French Bbip<«, Neptune ami Fleuron [see 
of their drawing priKes, are to go to bit^ t*i.ster Griffin, Thomas ; Mostyn, Savage]. For- 
Miller, was dateti II Sept. 1724, and proved \ ttmahdy for Captain Brett's reputation, the 
by his widow two days later. Afterberfjithers ,' SiiiulLTlaudhadner mainmast carried away at 
death, bis daughter, AnnaMarghdrettalirett, an early periwl of tlin cliaap, and he thus 



tier revision the manuscript of his best play, 
the ^Oareleas Htisband,' which was first put 
on the hoards in 1704. 

Colonel Arthur Brett (whose daughter 
married Thomas Carte, the historian) is 
sometimes confounded with Henry Brett. 

[CoUimis Peemge (1812), ix. 400, 404 ; Col- 
lin* b Baronetage, iii. (ii.) 461Jt. 106; Walpole's 
Lsttersr, i. p. cv ; Apolo^ for Life of Colley 
Cibber (1740, 4to), pp, 2i2, 214; Gloucestfir- 
shire Noti^s and Queries, clxxxvi. (March 1881), 
docicrii. (July 1882), wher© some of the dtftails 
giren ars incorrect; Notes and Qaeries, 2nd8er. 
vi. 361 et seq., dth ser. xi. 295, xii. 196 ; Gent. 
Mag. xxi i i . 54 1 .] H. M. C. 

BRETT, GEORGK [See KFnrBB.] 

BRETT, JOHN (d, 1786), captain in the 
royal navy, was probably the ^on or near 
kinsman of Captain Timothy Brett, with 
whom he went to «ea in the Ferret sloop 
about the jear 17!?2, with the rating" of cap- 
tain's servant. In May 17*i7 he followed 
Timothy Brett to the Deal Castle, and in tho 
following November to the William and 
Mary ym-ht. On 2 March 1733-1 be was 
promoted to be lieutenant ; in 1740 he com- 
manded the GrampuM .>ib>op in the Mediter- 
ranean : and on 'Si March 1741 was posted 
into tbt* UcH'btiek of 40 guns by Vice-aomiral 
Haddock, whom he brought home a passenger, 
invalided, in May 1742. In N<nember 1/42 
he was appointed to the Anijlesea, and in 
April 1744 to the Sunderland of fK) gmm. 
He was still in the Sunderland and in com- 
pniiy with the Cajitnin, Hampton Court, And 
Dreudii ought, when, on Jan* 1744-5, they 
fi^ll In with, and did not capture, the two 



who appear;* to bave been the .^ole is%su« of 
tlie marrinpvand who \s dee^icribed as a dark, 
Spanish-looking beauty, became the recog- 
nit^ed mistress — the tirst English one — of 
King (leorge I, then in his sixty-fifth year, 
hy whom she is believed to have had no 



eaped a nbare of tht' oblotpiy which attached 
to the others* He was afterwards sent out 
to join Commodore AVarreii at Cape Breton, 
and took part in the op^^'rtitions which re- 
Bulteti in tbe capture of Louisburg. In 
1755 he commanued the Chichester in the 



I 



squadron fjont under Rear-fidmlrftl Holbume 
to reinforce HoBt-aweti on the coast of North 
America, On 19 Ma> 1750 he waa appoint (?d 
to th*? 8t. George, and on 1 June was ordered 
to torn over to the Namiir. Three davi^ 
afterwards a promotion of admirals came 
out, in which lirett was includt?d^ with his 
oroper Beaiority, u rear-admiral of the white. 
He refused to take up the commission, and 
^m it waa accordingly cancelled {Admiralty 
^f Minutes, A and 15 June 1766), No reason 
for thin rnfuj^al appfars on record, and the 
correspondence that must have t^ken plitce 
between Brett nnd the admiralty or l^ird 
Anson bos not been preserved. It u quite 
poflsible that there had been 8onie question 
la to whether bin name should or should not 
be include<l in the promotion, aod that thw 
bad come to Brett^s Imowledg^e ; but the 
ateryi u told by Charnijck, of \m name 
litTiog becE in the firsi instance omitted, is 
contradicted by the official list. 

From this time Brett lived in retire- 
ment, occupying hiinf»elf, to ttome extent, 
in literftr>^ pursuit**. In 1777-9 be publiehed 
* Translations of Father Feyjoos Discourses' 
(4 vols, 8vo ) ; and in 1 780 ' Essays or Dis- 
coursed selected from the Worki* of Fevjoo, 
and translated from tb« Spanish' (2 vols, 
8vo), A letter, dated Go«port, 3 July 1772 
<Brit. Mus. Add MS. 3CK871, f. 138), shows 
that he corres|ionded with Wilkes on friendly 
terms, and ranked himself with him ti^ * a 
friend of liberty/ lie **peuk8 al^o of hm 

• w^ite and children, of whom nothing further 
seems to be known. He died in 1785. 

[Official Documents in the Public E^oord 
Office; Chamock^s Bio^. Nav. v. 67 ; Gunt. 
Mag. V\. 34. Iv. 223.] J. K. L. 

BRETT, JOHN W A ^rKINS( 180*5^ 1863), 
telegraphic engineer, was the son of a cabinet- 
maker, William Brett of Bristol, and was 
born in that city in 1805. Brett baa been 
atyled, with apparent justice, the founder of 
submarine telegraphy. The idea of trana- 
milting electricitv through submerged cablejj 
is said to have bi^n originated by bim in 
conjunction with his younger brother After 
some ye^ira gnent in perfecting his plans he 
sought and obtained permission from Louis- 
Philippe in 1847 to establish tekgrapbic 
communication between France and England, 
but the project did not gain the public at- 
tention, being regarded as too hazardous for 
general supixirt. The attempt wiw^ however, 
made in 1850, and met with anccess, atid the 
construction of numerous other submarine 
lines followed. Brett nlwuys expre.^sed him- 
self confident as to the ultimate union of 
England and America by meana of electri- 



k^ 



city, but he did not live to sec it aooom- 
plisbed. He died on 3 Dec. 1863 at the a^ 
of 58, and was buried in the family vault in 
the churchyard of Westbury-on-Trim, near 
BristoL Brett published a work of 104 pages, 
* On the Origin and Progress of the Oceanic 
Telegraph, with a few brief facts and opinions 
of the press' (London, 8vo, 1858), and con- 
tributed several papers on the same subject 
to the Institute of Oi\*il Engineers, of which 
he was a member. A list oi these contribu- 
tions will he found in the index of the * Pro- 
ceedings ' of that society. 

[Notes and Quarieri, 3rd ser. viii. 203, &c ; 
Catalogue of the Ronalds Library.] R. H. 

BRETT, Sib PEIRCV (1709-1781), ad- 
miral ^ was the son of Peircy Brett, a master 
in the navv, and afterwaids'master attendant 

of the docKyarda at Sbeemess and at Chat- 
ham. After sen'ing his time as volunteer 
and mid'^biiiman, he was, on 6 Dec. 1734, 
promoted to the rank of lieutenant and ap- 
pointed to the Falkland with Captain the 
Hon. Firzroy Ijee. In her he continued till 
July I7*iW, when be wm app«.)inted to the 
Adventure, and a few months later to the 
GlouceMer, one of the shijis which sailed 
under Commodore Anson for the Pacific in 
September 1740, On 18 Feb. following Brett 
was transferred to Anstm'^ own shij>, the 
Centurion, its second-lieuteniint, and m this 
capacity he commanded the hindJug' party 
which sacketl and burned the towTi of Faita 
on 13 Nov, 1741. After the capture of the 
great Acapidco ship, Brett became tirst-lieu- 
tenant, by the promotion of Saumarez, and 
was appointed by An.sou to be captain of the 
Centurion on 30 Sept* 1743, when he himself 
iefV the j^hio on his visit to Canton, On the 
arrivnl of the Centurion in England the ad- 
mlmlty refused to confirm this promotion^ 
although they gave Brett a new commission 
as captain dated the day the ship anchored 
at Spithead, and a few months later, under 
a new^ admiralty of which Anson waa a 
member, the original commission waa con- 
firmed, 29 Dec. 1744 [se*? A5809, GfiOBOB, 
Lokd], 

In April 1745 Brett was appointed to 
command the Lion, W giuis, in the Chan- 
nel ; and on 1> July, binug then off Ushant, 
he tVU in with the French ship Elisabeth ot 
*jJ4 g'uns, a king's ship, nominally in private 
employ, and actually engaged in convoying 
the small frigate on brnrd which Prince 
Chnrle^ Edward was taking a pOMMige to 
Scotland, Between tlie Lion and EUsal>eth 
a severe action ensued, which lasted from 
5 p.m. till 9 p.m., bv which time the Lion 
waa a wrecK, witii 46 killed and 107 



wounded out of & complement of 400 ; and 

J the JCiisabothf taking advftot-agip of ber 
enemy 't» condition, drew off, too much in- 

[ lured lo pursvie ibe voyage. The dmwn 
DKttie wft8 ibua as fatal to tbe Stuart 
cause aa the capture of the Elisabeth would 
h&Vii heeti ; for lill tbe stores, arms^ and 
money for the intended t'iirapai|3riv were on 

' "bOHrd her^ and the young prince landed in 
Scotland a needy and inipoyeriahed adven- 
turer. 

Early in 1747 Brett wa* appointed to the 
Yarmouth, (U ffims, which he commanded m 
the net ion i>fi" Oajie Finisterre on 3 May; he 
was shortly iifterwards temi>oraj*ily super- 
seded by Clip! a in SaiinderK, but w^a^ reap- 
pointed in the aututmi, and continiUHl in the 
aame ship till the end of 17o0, during the 

I latter part of which time she was guardfthip 
*t Chatham. In 175:* Brett was appointed 
to the Hoyai Caroline yacht^ and in the fol- 
lowing January, having taken the king over 
to txermany^ r>H"eived the houruir *^>f knij^^ht- 
hood. in February 1754 he wa.'^ one of a 
commiHsion appointed to examine into the 
condiri^m of the port of Harwich^ which was 
found to l>e 4<iltmg up by the wu^te of the 
clift! He continued in command of the yacht 
till the end of 1757, and in January 17*^ 
was iippijiiited to the Norfolk at* commodore 
in thi* Duwns. During An.son^s frui«e ojf 
BreKj in the summer of 17o8 he acted a« first , 
captain of the Knyal (teorge, in the capacity | 
now known la* cajiiain of the fleet. Me after- ; 
ward <i returned to the Norfolk and theDuwiis, i 
and held (hat command till December 1701, 
during which period, in the sumaier of 1759, 
he was employed on a eommi«vsif»n for ex- ! 
aminingthe eoiists of Ebj^cXj Kent, and Sussex, , 
w^ith a view to their defence ajeainst any | 
possible landing of the enemy, llin report 
(15 Juni' 1759) ij^ curious and interesting us , 
showing the extriKinlinftry ignorance of the 
government a?^ to the nature cd' the country , 
within a hundred milei* of London^ Early 
in 1702 he w*as sent out to the Mediterranean 
as second in command, and was .soon after 
prtimoted to be rear-admiral. He came home 
the following year, after the peace, and diil 
not serve again at jiea, though from 17l>li 
to 1 770 he was one of the lord^ commissioners 
of the admiralty under Sir Edward Hawke. 
He l:>«jc«me a vice-admiral on 'i4 (Jet. 1770, 
admiral on 29 Jan. 1778, and died nn 14tJct. 
1781. He wa.^ buried at Beckenham in Keat, 
wherti there is a tablet to his memory' in the 
chnrch. 

He married in 1745 Henrietta, daughter 
of Mr. Thomas Colby, clerk of the che<(ae at 
Chatham, by whom he had two eona, who 
died iu infancy, and a daughteTj who mar- I 



ried Sir Georg*- lli^wvi-r. The Peircy Brett 
wliose name ji|i|h jjr> m later navy liBtd as a 
cajitain id' 17^^ wa.H a nephew, the eon of 
William Brett, ako a captain in the navy, 
w^ho died in 1709. Lady Brett survived her 
huHband but a few years ; Khe died in August 
1788, in the eighty-first year of her age, and 
%va^ buried in the same vault in the church 
at Beckenham. 

[Clmmock's Biog. Nav. v. 239 ; Gent. Mag. 
li. 617, 623 ; OfticiaJ Lettew, HiC, in the Public 
Record Office.] J. K L. 

BRETT, RICHARD (1560?-! 637),^ 
learned divine, wa** deseendetl from a famiJS 
which had bt^en settled at Whites tan ton, 
Stmierset^hire, in the time of Henry I (CoD- 
LIN80N, iSom4frsetMre, iii. 127). He waa 
entered a commoner of Hart Hall in Oxford 
b'niversity in 1582, took one degree in art*, 
and w^fts then elected a fellow of Lincoln 
C'oUege, where he set himself to perfect ] 
acquaintance with the classical and east 
Ian gu ages. According to Wood, * he was] 
ptirson famous io his time for learning 
well as piety t skill'd and versed to a criti 
cism in the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldaic, 
Arabic, and Ethiopic tongues.' Li 1597 be 
waa admitted bachelor oi divinity, and h« 
proceeded in divinity in ItSOo. In February 
1595 he was jjresented to the rectorv m 
Quaintoti, near Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. 
On account of bis special knowledge of the 
biblical languages he was appoijited by 
James I one of the translators of the Bible 
into Engli.^h. He published two tran^lationa 
from Greek into Latin : * Vitie sanctorum 
Evangelist arum Johauniset Luc4e h Simeone 
Metaphraste coucinnata3,' Oxford, 1597, and 
* Agatharchidis et Memnonis historicorum 
quffi sui>er5UTjt omnia/ Oxford, 1597. He 
was also the author of ' Iconum Baoramm 
Decas in qufi e subject is typis compluscula 
saute d<)Ctrin:e capita erunntur,' 1603. He 
died on 1 5 April 1637^ aged 70, and was buried 
in the chancel of bis church at Quaintoiu 
Over his grave a monument with his effigies 
and a Lat in and English epitaph waa erected 
by his witlow. By his wife Alice, daughter 
of liichard Bdiwh, sometime mayor of Ox- 
ford, he left four daughters. 

[\Vw>d'H Atheiift (Bhss), ii. 611-2; Lip«- 
oorab's Buckiaghiimshire, i, 422. 4^4, 436 ; Ool- 
linBon*8 Homeraetahire, lii. 127.] T. F. H» 

BRETT, ROBERT (180S-1874), surgeon, 
was born on 1 1 Sept. 1808, it is believed at 
or near Lutmi, Bedibrdshire, As soon as be 
was old enriugh, he entered St* George's Ho^ 
pital, London, as a medical pupil, and poased 
his examinations, both as M.RO.S.i!i. aod 



I 



L.S.AX.I in 1830, He th^n probably filled 
some hospital poets, and ino^st certainly 
married ; and at thi« time he was fo dei>piy 
imbued wiHi riilig'ioui? feeling tliat he wbhed 
to talfe holy orders, and go abroad as a mi*- 
Bionarj. ftut he was dissuaded from such a 
itep, and continued the practice of hh pro- 
feesioii. On the death of hiH wife, he went as 
aasiBtant to Mr. Samuel Reynolds, a Burgeon 
at fttolce Newington, whose sister he married, 
and with whom he entered into a partnership 
which Iiwted foiui:e«'n years. He continued 
t'O practise at Stoke Newington until hid 
death, on 3 Feb, 1874 

He entered heart and «oul into the tracta- 
rian movement from its commencement, doing 
all in his power as a layman to forward it ; 
he was honoured with the friendship of most 
of the leaders, ei^pecially Dr. FiiBey, and hia 
whole life and means were epent in promoting ' 
the interests of this section of the Church of I 
England. Even the motto on his dirriM^re | 
was * Pro Ecclesift Dei.* It wa« owing to hia 
calling the attention of Edward Coleridge, ^ 
of Eton, to the deplorable €ondition of the 
rains of 8t. Augustiue^s, Canterbury, t!iat a 
scheme was set on foot which resulted, 
through the muniUcence of Mr. Berei^ford i 
Hope, in the e^^tnbl tubmen t of St. Augus- I 
tine a Miesjonary College. Ho jmrcelled out i 
the parish of St. !Matthia^, Stoke Newington, | 
and was the chief Jigeut bi the building of its i 
church, as he alsi* wu8 subsequently in the i 
erection of two cJuirches at Haggerston and | 
St. Faith's, Stoke Newington* He did other ' 
prictical good work in founding the Guild of i 
St. Luke^ which consists of a band of medical j 
men who co-operate with the clergy. He 
waa an active member oi the tin^t church 
union that whj^ started, and was at the time 
of his death a vice-president of the English 
Church Union. 

Although, as may \m imagined, hh time 
was well occupied, yet he found leisure to 
write many devotinnal books (sixteen in 
numVjer), such as * Devotiou^ for the Sick 
Room/ * Companion for the Sick Krwm,' 
* lliougbts during Sickness/ &c* 

He was buried on 7 Feb* 1874 at Totten- 
h&m ceraet'ery. A large number of clergy- 
meiij noblemen, physicians, and barristers 
ttttended his funeral. 



I 



[Private iaffjnnatian,] 



J. A. 



BBETT, THOMAS (1667-1743), non- 
j luring divine, wae the son of TJiomas Brett of 
Spring Grove, Wye^ Kent, His father de~ 
Bcended from a family long settled at Wye; 
his mother was Letitia, daughter of Jolm 
Boys of Betshanger, Sandwich, where Brett 
waa bom. He was educated at the Wye gram- 



mar fichool, under John Paris and Samuel 
Pratt (afterwards dean of Rochester), and on 
20 March 1 684 admittedpensioner of Queens' 
College, Cambridge* He was removed by 
his fiitlier for extravagance, but permittea 
to return. He then tbund that his books 
had been ' embezzled by an idle scliolar,' and 
migrated to Corpus on 17 Jan, 1689. He 
took the LL.B. degree on the St. Barna- 
bas day following. He was ordained deacon 
on 21 Dec. 1090. After holding a curacy at 
Folkestone for a year he wa>i ordained priest, 
and chosen lecturer at Islington. The vicar, 
Mr. Gery, encouraged him to exclinnge his 
early whiggism for t^ry and high-church 
principles. On the death of his tather, hia 
mother persuaded him to return (Mnv lt>l>6) 
to Spring Grove, where be undertook the 
cure of Great Chart. Here be married 
Bridget, daughter of Sir Nicholas Toke. In 
1697 he became LL.D., and soon afterwiirda 
ex changed G rea t Chart to r W ye. He became 
rector of Betshanger on the death of his 
uncle, Thomas* Boy« ; and on 12 April 1 705 
Archbishop Teniaon made him rector of 
Kuckinge, having previously nltowed him to 
hold the gmall vicArape of Cfii^ilet ' in 8e[|ue»- 
tration/ He had hitherto taken the oaths 
without scruple ; but the attempts of his re- 
latiouj Chief-baron Gilbert, to bring him back 
to wbiggism had the reverse of the eflleet in- 
t*?nded ; and Sachevereirs trial induced him 
to resolve never to take the oath again, He 
published a sermon ^ on the remiseion of sins,* 
in 1711, which gave oifence by its high view 
of sacenlotal absolution, and was attacked 
by Dr. llobert Cannon [q, v.] in convocation 
{22 Feb. 1712). The proposed censure was 
dropped apparently by the action of At terbury 
as ^ToloGiitoT (Letter about a Moditn in Con- 
vocafioni Src. 17 1 i). In a later sennon *()n 
the Honour of the Onristian Priesthood * he 
disavowed a belief in auricular confes^nion. 
On the accession of George I, Brett defdined 
to take the oaths, resign^ his Hvitig, and 
was received into communion by the nonjur- 
ing bishop Hickes, He aften^'ards officiated 
iu his own house. He was presented at the 
asfli/es for keeping a conventicle, and in 1718 
and 1729coroplainte were made against him 
to Art^hhishop Wake for interfering with the 
duties of the parish clergj^man. He was, 
however, let otVwith a reproof. 

Brett wa.^ consecrated bishop by the non- 
juring bishops Collier, Spinckes, and Howes, 
in 1716. He took part in a negotiation 
which they opened in 1716 with the Ctreek 
archbishop ot Thebftis, then in London, and 
which continued till 1725, when it was 
allowed to drop. Brett's account, with copies 
of a proposed * concordate/ and letters to tli* 




J; 



Otaf of MoscoTT and hia mmi«ter«, is siven 
Ijy Lnthhury {HiMttuy ^f No^furortf 1845, 
». 809 )f fram the m&nuicripts of RiAhap 
ally, Jiefore a definitiTe reply bad been re- 
cm ved from the Greek prelates, the churdi 
whifih made the oyerture had split into two 
in consequence of a ooDtTX)Tersy* Brett sup- 
port 'vl Collier in proposing to return to the uae 
of the first liturgy of Edward VI, as nearer 
tbeiiae of the primitive church. He defended 
lui viifw in a postscript to his work on * Tra- 
dition*' He t*x»k part in vurious contro- 
T«nieaconneiCted with the nonjuringquestion, 
and joined in consecrating' bishops with Col- 
lier snd the Scotch bishop, CampbelL In 
1727 he consecmted Thomas Brett, junior. 
He also contributed .-tome not en to Zachaiy 
Grey*B edition of* IIudibrasN published 1744). 
Brett was an amiable man, of ples&ant con- 
versation, and lived quietly in his own house, 
where he died on n March 1743, He had 
twelve children. His wife died on 7 Majr 
1765; his son, Nicholas, chaplain to Sir 
Robert Cotton, on 20 Aujsf, 1770. 

Brett publifehed many books of which full 
titles are g^iven in Nicfiols's * Anecdotes/ i. 
41 L They are as fallows : 1. * An Account 
of Cbuirb Ctovemtnent,* 1707, answered 



History/ 1729. 16. * Oenend Histijrv wi* 
\ the World/ 1735, 17. * Amwer to <Hoa«i- 
ly's) ♦' Plain Account of the Sacrament^* 
1735. 18. 'Remarka on Dr. Waterlands 
"Review of the Doctrine of the Eucha- 
rist »" ' 174L 19. * Four Letters on Nect«si^ 
of Episcopal Communion/ 1743, 20. * Lift 
of Jonn Johnson ,'preiixed to his poethiunoiis 
tracta in 1748. There are also sdve^ral aer- 
mons and tracts. There is a letter of liis to 
Dr. Warren^ of Trinity Hall, in Pecks 'De- 
siderata Curioaa* (U)*, viL p. 13). Thre« 
letters of his on tli diflerence between An- 
glican and Romish tenets were ptiblished 
from the manuscripts of Thomas Bowdler in 
1850; and a short essavon su^iigan bishops 
and rural deans was edited by J. Fendall 
from the manuscript in 1856. 

[Kicholi'i Literary Anecdotes, i. 407-13; 
Masters's Corpus ColL Catnbr. (1753). 245-8; 
Appendix, p. 87 ; LAthbtirj's Nonjurors, passim.] 

L.S. 

BRETT ARGH, KATHARINE (1579- 
1601)« puritan, was daughter of a Cheshire 
wjuire, John Bruen of Bruen Stapleford, father 
or John Bruen [n. \%] She was baptised oa 
13 Feb. 1579, and from an early age she wa« 



by Nokea in the • Besuiiful Pattern;' and | distinguished by earnest religious feeling, 
enlarged edition 1710, answered by John i \VTien she was about twenty she was married 
Lewih, 1711, in < Presbyters not always an ,; to William Brettargh or Brettergh. of * Bi^l* 
authontfttive part of Provincial Synods;' to I lerghoult'— BrettarghHolt^nearLiverpool, 
which Brett replied. :?. * Two Ijt»tterson the ' who shared her puritan sentiments. The 
Times wherein Marriage is said to be pro- couple were said to have had some persecu- 
hibited/ 1708. 3. * Letter to the Author of tion at the hands of their Roman catholic 
*^ Lay Baptism Invited," ' &c, (condemning laT neighbours. * It is not unknowne to Lanca- 
baptism). This led to a controversy with shire wbiit horses and cattell of her husband's 
.TnsMpb llinf2;ham, who replied in *Scbolasti- j were killed upon his grounds in the night 



This led to 
pli llinf2;ham, who replied in *S 
Cttl His tory of La)' Bap r i s m »' 171 2, 4. Ser- 
mons on * Remission of Him*/ 171 L reprint etl ! 
with five others in 1715. 5. * Review of 
Lutheran Principles,' 1714, answered by ; 
Jolm Lewis. 6. * Vindication of Himself 
from ridiimniea^ (charging him with po- ' 
pery K 1 7 1 'i . 7 . ' I ndependency of t he (Thurch 
unon t!ie State/ 1717. S. * Tlie Divine Right 
of Episcopacy/ 1718. 9. 'Tradition neces- 
sary, Jtc, lti8» with answer to Tolamre 
* Naiarenus/ 10. * The Necessity of discern^ 
ing Christ's Body in the Holy Tomni union/ 
1720, IL * Collection of the Principal Li- 
turgies U8t>d by the C/bristian Churcfi, &c./ 
17-0; this way in reference to the schism 
of the nonjuring body. 1-. * Discourses 
concerning the ever blessed Trinity/ 17l*0. 
13, rout ribut ions to the *BihliotluM'a Litera- 
ria/ Nos. L i?, 4, and 8, upon * l^niversity 
Degrees/ * English Translations of the Bible/ 
and * Arithmetical Figures/ 14. * Instruc- 
tion to a Person newly Confirmed/ 1725. 
15* * Chronological Essay on the Sacred 



most barliarously at two seuerall times by 
seminarie priests (no question) and recusants 
that lurked thereabouts.* Her piety ^ how- 
ever, was such as to impress them in spite of 
her dislike of their creed, * Once a tenant of 
her husband s being behinde with hit* rent, 
she desired him to beare yet with him a 
miarter of a yeare» which he did ; and when 
tne man brought his money, with teares she 
said to her husband, *' I feare you doe not well 
to take it of him, though it be your right, for 
I doubt he is not well able to pay it, arid then 
you oppressp the poore.** * It isperhaps cha- 
racteristic of the times that her biographer 
insists upon the circumstance that * sheneTer 
used to swear an oath great or small/ After 
a little more than two years of married life 
she wai? attacked by * a hot burning ague,* of 
which she died on Whit Sunday, 31 May 
lt)Ol. She was encouraged by a visit from 
her brother, John Bruen, and by the conso- 
lations of William Harrison and other puri- 
tans. Her biographers are indignant at the 




Brettell 



287 



Brettingham 



■ImputAtion that she died despairing. She 
was buried at Childwall Churco on Wednes- 
day, 3 June, as appears from the title of the 
little hook which forms the chief authority 
as to her life : * Death's Advaiitaffe little Re- 
garded, or the Soule's Solace against Sorrow, 
prefiched in two funerall sermons at Chi Id - 
wall, m Lancasliirc^p at the huriall of IMigtris 
K a t li erine Bre t tergli , 3 J une 1 60 1 . Hi© one 
by WiJliara Ham son, the other by William 
Leyj^h, BTX, whereunto ia annexe J the chris- 
tian life and gcnlly dtmth of the mid gen tie- 
woman/ London, ITOl. There is u portrait 
of her m Clarke's second part of the * Marrow 
of Ecclesiastical History,' book ii., London, 
^1675, p. 62, from which it seems that her pn- 
•itanism did not forbid a very elaborate ruff, 
' The face is oval, the features refined, the hair 
closely confined by a sort of skull-cap » over 
which towers a sugar! oaf hat. 

[Ormerod's History of Chwhire, ed. Hpbby, 
ii, 317-23 ; Morton's Mpmonali of the Fathers; 
and the two work^ cited alx>ve.] W. E. A. A. 

BRETTELL, JACOB (1793-1J*6:2), uni- 
tarian minister, wa.s liorn at Sutton-in- Ash- 
field, Nottingbamsbire, on 16 April 1793» 
His grandfatlier was an indcp^odent minis- 
ter at Wolverhampton, and anerwarda assis- 
t-ant to James Wheat ley at the Norwich Cal- 
i viniatic methodist tnlwL'macle. His father, 
|> Jacob Brettell, became a (jihiniHti(? preacher 
Tat the age of i^eventeen, and after serving vft- 
mous chapels l>eeamean independent minister 
f«t Sutton-in-Asbtield in 17H8, Here he r^ 
I Bounced Calvinism, and in 1791 o|>ened a 
rate meeting-houjie. In 1 79o he became 
ant to Jen^miah Gill, minister of the 
*ft'e8b'yterian or independent' congregation 
at GtillBbonnigh, and on Gill's death, 1796, 
lie became s<»le minister. He also kept a school 
j (see notice by a pupil, E. S, Peacock, in Notes 
[wid Queries J '2nd series, xh 378). He died 
19 March 1810. His only son, Jacob, had 
'been placed at Manchester College, York, 
in I8t)9. A pablic subscription, aided by 
the \icar of tlainsborr>iigh, iirovidcd for his 
continuance at York till 18)4, lit; became 
unitarian minister at Oockey Moor (now 
called Ainswortb), IjancaHbire, in July 1814, 
and removed to Kotbf*rbam in September 
1816. He resigned in June 18ri9from failing 
health. Brettell is described iis a good scho- 
lar and effective public speaker. He was a 
strong li be rait ana took an active part in the 
anti-com-law agitation, bein£r an intimate 
friend of Eb^nezer Elliott (1781-184^)), the 
corn-law rli ym es ten H i s poe t ry shows t aste 
and feeling. His later years were tried by 
^_ adverse circumstances. He died 12 Jan. 1862. 
^m He had married, on 29 Dec, 1815, Martha, 



i 

I 



daughter of James Morris of Bolton, Lanca- 
shire, and bad four sons and two daughters. 
His eldest son, Jacob Charlks Cates Brbt- 
TBIiL, hoTu n March 1817, was partly e*lncated 
for the unitarian ministry at York, became a 
Koman catholic, and went to America, where 
he was sticcessively classical tutor at New 
York, minister of a German church, and 
gnccessful member of the American bar in 
Virginia and Texas ; he died at thvensville, 
Texas, 17 Jan, 1867. Brettell published: 
L * Strictures on Parkhurst's Theory of the 
Cherubim ' ( pr«:*sumably his ). 2, * The Country 
Minister, a Poem, in four cantos, with other 
Fcjems/ 1821, J2ran (dedieated, 12 July 1821, 
to Viscount Milfon, afterwurfis tiftli Earl 
F i t zwill iam ) . 3. * The d > n n t ry M in i st er ( Part 
Second). A Poem, in three cantos, with other 
Poems,* 1825^ l2rao. 4. *The Country Mi- 
nister; a poem, in seven cantos : contaioingthe 
first and Hecoud |mrt8 of the Original Work: 
with additional Poems and Notes,* 1 827, 12mo 
(calleil 2nd edit. ; Bretn ell's minor pieces are 
chiefly tnmKlations). 5. * Sketches in Verse, 
from the Historical Bexiks of the Old Testa- 
ment/ 1628, 12mo (one of thew, on Balak 
and Balaam, wa-s printed in Olonthly Ra- 

foditory/ 1826, pp. 860-7). 6. * Staneage 
'ole' (poem, dated Shetlield 24 Feb. 18^4, 
printed in * Christian Reformer,* 1834, pp. 
182-4). 7. 'The First Unitarian.* lM8,8vo 
(controverting the opinion that * Cain wa^ the 
first uniiiirian.'' Brettell thinkj^ Cain was *the 
third unitarian in strict chronological order * ), 
Some of his hymns are in unitarian collect ions. 
A harvest hymn, 18*37, in which he calls the 
Almighty * bright Kegent of the Skiea,* is in 
Martineaa's colle^^tinns of 1840 and 1874 
(altered in this latter to *0 Lord of earth and 
Bkies *). Besides these, he contribut^id itome 
hundretl^ of imcollectet] pieces, being hymna 
and political and patriotic piecea, several of 
considerable lengtli, to the * Christian Re- 
former/ ^ Sheffield Iris,' * Wolverhampton 
Herald,' and other periodicals. 

[Monthly Kepo», 1810* p, 698, 1S18, p. 368; 
Christian llf^forraer, IS62, p. 191; Rathorham 
and Maabn/ Adverti«*pr, 16 March 1 8B7; Browne^a 
Hiator)' of CoDgregationaliam in Norfolk and 
SuflFolk, 1877, pp. ISO, 348; information from 
Mr. Morrill Breiteil.] A. G. 

BRETTINGHAM, MATTHEW, the 
elder ( 1699-1 7t)9), architect, was bom at 
Norwich. He was a pupil of the better 
known William Kent, along with whom 
he was engaged in the erection of Holk- 
ham, the Earl of Leice&ter*i seat in Norfolk. 
Aa a youth he travelled on the continent 
of Europe, and in 1723, 1725, 1728, and 
17S8 publidbed * Remarks on several Parts 



Brettingham 



288 



Brettingham 



of Europe, viz. France, the Low Countries, 
Alsatia, Germany, Savoy, Tyrol, Switzer- 
land, Italy, and Spain, collected upon the 
spot since the year 1723,' in 4 vols. fol. The 
works at Holkham were commenced in 1729 
from the plans of Kent, upon whose death in 
1748 they were carried on under the superin- 
tendence of Brettingham till their comple- 
tion in 1764. In 1761 he published * Plans, 
Elevations, and Sections of Holkham in Nor- 
folk, the seat of the Earl of Leicester,* Lon- 
don, atlas fol., of which another edition was 
published a few years later by his nephew, 
Kobert Furze Brettingham [q. v.] It is cu- 
rious that in neither of these publications is 
the real authorship of the plans acknowledged, 
although the fact that Kent designed tnem 
is beyond dispute. It is impossible now to 
ascertain the share of credit for the completed 
work to which Brettingham is entitled. As 
the construction of the house extended over so 
long a period after Kent's death, Brettingham 
no doubt modified the latter's origined de- 
signs ; but the drawings published by him do 
not differ in any way irom the prevailing 
heaviness and regularity of the then fashion- 
able *Vitruvian* style of which Kent was 
master, and suggest at best but successful 
imitation on the part of his follower. Bret- 
tingham*s other Imown works were Norfolk 
House (now 21 St. James's Square), London, 
erected in 1742 ; Langley Park, Norfolk, 
in 1740-4; the north and east fronts of 
Charlton House, Wiltshire : and a house 
in Pall Mall, afterwards known as Cumber- 
land House, and subsequently used as the 
ordnance office, erected in 1760-7 for the 
Duke of York, brother to George III. In 
1748-50 he again visited Italy, and in the 
first of these years travelled for some time in j 
company with the well-known architects, I 
Hamilton, * Athenian Stuart,' and Nicholas j 
Revett. Brettingham does not appear to I 
have been influenced by the investigations 
made by these architects into the architec- 
ture of Greece. He always confined him- 
self to the heavy Palladian style in which 
he had been educated, and in which, while 
exhibiting no great novelty of conception, 
it must be admitted he displayed knowledge 
and skill equal to those of any architect of 
his time. He died at Norwich at the ad- 
vanced age of seventy, and is buried in St. 
Augustine's Church there. 

Brettingham, Matthftw, the younger 
(1725-1803), architect, son of the preceding, 
worked also in Palladian style (Redgrave). 

[Views of the Seats of Noblemen and Gentle- 
men in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, 
let ser. vol. iii. London, 1818-23 ; Stuart and 



Revett*s Antiquities of Athens measured and 
delineated, vol. iv., London, 1816 ; Vitmvius Bri- 
tannicus, vol. iv., plates 64-9 incl. ; Lowndes's 
Bibl. Manual ; Gwilt's Encyc. of Architectore^ 
ed. Wyatt Papworth. London, 1867; Gould's 
Bicgr. Sketches. London, 1834.] G. W. B. 

BRETTINGHAM, ROBERT FURZE 
(1760-1806 ?)y architect, nephew of Matthew 
Brettingham the elder [q. v.l practised in 
London with great success, and erected many 
mansion houses throughout the country. Like 
his uncle, and in common with all students 
of architecture of his time, he spent a part of 
his early life in Italy, from which he returned 
in 1781. Architecture as then understood 
consisted in correctly imitating so-caUed 
classical models, and the skill of the archi- 
tect was chiefly exercised in adapting the re- 
quirements of his patron to the hard and fast 
rules of his art. To gain familiarity with the 
latter constituted his education, and Bret- 
tingham's subsequent works, as well as the 
drawings which he exhibited on his return at 
the exhibitions of the then lately founded 
Royal Academy, showed that he did not 
neglect his opportunities in Italy. Among 
them may be noted in 1783 a drawing of a 
sepulchral chapel from the Villa Medici at 
Rome, in 1790 the design for a bridge which 
he had erected in the preceding year at Ben- 
ham Place, in Berkshire, and the entrance 
porch of the church at Saffron Walden re- 
stored by him in 1792. In 1773 he published 
another edition of his uncle's * Plans, Sec. of 
Holkham,' also, like it, in atlas folio, * to which 
are added the ceilings and chimney-pieces, 
and also a descriptive account of the statue^j, 
pictures, and drawings, not in the former 
edition.' Of the * Descriptive Account ' Bret- 
tingham was the author; but, again, the plans 
are ascribed to Matthew Brettingham, and 
Kent is ignored as in the former edition. The 
sudden death in 1790 of William Blackburn, 
the prison architect, was the opportunity of 
Brettingham's life, and he soon gained a 
lucrative practice. Blackburn left many 
designs incomplete, several of which Bret- 
tingham subsequently carried into execution. 
He erected ffaols at Reading, Hertford, Poole, 
DownpatricK, Northampton, and elsewhere. 
In 1771 his name appears associat-ed with 
those of the foremost architects of the time 
in the foundation of an * Architects' Club,' to 
meet at the Thatched House Tavern to dinner 
on the first Thursday in every month. Among 
the original members of this club besides Bret- 
tingham were Sir W. Chambers, Robert Adam, 
John Soane, James Wyatt, and S. P. Cocke- 
rell, all of whom have made for themselves 
names in their profession. About this time 
Brettingham also held the post of resident 



Breval 



289 



Breval 



clerk in the board of works, which he resigned 
in 1805. Among his chief works for private 
patrons are a temple in the munds at Safiron 
Walden in Essex for Lord Braybrooke, and a 
mausoleum in Scotland for the Fraser family ; 
Winchester House, St. James* Square, erected 
originally for the Duke of Leeds ; 9 Berkeley 
Square, afterwards sold to the Marquis of 
Buckingham; Buckingham House, 91 Pall 
Mall, rebuilt in 1794 by Sir John Soane ; 
Lansdowne House, Berkeley Square ; 80 Pic- 
cadilly, for Sir Francis Burdett ; Charlton, 
Wiltshire, for the Earl of Suffolk ; Walders- 
ham, Kent, for the Earl of Guilford ; Felbrigg 
Hall, Norfolk, for the Hon. W. Wyndham ; 
Longleat, Wiltshire ; and Roehamnton, Sur- 
rey, and Hillsborough House in Ireland, both 
for the Marquis of Downshire. He is also sup- 
posed by some to have designed Maidenhead 
Bridge, on the Thames ; but this is believed 
to be a mistake, the authorship of that design, 
which was executed in 1772, being invariably 
ascribed by the best authorities to Sir Robert 
Taylor. Brettingham was held in much re- 
gard by his professional brethren, and was 
the esteemed master of many who have since 
attained eminence in the architectural pro- 
fession. The exact date of his death is not 
known. 

[Authorities given under Matthbw BRSTTmo- 
ham; publications of Architectural Society; Ly- 
sons's Magn. Brit. vol. i. ; Boydell's Thames.] 

G. W. B. 

BREVAL, JOHN DURANT (1680 P- 
1738), miscellaneous writer, was descended 
from a French refugee protestant family, and 
was the son of Francis Durant de Breval, pre- 
bendary of Westminster, where he was pro- 
bably bom about 1080. Sir John Bramston, 
in his ' Autobiography,' p. 157, describes the 
elder Breval in 1672 as ' formerly a priest of 
the Romish church, and of the companie of 
those in Somerset House, but now a convert 
to the protestant religion and a preacher at 
the Savoy.' Bramston gives 1666 as the date 
of his conversion. The younger Breval was 
admitted a queen's scholar of Westminster 
School 1693, was elected to Trinity College, 
Cambridge, 1697, and was one of the Cam- 
bridge poets who celebrated in that year the 
return of William III after the peace of 
Ryswick. Breval proceeded B. A. l/OO, and 
M.A. 1704. In 1702 he was made fellow 
of Trinity (* of my own electing,' said Bent- 
ley). In 1708 he was involved in a private 
scandal, which led to his removal from the 
fellowshin. He engaged in an intrigue with 
a marriea lady in Berkshire, and cudgelled 
her husband, who illtreated his wife. The 
husband brought an action against Breval, 

VOL. VI. 



who was held to bail for the assault, ' but, 
conceiving that there was an informality in 
the proceedings against him,' did not ftpp^&r 
at tne assizes, and was outlawed. There- 
upon Bentley took the matter up, and on 
5 April 1708 expelled Breval from tne college. 
Bentley admitted that Breval was ' a man of 
good learning and excellent parts,' but said 
his * crime was so notorious as to admit of no 
evasion or palliation ' (State of Trinity Col' 
lege, p. 29 et seq. 1710). Breval, however, 
declared on oath that he was not guilty of 
immoral conduct in the matter, and bitterly 
resented the interposition of Bentley, who, 
he declared, had a private ^dge both against 
his father and himself. His friends said ' that 
the alleged offence rested on mere rumour and 
suspicion,' and that the expelled fellow would 
have good grounds for an action against the 
college. Such an action, however, was never 
brought, probably on account of Breval's 
poverty. As Bentley wrote, * his father was 
just deisul [Francis Breval d. February 1707] 
in poor circumstances, and all his family were 
beggars.' Breval, in want and with his cha- 
racter ruined, enlisted in despair as a volun- 
teer in our army in Flanders, where he soon 
rose to be an ensign. Here what Nichols calls 
' his exquisite pencil and genteel behaviour,' 
as well as his SKill in acauiring languages, at- 
tracted the attention or Marloorough. The 
general appointed him captain, and sent him 
on diplomatic missions to various German 
courts, which he accomplished very credit- 
ably. The peace of Utrecht closed the war 
in 1713, and a few years after we find Breval 
busily writing for the London booksellers, 
chiefly under the name of Joseph Gay. He 
then wrote * The Petticoat,' a poem in two 
books (1716), of which the thira edition was 
published under the name of 'The Hoop 
Fetticoat' (1720); 'The Art of Dress,' a 
poem (1717) ; * Ualpe or Gibraltar,' a poem 
(1717) ; 'A Compleat Key to the Nonjuror ' 
(1718), in which he accuses Colley Gibber 
of stealing his characters, &c., from various 
sources, but chiefly from Moli^re's * Tartuffe,' 
for the revival of which Breval wrote a pro- 
logue ; * MacDermot, or the Irish Fortune 
Hunter,'a poem (1719),a witty but extremely 
gross piece; and * Ovid in Masouerade' (1719). 
He also wrote a comedy, * The Play is the 
Plot ' (1718), which was acted, though not 
very successfully, at Drury Lane. wTien 
altered and reprinted afterwards as a farce, 
called 'The Strollers' (second impression 
1727), it had better fortune. 

About 1720 Breval went abroad with 
George, lord viscount Malpas, as travelling 
tutor. It was probably during this journey 
that he met with the romantic adventure that 



I 



gftve occasion for Pope*fl tneer About being 

* followed by a nun * {Ihmeiadf iv. 327). A 

nun conJinBd oguindt her wilL^ in a cony en t 
at Milan, fell in love with and *e^"4iped 
to him,' Thft lady afterwards went to Rome, 
wbflire, B^seording to Horace Walpole^ she 
'pleaded hercauae and was acquitted there, 
and marrieffi Breval ; ' but »he id not noticed 
in thi^ account which Brifval published of hia 
travels, nnder the title of * Remarks on several 
Parta of Europ,' two vols* (voL i. 1723, voL 
ii. 1728, rc^printed 1720j two additional in 
1738), though we have a somewhat elaborate 
description of Milan, and an account of * a 
Mitanesf l-»adv of great Beauty, who be- 
queath*^! her Skeleton to the Pnblick as a 
niemf^nto mori,^ The cause of Popt**s quarrel 
with Brevftl is to be sought elsewhere. The 
well-kuowti poet Gay, with the help of Pope 
and Arbuthnot, produced the farce entitled 

* Three Hours after Jlarriiige,^ which was de- 
servedly damned. At th^ lime (1717) Bre- 
val, who was ^Titing a good d*?al for Curll, 
wrote for him, under the pseudonym of 

* Joseph Gay/ a farce called the * Confede- 
rates, in which * the hite famous comeily ' and 
its three authors were unsparingly ridiculed. 
Pope is described in the prologue as one 

On whom Dam© Nature nothing good bestowed: 
In Form a Monkey ; hut for spite a Toad, 

and he is represented (scene 1) as saying, 
'And from My Self my own Thersitea drew,* 
and then Theraites is explained q« ' A Cha- 
racter in Homer, of an Ill-naturd, Deform'd 
Villain/ In the same year Bre val published, 
under similar auspiceSt Pope's ' Miscellany.* 
The second part consistent of five brief coarse 
and worthless poems ^ in one of wbich ejsjw*- 
cially, called the * Court Ballad,' Pope is 
mercilessly ridiculed. Kevenge for these was 
taken in the * Dunciad,* and Breval'a name 
occurs twice in the second book (1728), 

In the notes ( 1 7 i^l) affixed to t be first passage 
Pope says that some account mu«t be given 
of Breva! owing to his obscurity, and dt>ciares 
that Curl I put * Joseph Gray ' on such pampb- 
leta that they might pass for Mr. Gay*s (vix, 
John Gay's)* In l74l\ when Breval had been 
dead four years, the fourth book of the * Dun- 
ciad ' was published. In line 27'J a * lac^d 
Governor from France ' is introduced with hia 
pupil, and their adventures abroad are nar- 
rated at some 1 engt h ( 2 7*iSS^X Pope , t hough, 
as be states, giving him no particular name, 
chiefly had Breval in his mind when be wrote 
the lines (Horace Walpole, Notes to Pope^ 
p. 101, contributed by Sir W. Fraser, 1876), 

After the publication of bis* Travels' Breval 
was probably again engaged as travelling go- 
vernor to young gtsatlemen of position. In the 



account of Paris given in the second yolumo 
of the second is^ue of his * Remarks ' be saya 
that he has collected the information * in t*?n 
several tours thither * (p. 262). In the latter 
l»eriod of his life he wrote * The Harlot's Pro- 
gre^,' an illustrated poem in six cantos, sng- 
gloated by Hogarth's well-known print*, and 
said by Ambrose Philips, in a prefatory letter, 
to be * a true Key and lively Explanation 
of the Painter's Hieroghn^hicks ' (1732); 

* The History of the most Illustrious Houfe 
of Nassau, with regard to that branch of it 
more p^irticularly that came into the succes- 
sion of Orange' (1734) ; * The Rape of Helen, 
a mock opera* (acted at Coven t Garden^, 
(1737). Sliortly after the publication of this 
last piece Breval dieil at Paris, January 1738, 

[Welch's Alumni Westmon. (1852); Nichols's 
Lit, Anecd. vols. i. and viii. (1812 and 1814) j 
Monk's Life of Bentley (1830) ; London Maga- 
zine, Til. 49 ; some information as to the family 
is given in a (aot quite correct) mannaeript note 
on the title-page of one of the copies of the Honse 
of Nii£S(m in the British Mi]i»eum» and also in the 
manaacript letters of hie fether to Lord Hatton 
and J. Ellis in the Addiu MS. (1854-75) (List 
in Index, p. 460).] F. W-^. 

BEEVDfT or BREVIN, DANIEL, 
D.D. (1616-1695), dean of Lincoln, polemi- 
cal and devotional writer, was bora in the 
parish of 8t. John's in the ialand of Jersej, 
of which his father was the minister, and 
baptif«ed in the partah church 11 May 1616. 
He proceeded to the protectant university of 
Saumur on the Loire, and studied loj?nc and 
philosophy with great succeBSi and toolc them 
the degrree of M.A. in 1624. In 1636 three 
fellowshipa were founded by Charles I at Ox- 
ford, at the eolleg-ea of Exeter, Pembroke, and 
Jesus, at the instance of Archbishop Land, for 
scholars from Gnemsey and Jersey ( Heyltn, 
Lifo qf Lat/d^ p. 336; Latjh, Wark^, An^rlo- 
Cath. Lib., vol. \\ part i. p. 14€), and Brevint 
was appointed in 1 637 to that at Jesus, on the 
recommendation of the ministers and chief 
iuhabit^inta of his native island (WiutiNa, 
Concilia J iv. 634), On becoming resident at 
Oxford he requested the confirmation of his 
foreign degree. This was opposed by Laud, 

* thinffs being at Saumur as they were r^ 
ported.* Writing to the vice^ancoUor, on 
19 May and 3 Nov. 1637, he expresses his 
satisfaction at hearing that 4 he Guernsey 
[Jersey 1 man is so well a deserve r in J< 
College, but wishes * that be should be 
to know the difference of a master of 
Oxford and Saumur/ and *the ill conae^ 
quences * which might follow if his degree 
were confirmed, and begs the vioe-chaac^lor 
to * persuade the young man to stay, and then 
give him his degree with as much honour as 



Brevint 



Brevint 



he pleases' (Laitp, Werk^^ Anglo-Cath. Lib. I 
pp. 170, 186). Lauds objections, however, I 
^^were ovemiledy and Bre\ int vfn& incorporated 
^nijl. on 12 Oct. 16;^ (Wood, Fasti Oxon. 
^n, 603J, the authorities of the imiversity haT- 
^■iiig dbcidedy upon due conBidemtion, that 
^* there was no statutable bar to exclude him 
(Lafp, Works, 210). On the visitation of , 
the university by the parliamentary commis- I 
sioners Brevint was deprived of his tt^Uow- | 
ehip, and retired to Jersey, whence, on the ,' 
reduction of the island by the parliameutary I 
forces, he took refuge in France, and offi- ' 
ciated as minister of a protestant congre- 
gation in Normandy. On Trinity Sunday, i 
32 June 1651, he was ordained deacon and 
prieet, * in reguard of the necessitie of the 
time,* writes Evelyn, by Dn Thomas Sydserf, 
bishop of Galloway, in Paris, in tb»^ private 
chapel of Sir Richard Browne, in the Fau- 
bourg St. Germain, at the same time aa bis 
feUow-iBlaader, Dr. John Durell, afterwards 
dfioa of Windsor. Both were presented by 
Coain, then dean of Pelerbon>ugh (EvFLTX, 
Diary, i. L'44, ed. 1819; Baker MSS, xxxvi, 
329; SmiM MSS., Bodl. xxxiiL 7, ^. 29). 
Brevint secured the confidence of Cosin and 
the other principal English churchmen^ Ijoth , 
lay and clerical, then b\ iog in exile in Paris, j 
and became known to Charles II. At this I 
time Turenne was perhaps the most influen- 
tial person in France, and Brevint received 
the nigh honour of being appointed his chap- 
lain, Turen ne's wife was a zealo us pro teatan t ^ 
and Brevint became her spiritual director, 
and for her use, and that of the Duchesse de 
Bouillon, he composed some of his devotional 
tracta, eflpecially hia * OhriAtian Sacrament 
and Sacrinc« , ' He was emp! o yed by M adame 
Turenne and the duchess in many of their 
religious undertakings, and he took a leading 
part in the vain endeavour to oompromise 
the diJIerences between the church of Rome 
and the protestant church (see Preface to 
Saul and Samuel), Upon the Restoration 
Brevint returned to tliis country. Ou Cosin'a 
elevation to the see of Durham he succeeded 
him, on the nomination of the crown, in 
his staE in that cathedral (17 Dec, 1660) 
and in ]ih rectory of Brancepeth, both of 
which he held till his death. The^e prefer- 
ments were in some measure due to Cosines 
inHuence with the king. He received the de- 
gree of D.D. at Oxford on 27 Feb. 1662-3, 
From a letter printed in the * Granville Cor- 
respondence * (part ii. p. 92, Surt^es Soc, vol 
xlvii.), draTVTi u^ to be laid before the dean 
and chapter, it is evident that he earnestly 
supported Granville in his endeavour to re- 
store the weeklv communinn in the cathedral* 
On the death of Dr, Michael Honywood| dean 




of Lincoln, in 1681| Charles II signified his 
desire to Archbishop Sancroft^ through Sir 
Leoline Jenkins, that Brevint should have 
the vacant preferment ( Tanner MSS. xxxvi. 
17), He wa^ instalied dean and prebendary 
of Welton Pavurihall on 7 Jan. 11381-2. As 
he continued to hold hm stall at Darhiim, his 
name occurs pretty friequently in the Gran- 
ville and Coain Correspondences, which have 
been published by the Surtees Society (vols, 
xxxvu. xlvii. Ill Iv.), but chiefly on matt^'ra 
of chapter business or chapter news. His 
tenure of the deanery of Lincoln was un- 
eventful. He died in the deanery house, on 
Sunday, 5 May 1695, in the seventy-ninth 
year of his age, and was buried in the retro- 
choir of his cathedral. His wife^ Anne 
Brevint, sur^^ived him thirteen years. She 
died on 9 Nov. 1708, also in her seventy-ninth 
vear, and was buried in the same grave. 
Brevint'a writinp are chiefly directed against 
the church of Rome, which he attackea with 
much virulence and no little coarseness. He 
professes to speak from intimate personal 
knowledge, having had 'such an access given 
him int-o every corner of the church ' when 
engaged on the design of reconciliation with 
the protestants, that he had a perfect ac- 
quaintance * with all that is within its en- 
trails* (Preface to Saul and Samuel), His 
works manifest a thorough acquaintance with 
the points at issue between the church of 
England and that of Rome^ and his language 
is nervous and his argtiments powerful ; but 
he cannot be acquitted of gross irreverence, 
both of words and conception, when dealing 
with the eucharistic tenets of his opponents. 
His * Missttle Romanum ' was printed at the 
Sheldon ian Theatre, and we can hardly be 
surprised that his Romish antagonist, who, 
under the initials R. F., published * Missale 
Romanum vindicatum ' {Loudon, 1674), 
should express his surprise that * such an un- 
seemly imp ' as Dr. Breviut's calumnious and 
scandalous tract should have been * hatched 
under the roof of Sheldon's trophy and 
triumph.* Brevint'a published works were : 

1. * inssale Romanum ; or the Depth and 
Mystery of the Roman Mass laid open and 
explained, for the Mm both of Reformed and 
Unreformed Christians,' Oxford, 1672, 8vo. 

2. ^Saul and Samue! at Endor: the new 
Waies of Salvation and Service which usually 
temt (#ic) men to Rome and detain them 
there, truly represented and refuted/ Oxford, 
1674, 8vo. 3. *The Christian Sacrament 
and Sacrifice ; by way of Discourse, Medita- 
tion, and Prayer, upon the Nature, Parts, 
and Blessing of the Holy Communion,' Ox- 
ford, 1673, 12mo. The * Christian Sacrament 
and Sacrifice^ is a devotional work, originally 

TJ 2 



Brewer 



392 



Brewer 



1 



*imv> of mnny tracts made ftt Patib at the | 
insUnce' of tU noble putToneeset for their 
private uae, and intended for the reading of | 
«uch afl may be ' deairouB tx) contemplate and . 
.ijmbirace the ChnfitiBn religion in '\U original | 
beaut jy fireed of the encumbrance of contro- , 
veray/ The view of the Eucharist put forth I 
in t£is beautiful little work 10, in the main, 
that expreaaed by the church of England in 
her Catechiam and lituigy, Thia devotional 
treatiae waa bo highly eateemed by John and 
Churlos Wesley that they published an 
al)rid|?inent of it for the uae of communicants, 
83 an introduction to their collection of 
Sacramimtol Hymns^ pitched in a somewhat 
higher key in point of euchari*»tic doctrine 
than Brevint'ft works. Of thia many auo 
ceaaiTe editions hare been published. 

In addition to these English worka, Anthony 
h Wood enumerates: 1. * Eccle«i» Primi- 
tive Sacramentum et Sacrificium,a pontificiis 
corrupt elie r't exinde natiscontroveraiia iibe* 
mm '--the Latin original of the laat-'Qamed 
work. 2, * Euchfimtifo ChriatiaMB pne- 
seutia reoli^, et Ponttficia ^cUl^ . . . h«ec ex- 
ploftfl^ ilia gulTulta et aaserta,* 3. *Pro 
aerenifiBima Principe Weimarienai [the Prin- 
ceaa of Weimarlttd Theses Jenenaea accnratn 
responsio.* 4. * Ducentae plue minus prselec^ 
tionea in 8, Matthsei xxv. capita,' &c. Bre- 
vint is more deserving of admiration as a 
devotional writer than as a controversialist. 

[Wood's Ath^'iifle Oion. iv, 426-7 ; Kippis'a 
Biog. Bri t. ; Ltiud s Chanct^llorship, ADe.-Catb. L.» 
ToL V. ; Erelyn'a Diary, i. 244 : Wa!ker*» ^mf- 
feringa of the Clargy, p. 120 ; Hunt's Eeligioas 
Thought in Englaud. iii. 402.] Et V. 

BREWEB, ANTONY ( /f. 165l>), dramatic 
writer, wrote 'The I^ve-sit-k King, an Eng- 
lifihTmgiral Iliwtnry,witb the Life nnd Death 
of Carte»nuinda,the Fair Nun of Winchester, 
by Anth. Brewer/ 1655, 4fo ; nnived at rhe 
Xing^s Theatre in 1680, and reprinted in that 
year under the title of *■ The Perjured Nun/ 
4 to* Chetwinid included the ' LoAe-eiick 
King' in his * Select Collection of Old Plays/ 
pviblifthed at Dublin in 1750, but be made no 
itttempt to corr^'Ct the text of the old edition, 
which wa» printed with the groesest careless- 
ness. The play was written in vei^, but it 
la printed almn.st throughout as prose. Yet, 
after all allowance has Wen made for textual 
C3orruptious, it cannot be said that tbe * IjOvh- 
aick King ' is a work of nauch abilify ; and it 
is ra*ih to follow KirkmaUj Baker; nnd HbIH- 
well in idi^ntifyiug Antony Brewer with the 
* T. IV wh(%se nnnie m nn the titlB-|mge of 
tbe * Country Girl/ 1647, 4to, a well-written 
comedy, which in parts (notably in the third 
act) closely recalls the diction and versitica- 




tion of ^(a^singer. There ia no known dr* 
nnitigt of the time to whom the initials T. Bt 
could belong. There waa a versatile -wriut 
named Tliomas Brewt^r [q. T,],and the titJ* 
pages to bis tracts are usually si^ed with hii 
initials, not with the full name. His cl&ua 
to the * Country' Girl* would be quite ii 
reasonable as Ajitony [Tony] Brewer**- Is 
1677 John Leanerd, whom Langhaiiie calla * | 
confident plagiarist/ reprinted tbe * CountfJ 
Girl/ with a few flight alterations, as his owi% 
under the title of ' Country Innocence/ Tn 
Antony Brewer was formerly aacribed * Lii>" 
gua, or the Combat of the Five Senses for Stn 
perioritv/ 1007, 4to, a well-known dramatit 
piece (mclnded in the various editiona d 
Dodslev), con.«^trueted partly in the style d 
a moral ity and partly of a masque. The mi»" 
take aro*te thu**. Kirkman, the booksellef, 
and publisher, in printing bis catalogues ol 
plays, left blanks where the names of tha* 
writers were unknown to him. Anne: ' ' 
the * Love-sick King - wa** the name 
Brewer; then came the playa * * 
' Love*« Loadstone/ * Lmgua/ and *Love^ 
Dominion.' Phillips*, who waa followed bjj 
AVinstanley, misunderstanding the uae 
Kirkman'a blanks, promptly aligned 
theae pieoas to Brewer. One other plaji^ 
' Tbe Merry Devil of Edmonton/ 1608, 4to 
ba^. l)een with laim ilar carelessness prt>noimoen 
to iw' Antony Brewer'fl on the strength of n 
entry in the Stationers* Kegistry which refe: 
to the prtK-M? tract of the * Merry Devil * [« 
Bkeweb, Thokas]. The play was enteral 
in tbe regit^terH on 22 Oct. 1607 (ArbeB^ 
Tmn»cript*, iii. 362). 

[Langbaines English Dramatic Poeta; Bl« 
gr?iphia Dmnintica, ed. Srephea Joaas ; HaUi 
well'ts Dictionary of Old PI aye.] A, H. B. 

BBEWEB, GEORGE (b. 1766) 
InneoutJ writer, was a son of John 
Wfill knovin as a connoiaaeur of 
was bnni in 17B6. In his youth he 
as a midshipman under Lord Hugh Seymoui 
Rowland Cotton, and others {Biog. JDrtxm. i 
67), and viaited America, India, China, anc 
North Europe. In 1791 he wa« made alien 
tenant in the Swedish navy. Aftena^anll 
abandoning tbe sea, be read for law in Low 
don, and egtablifihed himself as an attorney 
Hh is b#,4ieved tohavt^ written a novel, *ToB 
'U'etiton/when in the navy, but his first appei 
to tbe public c\i which there is evidence w* 
a enmt"dv, * How to be Happy/ acted at tlw 
Havmarltet in August 1704. After threi 
nights, * owing to the shaft of malevolenoi^ 
this come<ly waa withdrawn, and it waa nevfl 
printed. In 179ij Brewer w*rote * The Mcvttq 
or the History of Bill Woodcock/ 2 volak: 



3e mH 



L 



Brewer 



293 



Brewer 



I 



* 






d he wrote * Bnniiian Day/ a musical «q- 

Ttiiiiiment in two acts, wliieh woj* pulilijulied 
Ifeiid perfonned At the HaymiLrket h\ the same 
'^ear ffir»ev«n or eight nights, thoug-h but * 11 
;^r piece-' In 1799 the * Man in the Moon/ 

ne act, attributed to Brewer, wh*s iinnounctHl 
for the o|>«ning night of the reason at the liay- 

larket, hut its production wa« eva^led, and 
t diaap wared fro in the bilb. The next yejir 

1800) Brewer ]>uWi!ihtid a pamphlet, 'The 
hU of the Poor/ &c., drdi eating it to 
!en who have great power, by one with- 
out any/ and this received colli ous notice in 
the * Oentleman'8 Magazine' {Ixx. 1108 et 
aeq/) He was writing at this time also in 
the * European Miij^aziue/ some of his contri* | 
Ijutions l^xMng ' Siamtjjie Tale-S ' and * Tales 
the 12 8<jubahs of Indostan ; * and some 
iy», announced aa after the manner of 
Goldsmith, which were collected and pub- 
lished by subscript icm in 1806 as * Hoursi of ! 
X#eisitre/ In 1808 Brewer prrvduct'd another 
two-volume tale, * The Witch of liavens- | 
worth ; ' and about the same time he published 
*The Juvenile Lavater/ «*toriei< for the young I 
to illustrate Le Brun'^ ' Pai^sions/ which hears 
no date, but of which there were tw^o or more 
iKsue^, with j?lightly varying title-pages. A 
periodical, 'The Town/ at tempt wl by l^rewer 1 
after this, and stated by the authors of the 
*Biog. Dram/ in 1812 to l>e *now publishing/ 
would appear to have had but a short ex- 
istence. The date of lirewer's death m not 
Imown. La hi^ allunionH to himself he speaks 
of having been/ misplaced or displaced in life/ 
of having had Vicissitude for his tutor, and of 
being luckless altogether. 

Another ivork, * The Law of Creditor and 
Debtor/ is aet down in * Biographica Drama- 
tica/ and in AUibone, as bv Brewer ; and 
AlUbone gives in addition * Maxims of Gal- 
lantry,' 1793, and states 1791 a** the date of 
publication of * Tom Weston/ but there is no 
trace of either of these works in the British 
Museum. 

[Baker's Biog. Dram. i. 67. ii. 48. 311, iii. 13 ; 
Introd, to Brewer 8 The Motto, pp. v-vii ; lutrod. 
to Brewer'fl Hours of Leisure, pp. xiv» xv\ ; 
Oeaest's Hist, of EngL Stage, vii. 275 ; Biog. 
XHct. of Living Authors, p. 370 J' ^* 

BREWEE, JAMES X0REI8 (J. 1790- 
lH29), topographer and nnvelist, was the 
eldest son of a merchant of Loudon. He 
wrote many romances and topographical 
compilations, the l>est of the latter being 
his con triljut ions to the series caUe<l the 
* Beauties of Knglimd and Wales/ All the 
former are now forgotten. The title« of his 
works are as follows: 1. * A Winter's Tate, 
A romance/ 1799, 4 vols. l:2moi :2nd edit., 




ISIL 2. *Some Thoughts on the Present 
State of the English Peasantry/ 1807, 8vo. 
3. * Secrets omde Public, a novel/ 4 vols,, 
1808, 12mo. 4. *The Witch of iLtvens- 
w^oith/ 2 vols., 1808, 15mo. 5, * Mountvillo 
Castle, a ViDajje Story/ 3 vols., 180S, 12mo, 
6, * A Descriptive and Historical Account of 
various Palaces and Public Buildings, Eng- 
1 is h and Fore ign ; ivi t h B i ogni | ih i cal N ot ices 
of their Founders or Buihiers, and other 
eminent persons,' 1810, 4to. 7. ' An Old 
Family Legend/ 4 vols., 181 L 12mo. 8. * Sir 
Ferdinand of England, a romance/ 4 vols., 
1812, 12mo. 9. *Sir Gilbert Ea^sterling, a 
romance,' 4 vols. 12mo, 1813. 10. ' History 
of UxfordsMre * (* Beauties of England And 
Wales*), 181S, 8vo. IL * Warwickahire/ 
IBU. 1:3. "Middlesex/ 1810. 13. ^Intro^ 
duction to the Beauties of England and 
Wales, comprising observ^ations on the Bri- 
tons, the Romans In Britain, tbe Angli> 
Saxons, the Anglo-Danes, and the Xormanti/ 
1818, 8vo, 14, * Ili-iitrioniL" Topograuhy, or 
the Birthplaces, liesidences, and 1 unenil 
Monuments of the most distinguished Ac- 
tors/ 181H, 8vo. lo. *The Picture of Eng- 
land, or Historical and Descriptive Delinea- 
tions of the mo!jt curious Works of Nature 
and Art in each County/ 1820, Hvo. 10, * The 
Delineations of Gloucesterjthire/ 4to. 17. 
*The Beauties of Ireland,* 1826, 2 vols, 8vo. 
18, * The Fitzw^alters, Barons nf Cbesterton ; 
or Ancient Times in England/ 1829, 4 vols. 
12mo, Brewer was a contributor to the 
' Universal,* * Monthly/ and * Gentleman's ' 
magazines. 

[Biog. Diet. Cff Living Autbore, 1816 ; Walt a 
Bibl. Brit. ; Monthly Review, 2nd ser., IHji. 217.1 

C. W. S. 

BREWER, JEHOT ADA f 1 752 ?-l 81 7), 
dissenting minister, wab born at Newport in 
MoiimouthHliire about 1752, Influenced by 
a minister of Lady Himtiiigdon*s connection, 
he took to preaching in the villages around 
Batb, and afterwards preach f^d with remark- 
able popularity throughout Monmouthj^bire* 
Intending to enter the nationrd church, he 
applied tor ordination, but wn* refused by 
the bishop. Brewer persisted m prenehing, 
whether ordained or not, and for some years 
he settled at li<>db^>rough in Gloucestershire. 
He aft erwartls attracted a large congregatioQ 
at ShelKeld, where he spent thirteen yearS| 
and ultimately settled at Birmingham, where 
his ministry at Livery Street was numerously 
attended to the close of his life. He diea 
24 Aug. 1817. A spacious chap(?l was being 
built for him at the time he died, and he 
was buried in the grounds adjoining the un- 
huished editice, A spdcimeu of Brt»wer*a 



I 



prondiini^ u pnnte*! a^ part of tbe eerv-ic^ at 
the ordination of Jfmatlian Evans at Fole«- 
bill m 1797» and Brewer's oration at the 
burial of Samuel Pearce at Birmingham was 
prtnted with I>r. Ryland^^s sermon on the 
time oocaaion in 1 799, Brewer ia now r«* 
m^mbered only br a siiiffle hymn, printiHl 
i^ntb tbe si|;(n*f*if« of *Sylve»tm* in tbe 

* Ooapttl Magazine/ 1776. A portrait of him 
waa inserted in the 'Christianas Magazine/ 
1791. A different [lortrait of bim appeared 
in tbe ' Evangelical Magazine* in 1799, 

[Evangnlical Magatine, October 1817; Biahop*i 
Chrtatian Memoriala of the Nmeteaoth Century, 
1826 ; Gadabja Hymn Writen, 1855.1 I 

J. H. T. I 

BBEWER, JOHN, D.D, (1744-1822), 

an Kii^'lish Benedictine monk, who assumed 
in relig^ion the ohrijitiJin name of Bede, was ' 
bom in 1744. In 1770 be waa appointed to | 
the million at Bath. He built a new cbapel ' 
in St. James'a Parade in that city, and it waa | 
to liHve been opened on 11 June 1780, but j 
the delegaten from lj<ord George Gordon** 

* No Popery' ft**4>cintion so inflittned the 
fanaticiam of tbe mob that on 9 June the 
edi^eo was demolii^bed, as well as the pres- 
bytery in Bell-tree Lane. The registers, 
dioceaan archives, and Bishop Wal medley's 
library and manuscripts periiibed in the 
fjimea ; and lb*. Brewer had a narrow escape 
from the fury of the rioters. The ringleader 
was tried and executed, and Dr* Brewer re- 
cover e<l 3,735/. d&iuAgea from tbe hundred 
of But h. 

In 1781 the duties of president of his 
brethren called Dr. Brewer away from Bath. 
HubN^tiiiently Woolton, near Liverjiool, be- 
cam« his principal place of residence, and 
there be died on 18 April 1822. 

He brougJit out the second edition of the 
Abb^ Luke Joneph ri(K>ke*s * Religio Natu- 
ralis et Kevelata/ 3 voh*., Paris, 1774, 8vo, ' 
to which he added several dissertations, 

[Olivet's Hi.Ht. of th« Catholic R«ligion in 
Cornwall, 6G, oM ; Biog. Vnw. SuppL livii. 
291.] T, C. I 

BREWER, JOHN SHERREN aSlO- 
1H79), bi#*torical writer, was the eon of a 
Norwich achoohnaster who bore the same | 
chri^itJun names. His family originally be- 
longed to Kent. His father waa brought up 
in the church of England, but became a baj>- 
tist. He WAB a good biblical scholar, and 
devoted bis leisure to the study of Hebrew. | 
He had a large fiimily, but only four sons 
grew up, of whom John Sberren, tlie eldest, j 
notwithstanding his father's nonconformist 
leAniugs, was sent to Oxford, where, having 



joined the church of England, he entered 
Queen s CoUepe^ and obtaineKl a Ami cU» in 
literif kumaimrikiu in 1832. In his Odbrd 
yeat^ every one seema to have been struck 
with the extraordinary range of his reading. 
For a yhort time he remained at the untremty 
as a private tutor, but he abut himself out 
&om a fellowehip by an early marriage. la 
1 870 he waaelect ed hon oi^« i-^- + - 1 t o w ofQ uaan'a 
College. During this r > ) be brought 

out an edition of Ari.-: .. Lthica,* Hia 
domeattc life waa soon clouded, first by a 
great change of circumatancea, hia father^ 
law ha\'ing lost a fortune ; afterwards by the 
death and infirmity of aome of hia ebildren. 
He removed to London, where he took deacoo'i 
orders in 1837, and was the same day ap- 
pointed chaplain to the workhouae of the 
united parishes of SL Oilea-in-the-Fielda and 
St, George, Bloomabury. 

He hi^ been Btron^ly influenced by the 
Oxford movement of those days, and retained 
to the laat, notwithstandiim' diifere&cea, a 
very warm regard for m &ader, Cardinal 
Ne^^-man. He devoted him^lf to the dutiea 
of his chaplaincy with a zeal which waa 
gratefully rememWed by old persons forty 
years after. One reijult oi his experience waa 
a lecture on workhouse visiting, which is in- 
cluded in a volume entitled * Ijccturcs U> 
Ladies on IVtictical Subjects,' publiahed in 
1855. He valued highly, but not fantaati- 
cally, the artistic element in religioua wor- 
ship, and from the first taught the boya, and 
even some of tbe older inmates, of the work- 
house to sing the psalms to the Gregorian 
chant <«, \\iien the church adioining the 
workhouse in Kndell Street was built, it waa 
pr(iT»OHetl ("bat the chaplaincy should be united 
wii h tb^' i ncLimi>ency, and that Brewer should 
l>e the firi!il incumbents Ht^took great int^ 
rt^t in tbe architecture, making modela with 
hia own hand in cardboard and bark. But 
a difference of opinion with the rector of St. 
Giles prevented liis apj>oiatment, and made 
bim resign t b e chaplaincy, aft erw* hi ch, though 
be assisted other clergjTuen at timea, he for 
many year** held no cure. 

Meanwhile, for a ^hort time he found aom^ 
employment in the British Muaeum. B^fbra 
leaving Oxford, be had dnn^-n up for the 
Record Commi^ion a catalogue of tie manu- 
scripta in B*>me of thee oUegtw there. In 1839 
he was appointed lecturer in claaaical litera- 
ture at King's College^ London. Hia friend, 
tbe Rev. F. D. Jlaurice, became professor of 
English literature and modem history the year 
after ; and from that time, notwithstanding 
^ome differences in their views, he most cor- 
diully co-operated with him in many things* 
After the removal of Mr. Maurice from King^a 



ICk>llege, Brewer, m 1855, woa appjinted pro* 
YT of the EtifTlisli langiiflge and literature 
land lecturer in woderii tistory. An ardent 
[lover of the claasic.s, he was not less devoted 
Ito Englifih literature, the 8tudy of which he 
'nvariably combined with that of modern hi?t- 
^ tory aa the only mode of makinj? either study 
fruitful J and his metht>d <if tt^aching was 
highly calculated to awak*;in the best thinking 
power in his hearers. His classes both at 
Kiug'a ColleiE^ and afterward?^ in the Work- 
ing Men's College, where he I'or ^)me years a^*- 
msted Mr, Maurice, and ull imately succeeded 
him as principal, were alwaya numerously 
attended hy a highly int-ere«ted audience. 

He was also hini-v with hi;* {nm — at first 
mainly as a journal ist. From about the year 
^Ll854 he continued for six years to ifVTite in 
^Kthe columns of the * Morning Post/ the 
■ * Morning Herald,' and the * Standard,' of 
^P which lai^t paper he becamt:* the editor. He 
^^ resigned in consequence of a dispute with 
the manager about the employment of a 
Roman catholic contributor, whose claim.-* 
he supported, Thoronghly liberal-minded, 
he appreciated every man s capacity, what- 
ever his leanings might be^ and strove to 
S're every one a fair held for hh talents, 
ut he soon became ali^orbed in other work, 
far less remunerative, though in his eyes of 
very high importance ; and after quitting the 

* Standard ' he wrote little in any newspajjer 
except a number of very strong letters in the 

* Glone ' against the policy of disestnblifihiiig 
the Irish Church . In 185ti be was com- 
missioned by the master of the rolls, Sir John 
Rom illy, to prepare a calendar of the atnte 
piperi^ of Henry VIII — a work of ()©cnliar 
labour, involving concurrent investigations 
at the Ilecor^l Office and the British Museum, 
as well as at Lambeth and other public 
libraries ; and in this he continued to be en- 
gaged till the day of his death. His advice 
was for a long time continually sought by 
Sir Thomas Hardy, the deputy-keeper of the 
public records, on matters connected with 

»the litemry work of the office. He was also 
ipj>ointed by Lord Romilly reader at the 
Rolls, and afterwards preacher there^ — a post 
of greater name than emolument. Some years 
latj^r be wuj* conaulted by the delegates of 
the Clarenflon Press as to a projected series 
of English classics, of which several volumes 
have now been published. The plan of the 
series was drawn up by Brewer, and it was 
Qtended that he should write a general in- 
roduction to it ; but he died before the scheme 
'was sufficiently advanced to enable him to 
do ao. 

In 1877 the crown living of Toppesfield in 
Essex was given to him by Mr. I)ii*raeli, who 




was then prime minister. He gave up his pro- 
fessorship at King's College, but still remamed 
editor of the calendurof Henry \T1I, though 
he endeavoured to take Ida editorial work 
more lightly, while he threw himself into his 

{}arochiftl duties with the zeal and energy he 
lad displayed in everything else. For some 
time hia usually robust health had been 
slightly impaired. In February 1879 he 
caught cold after a long walk to visit a sick 
pariahioner, Tlie illne^ soon affected his 
heart, and in three days he died. 

His principal works are those which he 
produced for the Record Office, among which 
the calendar of * Letters and Papers of the 
Reign of Henry VIII ' holds the first place. 
The prefaces to the volumes of this calendar 
have been collected and pubUshed in a sepa- 
rate form with the title of *the Reign of 
Henry VIII,* 1884, under the editorship of 
J. Gairduen And besides some other enlen- 
dars and official reports, his * Monnmenta 
Fran ciscana,' and his edit ions of certain works 
of Roger Bacon and Giraldus Cambrensis, also 
published for the master of the rolls, desen^e 

f>articulnr mention* Besides these he pul>- 
ished, through ordinary channels, Bishop 
GfXidman^s account of the * Court, of King 
James L/ an admirable edition of Fullers 
'Church History^,' another of Bacon's ' Novum 
Urganum,' * An Elementary Atlas of History 
and Geography,' and the • Student*s Hume/ 
revised edition 1878. He was also the author 
of some treatises published by the Chris- 
tian Knowledge Society on the 'Athanasian 
Oeed* and the * Endowmenta and Establish- 
ment of the Church of England/ Earlv in 
his career he hacl also undertaken an edition 
of Field's * Book of the Church,* of which, 
however, only one volume was issued, in 
1843. Dr. Wiice edited in 1881 his * English 
Studies,* reprinted from the ^ Quarterly Re- 
view.' 

[Memoir preSxed to Browera English Studies 
by Dr. Waee, aupplementad by personal know- 
ledge and ID formation derived from the family.] 

J.G. 
BREWER, SAMUEL (rf. 1743 P), bota- 
nist, was a native of Trowbridge in Wiltshire, 
where he possessed a small estate, and was en- 
gaged in the woollen manufacture, but seems 
to have been unsuccessfid in business. He 
communicated some plants io Diilenius for the 
third edition of Ray's * Synopsis,* published 
in 1724, and accompanied the etlitor in 1726 
from Trowbridge to the Mendips, and thence 
to Bristol, passing onward to North Wales 
and Anglesey. Brewer remained in Bangor 
for more than a twelvemonth, botanising 
with Rev, ^\^ Green and W. Jones, ana 
sending dried plants to Ddlenius, particularly 



♦ 



I 

I 
I 



r 



thuB clearing up many doubtful 
polnta. In the autumn of 1727 he went 
mto Yorkshire^ Living- at Binfflej, and after- 
wartls at Hierley, near Dr. Richftrdson, who 
befnended ym. The loss of 20,000/. of 
hia own eaminga, and of a larg« efitate 
left to him by his father, which waa taken 
by his elder brother^ g^ave a morbtd tone 
to his letters, Hi« ^on was sent to India 
tbrou|iflj the influence of Dr, James Sherard 
of Elthum, but the father quarrelled with 
the doctor in 17*31 about eome phuits. His 
daughter al<n> seem s* to have acted *unduti- 
fully ' towards him, Hf? had a small hou^e 
and carden at Bierley, and devoted himself 
to the culture of pknts ; after^vards he be- 
came head-g^ardener to the Duke of Jieaufort 
at Biidraiiiton^ imd died at Bierley» at Mr. 
John Polliird's hoiiPe ; he wa«* buried close to 
the east wall of Clet^kheat on chapel. Althoujfh 
unfortuimre in bit.sine8«, he wa» a good col- 
Iwtor of phmti^, insects, and birds ; the bota- 
nical g^nu8 Breuyeria was founded by Robert 
Brown in his honour, Jind a species of rfx*k- 
po«e, a native of North Wales, discovered 
by liim, bears the name of ' Ilelianthemum 
Breweri,* He is mentioned in the Richard- 
son correspondence in 1742, but the dates of 
his birth and death are uncertain. 

[PuUeney's Biog. Sketcbea of Botany (17S0), 
ii. 188^90; Ricliarfi<*on Correspondence, 262, 
270, 273, 27ft-88, 298, 313, &c. ; DilleDiub'B 
Hist, MuBc. viii. ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. i. 
288, &c. • Sloeno MS. 403&,] B. D. J. 

BREWER, THOMAS (jf. 1024), miscel- 
l&neoujj writer^ of whose life no particularii 
are known ^ was the author of some tracts in 
prose and verse. T*he tirst is a prose tract 
entitled * The Life and Death of the Merry 
Deuill of Edmonton, With the Pleasant 
Pranks of Smug the Smith, Sir John and 
mine Host of the George alxmt the Stealing 
of Venisotu By T. BJ,* London, lti:il, 4to, 
black letter ; reprinted in 181 9. The author's 
name, * Tho. Brewer/ is inscribed on the last 
leaf. This piece was written and probably 
printed at a much earlier date, for on i3 April 
1608 'a booke calletl the \yie and deathe of 
the Merry Devi 11 of Edmonton, &c., by T, B./ 
was entered in the Stationers' Registers ( Ar- 
BB&'s Tmmcripts, iii. 3741 Mr. A, H. Huth 
pcjwesses a nnifjue exemplar, printed in 1657, 
with the name ' T. Brewer, Gent./ on the 
title-pa^. The popularity of the comedy of 
the 'Merry Devd of Edmonton' douhtlesa 
suggested the title of this dniill tract, which 
teUa us little about Peter Fabell, and deals 
mainly with the adventures of Smug, In 
1624 Brewer published a small collection of 
satirical verses^ under the title of 



A Knot of Foolei. But 
Fooles or Kanves or both I care not, 
Here they are ; come laogb and spare not, 
4to, 14 leavea, 2Qd ed. 1658. The stanna to 
the reader are ei|rned * Tho. Brewer ; ' they are 
followed by a dialogue between fools of va- 
rious sorts. The body of the work oonsiet* 
of satirical couplets, under separate titles, 
on the vices of the day. * Pride teaching 
Humility/ the concluding piece, is m seven- 
line stanzas. Brewer's next production wai 
a series ofpoems descriptive of the plamie, 
entitled *The Weeping Lady, or London like 
Ninivie in «»ck-clot h . Describing the Mappe 
of her owne Miserie in thig time of Her heaw 
Visitation , . . Written by T. B./ 1625» 4to, 
14 leaves. The dedication to Walter Leigh, 
esq.» and the Epistle to the Header are signed 
* Tho. Brewer/ On the title-page Is a wood- 
cut (rept?ated on the verso of A 3) repr^ 
senting a preacher addrt^ssLng a crowd from 
St. Pflura Cross ; a scroll issuing from his 
mouth bears the inscription, *■ Lorde, bans 
mercy on vs. Weepe, fast ^ and pray/ Each 
page, both at top ancf bottom, has a monming- 
border of deep bl ack , The most striki n :7 f « ^ 
of the tract is a de.scription of the tli 
citizens frt>m the metropoliSi and of th. ... 
ferings which they underwtfnt in their at- 
tempts to reach a place of safety. Two other 
tracts by Brewer relating to the plasrue were 
published by H. Gosson In 16.*^: (I) 'Lord 
have Mercy upon u.**. llie WVirld, a Sett, a 
Pest House/ 4to, 1 2 leaves ; (2) * A Dialogne 
betwixt a Cittizen and a poore Countrev-man 
and his Wife. Loudon Tnimpet sounding 
into the country. When death drir^ (h^ 
grave thrive^/ A copy of t he last-named tract 
I (or tracts ?) was in' Helser s library {BibL 
I //r/«»r pt . vi ii . No, 234 ). I n 1 6^37 Brewer con- 
t ributed t o a collect iuu of verse , ent it led * The 
I Phoenix of these late times, or the Life of Mr. 
Henr>' Welhy, Ee«j./ 4to. Lemon ascribes 
to Brewer a broadside by T. B. (preserved 
in the library' of the Society of Antiquaries), 
i entitled* Mistress Turner sltejjentanoe, who, 
about the poysoning of the Ho. Knight Sir 
Thomas Uverhar\', was executed the four- 
teenth day of November last/ 1615, * Lon- 
don's Triumph; l*t56, by T. B., a de 
tive pamphlet of the lord mayor's show 1 
that year, is probably by Brewer. Brewer 
has commendatory verse* in Taylor's * Works' 
(H}30)jand in I ley wood's * Exemplary Livw 
* . * of Is'ine the most worthy Women of 
the Worid ' (1640). 

[Ctirser & tullbciiiDBa ; Collier's Bibliographical 
CatidogUB; HnzlirtV Handbook; Apber*8 Trail- 
NcriptJSp iii. 16& ; Bibliutheca Hebariana, pL viiL 
No. 234 ; Catalogueof Huth Library ; Fairholf* 
Lord Mayors' Pageants, LL 282,] A. H. B. 




BREWER, THOMAS (A. 1611), a cele- 
brated pert'ormer on the viol, wa» bom (pro- 
bably in the pariah of Chrmtchurch, Newgate 
Street) in 1 6 11 . Ilia father^ Thomas Brewer, 
wa« a poulterer, and his mother's christiau 
name was True, On 9 Dec. 1614 Brewer 
waa admitted to Clirist*8 Hoepital^ although 
he was only three years old. Here he re- 
mained until 20 June 1626, when he left | 
school, and was apprenticed to one Thomas I 
Warner, He learnt the viol at ChrisVs I 
Hoapital from the echool music-master, but 
although his compositions are met with in 
most of the printed collections of Playford 
and Hilton, published in the middle oi the ' 
ueventeenth century, nothing is known as 
to his biography. His printed works con- 
gist chiefly of rounds, catches, and part-songs, 
but in the Music School Collection at Oxford 
are preserved three instrumental pieces, con- 
sisting of airs, pavins, corrantos, &:c., for 
which kind of composition he seems to have 
been uotedL Two pieces by him are in Eliza- 
betb Bogers^B Virginal Book {Add. aMS. 
10337). In a collection of anecdotes {HarL 
MS, 6^), formed by one of the L'Estrange 
family in the seventeenth century, the follow- 
ing story is told on the authority of a Mr, 
Jenkins i *Thom: Brewer, my Mus: seruant, 
through his Prouenessetogood-Fellowshippe, [ 
hauing attaindto a very Rich and Rubicund 
Noee; being reproued by a Friend for his too 
frequent vse of strong Drinkes and Sacke ; I 
as very Pernicious to that Distemper and 
Inflaiiiation inhiaNoee. Nay — Faith, sayes ' 
he, if it will not endure sack, it's no Kose I 
for me.' The date of Brewer's death is un- 
known. 

[Bf>dl, Db. MSS. Wood, 19 I) (4), No. lod; 
Keconiu of Christ's Hospital (cominunicat^ii by 
!Mr- K, Little) ; Hawkini^'a Hi»t. of Music (ed. 
1863), ii. 569 ; Barnej'a Hist, of Music, iir. 478; 
Catalogue of Music tkhool Collection ; HarL 
MS. 6a9d ; Grove's Diet, of Music, i, 27 6 ft,] 

W. B. 8. 

BREWER^ BRIWERE, or BRUER, 

WILLIAM (fl 122^), baron and nidge, the 
son of lifnry Brewer (Duodale, naronaye)^ 
waa aheriH' of L>evon dnring the bitter ]>iirt 
of the reign of Henry li, and was a jus- 
tice itinerant in 1387. He Itought iand at 
Iletiham in Devon, and received from the 
king the olHce of forester of the forest of 
Ben* in Hampshire. A storv I old by Roger 
of Wendover ( iv. 238)^ wliich represents 
Richard as whiapiTing to Cie<^^>l}'rey 1* itzPeter 
and William Brewer his reverence for the ! 
biahops who were consulting together before 
him, tend;; to show, if indeed the king were 
not merely acting, that he treated Brewer 




as a familiar friend. When Richard left Eng- 
land, in December 1 189, he appointed Brewer 
to be one of the four justices to whom he 
committed the charge of the kingdom. Brewer 
was at first a subordinate coUea^e of Hu^h, 
bishop of Durham, the chief justiciar. Bemre 
long, nowerer. Bishop Hugh was diaplaoed by 
the chancellor, William Longchamp, bishop 
of Ely. When the king beard of the insolence 
and unpopularity of the chancellor, be wrote 
to Brewer and his companions, telling them 
t hat if he wa^ unfaithful m his office t bey were 
to act as they thought best as to the grants of 
escheats and castles, and wrote also to the 
chancellor, bidding him act in ccmjunction 
with his colleagues. At a great couneil held 
at St. Paul's, on 8 Oct. llyi,the Archbishop 
of Rouen produced a letter from the king 
appointing him justiciar in place of Long^ 
champ, and nnming Brewer and others as 
his assistants. Brewer evidently was promi- 
nent in the proceedings taken against the 
chancellor; Jor his name is on the list of 
the bishops and barons whom the displaced 
minister threatened with excommunication. 
In 119S he left England to as!!»ist the king, 
then in eiiptivity, at bis interview with the 
Em|jeror Henry \J. He amved at \\ orms 
on "3^ July, the day on which the terms of 
the king's release were Hnully arranged. 
After this matter was settled, Richard sent 
htm, in company with the Bishop of Ely * and 
other wise men,' to ammge a peace with 
Phihp of France, The treaty was signed on 
9 July at Nantes. On the ting's return to 
England in the spring of 1194, Brewer and 
others who hud Ven concerned in the pro- 
ceedings against the ehanceJ lor were deprived 
of the sheritl'doms they then held, but were 
aiipointed to other counties, 'as if the king, 
aithongh he could not dispense with their 
aerrioes, wished to show bis ciisupproval of 
their conduct in the matter' {Stubds, Vfinst^ 
Mist L 503). A serious dispute having 
arisen between Geoflrey, archbiabop of York, 
and hia chapter, the Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, who was at that time the justiciar, sent 
Brewer with other judges to York in July to 
settle the quarrel, fbey summoned the arch- 
bishop, and on bis refusing to appear seized 
his manors, and cau.sed the canons whom he 
had displticed to be again installed. Brewer 
als43 appears as one of the justices who were 
sent on the great visitatitui, or * iter,* in the 
following September. In 1196 he founded 
the abbey of Torr in Devon, as a house of 
Prjemnnstrateusian canons {DvohJLtBf Mon. 
vi. 92:i). During the reign of Ricbard he be- 
came lord of the munor of Sumhurne, near 
Southampton, and held the sberifiilom.s of 
Devonshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, 



k 



Berkshire, Nottinglittimliire, attd Derbyshire 
(Duo DALE, Bar.) He mamed BeAtnce de 
Valle* In 1201 Brewer founded the ttbbey 
of Motisfont aa a house of August in ian ca- 
nouB» This foundtitiou hua be*3n ascribed to 
hia son William {Ann. de 0»en,)^ but the 
charters of the abbey prove tbat it was the 
work of the father (ilfoit.vi. 480). On 15 Aug. 
of the same year he was present aa founder 
at the foundation of the Uietercian abbey of 
Dunkeswell in Devonshire. He is said also 
til have founded the Benedictine nunnery of 
Polahj in that comity {Ann, de Marram; 
^ Mon* iv. 425, V, 678). 

Ihiping the reign of John, Brewer held a 
prominent phice among t!ie kings counsel- 
lors. His name apptMirs among thp witnesses 
of the disgraceful treiity made with Philip 
at Thouars in 1200. "When an attempt was 
made to reconcile tht* king lo Archl^ipliop 
Langton in 1209, he joined Geoffriiy Fit 2* 
Peter and others in guaranteeing the arch- 
biahop^a safety during liia visit to England^ 
and aaw him saff-dy out of the kingdom. 
During the period of the interdict he 8trf>iigly 
upheld the king, and it* mentioned by Wen- 
dover(iii/2Sy) as one of John^s evil advisers, 
who cared for nothing elee save to please their 
master. The king's extortions from the clergy, 
the monks, ami especially the Cistercians, 
were in obedience to Brewer^a advice, and in 
1210 he caused the king to forbid the Cister- 
cian monks to attend the annual chapter of 
their order — a sin which, according to Paris, 
brought him and others concerned to a sor- 
rowful end. He signed the treaty made by 
John ivith the Count of BotiloBue in May 
1212. On 1»^ May 1213 he signed the charter 
by which John surrendered the crown and 
kmgdom of England to Innoctmt III, and on 
21 Nov. 1214 the charter granting freedom of 
election to sees and abbeys, by "which the king 
hoped to w in the English church to his side. 
Wnen the barons made a confederation against 
the king at Brackley in 1215, and drew up 
the list of their demands, Brewer refused to 
join them. After their entry into London, 
however, he and other ministers of the king 
were compeUed to act with the baroniiu 
party, and his name appears among the signa- 
tures subscribed to the great charter. His 
heart, however, was by no means in the 
work, and w^hen war broke out he became 
one of the leaders of the army left by John 
to watch the baronial forces, cut ofi* their 
supplies, and ravage their lands. On the 
death of John he assisted at the coronation 
of Henry at Gloucester on 28 Oct. 1216. 
He wanaly espoused the cause of the young 
long againat the French, and ioined with 
other barons in pledging himseli to ransom 



uaa no 
e actc^H 
ibertd^H 

baroM^* 



all prisoners belonging to the king'a party. 
He WE8 one of those who fruaranteed the 
observance of the treaty of Lambeth on 
11 Sept. 1217, though he did not approve of 
the moderate terms granted to Louia {Ann, 
WaiK) The next year he was present with 
the king and court at the dedication of the 
cathedral church of Worcester, to which he 
afterwards presented a chalic« of gold of 
four marks weight, * not to be removed from 
the church save for fire, hunger, or neceasaiy 
T^ii&om*{Ann. Wit/.} With the restleasneas 
and plots of the foreign party Brewer had no 
Bympathy, and, indeed, seems to have act« 
in full accord with the justiciar Hubert < 
Burgh. In 1221 he sot as one of the baro] 
of the exchequer (Foss, Bioff> Jurid,) He 
was one of the favourite counsellors of 
Henry III, and his influence with the king 
was not for good. For example, when in 
January 1223 Archbishop Langton and the 
lords demanded that Henry, who was then 
holding his Christmas festival at Oxford, 
should confirm the great charter, Brewer 
answered for the king, and said : ' The liber- 
ties you ask for ought not to be obser^^ed ; 
for tney were extorted by force/ Indignant 
at this declaration, the archbishop rebuked 
him. * Wdliam/ he said, 'if you loved the 
king you would not disturb the peace of the 
kingdom/ The king saw that the archbishop 
was angiT) and at once yielded to his demand 
(RoQ, Wend. iv. 84)/ Later in the same 
year Honorius III associat-ed Brewer with 
the Bishop of Winehej^ter and the justiciar 
in a letter declaring Henry to be of full age. 
He died in 122t!, having assumed, probably 
when actually dying, as was not infrequently 
done, the habit of a monk at Dunked well, 
and was buried there in the church he had 
founded. During the reigns of John and 
Henry HI he acijuired great possessions. By 
John be was made guardian of Henry Percy 
and of many other rich w^ards. He reoeiyed 
a large number of grants &om the king, and 
among them the manor of Bridgw ater, with 
an ample chiu-ter creating that place a free 
borough with a market (DmiiiALB, Bar*) 
. In this town he founded the hospital of St. 
I John Baptist, for the maintenance of thirteen 
iick poor, lr>esidei!i * relig^otis * and pllgrima 
(Mom, vi, 662). In the same reign he also 
acquired half the fee of the house of Brito : 
this acquisition probably was made unjustly 
(*per pote^^tatem doniini Willielrai Bruyere 
veteriori'',* Inr/. p.m. 4^9 Hen. Ill; Sotn^r^t 
ArcheeoL *Soc. Proc. xxi. ii. 33). It included 
the honour of (.*dcorab, w^ith other places in 
Somersetshire and Devonshire. The memory 
of this grant is preserved in the name of 
He Brewers, a village near Langpoit, which 



i 



I 
I 



* 



passed to Mm u\on^ with Odcomb. * >ne of 
Brewer's sons, Kiebird, died before him. 
He left ont^ ^on, AVilJiajn, and five daughters, 
who all marrird men of wealth and unpor- 
tance. The iinnies of two brothers of Brewer 
are pr^i'ser^ed^ John and Pttter of liievauLx. 
Peter hecame a hermit at Motisfont; for a 
document of that house says that he wag 
calle<l * The Holy Man in "the Wwli; and 
tliat he did many miracles (Mon. vi. 481), 
It shcrnld, however^ be noted that the Peter 
of KievauJx who was treasurer m the reign 
of Henry Ul was tlie nephew or son (3Latt» 
Pakib, ill. "J'JQ) of Peter det* H(x;hei^, bishop 
of Winchester, and tso, if the Motisfont docu- 
ment is of any value at all» was a diilerent 
man from the hermit there spoken of. 

[Boger of Horeden; Bo^er of Wendover, £ng. 
Hiat, Soc^ Matthew Paris, CbroD, Miy. Rolls 
Sot. ; R* of Diceto, Twysden ; BenedTctuu Abbaa, 
Bolls Ser. ; Walter of Coventry, Rolls 8er. ; Rojal 
Letters, Henry III, Bolls Ser. ; Annaleii de Mur^ 
gam, Waverleia, Oseneia, Wigomia, iu Annalea 
Monaatici, R0U9 Ser, ; Dugdais's Barunage ; Dug- 
d«le'« Mojiasticon ; BtabbD's Coastitutional His- 
tory,] W, H. 

BREWSTEK, ABRAHAM (179e-l 874), 
lord chancellor of Ireland, son of William 
Ba^mal Brewster of Ballinulta, Wicklow, 
by liis Tvife Mary, diiughter of Thomas BatcK, 
was bom at Ballinulta in April 1 7 !>H, received 
his earlier education at Kilkenny College, 
and, then proceeding to the university of Dub- 
lin in 1812, took his B.A. degree in 1817, and 
long after, in 1 B47, his M.A, degree. He was 
called to the Irish bar in 1819, and, haying 
choeon Leinster for bis circuit, soon acquir^ 
the reputation of a sound lawyer and a 
powerfiil speaker. Lord Plunket liononred 
liim with a silk gown on 13 July 1835, | 
Notwithstanding toe opposition of Daniel j 
0*Connell, he was appointed legal adviser to 
the lord-lieutenant of Irehind on 10 Oct. [ 
1841, and was solicitor-general of Ireland 
from 2 Feb. 1840 until M July. By the in- 
fluence of bis friend Sir James Graham ^ the 
home secretary, he was nttoroey-geneml of 
Ireland from It) Jan. LS53 until the fall of 
the Aberdeen miniatryt 10 Feb. 1855. 

Brewster was ver>' active in almost all 
branches of bis profe^ion after bis resigna- 
tion, and his wputation as an advocate may 
be gathered from the pages of the * Irish Law 
and Equity Renorts^^ and in the later series 
of the * Irish uommon Law Reporte,' the 
* Irish Chancer^' Reports,* and the * Iriah Jn- 
liflt,* ID all of which his name very frequently 
appears. Among the most important cades 
in which he took part, were the Slountgarrett 
in 1854, involving a peerage and an 




estate of 10,000/. a year ; the Garden abduc- 
tion case in July of the same year ; the Yel- 
verton case, 1861 ; the Egmont will case, 
1863; the Marquib of Donegal's ejectment 
action ; and lastly, the great will cause of 
Fitzgerald i\ Fitzgerald, in which Brewster*© 
statement for the plaintiff is said to have 
been one of bis most sucoesefiil efforts. 

On Lord IhTby becoming prime mimeter, 
Brewster BucceededFrancis Blac kbume [q « v . J 
as lord justice of appeal in Ireland in July 
18tM3, and lord chancellor of Ireland in the 
month of March following. As lord chan- 
cellor he sat in his court for the last time 
on 17 Dec. 1868, when Mr, Disraeli s govern- 
ment resigned. He then retired from public 
life. There are in print only three or four 
judgments delivered by him, either in the ap- 
pellate court or the court of chancery. As 
far back as January 1853 he bad been made 
a privy councillor in Ireland. He died at 
his residence J 2ii Jlerrion Square South, 
Dublin, on 2(i July 1874, and was buried at 
Tullow, CO. Carlo w, on 30 July. By his mar- 
riage in 1819 with Mary Ann, daughter of 
RoWt Gray of Upton House, co, Csrlow, 
who died in Dubhn on 24 Nov. 18<32, be 
had issue one son, Colonel William Bagenal 
Brewster, and one daughter, Elizabeth Hary, 
w^ife of Mr. Henrj^ French, both of whom 
died in the lifetime of their father, 

[Burke ft Lord Chanctllors of Ireland (1879), 
pp. 307-14; Illuatratod Loadoo News (1874), 
Ixv. 116, 427.] a. C. B. 

BREWSTER, Sir DAVID (1781-18(^), 
natural philosopher, was born at Jedburgh 
on II Dec. 178L He was the third child 
and second son of James Brewster, rector of 
the grammar school of Jedburgb, bis mother 
being Margaret Key, who is said to have been 
a very accomplished woman. Sbe di*.^ at 
the age of thirty-seven, when David was only 
nine years old, hut through his long life he 
retained a most affectionate memory of hia 
mother. The motherless family fell to the 
charge of Grisel, the only sister, who appears 
to have discovered the genius of her second 
brother, and, the paternal rule being marked 
by much severity, the sister, who was but 
thrt'e years older than David, did her utmost 
by fond indulgence to r^jwil the boy. 

It is recorded that David wa« never ieen 
to pore over bis books, but he always knew 
his lessons and often assisted his school- 
fellows, keeping always a prominent place in 
hia clasaea. There were four brothera, James, 
George, David, and Patrick [g, v.], who w^ere 
all reniurkahle for tbeir intetligence. 

Among the citizens of Jeaburgh when 
David Brewster was a boy were various men 



Brewster 



300 



Brewster 



of original character, »cientilic tentlenciea, 
and inventivti genius. Cbtt?f among tk<jse 
waB James Veitch, a fielf-taugbt man — a^ 
tronomer and mathtimatician. From thia 
man David Brewster nsc^iived hie first leasona 
in science. Vbitch gave the boy many aug- | 

festive hinta while h*^ wan engaged, when I 
ut ten yean of age, in the manufacture of 
Q teleacope, which, in writing to a friend in 1 
1H(XJ, he Bays had ' a greater resembhmce to 1 
cortins or watersjioutd than anything else/ | 
Iti 1793, at the early age of twelve, David | 
WL'ut to the univeraity of Edinburgh, where 
he heiird tlie lectures of Playfair, Robinson, 
tougiild Stewart, and others. The young 
[•chohir prepared for a ponition in tht^ enta- 
llilished ehurch of Scotland^ of which his 
Vher was a strenuous supporter. In 1802 
' ewBt-er, who had Wen for some time a 
r contributor 10 thij * Edinburgh Maga- 
DC,' became its editor. In 1799 he en- 
'ffaged in tuition, becoming a tutor in the 
family of Captain Horsibnigh of Pini in ! 
Peeble&shire, which situation he held until 
18CJ4. He wrote some love poetry to ' Anna,' , 
a daughter of Captain Ilorebrugh^ who died 
at an early age, which was pobli^nhed in the 
* Edinburgh Magazine/ and also printed in 
a separate fonn. 

Having b**en licenw<l by the presbytery of 
Edinburgh, Brew(*ter preachwl hiw first ser- 
mon in March 1804 in ilie We^t Kirk, before 
a large congregation, amongst whom were 
numWm of hin tellow-ytudeuts and many 
litt^rary and seieutiic men. The Rev, Dr, 
Paul says of this elFort : * He iiincended the 
pulpit, and went llinjngh the wliole service, 
for a beginner, evidently under excitement, 
moat admimbly.' After thia he preached 
frequently in Edinburgh, Leith, itnd else- 
where, and his ministrationa wt?re very i^uc- 
oeesful, but they became a source oi pain 
and discomfort to himseli". He never preached 
without severe nervonanesa, which Mometimes 
prwluced faintnesa. This weakness and the 
constant fear of failure led Brewster even- 
tually to decline a good presentation and to 
abandon the clerical profei^ion. In 180C* he 
wa^ made an honorary M.A. of Edinburgh. 

In 1804 he entered the fiimily of General 
Diroon of Mount Annuo in Dumfriesshire aa 
tutor. There he remained till 1807, continuing 
his scientific studies nnd literury pursuits 
with but little interruption, us we find 1mm 
his regular corn^Kpontlence with Mn Vintch. 
In 1HJ5, on the resignation of Profe*>sor 
Playfair, Brtnvster was spoken of u« a can- 
didate for the chair of mathematics in the 
university of Edinburgh, nnd he received 
promises of supiiort tVom Herschel and other 
well-kuo'^vu men of science* Mr. (after- 



wards Sir John) Leslie had the better claim 
to the chair, and wan elected ; but^ owing 10 
some ungiiarded expresfiiou in his work on 
the • Nature and Propagation of Heat/ a cry 
of * hcresv ' was raised. * A Calm Observer ' 
publisheci a pamphlet professing to adopt 
* a mode of discussion remote from pergonal 
invective/ Thia pamphlet, which created an 
intense excitement, waa by David Brewster. 
In 1807 he became a candidat-e for the chair 
of mathematics in St. Andrews, but without 
succe#4*. He was, however, made LL.D. of 
that university, and shortly at\er an M»A. 
of Cambridge ; he was aL*o elected a non- 
resident member of the Royal Society of 
Edinburgh, At this time he waa induced 
to undertake the editorship of the * Edin- 
burgh Encyclopjediu,* which ix^cupied him for 
twenty-two years. In 180?1 he visited Lon- 
don » and he left & diary minutely n^cording 
his experiences. Under 31 July 1610 we 
find * Married, set ofl* to the Trosachs,* the 
lady being Juliet, the youngest d aught t^r of 
James Macpherson, M,P., of Belleville, better 
known as ' Osaian Macpherson/ 

In 1813 Brwwster sent his first paper 
to the Uoyal Society of London 00 'Some 
Properties of Light/ In the same year h© 
l>ublished a ' Treatise on New Philosophic-al 
Instruroentd.* Failing health indicated the 
necessity of rei>o<*e from mental labour, and 
a continental tour was ordered by bis modi^- 
cal advisers. In July 1814 he started for 
Paris, wh*fre he made the ucquaintanct* of 
Bior, La Place, Poitkson, Berthollet, Arago, 
and many other of the French celebrities of 
science, 

Brewster also visited Switzerland , eat-a- 
blishet^l frientlships at Geneva with Pr^voet 
and Pictet,and made many important obeet^ 
vatioui^tJU the rocks and glaciers of the Alp& 
In 1814 he returned to wurk.with unabated 
artlour for exptirimental inquiry. This showed 
itself in a series of papeiis contributed to the 
Royal Society, most of them on the *Polari- 
Hiit ion of Light / which we re continued through 
several years. In addition lie publii^hed many 
other memoirs in the 'Transactions of the 
lloval Society of Edinburgh.' 

In 1815 Brewster became a fellow of the 

Iloyal Society, and the Copley medal wu^ 

bestowed upon liiin. This was followed 

three years later by the Rum ford mtMial^ and 

I stibHcquently by one of the Royal medaU, in 

each ca^e for discoveries in relation to the 

polarisation of light. In IwHl the French 

I InBtitiit<3 awarded him half of the prize of 

I three t ho lUsand francs given for the two most 

I import ant discoveries in phy^icalsciencemada 

I in Euroj^e. 

lu this year Brewster invented the ka* 




Brewster 



301 



Brewster 



^ 



^ 



I 



iOBCope, wbicb be patented; but, from 
6ome defect in tlie rep^istrfltion of tbe patent, 
it w«g quickly pirated, iind he never realised 
anytbinjET by it. His * Treatise on tbe Ka- 
leidoscope ' was publisbed in 1819. 

The * Edinbiirpb Majrazine * WHBpubliebed 
from 1817 nndev tbe nuDae of the * Edinbnrpb 
Philoaopbicul Juiirnfll/ and Brewster edited 
it in conjunction witb Professor Jameson, 
the mineralogisit, and afterT^ards lUone, the 
name Wmg again cbanged (1819) to tlie 
'Edinburgh JouraHl of Science/ Not only 
wagi tbe numWr of papers piibliehed by 
Brewster at tins period of his life remark- 
able^ but tbf" inveHti|ration^ which were re» 
3uired, and the discoverieii— e^ieoially in the 
elicate eiibject of optics — whieb tbt^y re- 
corded were in even' w^ny extrnoriJinDry. In 
1813 be commenced topublisb in the*Philo- 
eopbical Tninsftct ions' a comnuinication * On 
some Properties of Light/ and in tbe two 
euceeeding years* he furnished no less than 
nine pajxrs on n nalogons subjects* After thin 
the piienomena of double refraction engaged 
his iittentioni and bis diacoveries occupied 
fieveral ndditifvmd pa])er8. 

In 1820 BrewRfpr Iwenme li member of tbe 
Inst i t ut e of C i v 1 1 Engi n e*^ r» i n Lon don , I n 
1821 he wnK active in founding tbe Royal 
Scoltisb Society of Arts^ of wbicb he was 
named director ; and in 181^2 he became a 
member of the Royal Iri^h Acadf^my of Arts 
and Sciences. In this year be edited atrans- 
lation of Legendre's *Geometryp' and also 
four volume** of Prrd(:*f?aor Robinson's * Essays 
on Mechanieiil Pbilosopby.^ In 1828 he 
edited Euler s ' I^etters to a German Prin- 
cess/ writing copiouK note^ and a lite of th« 
author, lietween 1819 and 1829 be appears 
to have relaxed a liltW, but be wrote MJn the 
Periodical Colours produced by Grooved Sur- 
faces ; * he investigated * Elliptic Polarisation 
bv Metals/ 'The Optical Nature of the 
Cry?*tallint^ Lens/ *Tbe Optical Conditions 
of tbe Diamond/ and ' Tbe Coburs of Film 
Plates.* Beyond these the only paper com- 
municated to tbe Royal Society was one* On 
tbe Dark Lines of tbe 8olar Spectrum/ in 
wbicb be was associated with Dr. John Hall 
Gladstone. In 1825 Brewster was made a 
corresponding meml>er of the French Insti- 
tttte» and honours from all parts of the world 
'Here crowded upon bitn. There was never 
my long intermission in his researches. In 
1827 he |iubliftbed bis account of a new 
system of dlumination for bgbthousea, which 
led to a successful series of ejiperiments under 
his direction in 1833. 

In 1831 the British Association for the Ad- 
rancement of Science was oi^anised, chiefly 
by a few scientific men who aaaembled at tbe 




archi episcopal palace near York, Brewster 
being among them. The first meeting was 
held in York, when 325 members enrolled 
their names, Brewster was especially active, 
and he strove most zealously to advance 
the long-neglected interefits of science. In 
tbiB year William IV sent to Brewster tbe 
Hanoverian order of tbe Guelpb^ and shortly 
afterwards an ofier of ordinary knighthood 
folloisved, tbe fees, amounting to 109/., being 
remitted. 

Sir David Brewster's busy pen now pro- 
duced bis 'Treatise on Ojjtics' (1831) in 
Lardner's * Cabinet Encyclopfedia/ a volume 
of 526 pages, in which every phenomenon 
connected witb catoptrics or diofjtrics know^n 
up to the time of its publication was de- 
scribed witb remarkable clearness and pre- 
cision. About tbe same time he wn>tH for 
MurrBv*s * Family Library * his * Life of Sir 
Isaac Kewton/ and bis 'Letters on Natural 
Magic* In 1855 he proved tbe correenond- 
ence betw<-^n Newton and Pascal produced 
by M, Ghaales to be a forgery. An accident 
arising through an explosion nearly robbed 
Brew^ster of bis eyesight ; but his sight was 
eventually restored. 

In 1838 Brewster went to Bristol to attend 
tbe sixth meeting of the British Association, 
being the guest of Mr, Ilenry Fox Talbot at 
Lay cock Abbey. Mr. Talbot was engaged 
on bis earliest experiments on photography, 
and bis explanations of bis immature pro- 
cesses^ and the inspection of even tbe imper- 
fect pictures w*hich be produced, were suffi- 
cient to create in Brewster's mind a strong 
desire to work on the chemistry of light. He 
never found the time required tor tbe practice 
of the art, but be wTOte on the subject, and 
in 1865 received a medal from the Photo- 
graphic Society of Paris. 

Brewster w*as in receipt of an annual 
grant from the government of 100/. In 
1838 this was increased by an additional 
grant of 200/. a year. In 1838 be re<!i."ived 
fk>m the ctowti the gift of tbe principalship 
of tbe united college of St, Siih ator and St. 
Leonard in the university of St. Andrews* 
This ap|M>intment relieved him from embai^ 
rasaments,and he was glad to take possession 
of his house at St. Andrews. 

Brewster bad published \m * Treatise on 
Magnetism ' in the seventh edition of the * En- 
cyclopp&dia Britannica.* His labours were, 
however, interrupted by tbe illness of his wife. 
Her failing health caused him to remove her 
to Leamington, and leaving her in charge of 
a medical friend, be» w^ith his daughter, at- 
tended the twelfth meeting of the Britiab 
Association at Manchester, where he made 
the acquaintance of Dr, Dalton, which l&d 



< 



Brewster 



302 



Brewster 



to his investigating the conditions of the 
eye on wliich colon r-blijidness or Daltonism 
d'epende<i. He published an articlfcf on the 
suoject in the *^ortli British Review/ 

In 1843 th« conftk-t which hiu\ prevailed 
for ten years in the chnrch of Scothmd was 
brought to a close by 474 ministere retiring 
from the old church of Scotland, protest ing 
against the grieviineea of church patronage. 
Brewster had taken part in every step of the 
* long conflict/ aiR it wai* called; he signed 
the Act of Protest ; with bia elder brother 
he walked in the solemn proceflstoo which 
left St. Andrews Church on 18 May, and he 
attended every sitting of that first iissembly 
of the Free church of Scotland. The pro- 
minent position taken by Brewster in this 
movement caused in 1844 pn3coedin^ to be 
commenced against him by the established 
presbytery of St. Andrews, aided by the unt* 
versity, to eject him from his chair The 
case, however, was quashed in the residuary 
assembly because he had not signed the 
formal deed of demission. 

For PK)fe^8or Napie/s * Edinburgh Review * 
Brewster wrote tTventy-eight articles. In 
1844 the * North Britit^h Review ' was started 
under the editorship of the Rev. Dr. Welsb» 
Brewster became a regular and constant con- 
tributor. Professor Fraser, who was editor 
of the * North British Review' in 1H,50 and 
the seven following years, savs : * He con- 
tributed an article to each nimtiber during the 
time I was editor, and in each instance, after 
we had agreed together about the subject, 
the manuscript made its ani>earaiice on the 
appoint ed day wit h punct uat regularity ■ ' and 
Professeor Blackie, who edited the * lie view* 
from 1800 to iHll^i, writes: *Sir B&xid Brewster 
was ever remarkable for the carefulixesa of 
his work, the punctuality with which it was 
, delivered^ never l>ehind time, never needing 
f to write to the editor for more time or more 
space — a model contributor in every way/ 

On 27 Jan. 1850 Lady Brewster died and 
was laid to T*^st beneath the shade of the 
abbey ruins of Melrose, In April Brewster, 
with hb daughter, went abroad for change 
I of air and scene. He renewed his acquaint- 

Lance with .\rago, w^hich had begun in 1814 ; 
he visited M. Gtay-Lussac just before his 
death, and met the Swisa philosopher, M. 
de la Rive. 
In I80I he was president of the meeting of 
the British Association at Edinburgh. In 
his address he pleaded with much earnestness 
* for summoning to the ser\'ice of the state 
all the theoretical and practical wisdom of 
the country-,' and for the extension of the 
advantages of education. * Knowledge is at 
once the manna and the medicine of our 



moral being.* The pen of Brewster was 
singularly pr<3lific. ^tween 1806 and 18^ 
he comminiieated no less than 315 papen 
on scientific subjects — most of them bearing 
upon optical investigations — to the transao 
tions of societies, and to purely scientific 
journals. Bt!yond these he wrote seventy- 
five articles for the * North British Review,' 
tweuty-eight art ides for the ' Edinburgh Re- 
view/ and five for the * Qtiflrterly Review.' 
The most lasting monument to his famei 
however, will certainly be his beautiful in- 
vestigations into the pl^enomena of polariaed 
light. He shared also with Fre,*5nel the merit 
of elaborating the dioptric system for the im- 
provement of our lighthouses; and he divided 
with Wheatstone the merit of intrtxlucing 
the stereoscope, the lenticular instrument 
belonging especially to Brewster. 

Besides the above he wrote in 1841 and 
1846 * Martyrs to Science,' or live^ of Galileo, 
Tycho Brahe, and Kepler; and in 1864 an 
answer to "Wlieweirs * Plurality of Worlds' 
entitled ' More Worlds than One, the C?reed 
of the Philosopher and the Hope of the 
Christian.' 

In 1800 he was appointed vice-chancellor 
of the university of Edinburgh, and in that 
capacity presided at the installation of Lord 
Brougham as chancellor. Brewster in this 
year became an active member of the Na- 
tional Association of Social Science, and 
was afterwards chosen as viee-pr**sident» In 
this year he was made M.D. of the university 
of Berlin. He was at this time a frequent 
visitor to London, taking the greatest in- 
terest in the scientific societies of that city* 
In 18tU he was appointed president of the 
Royid Society of Eainbui^h. In the spring 
of that year he wa-s attacked, while re- 
siding in Edinbui^h, with one of his seizures 
of prostrating illness, from which, although 
he appeared to rally, he never entirely re- 
covered. 

The * lighthouse cx)ntrover8y * waa to 
Brewster, in his latter days, a source of an- 
noyance. It was a grecat comfort to him 
when the council of the Inventors* Insti- 
tute in 1804, after examining the merita 
of the investigations made bv Presnel and 
others, reporttS that the introSuetion of the 
holophotal system into British lighthouses 
was due to the persevering efforts of Brew- 
ster. In June of this year a neglected cold 
fell heavily on Brewster's aged &*ame, and 
rendered him so feeble that he could not 
walk far, or labour in his library, without 

freat fatigue. This state continued untO 
807, when 'he was unable to play his quiet 
game at croquet.^ Believing Idmself to b© 
a dying man, he gave instruction to a young 



flcientiBc friend, Mr. Francis Bb&h^ r& to the 
amngBment of liis scientific instnmients, and 
two years Inter hv. confided to this prentleraim 
the completion of a pai)er * On the Motion, 
Equilihrium, and Forms of Liqmd Fibns/ 

On 10 Fek 181)8 an attack of pneumonia 
and ha^noliitia exhihited gymptoms which 
convinced Sir James Simpeon that he could 
not live over the day. After a few hours 
of extreme lang^uor, knowing all his lovinj? 
watchers, with * an ineffably happy, cheerfiil 
look, which set!med to come from a very ful- 
ness of content/ this bright intelligence 
paiy*ed quietly away at Allerby, Montrose, 

In 1S57 BrewHter married for the second 
time Miss Jane Kirk Pamell of Scarhorough, 
hv whom he had a daughter, bom 27 Jan, 
1861. 

[Proceedings of the Royal Society » xvii, Ijtix ; 
Boyal Society Cabilogue of Sdentifie Papera j 
Th© Home Life of Sir David BrcwBter, by Mrs, 
Gordon ; Edinburgh Philosophical Journal iv. 
1821-31 ; Edinburgh Eoyal Society*fl Tiansac- 
tions. vii. 1835-49; Gent. Mag. 1868, i. 689.] 

R, H-T. 

BEEWSTEB» Sib FRANCIS {/.1 674- 
1702), writer on trade, waa a citizen and 
alderman of Dublin, and lord mayor of 
tliftt city in 1674. In February lf592-3 he 
gave evidence before the House of t.'ommons 
on certain public abuses in Ireland, and in 
1608 was appoint ii<l one of ^even comroij*- 
aioners to inquire into the forfeited eatate.s 
in Ireland, The commissioners disagreed 
among themselves, and when the report was 
deliveretl in the following year it was sifpied 
hv only four of the members of the commit' 
sum; the other three^ the Earl of Drogheda, 
Sir Richard Leving-e, and Sir F. Brewater, 
having refuj*ed to nij^ it becfttise they 
thought it false and ill-grounded in aeveral 
particnlnrs. The dispute was brought before 
parliament* and Sir R. Levinge was com- 
mitted to the Tower for spreading i^candaloua 
aspersions against some of his colleagues, 

Brewster was the author of 'Essays in 
Tjade and Navigation, In Five Parts,^ Lond. 
1695, l2mo. The first part only was pub- 
lished; but in 1702 he issued *New Ksaaya 
on Trade, wherein the present atiLt« of our 
Trade, its great decay in the chief branches 
of it, and the fatal contteqiiences thereof 
to the Nation (unless timely remedy'd), is 
considered under the most important heads of 
Trade and Navigation,' Lrmd. 12mo, The 
following anonymoua book ia also asrcrihed to 
him: *A Discourse conceniing Ireland and 
the different Interests thereof; in answer to 
the Exon and Barnstaple Petitions; shewing 
^^ that if a Law were enacted to prevent the 
^m exportation of Woollen Manufactures from 



^ 



Ireland to Foreign Parts, what the conse- 
; quencea thereof would be both to England 
ajid Ireland,* Lond. 1698, 4to, 

I [Ware's Ireland (Harris), 1764, ii, 262 ; 
BBmet's Stat© Tracts. 1706, ii. 709 seq. ; Tin- 
dal's Continuation of Rapin'a Euglnad, 1740, iii* 
234, 398J C, W. S, 

BREWSTER, JOHN (1753^1842), au- 
thor, the son of the Rev. Richard Brewster, 
M.A,y vicar of Heighington in the county 
palatine of Durham, was horn in 17o3, and 
received his education at the grammar school 
of Newcastle-upon-Tyne under the Rev. Hugh 
Motses,and at Lincoln College, Oxford, where 
he graduated B. A. in 1775, and M.A, in 1 778. 
He was appointed curate of Stockton-on-Tees 
in 1776, and lecturer there in i 777, In 1791 
he was ]>refiented to the vicarage of Greathom, 
which benefice he held until 1 799^ when he 
became vicar of Stockton through the patron- 
age of Bishop Barrington, The same prelate 
aEerwards successively preferred him to the 
rectories of Redmarshall in 1805, Boldon in 
1809, and Egglesclifle in 1814, in which 
chargfes, according to the testimony of Surteee 
{Hut, of Dttrham^ iii. 139)^ he was 'long and 
justly respected for the exemplary discharge 
of his parochial duties/ He died at Bggle&- 
cliffe 28 Nov. \M% aged 89, 

His chief work was his ' Parochial History 
and Antiquities of Stockton-on-Tees/ pub- 
lished in quarto at Stockton in 1796. A second 
and enlarged edition wtis printed in 1829, 
octavo. His other works were: 2. * Sermons 
for Prisons,* &c., 17fH), 8vo. 3. ' On the Pre- 
vention of Crimes and the Advantages of 
Sol it ary Confinement ,* 1 7 JM), 8 vo, 4. ' Medi- 
tations of a Recluse^ chiefly on Relimous 
Subjects,* 1800, 12mo. 5. < A Thanksgiving 
Sermon for the Peace,' 1802, 6. ' A Secidar 
Essay, containing a View of Events connected 
with the Ecclesiastical History of England 
during the 1 8th Century/ 1 802, 8vo, 7, ' The 
Restoration of Family Worship recom- 
mended, in Discourses selected, with altera- 
tions, from Dr, Doddridge,* 1804, 8vOf 
8. * Lectures on the Acta of the Apostles,* 
1806, 2 vols, 8vo, 9. ' Of the Religious Im- 
provement of Prisons, an AssijBe Sermon/ 
1 808, 1 0. ' Meditations for the Aged, adapted 
to the Progress of Human Life, 1810» 8vo ; 
four editions, 11.* Meditations for Penitents/ 
1813, 12. * Reflections adapted to the Holy 
Seasons of the Christian and Ecclesiastical 
Year/ 12mo. 13. ^ Reflections upon the Or- 
dination Service/ 1 2mo, 1 4. * Contemplations 
on the I^ast Discourses of our Blessed Saviour 
with His Disciples as recorded in the Gospel 
of St. John/ 1822, 8vo. 15, * A Sketch of 
the History of Churches in England, applied 



Brewster 



Brewster 



I of ibe Soc^Cf fer 

-— , wiaiaTST 

Mv of thm Rbv. BaA Uome^ AJf. 



*^«L ▼. 



[0«at. Mig^ Iby ISO. p. «t: Adna... . ^ ^^^^ 
'i Mod, l$i«. r^ 17; WMtMmin^^ twammlBiS, 



Mifd 




Rfsftner.*' He vm «lao 
Ite 'B£abBgii Ojt^kmmimJi 
ft * DMBTWgJBM of a VMI Tf 
QiiVT7 at ^Citikai * to Ike I 
"T^uAotioM cC tfe iEc^ml SoMlf of : 

DUE|pi. He IIMlLllcdi 90010 €NlnBI §at ] 

duneh of SaolliiBd at tk» tuM of tbe diAiip- 

bft WM one cf • the Fonj.* 

w,n; WuhMBTt/fttpma^wmia^, [GIm^ov Bmli, SH ml 91 Maidi and 

ToLii. ISSS; A]lilKM'aDkC.«fLit.; 6ipKaia5»;CkEktiaBNa««(Gla^9v),lApta 
• AamUf4mMitMm.p,U,wh0t^wm lUB; TWiofedala Baeoid. S AprU 1&&9: B«a. 
-^■Hmplkkfialftvvriin TailiMiafkBl, 3 aad 9 Apnl IftM; 
rriki of aaii- Seotei fbati EednMi SeoticaBa, ISSS; 3(a. 
ClW.a G«Hoa'a Ho«a life orairS^ndBEwvaUr. 1881. 
lfvia^*s Booik of SeottneA, 1881.] A. H, G, 

BREWSTER, THOMAS, MJ). (*, 1705), 



BEEWSTEB^ PATRICK (IT^^l^BHf)^ 
8eot4^h divin*?, bom on 20 Dec. 1788, waa ,_^ , i r t* - - ^ 

llMi j0ii]ig»l ^ the foar sons of Mr, J^me^ T^'''^'Z^^ "^ T ^^J^PJ™^ ^'^^ 

la. ._r__vi_rZZ i._^_:.i..i. ui oom OB 18 ogot. I<Od. He 5 

I at Meitliant Taylors' School, 



of bb faA who h«l dMtiiMd aU hi. toiuito !? J^?*^' T f^'-'^n Ti^L!°? - *^ 
the mini^rv of ,he ScoMidi church. Patrick ■ ^"^ ^ ^^''^V ^^"fSS^^T*'." }t|*- 
devoted hiiuelf to theolopr, „d .«»ired I Strt"^'tJ •" ^^^ « ^' V" *? ^'f * 
lioenM u » probationer fem the pr«byt«7 B fT.nd D.M. ml -38. He wa*»l -^ ^>-.-- . 
of Fordoun Sk 28 March 1817. fc« Aipirt '^"l!^. "^ *"* ~' "f^- )V/^" '* 

following hewa.pfMeiitedbTtheManii2.of ; Published. tran^Utionofthe ■ &• . .re 

Abercor^ to the ^i chai« of thelbbey **' ^"•' >? ^l*''*!^ ^ '**;"• '" fff- 
Church of PaL.leT, to wUcUe wna onkini " "f , "?» ■». the prefcce, how the pubUc 
on 10 April 1818. He continued to occupy ! !^^<* VITTl^ •"! T^li, < J^" 'V" « 
thi,prefJrn,«nt for nearlrfortr^ne rear,. and I ^^^: . ^f '•"fl '?'* f-io 'l^®*l,}!r "^T* 
di^.l at hi, n-»idenc« at Cniijrie Linn, uear P«W«l»ed together m 1*42, the fifth in the 
Pdij^UiVt on 26 March 1859. Brewster was a 



I 



favourite fti'tb^ working clii«6«*t, and received 
fi puWicr funf^ral (4 April ]8o9). In 1863 a 
mntumu'nt to hm mt^mory was erected by 
jiyblie ^ubncription m Pnislev cemetery. 

Ah It prinirbiT lJrewst4?r enjoyed an almost 
unrivall**d ItK^al fame. His piliticftl Tiews 
wi/r** HXtr«int' ; lie was a * moral -force chart iiitt/ 
and t ook an ticti ve share m the plann for carry- 
ing out the chartist programme. lii^ whole 
life wiiK one rontinuotia suoceesion of exciting 
diwputeH n])on public questions, or with the 
heritorst * Ik* puri-Hfi autDorities* or the presby- 
ter)*. Thi» |K»lt*niieffll spirit maybe traced in 
1 be volume of hi« fwrmniiw entitled ' Tlie Seven 
f ■hiirhwt and Military Discourses libelled by 
ttie Ma roil in nf Al>ercf>rn and other Heritors 
of tUv AWh\v Parish. To which arti added 

fnnr other Diseoursej* formerly piihlished, with ^ , , . 

one or two more as a »SiM*cimen of the Author's ' Brewsfer, vicar of Sutton-cmn-Lound, or 



puUiBhed together in ih 
8ame year^ and the six satire^ in one volume 
in 1784* Brewster^ af^er leavinff the uni- 
versity, practiaed medicine at Bat^. 

[HobiDsoa'a Marchant Tajtors' School Regit- 
ter, ii. 56; Gtaduales of Oxford ; Preftieea to 
different editions of the SatirciS ; Brit. Mnaeam 
CatAlogue.] A, G-y. 

BREWSTER, TVTLLIAM (1560.M644), 

one of the chief founders of tlie colony of 
Plymouth, New England, waa poaaibly a 
native of Scrooby, Nottinghamftnire. Ac- 
cording to the * Memoir ' by Bradford, he waa 
at the time of his death in his eightieth 
year, but Morton, secretory of the colony, 
Btatee that he was eighty-four at his death, 
80 that he was probably born in 1660, It 
has bean coiijectnr«^d that his father was 
either William Brewster, who was tenant at 
Scrooby of Archbishop Sandys^ or Heniy 




nicnle of trtniting otner Scripture Topics. 
With an A|i|n>n<iix/ i^vo, PaiKley, &c., 1843. 
Bri'\VHlnr luhonited the abolition of the slave 
trnde, the rejxnil of the corn laws, tempe- 
riinre, ami nnuliouul system of education. 
lie piiblisbed lhr»*t' single * Sermons/ 8vo» and 
a vindiral urn, in t wn pnrts, of the rights of the 
pnor nf Seollautl * ngainst the m isre present a- 
tiuus of the editor of the '^ Glasgow Post and 



James Brewsteri who succeeded Henry. The 
coat-of-arms preserved in the Brewster family 
in America it* identical with that of the an- 
cient Suffolk branch. Bradford states that 
Brewster, after obtaining some knowledge of 
Latin and some insight into Greek, apent 
a short time at the university of Cam- 
bridge, but he mentions neither the sdiool 
wheis he made his preparatory studioa, nor 



the colli*ge which he entered at Carahridge. 
On leaving the luiiversity, Brewriter, prohably 
iu 1584, entered the service of William Uavi- 
fion [q, v.], ambiyiJMidor, and afterwards secre- 
tary of state of (iueeii Elizabeth^ who, a word- 
ing to Bradford, found liim * so discreet and 
faithful, that he trusted him rtb*)ve all others 
that wern with him.* He aecampatiied Davi- 
80n in his embassy to the Low Countries in 
1585, and remained in his service till his fall 
in 1587. The information aupplied by Brad- 
ford retrardinj? the immediately succeeding 
period of his life is comprised in the general 
8t4itement that he * retired to the country/ 
where he interested himself * in promoting 
and furthering religion * by procuring good 
preachers * in aO places thereabouts/ Pos- 
sibly he owed the bent towards ecclesiastical 
matt era to hi.s intimacy with two favourite 
pupils of Hooker — George Cranraer, also 
one of Davison's assistantSf and Sir Edwyn 
Sandys^ afterwards governor of Virginia. 
The part of the country to which Brewster 
retired was identified by Joseph Hunter 
{Collections concerninf/ fke Eiirly Hilton/ of 
tke Founders of New Enf/land) tis Scrooby, 
Nottinghamshire. Hunter has further mo- 
dified the information of Bradford by dmr- 
covering, from an ex ami oat ion of the post- 
office account*, that from April 1594, or 
earlier, to September 1007, Brewster filled 
the office of ^ post/ that is, keeper of the 
* post office; at bcrooby, a station on the great 
north road between Doncaster and Tuxford. 
Such an olEce was then one of considerable im- 
portance^ and was not un^^uently held by 
personM of good family. It implied the super- 
inttsndence of the despatch of mails to the 
Yarious aide stations, the supplying of relays 
of horses, and the providing ot entertainment 
for travellers, while holding this office 
Brewster occupied Scrooby Manor, a poasea- 
sion of the arcnbishop of York, where royal 
personages had more than once resided* and 
Cardinal Wolsey after his dismissal had 
paissed seveml weeks. His salary was 20d. 
per diem imtil in July 16(K3 it was raised 
to 2d, It was at Scrooby Manor that Brew- 
ster * on the Lord's day entertained with great 
love ' the company of Brownists or Separa- 
tists presided over by Clifton* Much of the 
progress of the movement was owing to his 
xeal and his influence, his social position 
being undoubtedly higher than that of the 
other members of the community. After 
they *had been about a vear together/ the 
threat of persecution mnif^ them resolve in 
1607 to remove to Holland, but the skip- 
per in whose sloop they embarked at Boston 
having betrayed them, they were appre- 
hended^ and Brewster as one of the principal 

VOL. TI. 




leadet^ of the movement was imprisoned and 
bound over to the court of assize. In the 
summer of the following year they were more 
successful f and, having set out from EIuU, 
reached Ami?(terdam in safety, fn 1609 they 
removed to Ley den, where Brewster, * having 
.spent most of his means,* employed himself 
in ' instructing students at tue university, 
Dane^ and Germans, in the English lan- 
guage.* He * prepared rules or a grammar 
after the Latin manner' for the u.^e of his 
scholars. By the help of some friends he also 
set up a printing-press, and so * had employ- 
ment enough by reason of many books which 
would not oe allowed to be printed in Eng- 
land ' (for list of principal works printed by 
him see Stibi^e's L(fc of BrmMier, pp. 172- 
1T4). In 1619 inquiry was instituted by the 
authorities regarding his publications, but 
he was then absent in Londt^n negotiating 
about a grant of land in Virginia. Through 
the assistance of his friend Sir Edwyn Sandys 
a patent for a tracr of land witliiu that colony 
was finally granted, and Brewster, with Brad- 
ford [see Bradford, William, irj90- 16571 
as the chief leaders of the enterprise, set satl 
in September 1620 with the first company of 
* pilgrims ' tn the Mayflower, In the church 
at Leyden he had acted as riding elder, and 
he discharged the same duties in the church 
at New Plvmouth. As no regular minister 
was appointed until 1629, he up to this time 
also acted as teacher and preacher, officiating 
twice every Lord^s day. During the early 
dilhculties of the colony he conducted him* 
self with untiring cheerfulness* He was 
charitable to others, and his own personal 
habits were frugaL He drank nothing but 
water until the last five or six years of his 
life, Bradford give^ the date of his death 
as 18 April I64^i» but Morton, secretary of 
the colony, entered the date in the church 
records as * April lOth 1644, and various 
other circumstances confirm thiw entry. He 
had four sons and four daughters. He left a 
library of ^KX) Woks valued at 43/. ^ the cata- 
logue of which is preser\'ed in the records of 
the colonv, and m\ estate valued at 1.50/, 
His sword is presented in the cabinet of the 
Massaclinsetts Historical Society, 

[Bradfocd's Memoir of Elder Brewster, pub- 
lished by Dr. Alex. Young ia Chronicles of Vim 
Pilgrims, 1841, and printed also in iho collec- 
tions of the MasnachusetL'i Hist/inc-il Society, 
6th »er. iii. 408-H ; Huntor'a Collections con- 
ceroing the History of thp Early Founders of 
New Plymouth, 2nd ed. 1864; Steele's Life of 
William BrowHter, 1857; S<iv«ge'» Genealogical 
Dictionary of the First Settlera in New England, 
i, 246-6 ; Bolktiap'e Amor lean Biography, ii. 
252-6.] T. F, H. 




BMAN (926-1014), king of Ireliind, 
known in Iritih writings as Brian Boroimhe 
(Qf^dM Gofdhel rr Oallmhh, Rolls Series, 
p. 808), BoToma (*Tigernachi Atinfllf^s* in 
^cdliian MS. Rawlinson B 488), most com- 
monly in earlier books a.s Brian mac Cenne- 
digh (Book of Leinster^ facsimile, fol, 309 a; 
TiOEKKACH^ed-O'ConoT, pp. 266, '268), and in 
English wTitinga as Bryan mac Kennedy and 
Biian Boru, waa ft nfttive of tbe northern part 
of Munst^r, and was of the roval deacent of 
Tliomand, of the fumily known as Bal Cais, 
who claimed tbe right of alternate succession 
to tbe kingt4liip of Caahel, as the chief king- 
ship of Monster is iwually called by the IHsti 
writers, Hin father waa Cenneide, son of 
Lorcan, and Brian, wbo wan bom in 926, 
waa tbe youngest of three sons. The time of 
Brian*s youth wa« one of continuetl harrymg 
of Ireland by the Dane«^ wbo»e hold on t he sea- 
portu of the country had been st ea di ly i n creas- 
ing since their first invasion in 795, and from 
Limerick they made many plundering ex- 
pediti^mB into tbe countn^ of the Dal Cais. 
Brian's elder brother Mathgnmhain became 
head of the tribe, and under bira BrianV life 
aa a warrior began ; but when Mathgambain 
made peace Brian continued the war by ex- 
peditions from the mountains of C^lare, but 
was unable to make way atrainst the Danes, 
and at last, with only a fiw followers left, 
bad to t ake refuge with h is brother. The war 
soon betgan again, and Mathgamhain suc- 
oaeded m seizing Cash el and the vacant 
Mngfhip of MuusteT. The Danes of Limerick 
wit-n many native Irish allies marched against 
the king of Cashel and his hrotber, and were 
defeated at Sulcoi t in Tipperary* Tb i p battle, 
fought about 9<^, was the brst of Brian's 
victories over the Danes, and was followed 
by the sack of Banish Limerick* In 976 a 
conspiracy of rival chief s in Mitnster led to 
the murder of Mathgambain, and Brian be- 
came chief of the Dal Cais with an abundant 
inheritance of wars. Succession to tbe king- 
ship of Cashel waH alternate between the 
Dal Cais and the Eoghanacht, that is between 
the tribes north of the plain in the middle 
of which the rock of Cashel rises and those 
south of it, Maelmuftdh, Mathgamhain^a 
murderer^ was the next heir of the Eogba- 
nacbt) and became king after the murder, 
Brian defeated and slew him in a pitched 
battle at Belach Lechta, in the north of the 
present county Cork, in 978, and thu.s him- 
self became king of Cashel. He had, how- 
ever, much hard fighting before he was able 
to obtain hostages, in proof of submission, 
from all the tribes of Munster, Constant 
warfare made the Dal Cais more and more 
formidable, and having obtained recognition 



laugnier 
ediat|flH 
>Da^ll 
, DanM^ 



throughout Munater, Brian first led thisn 
against QiJlapatric, king of OseorTf and then 
marching into Leinster wa*, in 984, 
ledged as king by it« chiefs. His 
had evidently determined him to extend 
•way over as much of Ireland as he could. 

Brian sailed up the Shannon from hii 
stronghold at Killaloe, and with varying sue- 
cess ravaged Meath, Con naught, and Brei^e, 
and at length entered into an alliance with 
Maelsechlainn mac Domhnaill, chief king of 
Ireland. The Leinstermen with the DuieB 
of Dublin rose against Brian in the year 
1000, and, with the help of the king of Ire- 
land, he defeated them with great slaughtar 
at Glenmama in Wicklow, and immedia ^~ 
after march ed i n t o D u bl i n . Sit ric t he 
king submitted U\ Brian, who took a 
wife and gave an Irish one to Sitric, He 
now thought himself powerftil enough to 
end his alliance with Maelsechlainn, and 
sent a body of D&nos into Meath towards 
Tara. Tara had long been an uninhabited green 
mound, as it is at this day, and tt« posaesfiioa 
was only important from the fact tnat it was 
associatcil with the name of sovereignty and 
with the actual possession of the rich pos- 
tures by which it is surroimded. Mael- 
sechlainn defeated the first force sent against 
him, but Brian advanced at the head of an 
army of Munstermen, Leinstermen^ Ossory- 
men, and Danes, and Maelsechlainn retired 
to his stronghold of Dun na Sciath on Loch 
Ennell, and irient for help to his natural 
allies, Aedh, king of Ailech, and Eochaidh, 
king of Uladh, and to Cathal, king of C^on- 
naught \ but all in vain, and he was ob'* 
to nfor hostages to Brian. Thus, in the 
of the Irish, Brian became chief king of 
land, and the Clonmacnois historian, Tigei^ 
nach, baa at tbe end of the year 1001 the 
entry * Brian Borama regnat ' (Bodieian MS, 
Kawlinson B 488, fol 15 A, col. Li. line 31). 
lie next made war on the west, received sub- 
mi ssi o n fro m t he Connaughtmen, and wus thus 
actual lord of Ireland from the Fews moun- 
tains in Armagh southwards. The men of 
western and central Ulster under the king of 
Ailech, and those of Dalriada and Dama- 
raide under the king of Uladh, etiU resisted 
him, but they were also at war with one 
another, and in 1004 met in battle at Craehh 
Tulcha and were both slain. Brian at once 
marched through Meath to xVrmagh, where 
he made an oflering of gold upon the altar of 
the great church and acknowledged the eccle- 
siastical supremacy of Armagh in the only 
charter of nis, the original of which has 
survived to our day. The charter is in the 
handwriting of Maolsuthain, Brian's con- 
fessor, and is on fol. 16 A of the *Book of 



Uon- 



^ 



^ 



AriBflgli,* The book itself, written on vel- 
lum about 807 by Ferdomnach, contains the 
gosfehf a life of St* Patrick^ aod otb«r com- 
positioDs, some in Latin and some in Iriish, 
and in 1004 was already considered one of 
the chief tTeasujres of Armagh* Its subse- 
quent history has bean carefully traced, and 
it IB now preBerved in the library of Trinity 
College, Dublin, On the back of the six- 
teenth leaf of the ' Book of Armaf^h * is part 
of the life of St. Patrick with an account of 
grants of land in Meath made to him and 
to his disciplus and their succesaors by 
Fedelmid mac Loignire, king- of Ireland. 
The writing is in two columns, and at the 
ibot of the second the original acrihe bad left 
ft blank, in which the charter of Brian was 
appropriately written. Maolauthain wrote in 
Latin, translat ing his own name into Calyua 
Ferennis, and Caahel into Maceria. * St. Pa- 
trick,' says the charter, ^ when going to heaven, 
ordained that the entire produce oi his labour 
as well OS of baptism, and decisions as of alme, 
was to be delivered to the apostolic city, which 
in the Scotic tongue is called Arddmacha. 
Thus I have found it in the records of the 
Soots. This is my writing, namely Calvus 
Perennis, in the presence of Brian, imperator 
of the Scots, ancl what I have written he de- 
creed for all the kings of Maceria.' This grant, 
besides its intrinsic intereiit, is of importance 
as oontirming the accuracy of the early 
chronicles which mention Brian^s visit to 
Armagh* He received hostages from all the 
chief tribes of the north except the Cinel 
Conaill, who remained tinconquered in the 
fastnesses of Kilmttcrenau and the Rosses. 
His next action was to make a circuit of 
Ireland demanding hostages of all the terri- 
tories through which he passed. This wns 
probably suggested by a similar act of Muir- 
cheartacb na gcocball gcroicioim, king of 
Ailecb» who in 941 marched from the north 
tlm>ugh Munster taking hostages to secure 
his own succession to the chief kingship of 
Ireland, 

The poem which Cormacan mac Maol- 
brighde, Maircbeartacb's bard, composed in 
honour of his exploit mentions (ed. O'Dono- 
van, line 129) that the king of Ailech on his 
expedition passed a night at Cenn Coradh, 
Bnan's home, and even if Brian did not wit- 
ness the progress of the northern king, its 
memory must have been fresh in 5f unster in 
his youth. Genu Coradh wa« near Killaloe, 
within the limits of the present town, and 
starting thence Brian marched up the right 
bank ol the Shannon and northwards as far 
as the Curlew rooiintains^ which be crossed 
and descended to the plain of the riverSligech, 
which falls into Sligo Biijf and then marched 




by the sea to the river Drobhais, then as now 
the boundary of Ulster, Brian forded it and 
followed the ancient road into the north ov«r 
the ford of Easruadb, the pre^seut salmon leap 
on the river between Locb Kme and Bally- 
shannon. From this he marched to the gap 
CflHed Beam as mor, probably keeping to the 
coast. Fie passed unattacked through the 
longand desolate defile, and beyond it emerged 
into Tir Eoghain, which he crossed, and en- 
tered Dalriad&by the ford of the Ban at Fear- 
tas Camsa, near the prej^ent Macosquiu. lie 
passed on into Damaraidhe and ended bis 
circuit at Belach Duin, a place in Meath 
tbree miles north of Kells. 

He was thus, by right of his sword and 
admission of all her chiefs, Ardrigh na 
Erenn, chief king of Ireland^ and so remained 
till bis death. After so much war there was 
an Lnterval of peace. Brian is said by the 
historians of his own part of the country to 
have built the church of Killaloe and that of 
Inis CealtrSj and the riumd tower of Tom- 
graney ; but the ruins on the inland in Loch 
Derg, and the ancient stone-roofed church of 
KiUaloe, are later than the buildings erected 
by him. He himself lived in the Dun of Cenn 
Coradh, probably in a house resembling the 
dwellings of the peasantry of the present day, 
with an eartben Hoor, thatched roof, and a 
heturth big enough to boil a huge cauldron, 
whence tne king and his guests drew out 
lumps of meat J which they washed down with 
draughts of the beer which, tradition says, 
they bad learnt to brew from their Daninb 
fiends, and of the more ancient liouor of the 
coimtry made from honey. Senachies^ histo- 
rians who knew how to turn bistorr into 
poetrj', and who like poets often excelled in 
tic t ion, were the men of letters of Brian's 
court. They feasted with the king and his 
warriors, and sang the glories of the Dal 
Cais and the great deeds of Brian, ^on of 
Cenneide, in strains some of which have 
come down to our own times. It was per- 
haps one of these who lirst gave Brian the 
name by which in modem times he has be- 
come the best known of all the kings of Ire- 
land ; few Englishmen can, indeed, name any 
other. Boraraa {Book o/Leinnter^ facs. 294 t ) 
na boromi (Leabhar na IIuidn\ facs, 1 16 6), a 
word cognate with ^dpo^ (Stokes, JZenw* Cel' 
tiquej May 1885, p. 370), is an Irish word for 
a tribute, resembling the indemnity of mo- 
dem warfare, as distinguished from aim and 
cif^ or rightful dues and taxes payable ac- 
cording t/o tixed usage. Thus, in tlie * Annals 
of Ulster ' under 998 a.d. : * Indred loch necach 
la haedh mac dornhnaill co tuc boroma mor 
as ' (Plundering of Loch Ne.ft%\i.V^ K«^&i.ia»fc 



Brian 

Rnd A.D, 1008: *Creoch la Flsithbertach ua 
Neill CO fi ni Breagli co inc. boromamor ' (A 
fomy by Flttitlib^rtnch (Weill on the men 
of Breg-ia, and lie took a great boroma). Jt^n'c 
bus pari of the same loeanmff, and tbe state- 
ment of tbe mo«t famoufl oorama begins : 
liti st& imorro inn^raic^ this b, moreorer, the 
eric (Book of Leinnter, facs. 295 /i, line 20). 
This w«*« II n annual tribute which the Lein- 
stermen had in early times been forced to 
pay to the kings of Tara. It consisted^ ac- 
cortiing to the ' Book of Leinster,* of 1 5.000 
cows, lr>,(XKl pipe, 15,000 linen clothe, 15,000 
silver cliains, 15,0C)O wethers^ 15/.W copper 
cauldrons, 1 huge copper cauldron cfipable of 
lioldin^ 12 nigf; and 12 lambs^ 30 white 
00W8 with red ears, with calvea of the same 
colour and trappm^a, and its paytnent was 
often refused ana led to endless wars. It has 
often been supposed tlint Brian received his 
cocnnmen becauj^e he put an end to this 
triDute by subduing" the kinpof Tara; but 
there is no paiiFafre in early histortana justi- 
fvinp this .statement. As tlrian is called Bo- 
romii by Tigernach 0*Braoin, a writer who 
lived in the middle of the eleventh century 
(the existing fragmentary manuscript of his 
history being of about the year 11501, it is 
clear that the title was a real one, given him 
diinng his life. But Brian was throughout 
life a taker and not a refuser of tributes. Ko 
one who has read the Irish chronicles could 
think it likely that a hero of the Dal Cais 
would care to be celebrated aa a reliever of 
the burdens of the Leinstermen, first his 
enemies, and then his subjects. Brian was 
called Boroimhe or Brian of the Tribute, be- 
cause of the tribute which he had levied 
t hroi ighout I rel and , n n d wh i eh brou gh t plen ty 
to the Dal Ciii^, but was luken from the 
Leinstennen, the Connaughtmen, the men 
of Meath, and of LOster, with as firm a hand 
aa ever the mot^t famous borama was seined 
from the deBeendants of Eochu mac Echttch 
by the kings of Tara. 

In 1013 fighting began again between the 
Danes of Dublin, who found iiUies in Ussory 
and Leinater and Maelsechlainn. The king 
of Meath was worsted and sent to ask help 
from Brian, who ravagetl Ossory and Leinster 
find joined MaekechUinn at Kilmainham near 
Dublin y where some remains of an old earth- 
work at Garden Hill have been conjectured 
to mark their encampment. They besieged 
the Danes from 9 8ept. till Christmas, but 
then had to raise the siege. In the spring 
Brian again marched against the Danes, who, 
besides allies from liinster, had obtained 
help from Scandinavia, ITe wasted Leinster 
and marched to the north side of Dublin. 
On Good Friday, 23 April 1014, at Cluan- 



Brian 

tarbh, on the north side of Dublin Bay, a de- 
cisive battle was fought, in which the Danci 
were routed with great slaughter. Brian* 
sons, Murchadh and Donchadli, and hts grand- 
son led the Irish, and Brian himself, too old 
for active fighting, knelt in his tent, repeat- 
ing psalms and prayerw. Here he was elaia 
by Brodar, a Danish jarL 

The victory was the moat important the 
Irish had ever won over the Danea, and the 
Banes were never after powerftil in Ireland 
beyond the walla of their borougfhs. The 
battle waa celebrated in poetic accounts full 
of dramatic details, both by the Irish andth*' 
Northmen, M»metimes natural aa in the saga 
where a fugitive stops to fasten hia ahoe: 
* Why/ says a pursuing Irishman, * do you 
delay ? * * I live, answers the fugitive, * away 
in Iceland, and it is too late to go home to- 
night/ Or sometimes supernatural, as in 
the Irish tale, where Aibhell of Crai^ Liatb, 
the bensidh of the Dal Cais, warns. Brian the 
night before the battle of his approaching 
death. The Irish chronicler (Cogadh G. w 
G.) describes the battle in alliterative pn)€e, 
sometimes bretiking into verse, as does the 
English clironicler in celebrating Brunanburh. 
In the case of Cluan Tarbh, as probably in 
that of Brunanburh, it was the nearness and 
actual living fame of the event that made 
the historian become a poet, and not dis- 
tance of time that caused history to become 
inextricably blended with romance, Brian 
was carried to Armagh and there buried. 
His tomb is forgotten, and his power died 
with him. Two sons, Tadhg and Donnchadh, 
survived him, while his son Murchadh and hb 
grnndsonToirdelbhach wert»«*lain in the battle. 
His clnnsmen returned to Cenn Coradh, and 
Maelsechlaiiin mac DomhnaiU again reigned 
as chief king of Ireland, and so continued till 
his death. Brian had raised the p^wer of the 
Munstermen to a pitch it had never reached 
before, and his fifty years of war wore out 
the Danish strength ; but his efibrts to ob- 
tain supremacy in Ireland diminished the 
force of hereditary right throughout tlie 
country; and suggested to willtnE" cliiefs that 
submission should only be yielded to him who 
could exact it. The last chief king of Ireland 
of the ancient line was the Maelsechlainn 
whom Brian had for a time dispossessed, and 
when he died in 10:?2 no king of Tara was 
ever after able to enforce even the slight 
generril control exercised in former time^, and 
the king ,Tames, who united the rule of Eng- 
land and Scotland, was the next real king of 
the whole of Ireland. The fame of Bnan 
Boroimhe has been spread throughout Ireland 
by Dr. Geoflfrey Keating, whose interesting 
' Forus feasa air Eirinn was the moat popu- 




d 



lar of all Iriiih hidtories trom it^ iippearance 
in the seventeenth century till the time 
iwhen Iriflh literature ceased to be read at | 
all in the country about the year of the i 
famine. The book was written in Munster, . 
and therefore praises the most famous of her , 
heroes. In later days still, from the time 
of Daniel O'Connell downwards, the renown 
of Brian haa been spread more and more, i 
* For it was he that relea^^ed the men of i 
Erin and iU women from the bondage and 
iniquity of the foreipners and tiie pirates. It i 
was he that giiinea five-and-twenty battles 
over the fort»igners, and wba killed and ba- 
niahed them as we have already said.* These 
wonl;^ of the old Munater chronicler, who | 
wrot^e all the praise ho could of the popular , 
hero of the souths represent the spirit in which , 
Brian has been extolled in modem times. He 
has been often praised in books and speeches | 
as an enlightened patriot, a compeer of King 
Alfred and of Washington. In the chronicles 
of his own times this is not his asipect ; he 
there appears as a strong man and & hardy , 
warrior^ skilful in battle and in plotting, , 
proud of his ancestors and of his tribe, and 
determined that the Dal Cais .should be the | 
greatest trilx* in Ireland^ the tribe with the 
most cattle and the most tribute. Such was 
Brian, son of Oenneide, for whom no fitter 
title conld be found than that of Boroirahe, 
of the tribute, the main object of so many of 
his battles. 

[Original Charter in Book of Artiiagb, 16 ft, 
reproduced in facs. in Natiunal Maaa^criptjs of 
Ireland, vol. i. ; date of the charter 1004. Ti- 
eemachi Annates ; Photograph of Bodleian MS. 
Bawlinwjo B 488 ; and in U'Conor'g Roruni Hi- 
b^micamm Scriptorea, vol. i, ; Tigernach wrote 
before J 088, maauscript in Bodleian of about ' 
1 150, Cogadh (laedhil re Gallaibh, The War of 
the Irish witli the Daiiya, RoUa Series, and Book of 
Leinstcr facsi mile fol . 309. The Book of Lei usier 
is a twcjlflh- century manuscript ; only a fragment 
of the work remains^ in it, the reat of the Rolls 
text being from late manuscripts, the general 
accuracy of which is conBrmod by independent 
evidence. Annala Rioghachta Eirionn, tlie geae- 
ral suniRiary of Irish mroniclet, compiled by the 
O'Clerjs and their asMiciatea in the seventeenth 
Cf^ntury, and commonly known as the Annala 
of the Four Masters, printed in Buhlin, ed. 
O'Donovan, 1851, vol. ii. ; ReevesH Ancient 
CharchciB of Armu^h, 87o, Luak, I860, and Me^ 
moirof the Book of Armagh, Lunk, 186K and 
Antiquities of Down, Connor, and Dromoro, Dub- 
lin, 1854; O'Donovans Circuit of Muirt'herLach 
mac Neill. Irish Arch»>logical Society, 1841 ; 
Hardiman'e Irish Minstrelsy, London, 1831, ii. 
360-71 ; John8tOTi©*« AntiquitataB Celto-Scan- 
dicre, Hafn. 1 783 ; Thormodua Torf»u8, Historia 
rtirnm Norvicarnm» 1711, &c., Hafa. ; Dasent's 
Eurnt Njal, 1861.] N. M. 




BRIANT. [See Bryak.] 

BRIANT, ALEXANDER (155S-1581), 
Jesuit, waH born in Somerset. shire in 1553, 
and iu 1574 became a member of Hart Hall, 
Oxford. Having been couvt^rted to the cit- 
tholic religion, he pasaed over to the Englij^h 
D>llege of Douay^ which shortly afterwarda 
removed to Rbeims; was ortlitioed prieiit in 
1578, and was sent back to the Engliah mis- 
sion in 1579. He laboured in his native 
connty, where he reconciled the father of 
Robert Paraona, the Jesuit, to the catholic 
church. His career was very brief. He waa 
seized by a party of pursuivants who were 
really in search of Father Parsons, on 28 April 
15Hl,and carried off to the Compter prison in 
Jjondon, whence he was traoj^ferred to the 
Tower. Cardinal Allen .says * he wa;i tor- 
mented with needles thrust under hh nails, 
racked also otherwise in cruel f^ort, tmd speci- 
ally by two whole days and nights with famine, 
which they did attribute tooWiuacy, but in- 
deed (sustained in Christ's quarrel) it was 
most honourable coustaney ' {MwleJtt Dffenc^ 
(if Emfllfk Catholkks^ 11). Brian t yfixs also 
subjected to the horrible torture of the instrn- 
meut nickuiimed ' the acavengerV daughter,* 
Norton, the rack-master, who noasted that he 
would stretch Jkiaut a foot longer than God 
had made him, was afterwards called to ao 
count by hb employers for hia excessive 
cruelty. From his cell Briant addressed a 
lettertothe Jesuit futhers in England beggings 
the favour of adrai.s.<ion to the society, ami his 
request was acceded to. On 16 Nov. 1581 he 
was tried in the queen's bench at Westmin- 
ster, with .six other priests, and condemned to 
death tor high treiuson under the 27th of 
E lizabe th. He suffered at Tyb urn w i th Fat her 
Edmund Campion and the lie v. Ralph Sher- 
win, \m 1 Uec. lo8L He wiis a young man 
of singular beauty, and behaved with great 
intrepidity at the execution. * His quarters 
were hanged up for a time in public places * 
( WwD, AtMnw Ojwi^ed. Bliss, i. 4H0). There 
i« an engraved portrait of bim. His letter to 
the English Jesuits is printed in Foley's * Re- 
cords/ IV. 366-358. 

[Aqnepontanns, Coooort. EccL Cathol. in 
Anglia (1589-94), ii. 72. 7i. iii. 407; Ch&l- 
loner's Missionary Priests (1741), i. 63^9; 
Oliver's Qillections S» J. ; Foley's Records, iv* 
343-67, rii. 84; Simpsons Life of Campion; 
Grancer s Bio^. Hist, of England (1824), t. 274 ; 
Wood's Athenai Oxon. (Bkas), i- 479; Dodd'a 
Church Hi«t. ii. 114; Bromley's Oat of En- 
graved Portraits, 34; Hist, del glorioHO Martirio 
di diciotto Sac«rdoti (1586). Ill; Diarrea of 
Douay College ; Ijetten and Memorials of Caz^ 
dinal Allen, 95, 107; Howell's State Trial* ; 
\ Bartoli, Dell' Istorm delia Compagnia di Gi«sa, 



L' Inghiltem^ 151» 22S-S3a ; TuioerV Societu 
Jmu naqiM ftd mogniitis et ribe |irafiisionom 
railitanif 14; Monia, Hiitoiia Miasionij Angli- 
c«D» 8oc Jestt. 104 et soq.i T. C\ 

BBICB, ANDREW (1690-1773), printer, 
arm of Andrew Brice, fihoemaker, was bom 
At Exeter in 1690, and was intflnded by hiB 
friendf^ to }3<3 trained up as adiicsenttngminijy* 
let, but when he was aev^ent^en years old 
their want of r<?^uuree« foroed him' to think 
of another pursuit. He became a printer, np- 
prenticinghimflolffor fiveyearw t^a tradejaman 
m his native city named Bliss. Long before 
the term of service expired the apprentice 
married, and bb he found bitn^df in a year 
or two unable to support bi« family he en- 
lij*t<M^ with the object of caneellinff his in- 
dentures. Hi^ friends soon obtained hij? dis- 
charge, and helped biin to commence bueine^s 
on his own account in 1714, thoujufb with 
8uch slender materials that be hnd but on^ 
ilse of type for all bis work, including? the 
(|rrinting o? a weekly newspaper. About 1 722 
the debtors in tb*' city ana county pris^ons 
inducefl bim to lay their grievances before 
the piiUlic, with the result that he found 
lliimself enrangled in a lawsuit and cast in 
Iflainages which be could not di.«icbarge. For 
years he remained under restraint, 
wiiN coni*equently *iupplied with suffi- 
cient lei.'<ure for the composition of an beroi- 
comic poem in six canton, entitled * Freedom* 
ft poem written in time of recess from the 
rnpttci<>us claws of bailifts and devouring 
fan^*^ of gaolers, by Andrew Rrice, printer. 
To wbtcli is annexwl the authors ca.se/ 
ITtSO, the profits arising from which, it if^ 
pleasant to learUt were sufBcient to secure 
Lis release. Soon after he published a col- 
lection of stories and pc>ems with the title 
of 'Agreeable Gallimaufry, or Matchless 
Medley.* About 1740 Brice set up a print- 
ing bufiiuess^j at Truro in addition to that at 
Exeter^ hut soon closed it. His disposition 
was mirtbfu!, and be' was a great patron of 
the stti|Tt?, In 1745, when the players were 
being prsecuted at Exeter^ he published 
a pfieni defending their conduct and attack- 
ing the raethodists, to which be gave the 
name of * The Playhouse Cburcht or New 
Actors of llevotion.* His dramatic tastes 
and bis charitable feelings constantly in- 
volved bim in pecuniary* difficulties and I 
obliged him to prosecute liiw trade until he I 
was the oldest master printer in England. 
By this time he was left without wife or 
children, and he parteil with his business for 
a weekly annuity and retired to a country' 
bouse near Exeter. He died on 7 Nov. 177»'i, 
nud bis l>ody Uy in state in an inn at Exeter, | 
every person who came to see it paying a [ 



shiiling to defray the co«t of the funeral. 
As Bnce was the oldest freemason in Eng- 
land» three hundred members of that body 
followed him to the grave in Bartholomew 
churchyard on 14 Nov. Ilia book^ were 
sold in the following year. There are two 
portraits of him, one in qiiarto ; the other, 
engraved by Woodman fmm a painting by 
Jacki*on, an oval,waa published m 1774* 

Brioes weekly newspaper lasted tram 
about 1715 until his deatli. In the nuxaber 
for 2 June 1727 appeared the first part of the 
familiar dialect-dialogue of * The Ejcmoor 
Scolding/ and the second part was print«d in 
I the issue for 25 Aug. 1727. This piece has often 
I been printed with the addition ot* An Exmoor 
Courtship.* Brice was not its author, but he 
finished the ^ Courtship ' and edited the firet 
and several other editions. DavHd^toa, in his 
* liibliotheca Devoniensis/ai^iigns to him the 
authorship of * A Humorous Ironical Tract* 
called * A Short Essay on the Scheme lately 
I «et on foi3t for lighting and keeptng' dean 
I the Streets of the City of Exeter, demonstra- 
ting its pernicious and fatal effects/ 1755. 
In 1738 he wrote the * Mobiad, or Battle of 
the Voice, an beroi-comic poem^ being a de^ 
scription of an Exeter election/ but it was 
not printed until 1770, when he styled himself 
on the title-page 'Democrit us Juvenal, Moral 
Professor ot Ridicule, and Plaguy Pleasant 
Professor of Stingtickle College, vulgarly 
Andrew Brice, Exon.* His great work, be^un 
in 1746 and finished in 1767, was the ^ Grand 
Gazetteer, or Topographic Dictionary/ pub- 
lislied in 1 7oR Its composition wns a ta& of 
great labour; someparts^iMirticalarly tJie de- 
scriptions of Exeter and T>uro, are very racy. 
Among the volumes issued from hi* press 
were the * History of Cornwall,' by Hals, 
and VoweU's * Account of the City of Exeter* 
r Western Atitiqimry, February 1885, p, 196. 
and Janaary 1886, p."l64 ; Gent. Mag. 1773, p. 
582; Polwheles CoruwHll, v. 87-90; Gomme'n 
Gent. Mag. Library (BialoctX pp. 328-30 ; Utji* 
vcrsal Mag. Dec. 1781. pp. 281^; Timporleys 
Printing, p. 72» ; Nicholas Lit. Anecd. iii. 6»e^ 
718 ; Davidson's Bibl. Dev, pp. 26. 127^ ; Bibl. 
Cornab. i. 42, 204, 268,] W. P, C. 

BRICE or BKYCE, EDWAHD (1569?^ 

16^6), tirst presbvteriiin mini^tcT in Ireland^ 
was honi at Airth, St irlingahire, about 1569. 
He is culled l{r>'ce in the Scottish, Brice in 
the Irish records. His descendants claim that 
be was a younger son of Bruce, the laird of 
Airtb, but there is no confirmation of thia 
story in M. E. Cvimming Bruce's elaborate 
pedigr<?e of the Bruces of Airtb, in *The 
Hrtices and the Cumyns,* 1870. He enter^ 
the Edinburgh Univereity about 1^^, and 
studied under Charles Ferme (or Fairbolm). 




I 



Brioe lauieiLted 12 Aug. 1593; Held aays he 
became ii recent, but bis mime is not in the 
Kdtaburgb list ; Hew Scott, probably fol- 
lowing Reid, mftkes bim rt!geiit of some 
university, but leases the place hlaEk. On 
30 Dec, 16®5 be was admitted by the StirUng 
presbytery to the parochial charf^« of Botb- 
tenner. He was translated to Drymen on 
14 May 1602, and admitted on 30 Sept. by 
the Dumbarton presbyt-ery» At the synod 
of Glasgow on 18 Aug. 1007 he bitterly op~ 
poeed the appointment of the archbitshop tia 
penzmnent moderator, in accordance with the 
king'(» recommendation, adopted by the ge- 
neral assembly at Linlithgow on 10 Dec- 1606. 
Persecution, and, m it may ap{M3ar, another 
reasoE, drove bim to Ulati^r, On 29 Dec. 
1613 Arebbiahop Spottiswood and the pres- 
bytery of Glangow deposed bim for adultery. 
Robert Echlin^ bishop of Down and Connor, 
probably believed him innocent, for ho 
admitted him to the cure of TempltM^orran 
(otherwise known as Ballycarry or Broad- 
ialand), near the head of Lough Lame, co. 
Antrim. The date given h 1613; it wae 
perhaps 1614, new fityle. Brice was at- 
tractt^d to this hx:ality by the circumstance 
that William Edmunstone, laird of Duntreath, 
Stirlingshire, who bad joined in the planta- 
tion of the Arda, co, Down, in 1606, was now 
at Broadislandj having obtained a perpetual 
lease of * the lands of Braidenisland ' on 
28 May BWO. The tradition is that Brice 
preached alt*irnately at Templecorran and 
Ballykeel, Islandmagee. In September 1619 
Echlin conferred on liim the prebend of Ril- ' 
root. The * Ulj^ter Visitation* of 1622 my& j 
that Brice ' serveth the ciirea of Templecorran | 
and Kilroot^ — church at Kilro<it decayed — \ 
that atBailycarry hns the wallii newly erected, i 
but not roofed/ In 1629 Brice, who bad 
reached bia sixtieth year, is described as * an 
aged man, who comes not much abroad ; ' and 
in 16r30, though present on a communion 
Sunday at Tern plepat rick, be wa-s unable to 
preach a^ aj>jMjinted. Accordingly Henry , 
Calvert (or Colwort), an EngliNhman, waa 
* entertained by the godly and worthy Lady 
Duntreath, of Broadisland, as an helper * to ' 
Brice. But the engagement was of no long 
continuance, for in June 1630 Calvert be^ 
came minister of Muckamore (rir Oidstone), , 
CO. Antrim. Probably Brice's infirm state 
of health Aaved bim from being deposed, 
with hia neighbours of Lame and Temple- 
patrick, in 1632, for non-subscription to the 
canons. On Echlin's dejitb, 17 July 1635, 
Leslie wa.^ consecrated in his stead. \le held 
his primary visitation at Lisbum in July 
1636, and required sahacription from all the 
clergy. Brice and Calvert were amoiog the 




five who refused compliance. A private con- 
ference with the recreant five produced no 
result, and though on 11 Aug. Lealie made 
two concessions to the presbyterians, vi«* 
that in reading the common prayer tbey 
might substitute for it^ renderings of scriiw 
ture ' the best translation ye can find,* and 
might omit the lessons from the Apocrypha, 
and read from Chronicles, Solomons bong, 
and Revelation, the subscription was still 
refused. Accordingly on 12 Aug. sentence 
of perpetual silence within the diocese was 
passed, Brice, probably as the oldest, being 
sentenced first. Brice sar^nved the silencing 
sentence but a very abort time. He does 
not seem to have joined the Antrim * meet- 
ing ' or presbytery, and the presbyterians ap- 
pointed no regidar successor to him till 1646. 
His tombstone at the ruined church of Bally- 
carry says that he * began preaching of the 
gospel in this parish 1613, continuing with 
quiet success while 1636, in which he dyed, 
aged 67, and left two sons and two daughters.* 
His eldest son, Robert, acquired a fortune at 
Castlechester, then the fjoint of departure for 
the Scottish mail; pennies are extant with 
b is n ame, dated Castlechester, 1671. For bis 
descendants, the Brices of Kilroot, see Reid, 
and Burke's » Landed Gentry,' 1863, p. 169. 
Within this century his lineal descendant 
resumed by royal license the name of Bruce. 
{Eew Scott's Fasti EccL Scot. ; Edia. Univ. 
Calendar, 1862, p. 1? ; Grtib s EccL Hist, of Scot- 
land. 186L ii. 290; Beids Hist. Presh. Ch. in 
Ireland {ed. Killea). 1867 J- 9fi, 116. 188, I9fi 
Beq.. 521 seq. ; Ware's Works (ed. Harris). 1764, 
i.208; Adai r*» True Narrative (ed. KiUon), 1866. 
pp. 1, 20, o8 ; Porter, in Chriatian Unitarian, 
1863, p. 16 s©q. ; Bruce, in Christian Moderator, 
1826. p. 312.] A G. 

BEICE, THOMAS (d. 1670), martyrolo- 
giat, was engaged early in Queen Mary*a 
reign in brinj^ing protestant books ^from 
Wesel into Kent and London. He wa« 
watched and dogged |l>y the government], 
but escaped several times' (Stbype, Cran^ 
mrr^ 511). (Jn 2o April 1660 he was or- 
dained deacon, and on 4 June following 
priest, by Edmund Grindal, then bishop of 
London (Strypb. Orindal, 58, 59). He was 
the author of ' A Compendious Register in 
Metre conteinyng the names and pacient 
suffrynges of the membrea of Jeaus Christ , 
aJflieted, tormented, and cruelly burned here 
in Englande since the death of our late 
famous kyng of immortal! memorte Edwarde 
the aixtej^ to the entrance and beginnymgn of 
the reigne of our soveraigne and derest Lady 
Elizabeth of England, France, and Ireland, 
quene defender of the Faitbe, to whose high- 
nes truly and ppo^rl^ aij^tV&NSiSiNjB.^TiS'riA. ^ssS^. 




Bridell 



^ 



ijamediat«l^ ynder God, the supreme ]>ower 
and aut bonne of the C'^hurclies of Engknde 
and 1 Inland. So be it Anno 1559/ The 
dediciition is iiddrt;s«€id to the M&rqub of 
Northampton. The 'RwiBter of Martyrs' 
ertendg from 4 Feb. 1656 to 17 Nov. 1658, 
and consista of seventT-seven eix-line dog* 
genl stansaa. Foxe clearly found the ' Re- 
ffiater* of uae to him in the compilation of 
hit * Act6 and Monuments.' A fine religioua 
poem entitled * ITie Wiabea of the Wise/ in 



fourt'eenth century, is stated to ha're lived 
at Oxford ^ and to have written commentaries 
on aome of the works of ArietotlH ( LEijUfP, 
Camm^ntarU de ScriptorihuM Britannieu^ 
cap. codvi. p. 340). He is probably the Aame 
person with BRtCHBMoN, of whom Lelaad 
givc» a very similar de.%criptioii (cap. dxilL 
p. 429); at least the identlneation haa hem. 
handed down from Bale, x. 89, ?j.nd Pita, ap- 
pend. 4 1 , p. 8*J8, to Tanner {Bibi EriL p. 134). 
That Uricmore had a certain celebrity in hi« 



twenty venaea of four linea each, concludes j day is ahown by the fact that some *^fotuk& 
the work. The original edition wa* printcni j secundum H, fjrygemoore' appea.r in a ma- 
by Riobard Adams, and he waa finiMl by the nuacript of Corpus Christi Oollage, OxSord, 
^tionera* Company for producing it with- ocEtx. f. SS (OoxJiy Catal. ii. 93 6) in eoo- 
out license. Anotfier surreptitious edition nection with extracts from Walt«r BurWy 
appears to have been issued about the s^iame and other* of the mat schoolmen. The only 
tmie, but of that no copy ha« sur\ive<l- A , account of his lite is contained in Dempster 
second (Edition woa * newly imprintt'd at the (//w/<im EccUsia^tica Genti* Seotorum, ii 

' ' " 178, p. UX), l^logna 1627), who states that 

Bricraore was one of a number of Scots seat 
to the univeniitv of Oxford by deicree of 
the council of Vienne^ and that he was a 
canon of Holy Rood, Edinbui]gh. Dempster 
adds that he' died in England in 1382, bol 
gives as his authority for this the ci>ntin 
of John of Fordun, which appears, bow( 
to be a false reference, and the date 
scarcely compatible with the mention of 
the council which waa held severity years 
earlier. 
I [Authorities quoted in t4ixt.] R. L. P. 

BRIBi; BkiHT, [See Bwcux.] 

BRIDELL, FREDERICK LEE (1831- 
1863), landscape painter, was bom at South- 
ampton 7 Nov* 1831, and was the son of a 
builder in that town. It was intended that he 
should follow his father*s business, but his im- 



reqiiest of divers godly and well- 
diiposed cituena ' in 1597. Several extracts 
from the book appear in the Farker Society's 
* Devotional Pm'try of the lieign of Eliza- 
beth' (IHl, 175), and the whole is reprint^ 
in Arber'e * fiamer,* iv. 143 et seq. Two 
other books are assigned to Brice in the Sta- 
tionei%' Registers, but nothing is now known 
of either of them. The first is ' The C:!ourte 
of Venus moraliaed,' which Hugli Singleton 
received license to print about Julv 1567; 
the second is * Songs and Sonne it es,' fieens*:'d 
to Henry Bynnemou in 16<18. In 1570 John 
AUde had license to print * An Epitaph e on 
Mr. Brice,' who may very pmbably be identi- 
fied with the author of the * Register.* 

[Cormier's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica (Chetham 
Soc.) ; Arber*B Transcripta of the Stationprs* Re- 
gisters, i. 101. 343, 359,] S. L. L. 




b BRICIE, BRICIUS, or BRIXIUS should t nil ow his fat hers business, but his i^^ 

■ (d. lL>2ii). bishop of Moray, was a cadet of V^'^f '^^^^^ ^J""' i^re.i.tihle and, with- 

■ the noble house of Douglas;bis mother being out Imyngri^ceived any r^ilar instruction^ 

■ sister to Priskinufl delverdal of Kerdal on ^^P" *^ P*^^"^ 1^^"^'** fj^t ^^^^f f^^«* 
^ ♦k. .;^o. a™, TIo w« fka ««.«^ ^ri^r nf Hi^ perfomxsnces attract^ the attention of 




sister to Friskinus de Kerdal cd' Kerdal on 
the river Spey. He was tha aeoond prior of 
Lesmahagow, and in ISOS was elevate to 
the bishopric of Moray* His application to 
Pope Innocent III caused the cathedral of 
the see to be fixed at Spynie, He ali^o 
founded the College of Canons. He is said 
to have attended a council at Rome in 1215. 
He dit'd in 1222 and was buried at Spynie. 
According to Dempster he was the author 
of * Super Sontentias * and of * Homili»/ 

[Demp»8tera Hist. Eccltts. Gent. Scot. ii. 183 ; 
Chronica dt^ Mailros (Bannatyno Club), 1835; 
Regif»trum Episcopatus MoraTienais (Bammtyne 
Club), 1837 ; Keiths Scottish Bishops.] 

T. F. H, 

BRICMORE, BRICHEMORE, or 

BRYGEMDORE, H (14th cTnt.), sur- 

named SophistAj an obscure scholastic of the 



bepnn to paint ix>rtraits at tlie age 
Hi^ performances attract^ the attention of 
a pict itre cleaner and dealer visiting South* 
ampton» who induced him to become his 
apprentice for seven years. During this 
period Bridell continued to study painting 
by his own unaided efforts, and proauced a 
number of landscapes in the manner of the 
old masters, which became the property of 
his employer. In 1851, his first exhibited 
picture, * A Bit in Berlibire,* was hung at 
the Royal Academy. In 1853 his engage- 
ment was renewed for seven years on C4>n- 
dition of his being sent t^ the continent 
to study, his time being jealously accounted 
for, and his work remaining mortgaged to 
his ma^ster. After a short stay at l*aris he 
established himself at Munich, where he con* 
t meted friendships with Piloty and other 
eminent painters. Here he perfected himself 



]£ tbe technique of his art, paintecl and ex- 
Ifcibited aeveral picture* highly commended 
by the Gennjin critics, and sent one, *The 
Wild Emperor Mountains,' to the Royal 
Academy. In 1857 he returned to England, 
and unsuccessfully sought releafiefrom his im- 
prudent contract. His first important work, 
'Suaaet on the Atlantic,' was exhibited at 
liTerpool in NoTemher of tliis ye-ar, and 
excited great admiration from the effective 
treatment of sea and sky. In 1858 he pro- 
duced hia ' Temple of Venus/ a gorgeous 
ideal compoRition painted in emulation of 
Turner; and in the autumn of this year went 
to Home and painted his grand picture of the 
Coliseum, a most impressive work* The 
akeleton of the coloftsal edifice rear» itself 
gaunt and black against the prevailing moon- 
light, and the barefooted Capuchins, who on 
the same spot inspired Gibbon with the 
thought of his * Decline and Fall/ hearing 
tOTchea at the head of a dim funeral pro- 
cession, steal along in the deep shadows. It 
was intended to be the final member of 
ft aeries of poetical landiwapes illustrating 
the rise, CTeatneas, and decline of imj«?rial 
Home, which, with this exception, were 
I never painted. In February 18,59 lie married 
Hi£liza^ daughter of William Jnlinson Fox, 
^flierself an artist of distinguished talent. His 
' healt h failing almost immediately afterwards, 
he returned to England, fi^eed himself from 
his bondage by a heavy pairment, partly in 
money and partly in pictures, and in 1800 
was again in Italy, where he made sketches 
for numerous landscapes subsequently exe- 

■ ©uted, among which * Under the Pine Trees 
mt Oaatle Fu&ano, * On the Hills above Va- 
renna/ * The t^hestnut Woods at Varenna/ 
' Etruscan Tombs at CivitA Castellana/ and 

* The Villa d*Este, Tivoli; deserve especial 
mention. His principal patron at this time 
"was Mr, James Woln of Southampton, for 
whom the ' Temple of Venus* had been painted, 

tand who acouired so many of hia works as to 
form a * Bndell Gallery/ subeequently dia- 
jersed by auction, when it produced nearly 
ibur thousand pounds. He also enjoyed the 
jatTonage of Sir Theodore Martin, Mr. John 
Piatt, and other collectors of discrimination, 
and seemed to have every prospect of a brilliant 
career, when in August 186i:i he succumbed 
to consumption, originated by early priva- 
tions and aggravated by his devotion to art. 
Notwithstanding his youth and the obstacles 
created by impaired health and unfavourable 
circnmatanceB, he had already proved himself 

* a great master of landscape and an honour 
to the English school ' ( WoRNtTM). His art 
had gone counter to the tendencies of his day* 
While Ilia contemporaries, under pre-l-laphael- 



it« influences, inclined more and more to the 
minute and realistic, BrideO, inspired by 
Turner, was broad ^ ample, and imaginative. 
His work -wm hold and rapid, full of rich 
colour and refined feeling. He nimed ee- 
pecinUy at conveying tlie sentiment of a 
landscape. Every picture was inspired by 
some leading idea, which made itself felt in 
the minutest detail. Sunrise and sunset , mist 
and moonshine, combinations of light and 
shade in general, were his favourite eflects, 
' In his painting of skies and clouds in par- 
ticular,' says Sir Theodore Martin, * Mr. 
Bridell seems to us to occupy a place among 
British artists only second to Turner.' As a 
man he was a type of the artistic tempera- 
ment, bright and genial, impulsive and nffec- 
tionate, quick of apprebension, and fertile in 
ideas, and, when not depressed by sickness or 
excessive toil, full of energy and enthusiasm. 
He had wonderfully overcome the di.^dvan- 
tages of his early eiucatiou, and his notes of 
travel and art, though perfectly simple and 
nowise intended for publicity, show that he 
could write as well as paint. 

[Womum's Epochs of Pjtinting, ^p, 644, 545 ; 
Brv^an's Diet i unary of Painters; Sir Thi^odore 
Marti n in Art Journal for January, 1 864 ; prirat© 
iriformatioo.] B. O. 

BRIDEOAKi; KALril a«^13'in78), 
bishop of Cbiebi Hter, was of lowly pjirentage, 
being, according to Wood^ the son of Richard 
Brideoake, or Briddock, of Cheetham Hill, 
Manchester, by his wife, Cicely, daughter of 
John Booth of Lancashire, lie was born at 
Cheetham Hill, and was baptised at the Man- 
chester painsh church on HI Jan. ltU:^-13. 
He was educatt?<l at ih»? Mnncli ester gram- 
mar schm.d,aud admitttHl a *<tiident of Bra»e- 
nose College, Oxford, 15 July 1030. He 
graduated Ti.A. in l('Ki4, and through the 
favour of Dr. Pink, warden of New College, 
Oxford, was appointed pro-chapluin of that 
college. In 163*4, by myal letters, he was 
made M.A., having tben the reputation of 
being a good Greek scholar and a wet. He 
addressed some verses to Thomas liandolph, 
prefixed to his * Poems ; * and he ^^Tote two 
elegies on the death of * Master Ben Jonson/ 
To eke out hi/s income he took the curacy of 
Wytham, near Oxford, and acted also as cor- 
rector of the press in the university. In 
this last capacity he had oecasioa to revise 
a hook by Ihr. Thomus Jackson, president 
of Corpus Christ! College, who was so much 
pleased with Brideoake's work **•**■ *»^ »ie- 
warded him with the mastersl 
Chester free grammar school, wl t 

ab<mt the year 16^38, and of li n 

was patron* Of this school % 




I 



ftfterwanU, 20 Aug. 1663, elected a feofiee. 
He lived at Manchester, and hU house, mi»* 
prUit^ * Dr, Pridcock's/ is on Ogilby*e road- 
map. He also became ebaplain to the Earl 
of IX^rby. He was present at the siege of 
Lat horn House, and proved Uitnj^elf a zealous 
servant of the (amily. It U thou^^ht that 
he had i^ome share in the authorship of the 
account of the siegi^ which was ftrst publi^jihed 
in 1823. Meanwhile he lo^t the mastership 
of the school, and his monument says he was 
deflpoiled of all his goods. When Lord 
Derby and bis family fell into trouble, he 
did his beat for them, and had for u time the 
nymagement of the estates. AVlien the earl 
was tiken prisoner after the battle of Wot^ 
oeeter, his chaplain proceeded to London to 
intercede for his life. The speaker, Lentball, 
to whom Brideoake applieJ, was unable to 
interfere with the sentence, but he was so 
much struck with the address and powers of 
the applicant, that ht* offered to make him 
his chftplain, which oiler w^as accepted, as 
also that of preacher of the rolls, which came 
soon after* Lent ha 11 under^^ent some ob- 
loquy for thus preferring a * malig^oant/ but 
he remained true to his choicei and procured 
him about the end of the year Hi54 the 
vicarage of Witney in Oxfordshire*, to which 
the revenues of the n*ctory of the same plac« 
were subsequently annexed by LenthalFs 
means. He was at Witney until August 
1663^ when he presented a successor. He 
was likewise an|H}inted tn Long Molt on, Nor- 
folk. When Lent hall wa.s on his death-l>etl 
in 1062, he sent forBrideoake as a comforter. 
Brideoake was also a friend of Humphrey 
Chetbam, the benefactor, and assisted liLm 
in his concerns. At Witney, and at 8t. Itur^ 
tholonifw's, London, to which rectory he was 
instituted 8 Sept. 1*160, an pre^ntation of 
the king, he performed his duties with great 
zeal, * outvying in labour and vigilancy ' his 
brethren in the ministry. On 14 March Hi59 
he was appointed one of the commissioners 
for the appmbation and admission of presby- 
terian ministers, and notwithstanding this 
appointment he managed, * having a good way 
ot thrusting and stiuecEing, and elbowing 
himself into patronage/ to find favour with 
the royal party after th^ Restoration. He 
became chaplain to the king, was installed 
canon of Windsor 28 July llMM), on the pre- 
aentation of the king, created D.D. 2 Aug. 
1660, and rector of the valuable living of 
Standish, near Wigan. This lo^t preferment 
had been given hiin formerly by the Karl of 
Derby, but he had been kept out of it by 
the * triers * in the Commonwealth time. 
In HMi2 he offered his London benefice to 
Richard Hejrrick in exchange for the warden- 



ship of the collegiate church at Manciieiter. 
He preached at the latter church serenJ 
times, on one occasion artiuMjig the indign*- 
tion of the saintlv Henry Newcome by same 
expressions whicli he u^ed< Erelyii heard 
him preach a mean disoouiae. In September 
164)7 he was installed dean of Saiisbutr, aad 
9 March 1674-5, through the iuflue* 
the Buchess of Portsmouth, * whose 
Anthonv Wood says, * were always ready 1 
take bribes,' he was elect4?d to the bishopric 
of Chicheeter, with which see he was per- 
mitted to hold in commendtsm hia caaosiry t>f 
Windsor, his deanery of Saliaburj, and ] 
tory of Standiah. He died suddenly w] 
on a visitation of his diocese, 5 Oct. 16 
and w^as interred in Bray's Chapel, Windsor, 
where his effigy in alabaster covers his gimve. 
Wood aays that it was his ambition to ac- 
quire wealth and to found a fianuly. He 
was a liberal subscriber to the repair of his 
own and St. Paurs Cathedral. lie married 
Mary, daughter of Sir Richard Saltonsttll 
of Okenden, Essex, and left, thnse soda. He 
wrote several occasional pieces of poetry, 
Hecontributedsome Latin and English veraea 
to 'Musarum Oxoniensium Charisteria pro 
n»gina Maria recens e nixus labonosi dis- 
crimine recepta ' (Oxon. 1638), and a Latin 
commendatory preface to N. Moeley'a ^-^x^ 
trotpia' or Natural and Divine Coatemplationa 
of the Soul of Man,' 1653. 

[Wood's Athenas Oxon, ed Bliss, iv. 859^61 ; 
Newcourt's Repartorium, u 292 ; Salmon's livea 
of Eng. Bishops, 1763; Walker's SuQeriog^ 
(1714), ii. 93, 203; Z. Groy's Exam, of Neal's 
{Qnrth toL app. p. 125 ; Ls Neve'a Fasti, i. 252, 
ii. 61$, iii. 4U2, 405; Jonei's Fasti Ecel. Sarisb. 
p. 322; Turners MS. Oxford CoUwtiona, i. 23; 
Evelyn's Diary, cd. 1879, ii. 309, 318 ; Whattoa's 
Hist . of Manchester School, p. 88 ; Baines^s I^mc 
ii. 360 ; Wortbington's Diary and Corresp. Chet- 
ham Society, xxxti. 139 ; Ncwcome's Diary, 
Chetham Soc. xvii. 74, 188-9 ; Manchestar Bw. 
Eeg.] C. W. a 

BRIDFEETH, [See Btbhitebth.] 

BRIDGE, BEWICK ( 1 767-1 833), mathe- 
matician, w.a» a native of Linton in Cam- 
hrid^eekirt*, and rtM}eived hi^ education at St. 
Peter's College, Cambridge, of which eociety 
he became a fellow. He graduated B.A. as 
senior wrangler in 1790, M,A. in 1793, BJ>, 
in 18 1 1 . After holdingfor &ome years the pro- 
fessorBkip of mathematics in the East India 
Company's College at II a i ley bury, near Hert» 
ford, he was, in 181(\ presented by St. Peter'a 
College to thti vicarage of Cherrj'hinton, near 
Cambridge, where he di&d on 15 May IddSk, 
aged m. 

Bridge, who was a fellow of the Hojal 




Bridge 



Bridge 



^ 



ietyi published: L * Lecture« on the 
lenient* of Algebra,* London, 1810, 8vo. 
2. * Six Lectures an the Elf^ments* of Plane Tri- 
gonometry/ London, 1810, Svo, These were 
Uichided in a cnllection of hin * Mathematical 
i'Lecture«; 2 vols, Broxbourne, 1810-11, 3. ' A 
Treat iM* on Mechanics* : intended a.'* an Intro- 
duction to tht' Study of NaJitnil Philosophy/ 
2 vo\k London, 1813-14. 4. ^\n Klementiiry 
Treatise on Algebra,* !ird edit. London/lHl5, 
8vo, 12th edit, 1847. 5. *A compndiouB 
Treatise on the Elements of Plnne Trigono- 
metry; with the mt^hod of constructing Tri- 
ffonometrical Tobies/ 2nd edit. London, 1818, 
§▼0, 4t b edit J 832. 6. * A compendious Trea- 
tise on the Tlieory and Solution of Cubic and 
biquadratic EquatJonj*t &nd of Equationsi of 
the higher order^i/ London, 1821 , 8vo. 7. * A 
brief Narrative of a ViPit to the Valleys of 
Piedmonti inhabited by the Vaudois, the de- 
SOticndantd of the Wal dense^^ ; together with 
some observations upon th*^ fund now raising" 
in this countrv for their relief/ London, 
1825, 8vo. 

[GtuL Mag. ciii. ^ii.) 88; Cat. of Printed 
Books in Brit, Mum, j Biog. Diet, of Living Authors 
(1816), 38] T, C. 

BBIDGE or BRIDGES, RICHARD f /. 
176<> )j WQs one of the beM organ-builderaof the 
eighteenth centur^% but details a« to his bio- 
graphy are very deficient. His first recorded 
organ is that of St. Bartholomew the Great, 
wbich was built in 1729. In the following 
year he built his he^«it orj^an, that of Christ- 
churcb, Spitalfielda, which cost the very 
small sum of 600/. In the (<Lame year he I 
built the organ at St. Paul's, Deptford, in | 
1783 that of St. Georg«'s-in-t he-East, in 1741 
tbat of St. Anne*8, Limehoiise, in 1753 that 
of Enfield parish church, and in 1757 that of 
8t, LeonaraX Shoreditch. Bridge also built 
an organ for Eltham parip^h ch ureb, and, toge- 
ther with Jordan and By field, the organ at 
St. Dionis Backchurcb tbt^tween 1714 and 
1732)^ the celebrated instrument at Yar- 
mouth parish church, and an organ at St. 
George s Chapel in the sajue town. In 1748 
(according to the Mormm Adi'trtiser of 
SK) Feb. ) be wa* living in Hand Court, Hol- 
borut but the date and place of his death, 
which took place prior to 1776, are unknown. 

[n<»pkiti6 find HimliauJt'gHiBtory of the Organ, 
(I85ft). Pt* i* P* lot).] W. B. a 

BKIBGE, T^ILLIAM 0000? -1670), 
puritan divine, was Ixim in Cambridgeshire , 
about 1600. He entered Emmanuel College | 
ftt the age of aixtiient became M.A. in 1626, . 
and was many years a fellow of t he college. 
In I63I he v^m appointed to the lecturesbip of 



Colchester, where he continued but a short 
time. In 1633 be held u Friday lecture at 
St, George^s Tomhland, Norwich, for which 
be waa paid by the corporation. In 1636 
he was the rector for St. Peters Hungate, 
Nonsuch, a living at that time worth no 
more than 22/. per annum. Here he waa 
silenced by Bishop Wren. He continued, 
however, in the city for some time after his 
su^l^ension until he was * excommunicated ' 
j and the ^Tit * de capiendo *came forth against 
him. He took refuge in Holland and settled 
at Rotterdam, succeeding a« pa.^tor tlie cele- 
brated Hugh Peters, and be whs thus 
; associated in the pastorate with Jeremiah 
j Burrouglis. From a passage in the * Aprdo- 
■ getical Narration' it may be inferred that 
I Bridge received much support from the ma- 
I gistratea of the city, and that many wealthy 
persons joined the church, some of whom bad 
fled from the persecution of BiJiihop Wren. 
, While at Rotterdam he renounced the ordi- 
nation which he had received when he entered 
I the church of England, and waa again or- 
dained^ after the independent way, by Samuel 
W^ard, B.D., alter which be similarly ordained 
Ward. 

He returned to England in 1 642, frequently 
preached bt*fore the Long parliament, and on 
tiO July 1651 the sum of 100/, per annum was 
voted to him, to be paid out of the impropria- 
tions. It would seem from two letters prts- 
served in Peck's * Desiderata Curiosa ■ that he 
was consulted by the parliament in reference 
to a general augmentation of minist^ara^ sala- 
ries. Dr, Nathaniel Johm^n, in his book en* 
titled *The King's Vi.«iitorial Power asserted/ 
gives a petition from the fellows of Emmanuel 
College, Cambridge, signed, amongst others, 
by Bridge, and says, ' He was a great preacher, 
and one of the demagogues of thi.*< parlia- 
ment.' He was in the aaeembly of divines at 
Westminster, and waa one of the writer^? of 
the * Apologotical Namition/ published in 
1643. ilis name is also subscribed to the 
* Heaaons of the Dissenting Brethren against 
certain Propositions concerning Pre^byterial 
Government,' which was published in 1648. 

After a brief sojourn at Nor^'ich, where be 
preached a sermon to the volunteers, Bridge 
at length settled at Great Yarmouth, where 
he continued his labours till 1662. It is 
very probable that at Yarmouth bis congre- 
gation, at least for some time, met in the 
parish church, for in 1650 the north part of 
the church was enclosed for a meeting-place 
at an expense of 900/. When ejected he 
went to reside at Clanham, near London, and 

S reached in, if not toimded, the 'Indepen- 
ent ^Meeting ^ there. He died at Clapham 
on 12 March 1670, aged 70. From an epi taph 



i 



Bridgeman 



316 



Bridgeman 



in Vftrmouth churcU it appeitrs that h» wws I 
{ twitv marriecl. The name of his first wife is ' 
Hot known ; hf? afterwards married th<^ widow ' 
of John Arnold, merchant and bailiff of that 
town. I 

Bfidg^^s printed work* are nearly all 8er- 
mons* His tir^t |niblication is dat^d 1640, 
and was print wl at Rotterdam, In 1649 the 
works of HridjE^e were published in three i 
volumes, «]u»rto, prints by Peter Cole, Lon- 
don. Ann? linr collection wtvs published under 
the title of* Twc^nty-one Books of Mr. WiOiam 
I Bridge* coll»*ctiHl into Two Vnlunatw," I»ndon, 
[Peter C>ile, l6o7, 4to. Uth«r publumtions 
I followed in im^'u 1*568^ ajid 1671, and after 
his death ei^ht sertnon^ wer»? published m 
* iiemains/ iHT^i In 184o the whole works ] 
of Hridg-e Avere printed in five volumes, oc- 
tavo^ from copies chietly in the pos^e^ssion of 
the lt3V. Fn^derick Silvefp of Jewry Street. 
Fit>y-ciinftHeptiratetitl«« are given in fbet^ble 
of contents of the five volumes; a complet-elist 
■ JA in Darlings * Cyclopcedia/ A very antique- j 
^looking portrait of the author, *dbit 1670. 
1 W, Sherwin sculp,/ aociimwinie.'* the first I 
Tolnme of 1845. It originally appeared in a , 
volume of Bridge** sermons. A ditfereut and 
very pleiwsing |H»rtrait of Bridge may be seen 
in Dr. Williamn's library. I 

LMemorial of Williani Bridge, prefixed to his 
collecteti Works, 1845 ; Palniera N on coo f. Memo- I 
rial, iii., 1 803 ; Peek's Desider.itix Curioea, 1 732-5 ; ; 
l>arlingiiCycli3p:i?iiA, 1850.] i. H. T, | 

BRIDGEMAN. HENRY (1615-1682), 
biahop of Sodor ana Man, was b<>m on *J2 Oct, 
1616 at Peterborough, where his father, Jokn 
Bridgeman [q* v.], was in residence as first 
prebendary, lie was baptised on 25 Oct. at 
the consecration of the new font in the nave 
of the cathedral. He was educated at Oriel 
Colleg»3, Oxfopd (admitted 1629, B.A. 20 Oct. 
1632). He wits elected fellow of Braaenoae 
6 Dec. 1^33, grad uiited il. A. 1 6 June 1 635, and 
resignetl his fellowship in 16^ On 16 Dec. 
1630 lie wai« iuHtituted to the rectory of Bar- 
row, Cheshire, and on 9 Jan. 1640 to that of 
Bangor- is-coed, Flintshire, resigned by his 
father. Both these preferments were sequeB- 
tered, Barrow in 1643, Bangor in 1646 ; the 
former probably as a case of pluralism , Walke r 
assigns as the ground of sequestration that 
* in the time of the rebellion he did his ma- 
jesty faithful service.* This was in his ca- 
pacity iiss army chaplain to James, seventh 
Karl f T>er by ( e x ec ut ed 1 5 Oct . 1 65 1 ) . Loyal 
in politics, in church mutters the influence 
of bis mother, whom H alley calls a puritan, 
seems not to have be*:^a without effect upon 
him ; this perhaps explains a remark of Wood, 
who speaKH of him as * a careless person/ 



Before liis sequestration he put Robi^ Fq^. 
a nonconforming divine, as cumte in charseoif 
Bangor, binding himself to pay him an alloir- 
ance. To t his Robert. Fogr the committee ibr 
plundere«l ministers gare the^ liriogof Ban^ 
on 1 July 1646 ; on 22 July the committee gave 
the fifths of the rectory t^ Brid^man^s wife, 
Katherine. Bridgeman was made archdeaeoo 
of Riclimond on ^ May 1648. At the Ra- 
storation he regained the rectories of Barrow 
and Bangor (his pet it ton to the House of 
Lords for the rentitution ia dated :^ Joa^ 
1660), and resigned hid opchdeaoonryoa being 
made dean of Chester on IS July 1660. On 
1 Aug* 16<50 his imiveraity made him D D.; 
the ciiancellor'is letters say that * he had done 
good sennce to the king/ Further prefer* 
ment came in the shape of the prebend of 
Stillington at York (20 Sept.), and the Mne- 
cure of Llanrwst. Foj^-g st lU held the curacy 
of Bangor, though ofte'red 80/. if he would 
go, and waa only removed by the Uniformity 
Act of 1662. 'Within Bangor parish vru 
a much more disttnguiBhed nonconformiai, 
Philip Henry J who had been presbyterially 
ordained on U\ Sept. 16i7 a^ minister of the 
old church (distinct from the chapel of ease) 
at Worthenbury. On Bridgeman^s return 
Henry's position was entirely dependent upon 
the reinstated rector'i* favour. Bridgeman at 
first showed no dtspcwttion to interfere with 
Henry, who, for his jwirt, ottered (7 May 1661) 
to give up part of his income and accept a 
position at Worthenbury under Richard Hil- 
ton, his designated successor. But Roger 
Puleston, son of his former patron, w^is bitt«r 
against his nonconformist tutor. He made 
a bargain with Bridgeman, in virtue of which 
Bridgeman, on 24 t>ct. 1661, publicly read 
out Henry's discharge* before a nible.* Though 
Henry was not properly an * ejeoted minister,' 
it must be owned that Bridgeman was led 
into a harsh exercise of his legal righta. 
Two months later we have a glimi>se in 
Henrys diarv" of Bridgeman at Chest^jr 
j * busy in repairing tlie deanes house, a* If hee 
I were to live in it for ever.- In 1671 he «ue- 
I oee<led Isaac Barrow (translate to St. Asaph) 
as bishop of Sodor and Man {consecrated 
I Sunday, 1 Oct. i, with leave to retain his 
deanery. He added to Bishop Barrow's edn* 
eatioaal foundation at Castletown in the Isle 
of Man (founded 1668, and now represent-ed 
! by King William s College, built 18:^0^. He 
I also gave a communion cup and a paten (bear- 
ing bis arms) to St. <lerman*s Church, PeeL 



He died 15 May 1682, and 



buried in 




Chester Cathedral. He was twice married, 
first to Katherine, daughter of William Lever 
of Kersal, near ilancliest^r» by whom he had 
three daughters, of whom Eliiabeth married 





Bridgeman 



^ 



homaB Greeuimlpb of Bnindlei^bani, Lan- 

Cftehire; secoiuJh t** BJHtparet -, by whom 

.he had ftMiniviiipclaiipliter, Henrietta, mar- 
wtn^i\ to Rew Samuel Alderp«*)% of Aldersey 
nd SjHirstriw, Ciiej-hiie, and a (^oii named 
l*\^''il]iani John Heiir^ 0>orii t^hortly beibre 
the fathers dpath, and died m December fol- 
lowing^). Bridgeman^fi widow married John 
PAllen in 1B87. 

[Wood's Athena- Oxon* (BIik's). \\\ g63 iWalker'a 
SitflTennps of the Clergy, 1714, pr. ii, pp. 86, 191» 
212 ; riilimi)'sroiitiiitiftti<3n. 1727. p. B36 ; L*«'8 
^^DiHrieii ni}d Lettei> of R Hfory, 1882, pp. 18, 
^(S7 Sf^*. ea f^«q., 102, 313* 394 ; Lewie's Topog. 
^■iHct. of Ed^. 1833. art. ' Man ;' Burke a Peerage, 
^m 1883. p. 157; Bxtmct from Cathedral Kegister. 
^B Peterborough.] A, G. 

BBIDGEMAN, JOHN (1677-1652), 
bishop of Chester, was born at Exeter, * not 
I'lar frniti the palaoe pate/ »in 2 Kov, 1S77. 
Hie grandfather was Edward Bridgeman, 
eheriffof the city and county of Exeter in 
157^, whn had, with other ipsiie, two son*, 
Michat'l, the eldest (who died witboiit issue)* 
flDrJ Thomas, of CTfeenwAv, Devoniihire. The 
future bishop wa*5 the eidewt fion of Thomas. 
He wan educated nt Cambridge, being ori- 
ginally of PoterhouK* (B.D. 1^96) r he was 
elected a Ibundalion fellow of Megdalene in 
1509, and to^>k bi^ M,A. in 1600 (admitted 
md etmdnn at Oxford 4 July IWX)), and nro- 
ed DJJ. in \^V1. Hewai? canon ref. id eu- 
of Exeter, and also held the fir^t prebend 
At Peterborough and (from 1(315) the ricli 
rectory of ^"^'igan, he l>eing then one of 
James V» chaplains. On the tronfilation of 
Hiomas Moiion to Coventry and Lichfield 
(6 MarcJi lfJ19) Cieorgc MaBf ie was nominatt^d 
his Buccesi^or at Chester, but his death inter- 
Tenedr Bridgeman wn? eltM?ted bishop of 
Cheater 15 Marrh 1619, and consecrated on 
9 May. The revenuen of the bishopric were 
fimalb nnd in It "21 (apparently on resigning 
his canon r>) he wa.< allowed to bold in ctmi- 
mendanif along with Wigan, the rectory of 
^angor-is-coed^Flinttihire, Thits he resigned 
f9 Jan. US40) to hh son ffenry. In lOiJ^i 
Bridgeman bought from Richard Egertonthe 
manor of Mjdi»a^, Cheebire, with \A ohefiacre, 
Wigland, and Biyne-pits, As bishop of a 
diocese abounding in nonconformist.^, Bridg*>- 
man bad no ven^ eapy or plejinant to^^k when 
called upon to B««ert the anthonty of the 
church. Hif* predecessor, Morton, who drafted 
the king*a declaration of 24 May 161 8, known 
BB the * Book of SxKjrtF,' was perhaps leas in 
gympatby with the puritans than Bndgeman; 
but he t^eldom proceedt^ beyond threatB. 
Bridi^enian was complained of as negligent in 
his duties a^ a repressor of nonconformity, and 




» 




commissioners were sent by his metropolitan 
to report upon the state of his diocese. Thus 
stirred into activity he for a time performed 
an unwelcome otiice w^ith some vigour. Con- 
trasting him with Morton, Halley says of 
Bridgeman that he Moved neither to tlireaten 
nor to strike, but when he did strike he did 
it as effect niilJy qf if he loved it/ A curious 
story is told of his shutting up Knutsford 
Cliapel, on the ground that it had been pro- 
faned by the casual introduction of a led bear. 
This has been described as * episcopal super- 
stition/ but was probably only an excuse for 
closing a place which was in nonconforming 
hands, xliomas Fsget, minister of Blacklev 
Chapel p who had been treated by Morton with 
nothing worse than bard words, was cited 
before Bridgeman, and re{|uired to give rea- 
sons forjudging it unlawful to kneel at the 
eucharist. In the course of the argument 
Bridgeman 'gravely laid him self upon ahenrh 
by a side of a table, leaning on his elbow,' 
to prove how unseemly would now Im in 
church the posture »n use at the institu- 
tion of the sficrament. Poget w a.** * punished 
by suspension from hif. ministry [about 16:^0] 
for two years.* 8ome years later a more con- 
siderable man than Paget was suspended hy 
Bridgeman, John Angier, the voting non- 
conforming minister of Binglev C'hfipel, was 
the bishop's neighbour while firidgeman re- 
sided at Great Lever, near Bolton, and was 
frequently called iu to pray with the bishop's 
ailing wnfe. The position was far Bridgeman 
a somewhat equivocal one. * My lord*s grace 
of Canterburv 'had already rebuked him for 
permitting nonconformists at Ringley and 
Dean ; Angier s nonconformity he could not 
shake, so be told him he must suspend him, 
but would wink at bis getting another place 
* anywhere at a little further distance [see 
Akgibe, JoHy]. In 1631 he suspended Samuel 
Eaton of Wirrah who is regarded as the 
founder of Congregationalism in Cheshire. 
"When the time came for the temporarv' over- 
throw of episcopacy, Bridgeman di.aappeared 
from public ^ iew, and seems to have lived 
quietly in retirement. Pie died in 1652 at 
Morton ITall, Shrrijishire, and was buried at 
Kinnerley, near Ohwestry. There is a stone 
over his grave, and a mural monument tohjs 
memory in Kinnerley Church, but neither 
gives the date of death : the register at Kin- 
nerley only dates from 1077. He married, 
on 29 Aprd 1606, Elizabeth, daughter of 
"William Helyar (died 1645), archdeacon of 



: 



Barnstaple and canon of Exeter, and left five 
sons : (T ) Orlando [q, t. J ; (2) Dove, pre- 
bendary of Chester, mamed Miss Bennett, 
a Cheshire lady, and had one son, Charle*, 
archdeacon of Richmond, who died unmar- 



Bridgeman 



318 



Bridgeman 



1 



ried in lf578; (^} HenrT [q. v,]; (4) James, 
who wa** kiiii^'hUMl, married Miss Allen, a 
Clieflhire lady, and had issue JameR (died un- 
nuirried), Fnuicea (married William, third 
Baron Howard of Eecrick)^ Magdalen (mar- 
ried W. Wynde), and Anne; (5) Richard 
of Combes Hall, Suffolk, married featharine 
WalJon, and had a son William^ who be> 
came secretary to the Admimlty and clerk 
of the privy council; this William married 
Diana Vernatti^ and had issue Orlando (whoae 
only surviinng^ son William died unmarried), 
and Katharine (married Orlando Bridi^maOf 
fourth son of the second baroneU and died 
without isaue). Ormerod eajs that Bishop 
Bridgeman * was the compiler of a valuable 
work relating to the ecclesiastical history of 
the diocese, now deposited in the episcopal 
re|;istry, and usimlJT denominated BisHop 
Bridgeman'fi Ledger. 

[WalkorV SuHbrio^ of the Clergy, 1714, pt ii. 
ppw 10,24 ; Brook'sLivesofthePontanfl, 1813, ii. 
298 soq.; Ormerod B Chi^Hhire J 8 19,1. 79; Fi«h«r'a 
Companion and K^y to the Hist, of £ng. 1832, 
pp. 728, 7d6; Note« and Qaeriee, 1st aer. i. 80; 
Halley's LaDcaahire, its Puritanism and Noncoo- 
formity, 3869, i. 240. 260, 286, ii. 8K 148; 
Hook*B Lives of the Arrhhishopi of Canterbury, 
Lund, 1875, xi. 39; Lee's Dianefl and Letters 
of P. Hen^)^ 1882, pp. 194. 394; Burke'e Peei^ 
age, 1883, p. 157 ; informntion from the nuiater 
of Maj^nlene, and from BeT. J. B. Meredith, 
Kionerky, Weat F<>lton.] A, Q, 

BRIDGEMAK, Sir ORLANDO (1606 ?- 
1674 ), lord ke<?per, was the eldest son of Dr, 
John Bridfifeman [q. v,], rector of the family 
I i vin (f of Wigan, ana in 1619 bishop of Chester 
His mother v>m Elijcabeth H el yar, daughter of 
Dr. Ilelyar, canon of Exeter and archdeacon 
of Rarnst apl e . . Vf t er reor* i v ing a home train- 
ing, Orlando Bridgeman went in July 1619 
to Q,ueen«^ College, Cambridge, where he took 
hig bachelor't* degree in January 1624, and 
was ele€ted fellow of Magdalefie (where his 
father had previously been a fellow and 
M,A.) on 7 July of the eame year (Hmt, 
MSS. 0>mm, 4rh Rep. 4HS). In November 
of that year he was admitted at the Inner 
Temple, was called to the bar on 10 Feb. 
1632, and wits made a bencher shortly before 
the Restoration. Ilii^ legal reputation during 
Charles Fh reigu stood very aigh. He waa 
ch ie f j uif t i ce of Chest* r 163d ; attorney of the 
court of wards and .solicitor-general to the 
Princo of Wales 1640. He had alao the re- 
version of the olUce of keeper of the writa and 
rolls in the common pleaa. ThiB promotion 
was no doubt favoured by his political views. 
He wag returned in 1640 to the Long parlia- 
ment for Wig:an, and was earnest in hiS suih 
port of the royal cause, and knighted In the 




aame year* He voted o^inst Strafford s ts- 
tainder, and op|»oied ttti? ordinance br whick 
the militia waa taken out of the hancL^ of tht 
kingr,and on the outbreak of the civil war in- 

8lst«d his father in maintaining the royal cause 
in Chester He «at in the Oxford parliament 
of 1644, and in January 1645-6 was one of the 
king's commissioners at the Uxbridge n^«^ 
tiations, where, though the son of a hlahopi oe 
dieplttved e^uch a tendency to comproiaiM b 
church matters, and so lawyer-like a dam 
to meet political opponents naif way ^ that h<? 
incurred the censure both of Charles and of 
Hyde. As a prominent member of the 
royalist party he was compelled, after the 
death of Charles, to ceaae public advncacy at 
the bar, but appears to have escaped fine of 
other punishment, and on his submiasion to 
Cromwell, who was extremelv anxious to le* 
cure the proper admijiistratiou of the law, 
was permitted to practise in a private man- 
ner. He devoted himself to conveyancing, 
to w*hich the vast changes in pn>j>».*rtT iv- 
sulting from the civil wara bad given Brpeei&l 
importance, and for which the oon^icuouj^ 
moderation o{ his temper well fitt^ him. 
and wa^^ in this matter regarded as the Ifl^HH 
ing authority by both parties^ his very ei^^| 
mies not thinking their estates secure witboot 
his advice. After his death bis collections 
were published under the title of 'Bridge- 
mail's Conveyancer,' of which five edidoiis 
were printed, the last and best in 1725. He 
was not, however, allowed to live in London; 
for he received a license from the council of 
state to remain at Beaoonsfield with bis family 
on 10 Sept* 1650, and on 15 and 29 Oct. also 
bad special licenses to come to London and 
reside there for about a montb, wbde e] 
on fti>ecial busings. 

In the political confusion wbicb s 
the death of Cromwell Bridgeman took no 
share. His le^al reputation, however, and 
his former active loyalty w*ere sufficient to 
put out of sight his late submission to 
Cromwell. Within a week after the kings 
return he was made .successively aerjeant-at- 
law and chief baron of the exchequer, and 
received a baronetcy, tiie first created after 
the Restoration (Prince, Worthies of Devon)^ 
in which he is described as of Great Lever, 
Limcashire. His property in this county 
appears to have been considerable, as Pepyi 
speaks of another seat^ probably Aahton 
Hall, * antiently of the Levers, and then of 
the Ashtons,' as being shortly afterwards in 
his possession {Pepys, Diary), 

In October (9-19) 1660 Bridgeman pre- 
sided as lord chief baron at the trial of the 
regicides. He conducted these trials — at a 
time when, if ever, political partisanship might 




Bridgeman 



319 



Bridgeman 



I 






are \ieen expect e<l to rim riot- — with remark- 
[ able moderat ion. He appears to have especially 
ii^tinguished himself by his effective reply to 
iCook, one of tlie prisoaerSp who 'delivered 
'mself lawver-like for two or three hoiira to 
Bya^'i'm^t, MSS.Comjn. ^th Rep. 181 A). 
rAttbe conclusion of thi^ t rial he was made lord 
chief justice of the common pleas, the patent 
being dated 22 Oct. 1660^ though he ift men- 
tioned aa chief justice as early as 29 May 
(ib. 153). During the eieven years that he 
held this office he presen,^ed a high and un- 
dimim.shed reputation. * His moderat ion and 
equity were 8Uc!i thot he aeemed to carry a 
chancery in hif* breast ' ( Priitce^ Worthier of 
J>^iio7i), His love of legal exact it ode was great 
enough to become proverbial, and an illue- 
trEtion of it ia fumisned by North ^ who states 
tliat when it wa» proposed to move his court, 
which wai! draughty, into a lee« exposed situ- 
ation, Bridgemao refused to allow it, on the 
ground that it was against Magna Charta, 
which enacts that the common pleas shall be 
held ' in certo loeo/ and that the digtance of 
an inch from thiit place would cause all pleas 
to be ' coram non judice.* Reporta of his judg- 
ments were edited from the Hargraves 3lSh. 
bv S. Bannister in 1823. He waa during 
iiieee Years several t Lmeft commissioned to exe- 
cute the office of speaker in the lords during 
the absence of the lord chancellor (Hist. MSS. 
Comm. 7th Rep. 100 a, 14:3 if, 175 a). On 
26 March 1664 he was appointed one of the 
first visitors of the Royal College of Phy- 
sicians, London (tb, 8th Rep. 234 b). 

On the disgrace of Clarendon the great 
eeal was given to Bridgeman on 30 Aug. 
1667, not as lord chancellor, but with the 
inferior title of lord keeper. In May of the 
same year he received a grant of the rever* 
sion of the ^urvevonsbip of the customs (CaL 
of State Papers,' l}om,S^T., 166^-7, p. 139). 
tJntil 23 May 1668, when he was succeeded 
in the chief lusticeahip by Sir John Vaughan, 
be filled Ixitu offices. At this time he resided 
at Essex House in the Strand ; but he had 
lilso a seat at Teddington^ Middlesex, where 
he was dangerously ill in March 1667 (Hift. 
MSS. O&mm, 7th Rep. 48i5), and apparently 
another residence at Bawood Park ( CaL of 
Stat^ Papers, Dom. Ser.» 1660-1). Accord- 
ing to general testimony Bridgeman did not 
retain in this new office his former high 
reputAtion. Thu* Burnet says that * his study 
and practice had lain so entirely in the com- 
mon law that he never seemed to know what 
equity was.* His love of moderation and 
compromise had evidently grown upon him. 
North describes him as * timorous to an im- 
potence, and that not mended by his greftt 
ige« He laboured very much to please 




everybody, a temwr of ill consequence to a 
judge. It was observed of him that if a 
ca^e admitted of divers*.^ doubts^ which the 
lawyers call points, he would n^ver give aU 
on one side, but either party should have 
something to go away with. And in his time 
the court of chancery nm out of order int.o 
delays and endless motions in causes, so 
that it was like a fair field overgrown with 
briars.' There was, too, another cause for 
his failure : * What was worst of all, his 
family was very ill qualified for that place, 
his lady being a moat violent intrigueti!* in 
bnainess, and his sons kept no good decorum 
whilst they practised under him ; and he had 
not the vigour of mind and strength to 
coerce the cause of so much disorder in his 
family ' ( Nobth, Life of Lord-keeper Gtiild- 
ford,\, ISO). 

As lord keeper, Bridgeman was of course 
the mouthpiece of Charles to the parlia- 
ment, and delivered the king's speech on 
10 Oct. 1667, 19 Oct. 1669, 14 Feb. and 
24 Oct. 1670, and 22 April 1671 {Pari Hmt 
vol. iv.) Actually, however, he was, during 
all the transactions connected with the treaty 
of Dover in 1670, kept in ignorance of the 
real intentions of Charles » As a staunch pro- 
test ant it was necessary to withhold from nim 
the clause by which Ctarles bound himself to 
declare his conversion to Romanism in return 
for a special subsidy from Louis XR', and 
he waa therefore, with others, tricked by the 
duplicate treaty which Buckingham, also too 
protest ant to be trusted, was allowed to ima- 
gine that he had concluded {DalbyitplBy 
Memoir$), His general views, however^ and 
his personal integrity made him an obstacle 
to the full carrying out of Charleses plans, 
*He boggled at divers things required of 
him ; ' he refused to put the seal to the De- 
claration of Indulgence, as judging it contrary 
to the constitution ; he heartily disapproved 
of the dosing of the exchequer^ reraaed to 
stop the lawsuits against the baidcers, which 
resulted from this step, by injunction, al- 
though Charles was known personally to wish 
it ; and remonstrated against the commisaion 
of martial law, although at that time there 
was colour for it by a little army encamped on 
Blackheath (North, Life of Guildford, 181 K 
* For the sidte of his family, that gathered 
like a snowball while he liad the seal, he 
would not have formalised with any toler- 
able compliances ; but these impositions were 
too rank for him to comport with * rNoBXfi, 
Eramjen, p. 38). He appears also to nave re> 
fused to put the great seal to various grants 
designed for the king^s mistresses. It was 
decided to remove him, and on 17 Nov. 1672 
the seal was taken from him and given to 



Bridges 



3^0 



Bridges 



I 



Slialtesl^ury, who wis thoui^ht to be willing 
to btt moro ooinpli&iit* The warrftnt from 
Cbftrlea to Henry CovBntry to receive the 
f9tsa\ from Brkl^eroan h dated 16 Nov. {Hi$t. 
MS8, Comm, 4tb Ii**p. 234 b). He at oncfl 
went into retin^ment at Teddington, and 
aft-er an illness in the «prinj( of 1673, from 
which, however, he had completely recovered 
in Aprils lie died on 25 June I674» and was 
buried at Teddiiiyiton. He waa twice mar- 
ried r first to Judith, dau|?hter and heir of 
John Kynaston of Morton, Shropshire; ae- 
condh, 10 May 1670 (ih, 7th Rep. 488 h\ to 
Dorothy, dn lighter of Dr. Saunders, provo6t 
of Oriel College, Oxford, widow of George 
Craddnek of Cars we 11 Cnatle, Staflfordshire, 
By hi^ tirst marriage he bft<i one son, by bis 
second two esons and a daughter, the latter of 
whom, ill 1677, married Sir Thomaj* Middle- 
ton of Chirk Ca'^tle, bringing with hii>r 6,000/.^ 
left her by ber father (ib, 470 a). The present 
Earl of Bradford is t be direct lineal descen- 
dant of the lord keeper by bis first wife. 

|The priflcipal modern authority for Bridge- 
man's life is Fow's Livi-a of the Jttdg««, to which 
the writer of this article desirei to own the , 
fullest obligation. Thia, however, deals purely I 
with his legal caroer. A good mnxkf notices of | 
him occur in the Reeorda of the Hist MSS. Com- 
mission , and in die Caleodar of State Papers^ of 
whieh the moat importiiat are referred to abovo. 
Korrh's EauiiTieii and Life of Lord-keeper Guild- 
ford, and tfae artit^lee in the last edition of the 
Biog. Brit,, hare also l>«ja consulted. Prinee, in 
his Worthies of Devon, has onR or two interest* 
ingfaclis.] 0. A. 

BRIDGES. [See also Bktdges.] 

BRIDGES, CHARLES a794^1869), 
evangelical divine, waa educated at Queen»* 
College, Cambridge, and procseeded B,A. 

1818, M.A, 1831, Ele was ordained dea- 
con in 1817, prieM in 1818, and in 1823 
was presented to the vicarage of Old New- 
toii| near Stowmarket in Sutlblk. In 1849 
be was nominated viear of Weymouth, 
where be remained till failing health in- 
duced liim to retire to t!ie rectory of Ilin- 
ton Martell in DorsetHbire, to which be wan 
presented by Lord Shaftesbury. Bridgej* 
waa a pn>minent memijer of the evangelical 
party in the churclu and autlior of many 
popular devotiona! and theological treatises, 
Am^uig bi^ works mav be mentioned a 
'Memoir of Mis.^ M. j/Grabam ' (182:5), of 
which several editions were published, a simi- 
larly executed * Memoir of Rev. J. T, Not- 
tidge' (1849), and a 'Life of Martin Booa, 
Roman Catholic Priest in Bavaria' (1855), 
which forma the fifth volume of the ' Library 
of Christian Biography/ edited by R Bicker^ 



ftteth. Besides these devotional bvricrrAT,Iii«! 
he wrote * An ELx position of V 
(18:?7), which ran through aev»M 
and was also translated Into German ; *Att 
Exposition of the Book of Proverbs * (lH4fi) , 

* Forty-eight Scriptural Studies* ("' 
1833)VFifYy-four Scriptural Studi€*N i 
and several smaller devotional and pncticil 
tracts. A hook entitled * The Qtriitno 
Ministry, with an Inquiry into the tmam 
of ita Inefficiency, and with sfitMHal refeR<iQ» 
to the Ministry of the Establiahounit' (1890) 
reached many editions. He alao ptiUilhed 
several sermon^*, one of the latǤt of wlii^ 
against * Vain Pbilo^^opby ' (1@6Q), is a eoim- 
ter blast to the teaching of broad-chuivh di- 
^■ines. A small selection fr^im Bridgr*' cor- 
respondence was published at Edinburgh m 
the year af^er his deaths under the title of 

* Letters to a Friend.* 

[Register and Maf. of Biography, i. 890; 
Bnt. Mas. Cat,] R. R. 

BRIDGES, JOHN (f 1618), bishop of 
Orford and controversialist, was educated at 
Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where he pro- 
ceeded B.A, in 1656. and M.A. in 1560. He 
waa elected fellow of Pembroke in 1556, and 
obtained the degree of D.D. from Canterhuiy 
in 1676. He 8pent «ome years in Italy in his 
youth ; translated, about 15i>8, ttree of 
Maehia\'elli'3 discourses into English, whidi 
were not published, and afterwards received 
a benefice at Heme in Kent. He preached 
a sermon at Paul's Cross in 157 1, which wa« 
prinleil, and published in 1572 a translation 
from the Latin of Rudolph Walther's 175 

* Homilies on the Acts of the Apostles.' In 
the following year he replied to two catholic 
treatises — Thomas Staple ton's * Counterblast ' 
and Sanders^s ' Visible ^tonarchie of the Ro- 
maine Church '^ — in a book entitled * The So- 
premacie of Christian Princes over all Persons 
throughout their Dominions/ Bridges wss 
appointed dean of Salisbury in 1677, In 
1581 Bkhop Aylmcr directed him, with 
other divines, to reply to Edmund Campion^s 
*Ten Reasons' in favour of the church of 
Rome. In 1582 be was a member of a com* 
mission appointed to hold a conference with 
some papist dialecticians. But his most im- 
portant contribution to polemical literature 
was * A Defonce of the Government ei^ta- 
blished in the Church of Englnude for Eccle- 
siastical! Matters ' ( Ix>ndon, by John WindrT, 
1587). It is a quarto of 1412 page^i, dir»H ted 
against Calvinism. It undertakes e<5pecially 
to answer two hooks^Thomas Cart-wright's 

* Discourse of Ecclesiasticjil Government,* or 
a 'briefe and plaine declaration/ 1574 (a 
translation from the Latin of Walter Travers)^ 




I 



id Theodore Bt>jEa*8 * Judgiuent/ which had 
in published in an English tranalation in 
680. Bridge8*8 ponderous volume was Im- 
mediately answered in the three tracte^ *A 
lefence of the Oodlie Ministers against the 
,miders of D. B,; 1587 ; * A Defence of the 
iiastical Discipline ordayned of God^ 
Against a RepHe of Maister Bridges/ 
; * A Dialogue, wherein is . . . I aide open 
e Tyrannical! Dealing of L. Biaboijpa , , , 
according to D. B.^ hia ** Judgement*'), . . / 
'588 (?). The chief interest attaching to 
*— dges 8 book lies in the fact thiit it was the 
.ediate ctiuse of the great Martin Mar- 
gate oontroversy. About a year after the 
iblicatlon of Briages'a ' Defence ' there was i 
ued the earliest of the Mar-Prelate tracts, 
,th the t i t le of * Oh read o u er D. John B ridgee, 
\T it ts a worthy worke/ an intnxluctory | 
istle to a prnmised ' Epitome of the fyrete 
iooke of tliat ri^bt worabipfu!! volume, 
["written against the Puritanes in the defence of 
^the noble cleargie by as worshiuful a prie^te, 
~ohn Bridges, presbyter, an elaer, Doctor of 
iuillttie, and Deane of Sanim/ Scathing 
iCritidsms arc here made on Bridges s literary 
Incapacity: * Aman might almo^st run hi m^elfe | 
out of breath l>ef<>rt; he could come to a full 
point in many places in your booke.^ The 
eatiriata state doubtfully that he was the 
author of * Gammer Gurton^s Needle/ uau- 
ftlly attributed to Bishop Still (see Brit. Mu«, 
MS, Addit. 244>!7, m 33-7), and add that 
he had published * a sheet in rime of all the 
names attributed to the Lorde in the Bible.' 
In February 1588-9 the promised epitome of 
Bridges*g first book duly appeared, as the se- 
cond Martin Mar-Prelate tract. Four bishops 
who were specially attacked here replied in 
an * Admonition^ drawn up by Thomaa 
Cooper, bishop of Winchester; but Bridges 
does not seem to have been connected with j 
the later development of the controversy, 
firidges took part in the Hampton Court con- 
iereiice of 1603, and on li* teb. I6as^ was \ 
oonaecfated bishop of Oxford at Lambeth hy 
Whitffift. He attended the king on his visit 
to Oxford in 1(305, wben he was created M. A,, 
and took part in the funeral of Henry, prince 
of Wales, in 1612. Bridges died at a great 
age in 1618. Unlike his predecessors in 
the see of tfrxford, he lived in his diocese 
— at March Baldon (Marshall, Dioctse of 
Ojrford^ p< 121). His last published work 
was ' Sacrosanctum Novum Testameutum 
... in hexametros versus . . . translatum/ 
1004 

A son, William, proceeded B.D. of New 
Oolla^, Oxford, on 9 July 1G12, and was 
aidideacon of Oxford from 16U till his 
death in 1626 (Wood, Fa$ti, BUss, i. 348). 

TOL. VI. 



[Strvpe^s Annals, 8vo, ii. ii. 710, lit. i. 414, 
ii. 96, 97, lfiU2, iv. 432; Strype's Aylmer. 33; 
Strypu's Whjtgift.. i. 198, 649, ii. 618, iii, 219 ; 
Wood's Fasti (Bliss i, i. 314 ; Nichols's Progresses 
of Jrtines 1 1 Deiter'e Contprcgatiooalism, pp. 1 43 
et seq.; Arb«r*sMartin M.^r- Prelate ContfoTersy ; 
Tanner's Bibliothee^i, p. 122 ; Brit. Mus. Cat. of 
Printed Books before 1640] a L. L. 

BRIDGES, JOHN (16*JO-1724), lopo- 
ffmpher, was born in 1 660 at Barton Seagrave, 
Northamptonshire, where his fatht*r then re- 
sided. His grandfather was Colonel John 
Bridges of Alcester, Warwicksliire, whose 
eldest son of the same name purchased the 
manor of Barton Seagrtive about 1665, and 
employed himself for many years in the 
careful improvement of the estate by plant- 
ing it ana introducing such diwoveries in 
agriculture as were then recenr, pnrticnlarly 
the cultivation of sainfoin. His mother was 
Elijcabetb, sister of iSir William Tnimball, 
secretary of state. He was bred to the law, 
b*»came a bencher of Lincoln's Inn, was ap- 
pointed solicitor to tlie customs in 1695, a 
commissioner in 1711, and cashier of excise 
in 1715. He was also a governor of Bride- 
well and Bethlehem Hospitals. In 1718 he 
was elected a fellow of the Hociety of Anti- 
quaries, and in the following year he began 
tlie formation of his voluminous mannscript 
collections for the history of his native 
{•ounty. He personnlly made a circuit of 
the countVi and employed several persons to 
make drawings, collect information, and tran- 
scribe monuments and records. In this man- 
ner he expended several thousand pounds. 
It was his intention to make another per- 
sonal survey of the county, hut before he 
could carry this design into effect he wna 
attacked by illness, and died at hia chambers 
in Lincoln^s Inn on 16 March 1723-4. 

Bridges's manuscripts Hll thirty folio 
volumes, besides jive quarto volumes of de- 
scriptions of churches collected for him and 
four similar volumes in his own handwriting. 
These are now to be found, paged and in- 
dexed, in the Bodleian librarj^ at ( >xfr*rd, 
Left by Bridges as an heirloom to his family^^ 
they were placed by his brother William, 
secretary of the stamp office, in the hands 
of Gibbons, a stationer and law-bookseller at 
the Middle Temple Gate, who circulated pro- 
posids for their publication by subscription^ 
and engaged Dr. Samuel J ebb, a learned phy- 
sician of Stratford in Essex, to edit them. 
Before many numbers had appeared Gibbons 
became bankrunt, and the naanuscrints re- 
maining in the hand^ of the editor, wlio had 
received no compensation for bis labours, 
were at length secured by Mr. William Cart- 
wright, M.R, of Aynho, for his native county, 




•ad » locsl committee was formed to aocxim* 
pUdi tiie piiblicatian of the work. This wu 
entnuled to the Hev. Peter WhAUeT^a master 
at Cliriit*« HospitaL ITie first volume ap- 
peafvd in 176^, and the first part of the 
aeoond in 1709; but delay aro«e in ocmae- 
queooe of the death of ^ir Thomaa Cave, 
chairman of the committee) and the entire 
work was not published till 1791, more than 
aeventj years after Bridget** first collection. 
It bears this title : ' The History and Anti- 
quitieaofNorthamptoiiahire. Compiled from 
the manuscrtpt coUectaons of the late learned 
antiquarT, John Bridges, Eso> Bt the Rev. 
^ BMer Whallev, late fellow or St. John's Col- 
lege, Oxford/ 2 \oU„ Oxford, 1791, folio. 
Wh8U«y'^ part in the work was very inade- 
quately periormed. He profeesed, indeed, tf> 
have ftddt*d Utile of hi« own, except what he 
compiled from Wood and Diigdale ; and so 
eaOT a matter as the continuation of the lists 
of incumbentK and lords of manora was left 
unattempted. Archdeacon Narea wrote the 
preface, and Samuel .\y8couf|rh compiled the 
index. The value of these two foUn vnlnmea 
h entirely duw to Bridget, and if hi* papers 
bad been properly arranged he would, in 
the estimation of his sucoeesor, Baker, have 
equalled Dugdale. A magnificent copy of 
the work is preserved among the select manu- 
flCTiptu in the Britieth Museum (Addit. MSS. 
32118-3212-2). It is illustrated with niune- 
roui* sketches, engfravings, and additions in 
print and manuscript. Apriatwl title pasted 
ingide the cover states that 'this copy of 
Bridg»*s'fi '* History and Antiquities of North- 
amptonflhire " was, at gr^at expense and with 
untiring pt?rseverance, illustrated by Mr. 
Thomas Dash of Kettering. It has received 
numemuR additions by his son William Da^^h, 
who has had it rebound (1847) in it.** prBsent 
*}Xteuded form of five volumea, and strictly 
enjoins on the party receiving it that the 
book be preserved in its entirety, and that 
no part ot* it be ever broken up or dispersed.' 
It was hequt?athed by Mr. "W illiam Dash to 
the British Mnweump where it was deposited 
ill 1883. 

BridgeK'« collection of books and nrints 
was sold by auction fi^xin after hia aeath* 
The catalogue of his library was long re^ 
tained as valuable by curious collectors. A 

ftrtrait of hi.m, painted by Sir Godfrey 
neller in 1706, was engraved by Vertue in 
1726. 

[Manuscript Memoir in Bftsh's copy of the 
Hist, of NorlJiamptouahire, and other mmiuscript 
u&tea in the Bamo work ; Bridge*'** Northamp- 
tOQibire, prof., alao ii. 221 ; Brydgeu's Cenaura 
Lit, (1807)» iiL 219, 331 [ NicholBs lllustr. of 
lit. ilL d21-9e« yii. 4U7, i3fi; Nichols'i Lit. 



AoJKsd. i* 9i, 161, iL 61, HK5--II, TOO, 701, iti.$r5, 
vi. 49. 180. Hii. 34S, 349, at^, M6, tti-4. is. 
566 ; Koble'a Biog. Hiat, of Bngkad, tl 183; 
Not«s ifc&d Qnmea, 2od eer. xL 461, dth ser. t. 
86, 176 ; QaArteriy lUriaw. ci, 3, 4,] T.C. 



BRmOES, NOAH (Jt 1661), 
grapher and mathematician, wma ednested it 
Balliol College, Oxford, and acted aa ckrk 
of the parliament which sat in that city ia 
164.^ and 1«>I4. He was created B.C.L oa 
17 June \fH6, ^ being at that time esteemed 
a most faithful subject to hta majeaty/ He 
was in attendance on Kin^ Charles I in roost 
of hia restraints, particularly at Xewca«tk 
and the I»Ie of W ight {Sf^Mti Paper$, Dom,, 
Charles II, vol. xx. art. 126). His maiesty 
granted him the office of clerk of the Honas 
of Commona, hut tJie appointment failed to 
pass the ffreat seal because of the surrender 
of Orforf It appears that the king also pro- 
mised him the post of on mpt roller, teller, and 
weigher of the Mint. Aft«r the RestoratiaiL 
he vainly endeavoured to obtain the grant ol 
these omcea with survivorship to nis sob 
Japhet. For several yean he kept a acT^ 
at Putney, where he wis living in 1661. _ 

He is the author of: L * Vulvar Arith- 
metique, explayning the Secrets of that Art, 
after a more exact and easie w^ay than ever,' 
Lfondon, 1653, 12mo. A portrait of the 
author is prefixed. :2. ' Steaogjaphie and 
Cryptograpnie : or the Arts of Short and 
Secret Writing. The first laid down in a 
method familiar to mesne capacities; the 
second added to convince and cautionate ths 
credulous and the confident . . .* London, 
1B59^ 16mo. ThiB extremely ^csarce work is 
dedicated to Sir Orlando Rridg^man. Tht 
addreji^ to the reader is thus m**st curiously 
dated : * March Jf the first of t he four Isit 
months of 1 3 yeares squandered in the VaUey 
of Fortune.' A second edition, which has es- 
caped the notice of bibliographers, appeared 
with this title : * Stenography and Crypt<^ 
puphy . The Art s of Short and Secret Writ- 
ing. The ^f.H'OTid Edition enlarged, with s 
familiar Mefhttd teai-hing how to cyT)her and 
decypher ail private Transactions* VVherein 
are inserted the Keys by which the Lines of 
Text' Writing afhxed to those Cyphers at* 
folded and unfolded/ London, 166iJ. 3. *Luj 
Mercatoria, Arithmetick Natural and Deci- 
mal . . J London, 1661, 8vo. With a fine 
portrait of the author, engraved by Fait home. 
Thia portrait waa re-engraved as Milton^ for 
Duroveray^B edition of * Paradise Lost/ 

[Wood's Fasti Oxoti. (ed. Bliws), ii. 94 ; Grao* 
ger's Biog. Hiet. of England (1824), iv. 77» ▼- 
297 ; Lewis's Hiatorica] Accoiuit of St^nogmi^y 
(1816), 7d ; Andersou'fl Hist, of Shorthand* 107; 
Eockwoira Teaching, Practice, and Literature of 



I 



Sbortluind, 70 ; Lowndei^s BibL Mnn. (ed. Bohn). 
i. 27U ; Gpeen'a Gal Dom. Stale Pupera (1652-3). 
424 (1660-1), 347, 348.445, 448 (1661-2), 219; 
Hist. M.SS. Cs>miii. 6tlj Ri?p. 473^; Kenoetts 
Register nnd CIitod, 542, 6i5.>.] T, C\ 

BRroOES, THOMAS (jf. 1759-1775). 
dramatist and parcKlist, was a native of Hnll^ 
in which town hln father was a physician of 
some reputtK He was a wine mereliant, and 
a partner in the firm of Sell, Bridges, ^ 
Blunt, who failed in Hall as bankers in 1759. 
In 1762 Bridgtjs pn>duc«d, under the pseu- 
donym of Caustic Bare bones, a traveatie of 
Homer, in 2 vols. l2mo, which for the epoch 
ifl fairly spirited in Tens ilicAt ion, and obtained 
gome popularity, hilt is not much wittier nor 
more decent than other works of its class. 
This was reprintt^l 1764, and in an enlarged 
form in 1767, 1770, and 1797. He also 
wrote *The Battle of the Genii,' 4to, 1765, 
burl»*.^quinj(j:, in a poem in three cantos, Mil- 
ton*s descnption in * Paradise Lost ' of the 
^ht with tJve rebel ang-els ; and * The Ad- 
ventures of a Brtnk Note,' 1770, 2 vob. 
•8vo, a novel to which in 1771 two other 
volumes were addeti To the stage he con- 
tributed *Dido/ n comic opera in two acts, 
produced at the Hay market 24 July 1771, 
and printed lu Hvo the snme fear; and the 
* Dutchman,' a musical ent+'rtafnment, played 
for the fourt h time at the Haymarket 8 Sept, 
1775, and aIbo printed the !*ame year. Some 
tfice of humour i« discoverable in the earlier 
piece ; the latter is wholly flat. The * Battle 
<of the Genii' was for a time attributeti t-o 
Francis Grose, the antiquarian. 

[G«nt38t*8 Account of the Etiglish Stag© ; Bio* 

fraphia Dramatica ; an Address given to tho 
itentry and Philosophicid Soeiotj at Kingston* 
npoD-Hull, 5 Nov. 1830, by Chnrh^ Froat, F.aA, 
Hull. 1S31 ; Lowiidea'* HibliogmpherM Manoal ; 
WaU s Bibl. Brit. ; Halkett and Laing's I>ic* 
tionary of Anon jmous and P^eudoojmous Lite* 
lutare.] J. K, 

BRrDQET, Saint, [See BRiorr.] 

BEEDGETOWER, GEORGE AUOUS- 
TUS P(JLGHEEN (1779-1840?), vioUaist, 
-was probably bom at Biak in Poland in 1779. 
His lather was a mysterious individual, who 
was known in London society as the * Abya- 
ainian Prince, 'and according to some accounts 
was half-witted. The mother was a Pole, but 
nothing ia known as to how the negro father 
'(for such he seems to have been) came to be 
in Poland, and there is considerable doubt 
as to whetheT the name he bore was not an 
assumed one. Bridge tower and his father 
-were in London before the year 1790. His 




principal master was Barthelemon, though 
ne is said also to have studied the violin 
under Giornovichi and composition with Att- 
wood. His first appearance tfK>k place at an 
oratorio concert at Drury Lane Theatre on 
19 Feb. 1790, when he played a concerto 
between the parts of the *ifessiah/ attended 
by his father *■ habited in tht* costume of hia 
country/ It has been surmised that this 
performance attracted the attention of the 
Prince of Wales, for on 2 June following, 
Bridget-ower and Franz Clement, a clever 
Viennese violinist of about his own age, gave 
a concert at Hanover Square under the 
prince's patronage. At this concert the two 
ooys played a duet by Deveaux, and {with 
Ware and F. Attwood) a quartet by PleyeL 
The celebrated Abt Vogler was among the 
audience. In April 1791 Bridge tower played 
at one of Salomon's concerts, and at the 
Handel commemoration at Westminster Ab- 
bey in the same ^ear (^May-June) he and 
Hummel, dreaaed m scanet ooiats, sat on each 
side of Joah Bates at the nrffan, nulling out 
the stops. In 1792 he played at the oratorios 
at the King's Theatre, under Li nley*s manage- 
ment (24 Feb.^30 March), and on 28 May 
he phiyed a concerto by Viotti at a concert 
given by Barthelemoo. His name also occurs 
amongst those of the twrformers at a concert 
given ny the Prince of Wales for the benefit 
of the distressed Spitalfields weavers in 1794. 
Bridgetower was a member of the Prince of 
Wales's private band at Brighton, but in 1802 
he obtained leave to visit hia mother, who 
lived with another son (a violoncellist) at 
Dresden, and to go to the baths of Karlsbad 
and Teplitz. At Dresden he gave concerts 
on ^4 July 1802 and 18 March 1803, which 
were so successful that, having obtained an 
extension of leave, he went to Vienna, where 
he arrivtHl in April 1803. Here he was re- 
ceived with great cordialilv, and was intro* 
duced by Prince Lichnowstrv to Beethoven, 
who wrote for him the great treutzer Sonata. 
This work was first performed at a concert 
given by Bridgetower at the Augartan^Halle 
on either 17 or 24 May 180.*!, Beethoven him- 
sielf playing t h e p i an o fo rte part , The sonatu 
was oarely finixshed in time for the perform- 
ance ; indeed, the pianoforte part of the first 
movement was only sketched. CBemy aaid 
that Bridgetower's playing an thia occasion 
was so extravagant tnat the audience laughed, 
but this is probably an exaggeration. There 
exists a copy of the sonata, formerly belong- 
ing to Bridgetower, on which he has made a 
tnemorandum of on alteration he introduced 
in the violin part, which so pleased BeethoTen 
that he jumped up and embraced the vio- 
linist, exclaiming, * N^x'h Pinranl, mein tieber 

T 2 



Bridgewater 



su 



Bridgewater 



that tli«?Kreut2€rSoiijftUwi«origiiiA]W<kdi- 
ctted to him^ btit th§M heion he left t^temiA 
be h&d a quarrel wttli BeetlkOTeii about iome 
lore ai&ir which canted the latter to alter 
tbe uucriptton. Alter hi§ rait to Vieuna, 
Bridgetower returned to ExiKlatid, and in 
June IBll took the d«?gTee of Mua. Bac at 
Caxnbridge, whei^ his name was entered at 
Trinitj Ball. The gmduates* li^t giTea hi« 
name as George Brit^gtower, btit a contem- 
ponry pangraph in the ^ G^ntleioan'a Mag*- 
sbe ' laiTea but litt!e doubt that thia waa 
the mulatto riolinist. His excrciBe on this 
occasion was an anthem^ the words of which 
were written hj F. A. Rawdon ; it was per^ 
formed with mil orchetitra and chorus at 
Great Bt. Mary's on m June 1611. In the 
following- jear was published a small work 
entitled ' Diat<»nica Armonica for the Piano- 
forte/ by * Bridgtower, BLB./ who was pro- 
bably the subject of this article. After this, 
Bridgetower aeems totally tn disappear; he 
h bdieTed to have liTed in England for 
many yearw, and to have died there betwet»n 
tbe years 1840 and 1850, but no proof of this 
is fortbcotniu|^. It is also said that a mar- 
ried daughter of bis is still living in Italy. 
Ho waa an excellent musician, but his plsy- 
ing was spoilt by too great a striving after 
efliect. In person he was remarkably hand- 
some » but of a melancholy and discontented 
disposition. 

[Grove » Diet, of Muiiciani» i. 275 h ; Thayer*« 
Beethoven'^ L<4ien, ii. 227, 386 ; Gent, Mag, for 
1811. ii. 37» 168; PohYn Haydn in London, 
pp. 3 8. 28, 38, 43. 128. 137, 109 ; ParWs Musi- 
fttl Memoiris, i. 129; Limrti'a Graduati Canta- 
brigi«D««.] W, B. S. 

BREDGEWATEE, Ea^ls and Dfkbs 
0F» [Bee EcuKTOK,] 

BRIDGEWATER, JOHN (153i2?- 
ITiMr ), II cntliolk: olivine, the latinised form 
of whose name \» AQLiEPoiirTANUs, wwr a na- 
tive of Yorkishire, though *de8cended from 
tboKe of hin name in Somer^tMliire." He re* 
chji^hI hlii edurtition at Hart Hall, Oxford, 
whenre he miffrated to Bmsenose College actrm 
aftnr he had taken bis degrees in artfl, that of 
ma.ster being completed in ir>r)6. On 5 Feb, 
irjri9^60 he was onllateil to the archdeaconry 
of Hoche^ter, and on I May 1562 liewa.s ad- 
initted to the rectory of Wot ton-Courtney, 
in I he dioeejie of Wei Is. A.** a member of con- 
loi^Hhon he ftub^Tibed the article* nf 1562, 
and in the same year he vottnl againsr the six 
ftrtic!i'H altering certain ritt-s and cereraonieB 
oreseribed by the Book of Common Prayer, 
Uu 14 April 1563 he vrm elected rector of 



liwoo^n CoUeire, Oxlocd, do like rwup^tkA 
of Dr. Fr»iicis BAbingtoo. In tlie foSowiii^ 
u,^,«,u i,.. « ,,n admitted redi^r of LneecinHe. 
S* ' * iind poon wJiervrBj^ he wa? 

•PI tion residentiary of WelU. Bt 

wii> - me^tic chftplain in London to 
RnU r* l'tidiey,ettrlc*f Leioesifer, (hi IB Anil 
156*'> he Wft* admitted rector nf PorliKi, 8o- 
merFet^bire; on 2B Nor, 1570 he becuat 
maMer of the ho^til of 8t* Kafhurine, nif4r 
lie<lmiDKter; &nd an 29 Marrli 1572 he was 
admitted to the prebend of Bt»bop^s Comp- 
ton in the church of WelU. 

In 1574 be resigned the rectorship of Lin- 
coln College^ probRbly to avoid expukion. ae 
he was a catholic at heart and had given great 
enci^uragenaent to the ^udenta under hi* go- 
vernment to embrace the old form of religioiL 
Leaving Oxford the 8ame year, he cncMFed over 

' to the English college of Douay. TVood ti- 
wrts that he took with him some of the goods 
belonging to the college, and sdso 'certain 
younff »cljolars/ 

I Bridgewater probably ]ia8£ed the remainder 
of his life on the continent, at Rheims, Fluis, 

I and other citiee of Flanders, France, and Ger- 
many. In 1594 he waa residing- at Treves, 

' Wood mentions a rumour that he joined the 
Society of Jesus, and he is claimed a« a mem- 
ber of it by Father Nathaniel Southwell and 
Brother Foley. There is no proof, however, 
that he was a Jesuit. Indeed the evidence 
seemB clearly to point the other way, for it is 
certain that hewai? one of the exiles in Flan- 
ders who in 1 5!*6 refused to sign the nddroa 
in favour of the Euglish fathers of the SocielT 

of Jesus (Herord^ of the £f9fflish OatJko'^ 

408), 

He if the author of: 1. ' Confutatl 
virulentfie DisputationiB Theologicce, in qua 
Georgiiis Sohn, Professor Academic? Heidel- 
bcrgensi!*, conatus est doeere Pontiticem Ko- 
manum est?e Antichristum^ I*rophetis et Ajmv 
Btolis pnedictum/ Treves, lo89, 4to. Sotin 

I published a reply at Wiirtburg in 1590, en- 
titled * Anti-Cnristus Roman us coutm Job. 
Ai|yepontank cavil lationes et sophi^miita.* 
2. * Coucertatio Feci esiffi Cat holica* in Angha 
ad versus Culvinopapistas et Puritano6 tub 
Elizabetha Kegiua quonmdatn hominum doc- 
tridtt et saiiciitQie illustrkim renovata et r^ 
cogiiitH, Qum nunc de novo centum et ©o 
ampliiis Mart}Tuni, sexcentorumqne insig* 
niuni vin^nini rebus gestis variisque 
minibuj*, Inp^orum Palinmliis, novia 
cutorum edict iji,ac doctissimisCatholictirufi 
de Anglicano seu muliebri Pontificatu, ac 
Romiuii Pontificis in Principes Christiano* 
auetoritntp, disputationibti8 et defensionibus 

aueta/ three jiarts, Treves, 1 581U94, 4to, The 

original work waa printed at Treves in 1683, 



ttfulat^^ 



coMH 
pedBB 

icorul^^ 



Bridgman 



325 



BriercIifFe 



^ 
^ 



N 



^ 



8vo, its principal compiler being Jolm Gibbons, 
Tectornfi he Jesuit college in tlmt city^ though 
Aome of the live^ of the rnartyrH were written 
by John tViin, a secular |)ri<i8t. BridgewHter 
greatly enhirged the work, which is of giTiit 
biogrttpkical and hi^toriciil val ue. An account 
of its multitiiriouji contenta will be frmnd in 
tbe Cliethiini Society's * liemains/ xlviii. 47- 

[Donay Diiirie«. 99, 119, 128 hh. 129, 130, 
149, 169, 4t)8: Lettrrs and Mpmoriiilii of Card. 
Allen, 77 ; Stryp^^'a Annnts (Mio), i, 327. 330, 
338, lii. App. 250; Dodds Ghnrch Hist. i. 610, 
iL 60 ; Wood's Athenm Oroti. (UIibs), i. C2'i , 
Wood's CoUegwmnd Halb(yuteJi).241 ; Tjiuoer'a 
Bibl. Brit. 124; Foley's Records* S.J. ir. 481, 
482, 486. Til. 299 ; Pit^. De Angli« Kcriptoribua, 
868; Southweliw Bibl. Script, f^jc. Je^u (1676), 
402; Backer'^ Hibl. de.«» Evcrivains de k Com- 
pagnie de J^^u.h (1869), 2A3 ; Le HuT&a Fasti 
(H&niy), i. 229, ii. 581, iii. d77.] T. C, 

BKLDGMAN, HICIIAUD WIIVLLEY 
(17(51 P-HliO)^ WTitcron law, was l»orn iiboiit 
1761, and died itt Hath 10 Nov, 1820, in his 
fifty-ninth year. He was 11 n attorney, and 
acted as one of the clerks of the Grocers* 
Compftny. He left the following works, 
published between 1798 it nd 1813: L * The- 
saurus Juridicns; c*ontiiining the DeciMic^inj 
of the i^everal Courts of l^^iiity, &c.^ sys- 
tematirallv digested from the Revolution 
to 1798/ '2 vols. Hvo, 17yy-lH(JU, J, * Re- 
flections on the Htudyof the Law,' 1804»8vo. 
B. * Dukes' Law of Charitable ITse.s,' &c., 
1805, 8vo. 4, * An Analytical digested In- 
dex of the Report tnl Causes in the several 
Courts of Equity,' 1805, 2 voLh. ; :*nd edi- 
tion, 181?S, 3 vols. ; 3rd edit ion ^ edited by 
liis son, R O. Bridgrnan, 1822^ 3 vok, 8vo. 
fi, * Supple in ♦^nt to the Analytical Digt*8ted 
Index; Ltc, 1807, 8vo. tl * A Sliort View of 
liCgiil nihliogniphy, to which is addid a Plan 
for chi-^^iifying a Public or Private Libniry/ 
1807. 8vo, 7. 'A Synthesi.s of the Law of 
Kisi Priui?,' 1809, 8vo. 8. *Judgnient of the 
Oommon Pleas in Keny on againflt Evelyn,' 
1811, ^vo, 9. An annotated edition of 8ir 
F. Buller*fi * rntroduction to the Law relative 
to TriaU at Nisi Prius,' 1817, 8vo. 

[Watt's UibL nrit. ; Reed's CaUL of Law 
Bookflt 1809; Gont. Mag. 1820, pt. il. p. 477; 
Notea and Queriea, 6th eer. xL 13; Brit. Mus. 
Cat.] C. w. a 

BRIDLINGTON, JOHN be, Skim. 
[See John.] 

BRIDPORT, ViaouNT, [See Hood, 

LBIANBKU.] 

BRIDPORT or BRIBLESFORD, Giles 
€F (d. 1262), bishop of Sali^'bur)-, was ti 




native of the town from which he took his 

name. ^\8 dean of Wells, an office to which 

he was elected in 1253, he arbitrated in 

a dispute l>etween the abliot and monks of 

[ Abingdon. In 1255 he was archdeacon of 

I Buckinghamshire. He was elected bUhop of 

I Sfllisbiir}" in 1 2'jiiy and was, as bishop-4dect, 

sent that year on im embassy by Henry HI 

to Alexander l\ with reference to the money 

claimed by the pope frjr the gift of the Sicilian 

crovsTi. The object of t hi.>j embassy h described 

a« * against the clergy- and people of England/ 

who were taxed to sati.sfv the ptjpe's demands 

I (Attn. Dunft. iii. 199). Bridpt»rt eHC^j>ed, 

though not without danger^ from the snares 

of the French, and on his return to England 

was employed to miike an itgreenient with 

the clergy as to the payment of the tenth re- 

I quired of them. He was consecrated 1 1 March 

1257, and wa.^ allowed by the pope to retain 

bis former ecclesiastical revenues, along with 

I his bishopric. When he entered on his seii 

; tlie cathedral was nearly finished, and he 

covered the roof with lead. The church was 

' ctmseiTuted on ^K) Sepi» 1258 by Archbi**bop 

I Boniface, in the presence of the king and many 

bishops, who were gathered by Bridport's 

exertions (Matt. Paris, v. 719)/ t >n 24 Aug. 

1258 lie wa« appointed one of tbn twenty-four 

I commissioners of the aid chost^n in accordance 

w^itb the arrangemf^nts of the parliament of 

0.\ford, and on 21 Nov* 1261 was nominated 

bv the king a.'^ one of the arbitrators between 

himself and the baroiii*. In 12<iO he founded 

the college of Vaux or De Valle vScholarum 

at Salisbu^^^ This interesting foundation is 

a strong proof of lliM bishop's munific^^nce and 

love of learning. In 1262 he attempted to 

exercise visitatorial riglits over his chapter, 

but withdrew his claim. He died 13 Dec. 

1262, and was buried on the south iiide of 

the choir of his church, 

[Matt Paris, Chron* Maj* v, eth Limrd, Balli 
8er ; Anoah^s, Barron, Oseney, Wike^, up. Ann. 
Monast. Rolls Ser. ; Godwin ^ De Pra^ulil^ii^ ; Le*- 
huid'» 1 tin. iii, 94 ; Ca^san^ Livi/^ of the Bishops 
of Satisbarj ; Hatchins's Modern Wilt*ihire, vi. 
734 ; Joae^s Annals of the Church of S)ili«hary, 
lift; Tan ner's Not i i in Monasticj*, 608 ] W. H. ' 

BRIERCLIFFE nr BREARCLIFFE. 
JOHN ( ItlOiJ ':'-1682), antt<|uary, was an 
apotbecar}' in Halifax, where he was ljom,and 
w*bere, fin 4 Dec. 1682, he died of a fever at the 
age of 63. He made \^ari<m.s collect ions relat- 
ing to bi.s native to^ni and parish. His * Sur- 
veye nf the ITnusings and Lands within the 
Townshippe nf Halifax,' 1648, wa.s said to 
have bften in the library of Halitas church, 
but according to Watson, who published his 
* History of tlalifax * in 1775, there had been 



I 



nofuch thing there for twenty years. Wat- 
wn mj» he had m his poaBeiBum * Halifax 
iBatuoiyM for the findeinge out of severall 
gmm giTen to piou*^ uses/ written 22 Dec 
161)1, Thorecby ( Vie. Leod. p. 68) refers to 
hiB cjitttlogm? of the vicars of Halifax, and 
inacriptiona iiiuler their arma painted on , 
tablftJi in the library of that cbiirch, i 

[Watocina History of Halifiii ( 1 7 75). pp. 464^6 ; 
GovghV Topography, ii, 434.] T. F. H. 

BKIERLEY, ROGEll, [Sec Brbrelbt,] i 

BRIGGS, HENRY { ir>*n-ia30), mathe- 
matifiua» was born at ^\ nrli^y Wtxid, in the 
mrifih of Halifux, Yorkshire, in February 
1500-1, according to tht* entry in the Halifax 
parish register. It ha^ he»*ii stated, on the 
authority of nk>ini'tiebrK*Top)gniphical His- 
tory of Norfolk/ thut Brigpi* was *de«tx*nded i 
^m the ancient fiimily of that name at 
Salle in Norfolk;' hut tht* |ii*digrt*ei* given 
by lilomefield have been deseriljed a« un- 
truft^'Tthy (hee diwu^jiiriii of pf^ligTve in 
Note* and Qttt'rirx, otli Ker. vii, 507), There ! 
is evidt nee, bnwrver, tbnt Kiehard Rriggs, 
thebrollipr of Ileiir>' Hriggs*, l)ecame 5ul>- 
ma^ter wnd afterwards bead-nnister of Nor- 
folk stchmd. He wns a pers4>tml friend of Ben 
Jonson ; * an nriginnl letter of Ben Jonson, 
written in the e*>rner of FarnabyV edition 
of Martial/ and addre^^sed ' Ainico fummn 
H. Rich, BriggtHiii/ m to be found in the | 
* Genth-man'K Magasiiie' ft>r 1780 (i, 378), I 
AV illia m Briifg^w [fj.v,], asha** been conject iired, I 
may have In-en the grandson of Riebard. | 

Henrj^ Briggn was s^ent from a gramtnar 
K'hfMd in the vicinity of WaHey to 8t. Jnbn s | 
(College, Camhridgi*, in lo77. He became ] 
scholar in J 579, tcH>k the degree of B,A. in 
1581, and that of M.A. in l5Hr,, In 1588 he | 
WB8 made fellr>w of his college, exanuner and 
hK-'turer in 159i!, and soim after * Keader of | 
the FbyMic Lecture founded by Dr. IJnacre.' I 
'When Gp^sham College ^^a» ftnirided in Lon- | 
don, be Iw^canie professor of g€*f>metry there. 
After holding Hub professorship for twenty- 
three yeiirfi (from 15t*(i to 101 !l) Brigifs ac- 
cepted, at the reijneMt of Sir Henry 8a vile, 
the profe?is^»rsliip of astmnnmy at Oxford 
wbicu lie bad fnuiided and bad bim#^df held 
for some time. At bin lust lecture Stivile 
to<>k leave of bin audience with a very high 
enmmend!iti<>u of bis fiucce&sor. For a little 
time Brigf^H cotiljuued to bold ihe professor- 
nliip at Greshiim College, but re.'^igned it in 
1020 (2f> July). U|KUi his ap^»ointraent as 
Savilian prt"fe«**or, be was* admitted a fellow- 
comnaoner of Mi-rton College, and wati in- 
corporatetl M.A. 

He bad formed a friendfibip with James 




Uasher, afterwards archbishop of Amta^h, 
in 1<X)9. Two letters of BriggB to r«iber 
are in * Aichbiahop U^aheT^s Lettcra,' N<] 
and 16, London, 188n, folio. In the 
of them (dated Angrist 1610) he 
lumeelf t» being engaged on the ftub 
of eclipses; and in the necond (10 Mt 
llU5) i\H being * wholly employed about the 
noble invention of logarithms, then lately 
dificoveretl.' On hearing of NapierV dii- 
oovery he bad been gtnick with enthnsia^tm^ 
and in 1010 he went to Scotland to visit 
Napier, An interesting account of the first 
interview between Briggs and Napier i» given 
by William Lilly, the astrologer, in his 
' Hiwtory of bis Life and Times.* When the 
two great mathematieiana met, Lilly saysw 
* almost one quarter of an hour was i^pent, 
each beholding other almost with admiration, 
before one word la'aa spoke. At last M r. Brim 
began, "My Lord, I have undertaken Uus 
loumey purposely to see your pers«in, and to 
Know by wuat engine of wit or ingenuity 
you came first to think of this moat excellent 
help unto astronomy, \\t. the logarithms; 
but, my Lord, being by you found out, I 
wonder nobody else ^und it out before, trheiL 
now known it is so easy." ' Lilly goe« on to 
say that Napier * wa« a great lover of astro- 
logy, but Briggs the mo«t satirical man 
against it that hath been known ' (LiILLT, 
Hisfoiy of hU Life rntd Times, pp. 154~6V 
On another jxt^sion, being asked for hid 
opinion of judicial astrtdogv', Briggs m said 
to have described it as ' a system of groimd' 
less conceits.* 

Briggs died at Merton College 26 Jan. 
I(i3(^l. A Greek epitaph was written on 
him by Henr\^ Jacfjb, one of the fellowt of 
Merton, which ends by saying that his sonl 
still astr«_moraises and his bodv geometrises. 
He was buried in the college chapel, under a 
stone marked only by his name. Fnim tJie 
references to fiim by bis contemporariea it m 
evident thnt be was a man of amiable cha- 
racter. Stn-eral paneg^Tics of him are col- 
lected in the * Biogmphia Britannica/ 

In the various visits of Briggs to Napier 
the improvements aflerwnrds made in loga- 
rithms l»y Briggs were agreed on between 
them. The idea of tables of logarithms hav- 
ing 10 for their base, as well as the actuil 
calculation of the first tables of this Idnd^ 
is due to Briggs. The discussions between 
Briggs and Napier referred to the met hods of 
calculation that were to be adopted in carrr- 
ing out Briggs's suggestion for the better 
adaptation of Napier s discovers' to the con- 
st met ion of tables. 

The following is a list of the published 
works of Briggs: L * A Table to find the 



m 



Height of the Pole^ the Magnetical Declina* 
tion being given/ This table was for an 
instminent described by Br, Gilbert, and 
waA piibli*ihed b? Blundeville in h'm * Theo- 
Hques of the Seven Planets/ London, 1C)02, 
2. 'Tables for the Improvement of Xtiviga- 
tioii/ printed in the second edition of Edward 
WrightV treatiw* entitled 'Certain Errors in 
Navigation, dett?cted and corrected/ London, 
1610. 3. * Logan th mom m Chilian Prima ' 
(I^ndon, l(il7), printed * for the sake of his 
friend.^ und heart^rs at Gresham College/ 
4. 'A Description of an Instnimental Table 
to find the Fart Proix>rtional^ deviated by Mr. 
Edward Wright, subjoined to Niipier's table 
of logaritlimw, translated into English by 
Mr, Wright, and after bis death published 
by Briggfi with a preface of bin own, Iv<m- 
don, 1*3 Jo and 1018/ 5, ' Luctibrationes ct 
Annotationeft in Oijera postbuma J, Nt*peri/ 
Edin. 1019. 0, * Euclidia Elementornm Sex 
libri priores,\S:c,^lj4:>ndon» 1 f>i?0 (printed with- 
out his name ). 7, * A Tract on the North- 
west FajiMage to the Sontb Boa through the 
continent of Virginia/ with only his initials 
prehxtMi, London, UPJ'J. Tiw reason of this 
publication wu^* probably that he was then 
a member of a eonipdnv t raiding to Virginia 
(see Ward*s Gresham Pro/es,^org), 8. * Ma- 
thematica ah Antiqui** minus cogiiita* (pnb- 
liahed by Dr. fieorge Hivkewill ). 9. * Arith- 
metica Lopri t h m i cw / L? i n don , 1 1)24. 1 0. * Tri- 
ffOQometna liritanniea/ljtindony 10^13. niese 
Jast two are Brigg^-^V greatest works. The 
ieoond was left unfini.'^bed by him, bnt 
yn& completed and published by his friend 
Henry Gellibrand^ professor of a^itronomy at 
Gresham C^illege. They are both works of 
enormous htbour. The first, for example^ 
* contains the logarithmn of 30,000 na turn 1 
niunber^ to fourteen places of figures, besides 
the index* (t^ce Hxttto^'b MatAem^iticai Dif> 

Bemaee theae, Briggs wrote the follow- 
ing works, which have nev^er been published : 
L * ComtDentarie^ on the Geometry- of Peter 
Ramua.* :?. ^ Ihue Epistolre ad celeberriraum 
vimm Clm Longomontanum/ One of these 
is aaid to contain some remarkn about a 
treatise of Ijongomnntanus on squaring the 
circle, and the other a defence of arith- 
metical geometry, 3. * Animadverwionee 
Geometrica?/ 4- *De eodem Argnnueiito/ 
5. ' A Treatise of Common Arithmetic/ (1. * A 
Letter to Mr. Chirke, of Grnvesend, dated 
Gresham College, 25 Feb. \m\; with 
^Alch heaends him the description of a ruler^ 
called Bedwell'a ruler, with directionfl how 
to draw it.' 

In the catalogue of the Ashmolean MSS. 
there is a description of * six mathematical 





and aatronomical letterfl to Mr, Briggs* from 
Sir Chri^ttopher Heydon. They are said to 
be * chieflv on comets.* The second m dated 
1 Nov. 1003 ; the fourth, U Dec. 1009; the 
sixth, in April 1619. 

|l\"ood's Atheo» (Blias), ih 491 ; Dr. Thomaa 
Smith's VitA qaonindam eroditiJBBimorum tt 
illuatriiim Vironim (1707); Ward's Gresham 
ProfosBors; Benjumin Martin's BiographiaFhilo- 
sophica, 1764 ; Biog, Brit. (Kippis) ; Brodrick's 
ilemorials of Merton Coll. p. 74. For Briggs's 
K)Dtributions to mathe'inatics «ee Button's Ma- 
thematical and PhiloiMophical Dictionary, under 
'Briggs/* Napier/aud' Logarithms* J T. W-h. 

BRIGGS, HENRY PEKRONET (1793- 
1844), !*iibje€t and portrait painter, was bom 
at Walworth in 1793 ; he was of a Norfolk 
family and related toOpie the artist. While 
still at school at Epping he sent two well- 
executed engravings to the * Gentleman's 
Magazine/ and in IHl I entered as a student 
at the Eoyal Academy, where he began to 
exhibit in 1814. From that time onwards 
until his death he was a constant exhibitor at 
the annual exhibitions of the Academy, his 
paintings being for the most part hifitorieal in 
subject, though after his election as an aca- 
demician in 183:^ he devoted his a tt en tion 
almost exclusively to portraiture. Two of \m 
historical pictures, tir»t exhibited at the Aca- 
demy in 182(3 and 1S*27, are now in the Na- 
tional Gallery : No. 376, the ' First Conference 
between the Spaniards and Peruvians, 1531/ 
and No. 376, * Juliet and the Nurse.* His 
large minting of * George III presenting the 
Sword to Lord Howe on board the Queen 
Charlotte, 1794/ was purchased of him by 
the British Institution, and presented to 
Greenwiuh Tlospit^d. Among tlxe more suc- 
cessful of the various Shakeajiearean scenes 
delineated by him mav be mentioned his 
' Othello relating bis adventures to Desde- 
monu/ Of hiw numerous* pt^rt raits, the best 
jHirhajw WHS that of l^ird Eldon. The pio- 
turea painted by Briggs, though not with- 
out merits of con^trnction, cannot be i*aid 
to belong to the highest elasa of art, his 
colouring and flesh-tinti* especially being 
unpleasing. He died in London on 16 Jan. 
1844, 

[Atlifnpeum, 27 Jan. 1841 ; Art ITnion, March 
1844 ; Cutalo^iie of the National Grtlh'ry tBritJBh 
and Modern St^hooU) ; Bedgravcs Diet, of A rtista ; 
Redirraves* Century of Faintors, \\. pp. 78, 79,] 

W. W. 

BRIOOS, JOHN, D.D. (1788-1861), ca- 
tholic bishopi was born at Manchester on 
20Mayl788. He was educated first ftt Sedge- 
ley Parkland afterwards at St. Cuthbert's CS>1- 
lege^ Ufthaw, which he entered VS Oct, 1804. 



k 



There he began his theological studiee, and 
lir^ 14 Dec. 1804 had receive^i the tonsure and 

the four mi nor orders. He was ordained aub- 
deacon on 1 9 Dec. 1812, and deacon on 3 April 
1813, b+Mng ftdvanced to the priesthood on 
9 Jiily 1814. For several yearB he held his 
place at St, Ci»thl>ert'» College as one of the 
profesiors. In 1818 he waa lirst eetit on 
the misaion to Chefiter. There he remained 
in charge for fourteeji yeara until his nomina- 
tion on 28 March 1832 aa president of St. 
€uthbert*«, when he returned to Ughaw. In 
JanuaiT 1833 he was raised to the episeopate 
aa coadjutor of Bif^hop Ptjnswick, and wa,H 
conaecrated on 29 Jan, 1833 a« bi&hop o( 
TrachiB in Theaaalia. On the death of Risihop 
Penswickp 28 Jan. 1836» Bishop Briggs suc- 
ceeded him ae vicar apostolic oi the northern 
district. On 130 Jul v 1 840 the four vicariates, 
created in 1688 by Innocent XL were newly 
portioned out into eight hy Gri^gory XVl, 
Biiithop BriggB*8 diof'ese Innti^ then restrictt^ 
to Yorkshire, and hia title thenceforth t>eiog 
viciir-apostolic of the Yorkshire district. 
Ten years afterwards^ when Piun IX called 
the new catholic hierarchy into existence, 
Bishop Briggs was traoshited on 29 Sent. 
1850 to Beverley. Having held that see tor 
ten yearH^ he at length, by reaaon of his in- 
creaaing intinnities, resigned it on 7 Nov. 
1860, and two months later, on 4 Jan. 1861^ 
died in his seventy-third year at his house in 
York. On 10 Jan. he wag buried in thr- old 
parochial church of St. Leonard at Hazle- 
wood, Tadcafiter^ wbich among all the pariish 
churchea of Engbmd has the exceptional 
peculiarity of having remained uninterrup 
tedly a catholic churcli ever since its foundii- 
tion in 1286 hy Sir William de Vavaisour. 
The bi!*hop waa a count of the holy Roman 
empirf^.and a domestic prelate of his lioli nea^, 
as well as assistant at the pontifical thront;. 
He was rennirkal>le for his lofty and com- 
manding stJiture, and in his later years bad 
a pecnliarly noble and patriarcliJil pre^^enee. 
His chosen motto, which w^asjnstitied by his 
tw^enty-seven years of episcopal rule, was 

fffe-eminently characteristic, * Non recnso 
aborem.' 

[Brady's Epii*cf)pal Succcss-^ion, 280, 341, 8t^6- 
898; Annual Register for 1861, 407 ; Oent Mag. 
Janmry lft6I, 232; Hull A-lveHiyen 12 Jan. 
186L 4-^; Tablet, 12 Jun, 1S61, 17, 21,1 

C. K. 

BRIGGS, JOHN (1785-1870), Indian 
officer, enferetl the Madra-^ infantry in 1801. 
He t04>k ]>rtrt in l>i>th the* Mabratta wars of 
the present century* sening- in tbt; eampeipfn 
which ended that eventful strn^|j;le as a poli- 
tical olHcer und«r Sir John JIalcobn, whom 



he Imd pre^iouftly accompanied on hi^ mi&doo 
to Persia in 1810. He was one of Mount- 
Btu&rt Klpbinfitone'i! assiBtiLnts in t he Dekhuif 
Bubeeauently served in Khandesh, and suc- 
ceeded Captain Orant Duff ae resident at 
Sattara, alter which, in 1831, he wiw ap- 
pointed senior member of the board of oom- 
missionera for the government of Mjtore 
when the administrarion of that fftat« wiu 
assumed by the British grovemment owing 
to the misrule of the mitharaja. Hii ap- 
liointment to this office, w^hich was made by 
the ^:>vemor-general, Lord William Ben- 
tinck, was not agreeable to the eoTomment 
of Mttdnu^. and after a m^mewbat stormy 
tenure of office, which lasted barely a yesar, 
Brigga resijfnpd his post in September 1832, 
and was transferred to the residency of 
Nigpur, where he remained until 1835. In 
that year he left India, and never returned. 
In \S3S he attained the military rank of 
major-general. After his return to England 
he took a prf»minent part jts a member of the 
coiu*t of proprietors of the Eaat India Com» 
\mny m the discussitm of Indian affairs^ and 
was u vi|2^orous opixnient of Ix>rd DaLhousiefi 
annexation policy. He wbj* also an active 
member of tlie Anti-Com-law Leof^e. He 
was a p-ood Persian scholar, and translated 
Ferifihta*B ^MohammadHn Power in India,' 
and the* Siyar-al-Mutakbinn/ which recorded 
the dncline of the Mog^hul |Kiwer, He w>i 
alfto the author of an essay on the land i 
of India, and in a series of * Letters odd 
to a young person in India ' he discuAsed S" 
a lijrbt but instructiv^eRtylevariouj* question* 
bearintr upon the conduct of young Indian 
othcers, civil and military, and es|)eciaUy 
their treatment of the natives. Bridge was 
elected a fellow of the Royal Society in recog- 
nition of his prohciencv in oriental literature- 
He died at Burjtreiig Hill, SuaneXjOn 27 April 
I87r>, at the age of eighty*nine. 

[Alleir^ Jndi^m MhiI, 1S75; LstteisaddreaMd 
to a Yinm^ Perjion in India, by Lieutennnt-oolonel 
John Bn^cg**, Iftttf R<*jHdent at i^attita; On th« 
I^ad T)uc of India» I'tc. by LieutenaQt-eototMl 
John Hrii7^«, l^indon, 1830 ; Memoir of Genenil 
John Briggs, by Major E^Tins Bell Ix>ndon* 
laSA.] A, J. A, 

BBIGGS, JOHN JOSEPH (18m-U 

naturalist and topographer^ wns bom in 1 

village of Kinp^'s Newton, near Melbourne* 
Berbyshire, 6 March 1819. His father, John 
Briggs, who married his cousin, Mary BriggSp 
I was born and rej?ided for eighty-eight jean 
I on the eiame furm, at King's Newton, which 
had been the freehold of his ancestors for three 
centuries. John Joseph went^ in 1828, to the 
boarding Bchool of Mr* Thomas Hossel Potter, 



Hewti 1 
land^H 



the well-kuQwii liistorian of ^ CliamwocHl 
Forest/ at Wymeswold, Lf icesterBhire, and 
in ISdSto the Rt*T. {Solomon Saxon ^ of Darley 
Diale. Early in life he was apprenticed to Mr, 
Bemroae, the venerable h^ead of the printing 
firm of Bemroe^ & Song, Derby ; but ill-health 
compelUnf^r him to relinqniah an indoor oc- 
cupation, he thenceforward devoted himself, 
like his anccBtora, to farming. He became 
the fiiithfol t'lironieler of the Beasons, and re- 
corded all the facts and occurrences coming 
within his observation during at least thirty 
years- lie kept these notes curefully bound 
in manuscript volamt>a, and shortly before hia 
di^ath they were announcLd for publication, 
but have not yet been given to the world. 
Meanwhile he utilised his notes reg^ularly in 
the ' Field ' newttpaper, in which as eai'ly as 
1855 he had originated * The NatuTftlists* 
Column/ and entered into correspondence 
with the leading naturalists of the time, Hia 
papers al8o in the * Zoologist,* 'Critic,* * Reli- 
quajy/ * Sun,' * Derby Ueporter/ and * Leices* 
tersmre Guardian * (edited by his old Rchool- 
iHftBter Mr. Potter), were full of picturesque 
descriptions of nature and sketches* of places 
and objects in the midland counties of archteo- 
logical and antiquarinn interest. He became 
a fellow of the Koyal Society of Literature, 
and a member of the British Archaeological 
Afieociation, In 1800 he married Hannah 
Soar of Chellaston. Shortly before his death 
he had retired upon an ample competency, 
but his health failed, and he died at the place 
of his birth on 23 ifareh 1876, leaving a 
"widow, a son, and three duughters. 

His works consist of: 1. ^Melbourne, 
a Sketch of its Histor>' and AntiquitVi^ 1839, 
4to. 2, * History of Mel bourne, including Bio- 
graphical Notices/ 4&e,, with plates and wood* 
cuts, Derby, 1^52, 8vo, pp. :2(MJ. ii. ^ The 
Trent and other Poems,' Derby , 1857, 8vo; 
with additions, Derby, 18,59, 8vo. 4. *The 
Peacock at Uowsley/ London, 1869, 8vo, a 
ffOflsi^iing tx>okalxjut Hshiug and country life, 
descripriveof a well-kin>wn resort of anglers 
at th« junction of the Wve and Derwent. 
6- * Guide to Melbourne and King's Newton,- 
Derby, 1870, 8vo. il ' History and Anti- 
quitieaof Heminglon, L<nce?tershire,* twelve 
copies, privately printed^ witli coloured litho- 
graphs and woodcuts, London, 187S, large 
4to. Besides these work? and the unpub- 
lished observations on luitunil history, Bnggs 
had been for many years eollectirig materials 
for a book to Ije entitled 'The Worthies of 
Derby *ih ire/ for which we believe he had 
notes for at least 7(X} memoirs. This work, 
however^ has n^)t beL»u published. 

[Brigps'js Worka; Rdiqimry, 1876; perBOiial 
z«cullei!tiuuji*J J. WXt, 




BRIGGS, Sm JOHN THOMAS (1781- 
186o), accountant-general of the na^^y, of an 
old Norfolk family, a direct descendant of 
Dr, \V illiam Briggs la, v.], and, in a collateral 
line, of Professor Henry Briggs [q. t,], wae 
born in London on 4 June 1781. He entered 
early into the civil service of the admi- 
ralty, and at the age of twenty-five was 
appointed secretary to the * commission for 
I revising and digesting the civil atfaira of 
. the navy/ under the prt»sidency of Lord 
i Barham, in which capacity he was the \'i^- 
tual author of the voluminous reports is- 
' aued by the coromisision, 1806-9, When 
I the work of this commission was ended, 
Briggs was appointed asfiistant-aecretary of 
I the victualling board, a post which he 
, held till, in IKSCI, he was selected by Sir 
Jame^ Graham, then first lord of the ad- 
miralty^ its hif* private ^ecretaij; but was 
shortly afterwurdii advanced to be commis- 
sioner and Qccountant^genernl of the victual- 
ling board. That board wm. abtilished in 
183:?, and Briggs was appointed accountant- 
general of the navy, lie held this oihce for 
the next twenty-two years, during which 
tenn many and importtmt improvements 
were made in the ivst^m of accounts, in the 
framing of the naval estimates, in the method 
of paying the seamen, and, more especially, 
in enabling them to remit part of tneirpay 
to their wives and families. In 1861 Brigga 
received the honour of knighthood in ac- 
knowledgment of his long and efficient de- 
partmental service, from whicii he retired in 
l8o4. He died at Brighton on 8 Feb. 1865. 
His wife, to whom he was married in 1807, 
ftun ived him fieveral years, and died at the 
age of ninety, on 24 Dec. 1873. His son, Sir 
John lleury Briggs, chief clerk at the ad- 
miralty, was knighted on his retirement in 
1 870, after a service of forty-two ye-ara. 

[Gent. Mjig. 3rd ser. xviii. 395 ; obit nary 
notice, Morning Post, 8 Feb, 1865, and of Lady 
Briggs, ib., 3 Jan. 1874 ; Iwiding art. in Daily 
Telegpiipb, 6 Jan. 1874 ; information e*»ntributed 
by Sir J, IL Brigg*.] J. K. I* 

BRIGGS, WILLIA.M (1042-1704), phy- 
sician and oculist, was bom at Norwich* for 
which eity his father, Aug-iistine Brigj^, wa« 
four times M.P. At thirteen be was entered 
at Corpus Cbristi, Cambrid^, under Tenison, 
became a fellow of his college in U168, and 
M.A. in H370. After some years spent in 
tuition and in studying medicine, he went to 
France and attended the lectures of Vieussens 
at Mont jjellier, under the patronage of llalph 
Montapn (afterwards Dnke of Montagu), 
then British ambassador to France. To him 
Briggs dedicated his * Uphthalmograiihia/an 



Brigham 



Brigham 



anat mimical description of the eye, publislied 
at Cambridge in 1<\76, on bis return from 
France. He proceeded 31 .D. at Cambridge 
in l(V77, and was elected a fellow of the 
Liindon College of Physician!* in Ui82. In 
the latter yt^ar the Hrst prirt of bin ^^Fljeory 
ofVif?iiv>n* wa.« ptibli.<bt'd by Honke (PhUo^ 
scphirni Vollectn/m, No. *i, p. I<C); the 
second piirt wa.s published in the * Pbilo- 
ftophicalTninsMict ions' in 1683. The * Theory 
of^ Vision* was truni»bited into Latin^ and 
imbliahtMl in l(i85 by dejiire of Sir Isaac 
Newton^ who wrote n cninmendatory preface 
to it^ acicnowledging the benetit he bad de- 
rived from Brigg^rts anatoinical skill and 
knowh^lge. A ii*econd edition of the * Oph- 
thalmograph ia' was published i^n KW. Se- 
veral pointjs in Brigg8*8 account of the eye 
are note worthy, one being hi a r«.*cogTiition of 
the retina as an expansion in which the fibrea 
of the optic nerve are spread out; another, 
his laying emphasis* u^ion the by]>othe8i8 of 
vibrutionK a* an explanation of the pheno- 
mena of nervous action. Briggs practised 
with great success in London, esj^ecially in 
diseaaes of tin* eye- was physician to St. 
Thoma«*» HaNpital lii82-ri, phy,sician in ordi- 
nary to William HI from Ui9t>, and cenKor 
of the College of Pbywicitms in 1B85, KM), 
109:?. In 1*189, according to a cnrious me- 
morial on one sheet ppeeerved in the Driti.^b 
Museum, Dr. liriggs was at great expense 
in vindic4iting the title of the crown to St. 
Thomas's Hospital, bat was himself dis- 
miBfied firom his post, owing", as he states, to 
the machinations of a rival physician. Frt>m 
tha aame sheet we learn tnat, although he 
Attended the royal household with great zeal 
for five years, he could get no pay ; and not- 
withstanding that in 1098 William III pro- 
mised that be should be eonsideredj this was 
of no avail. In consequence of these circnra- 
atances, appxrently early in Annes reign, be 
bega for considenition in regard to the bos- 
pi tal a p|Joint m e n t. 1 1 e d i ed 4 8 ep t . 1 704 ^ at 
Town Mailing in Kent, His son, Henry 
Briggs, clmplain to Gt^irge H, and ri^ctur of 
Holt in Norfolk, en^ct^sd a cenotaph to his 
fathers memorv in Holt ebnrcb in 1737. 
The inscription is quoted by Munk. His 
portrait, by IL AMiite, was engraved by 
Faber. 

[BayK Load. 1736,iii.a92 ; Biog, llrit. U47, 
i. 982; Moinoriiil of Br. W. Briggs relating to 
St, Thomases HospitJiI* n.d. (about 1702) ; Munk'« 
ColL of Phjs. (1878), i. 424.] G. T. B. 

BRIGHAM, NICHOLAS {d. \rm\ is 
mentioned by Hale {Scnptoref*^ edit, 1557-9, 
not in that of ir48) as a Latin scholar and 
antiquarian, who gave up literature to prac- 



tise in the law courtft, and who floitrifthed in 
1550. To this Pits adds that he wa^ no com- 
mon poet and a good orator, and that in 1565 
he built a tomb for the hone® of Chaucer in 
Westminster Abbey, Later writer=i have 
taken this to he Nieholaa Brigham, a * teller* 
of the exchequer* who died in 1558. Wood 
{Athentid 0.con, i. J509) c<:»njecture« that be 
waa bom near Caverslukm, where his eldest 
brother Thomas had lands of inheritance, and 
died in 6 Edwnrd VI, but was descended 
from the Briglmra* of Brigham in Yorkshire, 

I Now one Anthony Brigham was made bailifiT 

' of the king's mnnor of Caversham in 1543 
(FaL 35 Hfjt. nil p. 14. m. 6), and in 15U 
had a grant of Inndg called Canon End there 

I (Pat. :^ Um. nil V- 2). but no Nicholas 

I appears in the pedigree of Brigham of Canon 

I End (Harl MS, 1480. fob 44, in which 
Anthony Brigham is prroneoimly called cof- 

I ferwr of th»^ household), nor is either Antlioiij 
or Nicholas named in tlmt of Brigham of 
Brigham { Poi7i.i?ioy, Holdemesg^ \\. 268). 
Wood further supp»H**t* that he studied at 
Hart Hjdl, Dxfurd, but whether or not be 
took a degrt»e dt>es nut appear. Brigham had 
a grant on :?9 June 1544 of the rt^version, 
after hi^ futber-in-law, Ric, Warner, of a 
tellersbip in the exche4uer {Pat. 36 Hen, VIII 

I p. U), m, 25), and on 23 May 1558, as a teller 
of the exchequer, a gnmt of 50/. a year for 
life, which was confirmed on 14 Aug. follow- 
ing to bim Mid ilargiiret, his wife» in sur^ 
vivorship (Pat. 4 and 5 PA. and M. p, 13, 
m. 1, and 5 and t> Ph. and M. p. 3, m, 30). 
In the spring of 1558 the queen appointed 
him reet*iver of the loan made her by the citv 
of London, and general receiver of all subsH 
dies, fifteenths, or other b^Lsnevolences. Part 
of 8ir Henry Dudley a conspiracy, for which 
many suffi-rHd dejith in L'356, was to seise 

' the money of the exchequer in eustodv of 
Brigham. One of the conspirators, William 
Hunnyf4. or Hiniu^f*. or Ennys (by Froude, 
Hi*t, vi. 441, called Heneage), of the rt>yal 
cbnpel^ who * kept Brigham's wife, and wa» 
verv' familiar with liini by that means,' wa» 
to find a wvL\ to do this : hut Brigham*s own 
moneVp wbieb h« kept with the queen's, was 
not to be taken, as be was * a very plain man,* 
and they would have enough money without 
bis. On BrigliamV deatli in 1558 bis widow 
forthwith married this Hunnys, who had e*» 
caped the fate of most of his fellow-conspifa- 

; tors ; and there is in Somerset House an entry 
of a decree of 4 Ts'ov. 1559 that a will made 
in Septerabi'r, October, November, or Decem- 
ber 1558^ leaving all his property to hiswife^ 

I which will was disputed by James Brigham, 
nephew of ?sicholas, is to be held valid, and 
that l^'illiam Hunnvs, * husband and execu- 



p 



tor of the last will and testument' of Mar- 
garet, Iftte wife of Nicholas Brigliain, is to 
execute the trust j^ contttined in it. From tins 
it HppeurB tlmt Rrigham died in D(^'c:*iml>*!r 
1558^ and tliat Mar^iret did not long sur- 
vive him — ^mdetid, her will, duted 2 June 
1559, was proved on I'i Oct. following. Brig- 
ham had but one child, Kachuel, whf) died on 
21 June 1557, and was buried near Clmucer's 
tomb ia Westminster Ablx^y wifh this in- 
scription—^ L^nica i|iiifi fuemm pruh^a spesoue 
alma parent urn Hoc Hachael Brigham conaita 
fiiini turaulo, Vixit annii< quatuor, mensibiia 
tribus, dit4ju!i5 quatucir hori^ lo,' He wrote: 
(1 )* DeVenationibiis Rerum Memonibilium ;' , 
( 2^ * Memoinibv way of a Diary; * and ( 3J * Mis- | 
cellttJieous Poems,' but none of these ^eem 
now to be extant. Perliayw \m only produc- 
tion now Jniown is his epitaph on Cliaucer. 
Before his time a leaden plate hung in Sl lien- 
net h Chapel, in ^\^^«it minster Abbey, with 
Cliuueer^s epitaph by Snrigonius of Milan 
(Dabt, i. p, 8*3): * OalMdus Chancer rates et j 
lama Poesis Mat erne hac sacra «um tumulatus 
humo/ Brigham in lori,'j removed the poet's 
bones to a marble tomb he had built in the , 
south transept, and on which there waj?! a 

Sjrtrait of Chaucer taken from Occleve's *De 
egimine Principis,' with this epitaph:— 

Qui fuit Anglorum vatea ter maiimus olira 

Oalfridaw Chflueer coudirur hoc tuTnulo : 

AjiQum 81 qu^erasBomiai, si tempora vitse, 

Ecm Dotae siab.sunt qu«f iibi cuncta ootant. 

26 OctobmHOO. 

iEmmDarum r««qaie<i mors. 

After which comes — 

N. Brigham hoa fecit Musarum nomine mimptus, 

and round the base, 

Ft rogita^ quia *^nim, Ibrsan t« fuma ilocebk ; 
QutMJ ^ii Inma Di'gat, muadi quia gloria traiiBit, 
Ha^ moQuDionta lege. 

[Bale'ii Scriptores, ed, 1657-9 ; PJti ; Weevcr's 
Puueral Monuments, ni, 1631, p. 489; Tanner; 
Wood's Athene Oxon. i, 309; Dodds Bint, of 
tho Church, j. 3tt9 ; Cal. 8tate Pnpors, Bom, 
1547-«0, pp. 77, 101, 102, and laoi-a, Add 
p. 63fl; Dart's WpatmiiiHicr Ahhuy, i. 83, ii. 61 ; 
Cai&dpo's Reges, Hegltia?, &c. (cd. 1606), pp, $6, 
ker ; Piteot KodB.] R. H. B. 

BRIGHT, HENHY (1814-187;!), water- 
colour painter, w^a^ born at Saxmundham, 
Suffolk, in 1814. His talent for drawing 
was early exhibited, but little encourageo* 
He waa apprenticed by hi?* father to a chemist 
and druggist at Woodbridge. After serving 
his time ne went to Norwich, and h«came 
dispeniwr to the Norwich HospitaL Whilst 
yet at Woodbridge he deems to have given to 
drawing whatever time he could get. The 




removal to Norwich, throwing him aa it did 
into the company of the then famous artiata 
of that city, wos fortunate, as w^eH for the 
w^orld as lor him. The iuflueuee of such 

Eiintcrs as John Crome, Cotmnn, the elder 
adbrook, Stark, and Vincent was soon suf- 
licient to make him abandon hi 8 bottles for 
the brush. lie gave up his place at the 
hospital, and came to London to study. 
Here his talents introduced him to Prout, 
David Cox, J. D. Harding, and other well- 
known London painters, and he soon became 
u member of tho Institute of Painters in 
Water Colours, and later of the Graphic 
Society. To the exhibitions of the former 
society be contributed in 1841 and 1844, 
He then seceded from it^ and ' from that 
time till 1850 was an exliibitor of land- 
scapes in oil to the Royal Academy exhibi- 
tions.^ He sjietit more than twenty years 
in Loudon, and then, his health failing, he 
retired to Ipswich, where he died on 21 hept* 
1873. During the time of his residence in 
London he spent a part of each year in 
travelling, wheu he paiuted gicenery on the 
Khine^thecousts of France and Holland, the 
Isle of Arran, and the Yorkshire Moors. On 
one of the continental trips he met J. W. M. 
Turner, and formed an acquaintance with 
him which ripened into friendship. The first 
painting in oil which he exhibited was hung 
at the Academy in 1840. It w^as bought 
by Clarksou Stanfield, R.A. The result of 
this purchase waa an enduring friendship 
between the two painters. Prout and Hard- 
ing were admirers of Bright's pictures and 
aketches. The queen and the prince consort 
were among his earliest patrons. In 1844 a 
water-colour painting called * Entrance to 
an old Prussian Lawn — Winter— Evening 
effect * waa bought by her majesty, who now 
poaaeaaea aeveral others of Jiright'a works. 
Aa a teacher of his art Bright was for some 
years ver\' popular, and derived nearly l2,(XK)/. 
a year from this branch of his profe^^sion. 
Bright's picture.-* are varied in f^ubject, and 
usually maKterly in manipulation. His co- 
louring is rich and deep. The largest and 
finest of his pictures {Suffolk Vhronici^^ 
27 Sept. 1873), amongst wuich ia 'Orford 
Castle,' are in the poaseaaion of Mr. Charles 
T. Maud of Bath, 

[Art Joarnal, OctoW 1873; Suffolk CHuPO- 
nida, 27 Sept. 1873 ; Rodgravt*** Diet, of Artista 
of the EngUflh School ; Atheiisum, 27 Sept. 
1873.] E, R. 

BRIGHT, IlENRV ARTHUR {1830^ 
18841, mercliant and author, was born at 
Liverpool on 9 Feb. 1830, the eldest son of 
Samud Bright, LP. ^IT^A^"^, ^ -5^i^a.lcv^gfic 



brother of Ricbard Bright, M.D., the putho- 
loffist), bj EliKiibeth \iint\ eldest daughter 
of Uugh Jones, a Liverpool b&nker. The 
family [ledigree goes back to NftthanielBnglit 
of Worcester (1493-1564), whoeejrrandBon» 
Henry (1562-1 62<i), was canon of Worceater, 
and purchafted the manor of Brockbury in 
the parish of Colwall, llerefordt^hire, which 
fit ill reiuains in the family. Henry Arthur 
Brig-ht, who on hismotherV side was related 
to the late Lord Houghton^ was educated 
at Ktigbv, under Tait, and at Trinity College, 
Cambridge, where he qualified for his degree, 
but as a nonconformi&t w&s unable to make 
thesubecriptioii then required a^ a condition 
of graduation. When this restriction had 
been removc^d, Bright and his relative Jamea 
Hey wood were the first nonconformists to 
take the Cambridge degrees of B, A, ( lHo7 ) and 
M.A. iim^O). i Jn leiiving Cambridge Bright 
became a partner with his fulher in the ship- 
ping lirTD of Gibbs, Bright^ & Co., by whose 
enterprise rcgidar communication wiw esta- 
bliflhed between this country and Aiistralia. 
Bright was chaiminn of the aailors* home in 
Canning Street in 1 8(i7, and again iin 1877; in 
the latter year the dispt^nsary in the Custom 
House arcade was opened mainly through 
bis exertiona, and in August 1878 a second 
fi&ilora^ home, projected by him, was opened in 
Luton Street. In t86o he was placed on the 
commission of jwace for the borough, and 
in 187Q for the county. He waa a nnitarian 
in religion, and from 1856 to 1800| by his 
counsels and by his pen, very much guided 
the policy of the * Inquirer * news|mper towards 
conservative unitananism. He wrote also in 
the * Christian Uefomier/ and contributed 
occasioiially to the * Christian Life/ esta- 
blishwl in 187fl. But his catholicity of spirit 
may be seen in one of his moat linished 
public speeches, at the Liverpool celebration 
of theCtianning centenniHl {Cenfmmry Corn^ 



i 



menwration, i^e., 1880, p. 17tS seo.) Li Liver- 
pool he htdd a place unique in liis time, but 
akin to that tilled bv William Itoscoe in a 



previous generation, n» a centre of literary 
interests and literary friendsliips. He was 
a member of tlie Uoxburgbe Club and of the 
Philobiblon Society, a.^ well as of the local 
bifitorical and lit t^ra r\' aociet ies. His pers*^nal 
intercourse with literary men and women 
wa« verv' extended and sy^npnthetic, and was 
sustained by a wide correspondence, in which 
hlfl own part wa^ cluiniclerised by a singular 
fertility and t^hann. In the world of letters 
he will be bcHl remembered by the fretruent 
allusions to bim in the * Note-books ' and bio- 
graphy of llftwthome,wbo*<ea<;quaintance he 
made at Concord in 1852, Tlie fri£'ndHhip was 
renewed and deepened in the following year, 



I when Hawthorne became consul at Livei^ 
I pooL In 1854 they made a totir in Walai 
together, and till Hawthorne's death the in* 
timaey of their intercoiir&e waa not relaxed. 
I As a literary critic Bright poasestted graat 
I judgment and much feuciti^ of expressioiL 
I lie wrote for the ^ Kiaminef/and contributed 
, regularly to the * AtheiUBum ' from 187L 
His great literary auccees was the ' Year in 
a Ijancashire Garden,^ 1879, a delicious ntr- 
rative, in which the truth of nat itre and the 
poetry of literature are happily blended. In 
1882 liis health, never robust, began serioualT 
to give way. He tried the effect of a sojoarn 
in the south of France, and a winter at 
Bournemouth, but returned to Liverpool in 
the spring of 1884, and died on 5 MaT at bis 
residence, Ash field. Knotty Ash. In 1861 he 
had married Mary Elizabeth^ eldest daughter 
of Samuel H. T&ompaon of ThingwallHallf 
and left three sons and two daughters. Of 
his publications the following are of molt 
interest : I. * A Historical Sketch of War- 
rington Academy,* 1859, 8 vo( reprinted from 
the * Tmnaactions of the Historic Society of 
' Lancashire and Cheahire/ vol, xi. ; chiefly 
I drawn up from original papers in his pone»- 
I sion ). 2. * The Brights of Col wall/ 1872, 8to 
(reprinted from * The Herald and Genealo- 
gist/ vol. vii/) 3. *Some Account of the 
Glenriddell MSS. of Burns's Poems,* 1874, 4U) 
(these manuscripts had been deposited in the 
Liverpool Athenteum Library by the widow 
of Wallace Currie, son of llurns's biographer; 
Bright first made them known, communicat- 
ing the unpublished matter to the ' Atbe- 
nieuED ' of 1 Aug. 1874), 4* ' Poems from Sur 
Kenclm Digby's Pai>ers,* 1877, 4to (edited foe 
the lioxhurghe Club from papers long in the 
possession of the Bright family). 5, *A 
Year in a Lancst^hire Garden,* 1879, 8vo (first 

Sublisht^d, mcmth by montli, in the * Oar- 
ener*8 Chronicle* for 1874; fifty copieawt 
privately printed in 1875; the publisl' 
volumelias considerable additions ; there i 
two editions, same year). 6. * The Ee 
Flower Garden/ 1881, 8vo (originallv conl3 
bute<l as an article to the * Quarterly Uevie 
April 1880). 7. * Unpublished Letters fn 
Samuel Taylor Coleridge to the Rev. John 
Prior Estlin,' 1H84, 4to (printed for thePbilo- 
bihlon Society ; the letters belong to Cole- 
ridge's unitarian period, and include a pre- 
viously un printed poem). He contributed 
also a hymn C To the Father through tbe 
Son ^) to * Hymns, Chants* and Anthems,' 
1858, edited by John Hamilton Thom for 
Henshaw Street imi tar i an chapel ; and wrote 
(before 1858) 'The Lay of the L^nitAnan 
Church,' a spirited poem, origin nlly contri- 
buted to a ninguzine (* Sabbath Leisure,* 




^ 



edited by J, R, B^iird, D,D*), and issued 
anonTxnou&ly ^nd without dBte as a tract 
ftbout 1870. Ta the same ma§^ziiie he con- 
tributed a prose tah% ^Thtj Martyr of Ant ioch/ 
illastrnting the early history of Arianigm; 
part of this was reprinted in the * Chriatian 
Freeman/ 

[The Brij^hts of Colwall, p, 11 ; Christian 
Life, 10 and 17 May 1884, where are collected 
the chief obituary notices t'wm the London and 
Liverpool papeiv; Athenaemiit 10 May 1884; 
Times. 10 May 1884; Lnard'sGraduftti Cantab., 
1873, p, 63 ; Pn^Bagea from the English Note- 
boolca of N. Hawthoni«*, 1870, l 106, &c. ; N. 
Hawthorne and his Wife. 1886, ii. 21-7. &c. 
(contains oia© letters from Bright) ; private infor* 
mation.] A. O. 



BRIGHT, 8m JOHN (1619-1688), par- 
liamentarian, of Cnrbrook and liatkworth, 
YorkBhire^ born in 1610, tcx^k up arms for 
the parliument at the outbreak of th«^ civil 
war. lie raised several compBuies in the 
neighbourhood of Shettield, and receivetl a 
captain's comniisj^ion from Lftrd Fairfax. He 
was alno namwl one of the sequestration 
commissiouprs for the West Hidiu|? (1 April 
lti43)» About the same date he Wame a 
colonel of foot : * He %vft,M bat young when he 
first had the eommantl, hut he grew very va- 
liant and prudent, and had his officers and 
soldiers under gowl conduct' (Mrfmiirt of 
Captain John Hodf/mv^ p. 101'), He accom- 
panied Sir T. Fiiirfa.x in hh *^xpedition into 
Cheshire, commanfled a brig^ade nt the battle 
of Selbv, and ou the surrender of the castle 
of Sbertield wrs appointed governor of that 
place (Ang-ust 1044). and a little later mili- 
tary governor of York, In the second civil 
war be served under Cromwell in Seotland, 
and also took part in the siege of Pontefract. 
C*n CVnmweirs second expedition into Scot- 
landf l^right threw up his commiasion when 
the army arri^^ed at Newcastle, in con- 
ftequence of the refusal of a fortnight's leave 
(HoDGsoy, Memmr/t). Nevertheless he con- 
tinued to take an active part tn public affairB. 
In 1651 he was commissioned to raise a regi- 
ment to oppose the march of Charles 11 into 
England iCal Stfite Paj>er4, Dom. Sen)i I 
and lie undertmik the same service in 1659, 
on the rising headed by Sir Georjfe Booth 
{Joumah of the Hou*e of Vammmis). In 
16o4 and l»^rjo he was high sheriff of York- 
sliire^ and he also acted as governor of York 
and of Hidh * He may l*e pr»'^nnieil to luive 
concurred in the measures for bringing about 
the Restoration, for we find that as early as 
July 1*560 he was admit tpd into the order of 
^^ baronets, having been previously imighted * i 
■ (Htintbk). He fli»>d on 13 Sept. 1688. [ 



^ 



[Hunter's History of Hallftint*hir©(ed. Gutty )» 
Srtl ed,, Cf»n(air»B the pe^ligree of Bright's family^ 
and an ivceountof his life; The M^moii-s of Captain 
John Hodgfron, whoserrnl imdor him, give btome 
of the details of his ujilitiiry servieeB ; in the 
Fairfax Corre&pondence (Memoirs of the Civil 
Wars, i. 83-113), two of Bright'i letters during 
the first ctril war are printed, aad the Baynes 
coiTespondenee in the British Museum coattiina 
a large number of his letters reliiting to the 
iiatincinl affairs of hi^ regiment ; in th*t Tliarloe 
State Papers, tL 784, is a letter from Bright to 
Cromwell (February 1658) resigning the gijvem- 
ment of Hall ; there is an account of his funeral 
in Boothroyd't Pontefract, pp. 294-5,] 

C.H. F. 

BRIGHT, JOHN (178.^1870), physician, 
was boni in Derbyshire, and edtieated at 
Wadbam College, Oxford, where he gradu- 
ated B.A. 1801 /and >LR 1808. \U at tirst 
practised in Birmingham, and wa-s apfKiinted 
physician to the General Hospital in 1810^ 
out before long he removed to London. He 
was elected fellow of the College of Phy- 
sicians in 180Sr),was several 'times censor, and 
was Har*'eian orator in 1830* Fnim 1822 to 
I84»i he wa^ physician to the Westminster 
Hospitai In \b*M be was appointed lord 
chancellors adviser in lunaey, to which 
office be almost entin?Iy limited himself for 
many years. He never practised extensively, 
having an ample privatt_^ tbrtune* * He wa«,* 
says the * Lancet/ * a most aceoinplished 
classical scholar, and may Im» said to have 
represented that old school of phyKieians 
wuose veneration for Greek and Latin cer- 
tainly exceeded their estimation of modem 
pathological research, and who vahied an 
elegant and scholarly prescription before the 
most sejtrr.hing post-mortem report/ He died 
1 Feb. 1870, aged 87. 

[Mnnk'B Coll. of Phjf^, (1878), iii. 79; Lancet, 
obit, notice, 12 Feb. 1870.] G. T. B. 

BRIGHT, MYXORS (1818-1883), de- 
CJphenT of Pt'pys, bom in 1818, was the mn 
m John Bright (the sulyect of the previoiig 
article), and of Eliza his wife ( Chilrffc Botikii)^ 
He was ediiciited at Shrewsbur%% and <intered 
Magdalene Col l**ge, Cambridge, on 3 July 1 836. 
He was a senior opt i me in mathematics, and 
took a second-tdflss in classics. Hti proceeded 
B.A. in lH40,and M,A. in 1843. He became 
fonndat ion-fellow, t ut or, and event ually presi- 
dent of Magdalene, and was chosen prfK^tor in 
l8o3. The Pepystan library being at Magda- 
lene, Bright resijlved to re-decipher the whol& 
of Pepya's * Diarv,* and to this end he learnt 
t he cipher from Shel ton*s * Tachy graphy/ In 
1 873 he retired from iMagdalene, and left Cam- 
bridge for London* His ' Pepys * was printed 



Bright 



334 



Bright 



P 



I 



betwwn 1875 mid 1879» und was publi«lnMi 
simultiiju'ously in 4t<t iithI Hvo, (5 vols. cacIl 
The edition im'hidt«^ frMig-niviu^ of Fait home's 
* Map of London,* MViS, and Evtd\^l'8 * Pos- 
ture of the Dutdi Fl»**^t; r«4]7. 'It coirectu 
numtToiis errors *xxnimnp in the on^nid de- 
cipher intent, and insert** luiuiy passagies Hither- 
to auppn****^!. 

Bnjfht becjime pamlvaed nbout 1880, tmd 
died on L>:i Feb. 1 88:1/ aged 65. He iievtjr 
marriod. Wri of liis interest in his * Pepys * 
he beo neat bed to iMagdtdene College. His 
portrait wtus painted by F. Dick*?nswin, and 
preeented by bis friends to hia college. 

[Magdalene College Book* ; he Neve*i Fasti 
(Hmdy), iii* 635; Academy, No. 56<^. p. 151 ; 
Crockford'i! Clergy Lijst> 1882; Athemettm, No. 
2888, p. 280 ; Bright'i Fepys's Diary. Prt^fjwe* 
i, pp, vii, viii, ii. p. viii ; private inforraiuion.] 

J. H, 

BBIGHT, RICHARD (1789-1858), phy- 
fficiaii, bom at Queen 8<juare, Bristol, on 
2B Sept. 17S9, was the third son of Richard 
Bright, a merchant and banker of that city. 
The fathi^r belonged to the family of the 
Bfights of Brockbury, Herefordshire, who 
trmx their descent from Henry Bright, D.D, 
{d, 1626), maater of the King's School at Wor- 
cester in Queen Elizabeth's time. In 1808 he 
matriculated attheuntvorsity ofEdinburgh in 
the faculty of arts, attending the in>it ructions 
of Dugala Stewart, Playfair, and Leslie in 
their respective subjects, and in the next 
year entered the medical faculty, where his 
teachers were Hope, Monro, and IDiiiicaii. 

In the summer of 1810 he was invited to 
join Sir George Stuart Miickenxie and Mr. 
(afterwards Sir Henry) Holland on a vi-^it 
to Iceland, which occupied some months. 
To the account of this voyage, written by Sir 
George Mackenzie (* Travels in Iceland,' fidin- 
burgh, 1811), Bright contributed chapters 
on botany and zoology. He also brought 
hack with him a large collection of dried 
plants ; and though this journey miist have 
been a serious intemipiior* to hia professional 
studies, doubtless it had its use in training 
his great powers of exact observation. 

On returning trom Iceland, Bright pursued 
his medical studies in London, living for two 
years in the house of one of the rt'sident 
officers of Guv'« Hospital. Here he attended 
the medical lectures of Dr. W. Babinglon 
and James Currie, and studied anatomy and 
surgery in the united school of Guy's and 
St, Thomases, under Astlejr Cooper, the two 
Clinesj and Travera. It is supposed that 
from Astley Cooper he imbibed a sense of the 
value of morbia anatomy in the study of 
disease; and even at that time he executed 



A drawinff, since presenred, of the appeae 
of the kidney in that maladj, bj the ini 
gation of which he afterwards made hin 
famooa. At the same time he became inte* 

rested in the study of ijooloey, probably 
through the example of Dr. William Bah- 
ington, and in 1811 he read a paper to th« 
G^logical Society on the strata in the neigh- 
bourhood of BristoL 

In 1812 Bright returned to Edinbuiffh, 
where the celebrated Dr. Gregory was nis 
principal teacher in medicine, ancT where he 
etill pursued the study of geology and natural 
history under Professor Jameson. He gra- 
duated M.D. on 13 Sept. 181-2, with a diasr^ 
tation, ^ De Erysipelate Contogioso/ It wis 
at that time his intention to graduate also at 
Cambridge, and accordingly he entered U 
Peterhou&e, of which collegte his brothermt 
a fellow ; but after having kept two tecBtt 
J he found residence in college incompatible 
: with his other pursuits, and left the uniyieT^ 
sity. Bright then returned to London, and 
I became a pupil at the public dispensary under 
Dr. Bateman. But his love of tTarel again 
I carried him away from London, and in 1814, 
j when the continent became open to Enirlisb 
travellers, he made a tour through Houand 
and Belgium to Berlin, where he spent some 
months, attending the hospital practice of 
Horn and Hufeland, besides profiting by the 
acquaintance of other eminent men of acience. 
From Berlin he pas^ted to Vienna, where he 
spent the winter of 1814-15. 

What is known as the old Vienna School 
of Medicine was then in high repute, and 
Hildenbrand was the chief clinical 
sor; but Bright was also much impre 
bv the then celebrated John P. F, F) 
'Ine political interest of the con^rress thea 
sitting also engaged much of Brignt's atten- 
tion, and he refers to it in an account of his 
travels which he afterwards publij^hed. In 
the spring he extended his journey to Hun- 
gary, but returned in the summer in time to 
reach Brussels a fortnight after the battle of 
W^aterloo. Here the immense military hos- 
pitids, crowded with aufferers after the great 
battle, supplied matter of professional mte- 
rest which nnturally delayed his homeward 
journev* 

On 23 Dec. 1816 Bright was admitti^d a 
1 icent iate of the College of Phvsicians. Soon 
after be was made assistant pliysician to the 
London Fever Hospital, and tilled the same 
office for a short time at the Public Dispen- 
sary. In the fever hospital be contracted 
a severe attack of fever which nearly cost 
him h is life . Whet her in consequence of thia 
illness, or from other reasons, it is curious to 
note that Bright was in 1816 again induced to 



pT0fiB|^ 




» 



I 



Mt out ou coDtment^l travel^ and spent the 
greater part of a year in a tour thraugh Ger- 
many, Italy, and France, In the yeur 1820, 
however, he finally settled down in London, 
in Bloomsbury Square ; and being in the 
«ame yeArelected assistjint-pliysician to G uy's 
Hospital, he conamencec! that course of ar- 
duous clinical Btudy ami indefatigable in- 
dustry 110 a teacher whicfi made his own 
reputation, and contributed much to raise 
that of tlie school in which he worleed. In 
1824 he was made full physician, ahd occu- 
pied this post till 184^, when, on resigning, 
he waA made consulting physician. 

Blight's energy and industry in his hos- 
pital work were very remarkable. For some 
years he is said to have spent six hours a day 
m the wards or post-mortem room, and he 
was an active lecturer in the mediciil school. 
In 1822 he gave a courae on botany in rela- 
tion to materia medica, which was continued 
for tliree years. In 1823 he began to give 
clinicjil lectures ; in 1824 he took part in the 
medicjil lectures with Dr. Cholmley, and 
afterwards for many years shared the course 
with Dr. Addison. Tlie outcome of their 
joint labours was the commencement of a 
text-book, * Elements of the Practice of Me- 
dicine,* of which, however, only one volume 
appeared in 1839, and this was understood 
to oe chiefly the compoBition of Addiaon. 

In 1827 he published the first volume of 
a collection of ' Reports of Medical Cases/ 
intended to show the importance of morbid 
anatomy in the study of disease. In this he 
gave the first accoimt of those researches on 
dropsy with which his name is inseparably 
connected, though his first obserAiition on 
the subject was made, he says, in 1813, 
While tne symptom dropsy, or watery swell- 
ing, had been known from the earliest period 
of medicine, it had been, shortly befon* 
Bright s time, shown by Blackall and WelU 
that it was in raiiny cases connected with a 
special symptom, namely, that the urine was 
coagulable by he^t. from the presence in it 
of albumen. But these two symptoms were 
not traced to their source, or connected with 
a diseased condition of any organ. Bright, 
by his investigations of the sitate of the 
body after death, ascertained that in all such 
cases a peculiar condition of the kidneys was 
present, and thus proved that the symptoms 
spoken of were really those of a disease of 
the kidneys. The explanation once given 
seems as simple as * putting two and two to- 
gether ; * but the importance of the discovery 
IS shown by the fact that no one Ijefore had 
auflpeoted the kidney to be the organ impli- 
cated. It proved Bright not only to be an 
acute observer, but to possew the much rarer 



faculty of synthesis, which makes an ob- 
server a discoverer. The truth and importance 
of liis researches were soon generally recog- 
nised. In a short time Morbus Brightii, or 
Bright 's Disease, was a familiar appellation 
over the whole of Eiurope, and will doubtless 
presence the memory ot Bright so long as the 
disease is known by a separate name. Next 
to Laennec's discoveries m chest diseaaefl, thia 
of Bright 's is perhaps the most important 
special discovery made in medicine in the first 
half of the nineteenth century. 

The volume of medical reports contained, 
besides those on dropay, other observations, 
which would alone nave made the hook a 
very valuablij one. It was followed in 1831 
by a second volume, in two parts, containing 
reports on diseases of the brain and nerv^ous 
system, full of observation of tlie highest 
value. Both volumes are illustrated with 
admirable plates, and taken together form 
one of the most important contributions to 
morbid anatomy ever made in this country 
by one person. 

In 1836 appeared the first volume of the 
well-known Htuv's HospitHl Reports,^ to 
which Bright was from the first a copious 
contributor. The first and second papers in 
the first volume, on the 'Treatment of Fever' 
and on * Diseased Arteries of the Brain * re- 
spectively, are by him, as are also six other 
papers in the same volume, of which the 
moBt important are * Cases and Observations 
illustrative of Kenal Disease,' and * A Tabu- 
lar View of the Morbid Appearances in One 
Hundred Cases of ^\1 bum i nous Urine.' The 
two last mentioned extend and support his 
great disco verj' by several additional deve- 
lopments, which subset juent research has 
done nothing but confirm. In the second 
volume are two papers by Bright — one on 
'Abdominal Tumours/ which was the first 
of an important series continued by two 
papers in the third volume of the * Report^,* 
one in the fourth, and one in the fifth. This 
same fifth volume also contains an important 
paper entitled * Observations on Kenal Dis- 
eases : Memoir the Second.* In the first 
volume of the second series (1843) appears 
an accoimt of ob6«ervations made under the 
suj>erintendence of Bright by Dr, Barlow 
and Dr. Owen Rees on patients with albu- 
minous urine ; but after this Bright's name 
does not appear in the reports, 

Bright's professional success, apart from Ins 
hoBpital work, was steady, if not rapid. On 
25 June 1882 he was promoted from being a 
licentiate to the fellowship of the College of 
Physicians, at that time a rare distinction. 
He was Gulstonian lecturer in 18S3, and 
took as his subject 'The functions of the 




ftbdomiiiftl vtsoers, with otwerrmttoiis on tlie 
diAgnostie nxvla of the dsBeues to which the ^ 
vii»c3en ftre subject/ In 1837 he wu Lum- 
bian lecturer, his »uh)ect beiiifj * Diaordert 
of the bmn/ He wui censor m \Sii6 and 
I s;',n, mid a member of the council l^riH and 
L^i;i. lie wftfl elected fellow of the Rojal 
^ociety in 1821, and received the Monthyon 
[iinedarfrum the Infititule of France. In 1837, 
acceMion of Queen Victoria, he was 
[it^ed physician extxaofdinarj to her ma- 
in the earlier part of hi» career it h 
that his practice wag not lar^ ; but «ja 
I reputation ro^e he took the leading posit ion I 
I c()ns til ting physician in London^ and was 
ohnbly consulted in a huTfer number of diffi- 
*t cm Win than any of hia contemporartea, < 
(tht waa twice married ; first to the young* ' 



at daughter of Dr. Willijim Babtngton [a* v.] 
'The only son by thi» marriage took noly 
orders, but died young. Hia second wife was 
a daughter of Mr, Benjamin FoUetti and sister 
of Sir William Webb Follett. She survived 
him, as did three sons and two daughters. His 
eldest BOu is now (18J^) master of University 
College, ( )xford : his youngest a physician in 

Srsctti'** at Cftimt's. lie died at his house, 11 
avih' Itow, OH 1 H L>rtc, 1868, after a very short 
illneBe, which, however, was ahown by post- 
mortem examiufttion to have been theconse- 
fuenoe of long-standing disease of the heart, 
le WAB buritKl at Kensal Qreen cemetery, and 
ft mural monument was erected to his me- 
mory in St. Jame^^s Church, Piccadilly. The 
College of Physicians poaseaaea his portrait 
in oils, and also a marble bust ; another hviat 
ia at Guy's Hospital, and his portrait is en* 
ffr&¥ed in Pettigrew's ' Medical Portrait Qal- 

Bright was by general admission a man of 
fine and attractive nature. From early man- 
hood he was animated by a genuine love of 
truth iind uuswer\'ing sense of duty* He wae 
of an jifleot innate disjoaition and uniformly 
cheerfuL He waa widely accompli shed » a 
good lingiii^t (when this kind of knowledge 
was leas i^ommon than it is now), well versed 
in more than one science, a cn»ditable amateur 
artist, and pofisessed of much tawtt* in art ; well 
cultivated on nil widej* by travel and Rociety. 
In his intellt'CtUKl character the first feature 
which strikes n« is a certain simplicity. Be- 
yond mn8t nbservers he succeedea in viewing 
objects without prejudice, I^ot putting for^ 
ward any theorie8hmiaelf,bewasnot biassed 
by any of thn prevailing systems of medicine. 
Next, he had a remarkable tact^ which ap- 
peared to he exercised unconsciously, of picK* 
ing out the inipnrfant fa^'ta in iiny subject, 
and, pt*rhap« half unconsciously alao» of com- 
bining them together so as to explain each 



other. He b said not to have peroaired the 
true value of hia own ohserviattonAy and thia 
is qnite credible, but his genius guided hoi 
to the riii Moreover, hia xndostTT 

was ind He amaesed hnsdie^ 

and thousand*: oi tacts, and hist mtnut« aceo- 
racy of observation was never or raxely at 
fault. 

Bright was not generally regarded as a bril- 
liant man ; he had little poweT of ejtpneitiQB, 
and in hie own school, while his facoe waa 
rapidly spreading over the ciyiliaed world, he 
was lees popular and impreestre as a tea^ur 
than his bn Hi ant colleague Thomae Addiaoa 
[q. y. ], thoujfh t he latter was much le«A known 
to the outside public. * Bright could not theo- 
rise,* eaya Dr, Wilks, *and fortunately gave U5 
no doctiinoi and no ** views ; " but he ciuld 
aei, and we are atruck with astomj^hment at 
hia powers of obeenration. ... I might allude 
to tlie fact that he was one of the first who 
described acute yellow atrophy of the livej, 
pigmentation of the brain in miasmatic me- 
taniemia, condensation of the lung in whoop- 
ing-cough, lie was also the first, I believe, 
who noted the bruit in chorea^ and he made 
alao many other original clinical observa- 
tions '(Wilkb. * Historical Note* on Bright't 
Disease,' &e., Gutf'g Hwip. JReporU^ xjul, &9). 
These minor reeearches display the game 
jxjwers as his master work, ani hare bewi 
thouplit to show even greater originality. It 
is the importance of its subrect and the power* 
fill influence which it has had, and continues 
to have, on the progress of medicine in all 
countries, that give to this diecoTery its 
classical position, and place Bright among 
the balf-doxeji greatest names in the honour* 
able roll of English physicians. 

His writings were, besides those mentioned 
above: 1. * Travels from Vienna throttflh 
Lower Hungary, with some remarks on tie 
State of Vienna during the Congrese In 1814,* 
4to, Edinburgh, IBIS. 2. 'Addrees at the 
Commencement of a Coiu*se of Lectures on 
the Practice of Medicine/ 8 vo, London, 1832. 
3. * Clinical Memoirs on Abdominal Tumours/ 
edited by G. H. Barlow, M.D, (from * Guy's 
Ho**pital Keports*), New Syd. Soc, 8yo, Lon- 
, drm, i860. 4. * Gulstonian Lectures on the 
Functions of the Abdominal Viscera,' in * Lon- 
don Jledical Oaxette,* 1833. In the ' Medico- 
Chirurgic&l TrauHsctions : ' (1) 'Caseofus- 
unually Profuse Perspiration/ xiy. 4SS, 1838; 
( 2 ) ^ Cases of Disease of the Pancreas and Dtto- 
denum/xviii. 1, 1833; (3) 'Cases illustratiya 
of Diagnosis when Adhesions have taken plaeo 
in the Peritoneum/ xix. 176, 1836; (4> »Cttaei 
of Spasmodic Disease accompanying Affeo* 
tionsof the Pericardium/ 3LXii. I, lS39. In 
' Guy's Hospital Reports/ yoL i. : ' Otst of 



[ . 



J 



Tetanus BuccB««fully treated ; * * Account of 
a lieniBrkable Displacement of the Stomach;' 
' Obeervatioua on Jaundice ; ' * 0)>.servRtionB 
<m the Situation and Structure of Mftlijurnant 
Digeases of the Liver/ Vol. ii, : *- Ctises il- 
Imrtrative of Diagnosis where Ttiraoura are 

r-iituated at the Bits*e of the Brain.' In * Tnins- 

ticms of the Geological Society : ' * On the 

ata in the Neighbourhood of Bristol/ 1811, 

f And * On the liillft of Badaeson, Szigliget, &c., 

Lin Hungary/ 1S18. 

[Pettigrew'fl Medical Portrait Gallery, pL iriii, 

|1839 (the original source) ; Medical Times and 

|0axette» 1853, ii. Gd2, 660; Lancet, 1858, ih 
665; DiS^ue, in Archives G^n^mlwi de M6de- 

i«ine/ 1859, i. 267; Munk^s Ck^U. of Phys. iiu 

[155; private infi>rmati on.] J, F. P. 

BRIGHT, TIMOTHY, M.D. (1551P-1616), 
[the inventor ►>f modem shorthand, was horn . 
[in or about 1551, probably in the neighbour- , 
I hood of Sheffield. He miitriculated as a sixar * 
[at Trinity College, Ctinibridge, * impuhes, set. ^ 
ill/ on 21 May 1561, and graduated B.A. 
I in 1 667-8. In 1 57 2 he w as at Pn ri s » pK>bal>l y 
ipfursuing his medical atudiea, when he nar- 
lix>wly escaped the St. Bartholomew masaacre 
[by taking refuge in the houae of Sir Francis 
I Walsingham, together with many other Eng- 
flishmen who were *free from the papistical 
I superstition.* Briglit refers to thi8 memo- 
rable occasion in several of his writinga. In 
dedicating to Sir Francis Walsingham his 
* Abridgment of Fox ' (1589) he mentions 
among the favoiu-s he had received from him 
' that esi>eciall protection from the bloudy 
maBsacre of Pari*, no we aLxteene yeerea 
i|Mafled; yet (as euer it will bee) fresh with 
[ mee in memory/ He adds that Walsingham's 
touBe wa^ at that time' a very Kanctiiarie, not 
.only for all of our nation, hut eueu to many 
^ strangers, then in perill, and vertuously dis- 
poned ; ' and he fiu^ther saya, * As then you 
were the very hande of God to pre.^rue my 

I life, &o haue you (iovning con^tiincie with 
Jdndnes) beeoe a princiuall meani^^ whereby 
tlie iame hath beene suice the better sus- 
tained/ Again, in his dedication of hij^ * Ani- 
madversioni* on Scriboniu.'*' to Sir Philip 
Sidney (1584), Bright remarks that he had 
only seen him once, * id que ilia GalUcis 
Ecclesiis funesta temjiestate (cujus pars fui, 
et animus memini,sse horret,luctuque refugit) 
matutinibus PamienHibuR.' 
He graduated M.B. at Cambridge in 1674, 
received a License to practise medicine in the 
following year, and was created M.D. in 1579, 

I For some years after this he appears to have 
resided at Cambridge, but in 1 584 he was liv- 
ing at Ip^vich. He was one of those who 
were present on 1 Oct, 1586 when thestatutee 
VOL, VI. 



of Emmanuel College, Catnbridge, were con- 
firmed and Bvgned by Sir A\ alter Mildmay, 
and delivered to Dr. Laurence Chaderton, the 
first ma.'^ter of the college (DocumenU relat- 
ififf to tM Univ, and Coll^pejt qfCamit, iii,523). 
The dedication to Peter Osborne of his 
* Treatise on Melancholy* is dated from *litle 
S. Bartleroewes by Smithfield/ 23May 1686. 
He occupied the house then appropriated to 
the physician to the hospital. He succeeded 
Dr. Turner in that office about 1586, and 
must have resigned in 1590, as his successor 
was elected on 19 Sept. in that year (M3, 
Jbumala of Si. Bartholmjieics Hospital), 
His first medical work (dated 1584) seems 
to have been written at Cambridge, and is in 
two parts: * Hygieina, on preserving health/ 
and ' TherapeuticB, on restoring health.^ The 
worth of the book is fairly exhibited in the 
part on poisons, where the flesh of the cha- 
meleon, that of the newt, and that of the 
crocodile are treated as three several varieties 
of poison, each requiring a peculiar remedy. 
Bright *s preface implies that he lectured at 
Cambridge, for he asserts that he had been 
asked to publish the notes from which he 
taught. He dedicates both parts to C^ecil, 
as chancellor of the university, and speaks as 
If he knew him and his family. He praises 
the learning of Lady Burghley, and says the 
'domus CEeciliana' may be compareu to a 
univerBity, * Cecil himself has paid/ he says, 
' so much attention to medicine that in the 
knowledge of the faculty he may almost be 
compared to the professors of the art itself.' 
His * Treatise of Melancholie* is as much 
metaphysical as medical. One of the best 
passages in it is a chapter in which he dis- 
cnases the question * how the soule by one 
simple faculty performeth so many and di- 
verse actions,^ and illustrates his argument 
by a description of the way in which the 
complicated movements of a watch pro- 
ceed from * one right and straight motion * 
{St, Bartholomew' g Hospital Reports^ xviii. 
340). 

Bright afterwards abandoned the medical 
profession and took holy orders. Hts famous 
treatise entitled * Chamct^rie ' he dedicated 
in 1588 t4> Queen Elizabeth, who on 5 July 
1691 presented him to the rectory of Methley 
in Yorkshire, then void by the death of Otho 
Flunt, and on 30 Dec. 1694 to the rectory of 
Benj^'ick-in-Elmet, in the same comity. He 
held both these livings till his death; the 
latter seems to have l^n his usual place of 
abode ; there, at least, he made hia will, on 
9 Aug. 1615, in which he learee his body to 
be buried where God pleases. It was proved 
I at York on 13 Nov. 1615. No memorial is to 
be found of Bright in either of his churches, 
' z 



H«i kit a widow, whooe nain^ was MaigiTety 
uid two Anns, Timet hT Rri^bt^ barmter-ftU 
Uw, of Melton-ftupei^Slontem m Yorkshire, 
and TituB Uright, who (fradujited M.D. at 
Peterhoufte, Cambridge > in 1611, and prac- 
ti«ed at Beverley. He had alao a daughter 
Elizftbetk 

SitbjotncNl h a lUt of his works: 1. 'An 
Abridcrnient of John Foxe*ft " Booke of AcU 
and Monumentoe of the CHiurch,"' London, 
1581, 1689, 4to; dedicated to Sir Francia 
Wal^i ogham, 2. * Hy jari^ina, id eat De Sanitate 
tuenda, Medicinse pan* prima/ London, 1581, 
8vo; dedicated to Lord Btirghlej. 3. *The- 
rapeuticn; hoc est de Saiiit4ite restituenda, 
MediciniB pars altera;* also with the title 
* Medicine TherapeuticiB para: De Dyscrasia 
Corporis Humani/ London, 1583, 8vo; d^i- 
cated to I>jrd Ilurghley. Roth parta re- 
printed at Frankfort, 16H8-9, nnd at Mayence 
1647. 4, * In Physicam Gvlielmi Adolphi 
Scribonii, yost aecundam editionem ab autore 
deoud copioaiaaimft adauctam, & in lit. Ltbfoa 
diatinctam, Animadueroionea/ Camhrtdge, 
1584, 8vo; Fninkfort, 1593,8vo; dedication 
to Sir Philip Sidney, dated from Ipswich. 
5. * A Treatise of Melancholie, Contaimng the 
cavse* thereof, & reaaonfl of the strange enecte 
itworketh incur mindaand bodies: with the 
phisicke cure, and spiritual I consolation for 
such as haue thereto adioyned an aMicted con- 
science,' London (Thomas Vnutrollier), 1586, 
8vo; another edition, printed the same year 
by John Windf>t. Thin is said to be the work 
which sitijfgest ed Burton's well-known * Ana- 
tomy of Melancholy/ 6. ' Charaeterie. An 
Arte of ahortCi 8wifte, and secrete writing by 
character. Inuented by Timothe Bright^ 
Doctor of Phisicke. Imprinted at L^indon bv 
L Windet,the Assigne of Tim. Bright, 1588. 
Com priuilegio Regire maiestatia. Forbidding 
all other« to print the saine/ 24jiio. 7. * Ani- 
raadversionea de Traduce^,' in Ghielemus^a 
^uvoXoy/a, Marpnrg, 1590, 1594, 1597. 

Bright will ever beheld in remembrance as 
the inventor of modem ^^horthand-iftTiting. 
The art. of writing bysig^ns originated among 
the Greeks, who called it oTi^tiuypa^la. Few 
specimens of Greek ahorthand are extant, and 
little is known on thesubject. From the Greeks 
the knowledge of the art panged to the Romans, 
among whom it was introduced by Cicero ^ who 
devisetl many characters ^ which were termed 
Tiotts Tironian^e, from Cicero's freedman Tiro, 
a great proficient in the art» In the darkness 
which overwhelmed the world on the fall of 
the Roman empire the knowledge of the not it 
was utterly lost, and therefore Bright may be 
justly regarded as an original inventor, inas- 
mucli as the secret of the ancient shorthand 
was not unravelled until the beginning of the 



present century. Onlj one copy of Driflifi 
'Charaeterie' (1^^) is known to be inexS**; 
ence. It formerly belonged to t he S; 
ean scholar, Francis Douce, and is no 
stored in the Bodleian Library at OifonL 
a omall volume, in good pre^erv ation, but thi 
shorthand «igns are all written in ink which 
is rapidly fading. Transcripts of it in manu- 
script are possessed by Mr. J, E, Bailey, F.S. A, 
Mr. Edward Pocknell, and Dr. Westhy- 
Gibson. In the dedication of this rare, 
now famous, book to Queen Elizabeth 
author thus describes the nature and ol 
of his invention: * Cicero did acco 
worthie his labour, and no leaa profitable to 
the Roman common weaJe (^loat gratiooi 
Soueraigne) to inuent a speedie kinde of wrrt* 
ing by Character, as Plutarch r*^; -— - ^ -^ the 
liie of Cato the yonger. This was 

increased afterwards by Seneca; i .. x . u- imm- 
ber of char&cters grue to 7000. Wliether 
through iniurie of time, or thnt ni*»Ti ^Mue \i 
over for tediousneas of le^imiTi . re- 

maineth extant of Ciceros in^> rhia 

day. Upon consideration of the great rse of 
such a kinde of writing I haue tnuented the 
like : of fewe Characters, short and easie, euerr 
Charact^er answering a word : My Inuention 
meere English, without precept or imitation 
of any. The uses are diuers : Short that i 
swifte hande may therewith write orations, 
or publike actions of apeach, vttered as be- 
comet h the grauitie of such actions, verbatim. 
Secrete as no kinde of wryting like. And 
herein (besides other properties) excelling th** 
wryting by letters and Alphabet, in that, Ni- 
tiona of strange languages, may hereby com- 
municate their meaning together in writingr 
though of sundrie tongues.* Queen Elizabeth, 
by letters patent dated 26 July 1588, granted 
to Bright for a period of fifteen y^ears the ex- 
clusive privilege of teaching and of printing 
bfioks,* in or by Character not before thistyms 
commonly e knowne and vsed by anye other 
oure siibiects' (Patent Holl, 30 Elii. p<irt 13). 
An elaborate explanation of Bright 's system 
is given by Mr. Edward Pockneil in the 
magazine * Shorthand' for May 18S4. Tht 
system has an alphabetical baaii^^, but ai the 
signs for the letters are not sufficientlv simple 
to be capable of being readily Joined to one 
another, the method is only alphabetical u 
regards the initial letter of each word, the re- 
mainder of the ' character' representing the 
word being purely arbitrary. In fact, the 
alphabet was too clumBy to be regularly ap- 
phed to the whole of a word, as was dooe 
only fourteen years later by John Willif, 
whose scheme, explained in the * Art of Steno- 
graphie' (1602X »» the foundation of all tbi 
latersyatems of shorthand* Ajnongthe 



Bright man 



339 



Brightman 



clawtie MSS. (No, 51, art, 57) is a copy of the 
book of Tit lift in * character le,' written by 
Bright himself in 1586. The eigns in this speci- 
men, which are written in vertical columns, 
like Chijiewe, appear to differ in aome respects 
from the fiVi^teni pnblL'^hed two veara after- 
warda. The Additional MS. 'I00:i7 eon- 
taina 'The Divine Proph&cies of the ten 
SibillHy upon the birth*? of our Saviour Christ,* 
in English verse, beautifully written on vel- 
lum by Jane Seager, in an Italian hand, and ( 
also in the ahorthand invented, by l^ri^ht, und I 
presented by her to Queen Elusabefh. It mav 
be added that ' A Treatise upon Shorthand, 
by Timothye Bright, Doctor of Physicke, to- 
gether with a tiible of the characters/ was 
iold at the tmle of Dawson Turner s tnanu- 
acripta in 185f\ It had formerly belonged to 
Sir Henry Spelman, 

[Information from Dr. Norman Mooro; MS. 
Addit. 5863, t. 36 ft ; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. 
(Horbert)^ 1061, 1074, 1224, 1226. 1227, 1334; 
M9. Baker, xxxix. 23; Beloes Anecd. of Lite- 
rature, i. 223; Cooper's Parliamentary Shorts 
htmd, 4; Cat. of Printed Books and MSS. be- 
queathed hy F, Douce to the Bodleian Library, 
40; Dp. W€«t'by-4jib9on*a MS. coUoctiona for a 
Hiatory of Shurthiiod; Pbcmeiic Joiiraal, xl?. 
21 ; Rev. Joseph Hunter, in WootVs Athasie 
Ozon. (Btisfi). ii. 174 n,; Hunter's Ealkmiihire 
(1819), 60; Hunter's South Yorkshire, i. 365; 
Lewis's Hist, of Shoithaud, 37 ; Note^ and 
Queries* Ist ser. vii, 407, xi. 3o2, 2Qd ser. ii. 
393, 6th net, iv. 429 ; Pits, Do Ajiglia* 8<!rip- 
torihus, 912; Rees*^ Cyclop^ia ; liockwelFs 
Teachings Practice, and Lit. of Shorthand, 8, 70; 
Shorthand (magazine^ i. 80, 87, 88, ii, 50, 126- 
136» 139, 161, 179; Tannors Bibl. Brit. I'Jo; 
Thoreaby's Ducatns Leodierwisini*"!), 235 ; Cat. 
of the MS. Library of Dawson Turner. 4 ; Zeibig, 
Gesohicht* uad Lit. der Oeschwindschreibkunst, 
80. 81, 195.] T. C. 

BRIGHTMAN, THOMA.S (1662-1B07), 
biblical commtfutator, wa.^ bom at Notting- 
hanit admitted a pensioner at Queens' Col- 
lege, Camhridg-e, in 1570, of which he bec^une 
fellow in 1584. He gradiuited B.A. in 1580^1, 
M, Au. in 1584, B.D. in lo9l . In 1592, on the 
recommendation of Dr. Whi taker, Sir John 
Oj^home ^ave him the rectory of Rawnes in 
BedfordHuire, with the profits* of the Umefice 
for the two preceding years. Brig^htman fre- 
quently discussed in his coUegre church cere- 
monies with George Meritonj afterwardB dean 
of York. Ab a preacher he was celebrated, 
though his disaftection to church establish' 
tnent wn.s no secret* It ia said that he aub- 
acribed the* Book of DitK-ipline/ HepersuiLded 
himself nnd others that a work he wrote on the 
Apocalvpst? was written under divine inspira- 
tion, ia it be makes the church of England 



the Laodicean church, and the angel that God 
loved the church of Geneva and the kirk of 
Scotland. The great object of this purit«ji*a 
system of prophecy in a commentary onDanieli 
as well as iniiia book on the Apofalypa*?, was ' 
toprove tliat the pope m that anti-Christ whose 
reign is limited to 1290 days or years, and who 
is then foredoomed by God to utter destruc- 
tion. His life, say a Fuller, was moat angelical, 
by the eotifesj*ion of such as in judgment dis- 
sented from him. His manner was always 
to c^irry about a Greijk testament ^ which be 
read over every fortnight, reading the Qija- 
peLi and the Acts the first, the EpiBtles and 
the Apocalypse the second week. He was 
little of stature, and (though such are com- 
monly choleric) yet never known to be moved 
with anger. His desire was to die a sudden 
death. Hiding on a coach with Sir John 
Osborne, and reading a book (for he would 
loeenotime), he fain ted, and, though instantly 
taken out, died on the place on :f4 Au;,^ DW. 
He was buried, according to the purish re- 
gister, on the day of his death at Ilawnea. 
There is an inscription to him in the chancel. 
He was a constant student, much troubled l>e- 
fore his death with obstructions of the liver 
and gall-duct, and is supposed by physicians to 
have died of the latter. He was never married. 
His funeral si^rmon was preached by Edward 
Bulklev, D.l).^ sometime fellow of Sr. John's 
College, Cambridge, and rector <jf Odell in 
Bedfordshire. His worka in their chrono- 
logical order are : 1. * Apocalypais Apoca- 
lypseos, ideat .\pocalypsia D. Joann'is aiialydi 
et scholiisillustnita; ubi exScripturaaensns, 
rerumque pra^dictarum ex historiis eventus 
diacutiuntnr. Huic Synovia prsefigitiir uni- 
versalis, et Refutatio Rob. Bellarmini de anti- 
chruito libro tertio de liomano Pontifice ad 
fjuem CMpitis deeimi septimi inseritur,^ Franc. 
DI09, 4to, Heidelb. lOPJ, 8vo. ± * Anti- 
christum Pontiiciornm monstrum fictitiam 
ease,' Ambergie, 1 t)l 0, 8vo, 3, * Scholia in Can- 
tic um Canticoriim. Explicatio anmme coi^ 
8i:)latoria partis iiltimaD et diMcillimsB pro- 
phetife Danielia a vers. 3H cap. II ad finem 
cap. iLVqua Judffiorum, tribua ultimisipaorum 
liostibus fund it ua eversia, restitutio, et ad 
fidem in Christum vocatio, vivis coloribus 
depingitUT,' Basil, 1614. At Leyden, 1616, 
and again at London, 1644, wa.^ printed a 
translation of the * Apocalypsis,* * with supply ' 
of many things formerly left out.' At Lon- 
don, 16So, bi44, 4to, a tratislation of hia 
* Explication of Daniel/ 4. * The Art of Self 
Denial, or a Christian's first lesson,^ Lond. 
1646. 

[Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Fitller'a Church History, 
X, 50 : Brit. Mas. Cat. ; Cooper'a Athanc Cantab, 
ii. 458.] J. M. 

z2 



Brightwell 



Brigit 



BRIGHTWELL, CECILIA H CY 
(1811-1875), etcher and Autbort«8f wsabom 
at ThorjM*, near Non^it'h, on 27 Feb. 181 1 , the 
oldeM cbild of Tliomafr Briffblwell (born at 
Ipfi^'ich 18 Mareb 1787^ awd at NoTwicH 
U Nov. \mH\ by hh firit wife, Mary Snell 
(born 17i^, died 6 Nov, 1815), daughter of 
Willi^ni Wilkin Wilkin^ of Cotsey, or Oo«- 
teaaey, near Korwicb, and Cecilia Lucy ( Ja- 
ocM&b), a lined deaceadantof Thonuie Jaooinb, 
jyjy,^ ejected from St. Martinis, Ludgatc. Si- 
mon \^ ilkin, uncle of Mig» l^rightwell, edit^ 
tbe works of Sir Thomas Browne. Her fatber, 
a nonconformist solicitor, mayor of Norwich 
in 184)7, wa« a man of ncientific taftes, a 
gofxl microBcopif^tt and contributor to many 
scientific journals. The A^lanchna Briffht^ 
wtim^ a rotlferou^ animalcule, waA di»- 
oorei^ by him. He nublished ^ Notes on 
the Pentateuch/ 1840, ]2mo, a compilation, 
with original notes on natural hintorv; and 
print fd KK) copies of * Sketch of a Yauna 
InfuMf^ria for East Norfolk/ 1848 (unpub- 
liabed). Li the pfeparation of the latter work 
he waa materially •ati«ted by bis daughter 
(a pupil of John Sell Cotman), who drew 
iind litbojfraphed the fipnree of the various 
8i>eciet« noteu. Mi8* Brightwell, who was 
a gOi»d Italian K'hoUr and a remarkably 
able etcber, owed little to tenchers, and fol- 
lowed her o-wn methods. She went little 
into society. Her philanthropic spirit was 
sliown in her exertions and contribution of 
180/. for the " Brightwell ' lifeboHt put on 
the N orfol k roa f* t a t B la ken e y , H er w rit i n pB 
(miiny of tbeni publishtnl by the KeligiouB 
Tract iSotriety ) were mainly biographical, and 
written for the young. Vi Ttimi injwrtflnce 
is hpr fir*:t work, the * Life of Amelia Opie,- 
18fj-^l; her fiitbtn- wju^ Mrs. Opie^e friend and 
executor. For Pome years bt'fore h*'r death 
she wa*? afflicted with cataract, from which 
her father biid al>M3 guflered. She died at 
Norvfcich oil 17 April 1876> and wa« buried 
at the Ko^^ary, beside her father. A local 
print gives tbe following as a complete li^^t 
of her unpublished etchings : After Rem- 
hrnndt : the * Mill ;/ the * Long LBndi?cape ;' 
a Dutch landK^ape ; * AmKterdtiro :* finolher 
landscape and two figure subjects ( from ori- 
ginal drawings und etchings in the British 
Mueeum. A copy of her reproduction of the 
' Long Landsc«|>e * ts pluced U*side the origi- 
nal in tbe Briti.*'b ftlui*eum, and baa deceived 
good judges). After Diirer: * Ecce Homo* 
(from etching) ; * Ecce Homo' (from woofl- 
cut). From painting by Richard "Wilson^ 
formerly in her father's possession. Twelve 
figure subjeetf*, including etchings from Raf- 
liiello and Fuscli, After Annibale Caracci : 
■ Holy Family ' (from etching). After Marc 






ul^^^ 
il«mi; 1 
itf. in 1 



Antonio Raimondi : ' Dancing Ctrpidt* ( 
etching). Two pmallsea ^ubjeclaman Rj 
dael and J. 8. Cotman, Fmm nature: ^ 
don Hall, Jjeicestershir© ' (s^at of 
dan Is of Dr. Jacomb) ; * Bindgste 
LeiceRt^r^hire ; * *Flordon C^ODiinon;* 'Vil- 
lage Street, Flordon;' * Graves of Eiected 
Ministera at Oakington, CarobridgFehire ; ' 
two landi»eapea with cottages ; landscape in 
tbe Dutch manner; etehmg and drawing of 
a cobbler at hia bench. Among berpubliafc«d 
etchings w*ere: Tw-o views of Mr. Pag«*s 
house, Ely, formerly residence of Oliv€fr 
Cromwell (etched in two pi«e«», but only tbe 
larger were publifibed) ; two viewa of llan- 
worth Decoy (in Lubbock> * Fauna of Nor- 
folk *) ; *Bronieholme Priory* (fmntie^ece 
fo Green's * Hiatoiy of Bncton '), Her writ- 
ing* were : L * Memorials of the T^ifp of 
Amelia Opie.N^lected and a rrari; IpJ 

Letters and Diiiries and other 1 
Norwich and London, IHfvt, k 
I ]8rjrj, 12mo (nreface by Thomas 1 
I 2. ^Palipsy tue Huguenot Potin, 
I 18rjH, 12mo; another edition, 1877, 12bio, 
3. * Life of Linn^us,* 1858, 1 2mo. 4. *H( 
I of the laboratory and "Workshop/ 1 
12mo; 2nd ed. I860, 12mo. 5. ' Difficu 
overcome : Scenes in the Life of A. "Wil«on< 
1860, ]2mo. 6. 'Romance of Iticidentfi 
the Lives of Natunilista/ 1861 , 8vo. 7. • Foot- 
steiis nf the Reformet*/ 1861 , 8vo. B. * Btc- 
pathf* of Biography/ 1863, 12roo. 9. * Abnre 
Rubies : Memorials of Christian Gentle- 
women,* 1864, 12mo. 10. * Early Livof and 
Doings of Great Lawyers/ 18<36, 12niO. 
11. 'Annals of Curious and Romantic Live^' 
IR66, 12mo. 12. *Annals of Industry and 
frenius/ new edition^ 186^, 8vo; another edi- 
tion. 1871, f<\<^, 1«^. ^ Memorials i>f tb«' Lifr 
of Mr. Rrightwell of Norwich/ 1869, 8t<» 
(printed for private circulation). 14. *TV 
Romance of Modem Missions/ 1870, 8to, 
1 h. *■ Georgie*8 Present* or Tales of Newfound- 
l»nd/ 187L 12mo. 16, ' Memor- ' r »^-^*m 
in the Lives of Christian Gr 1 

1871| 12mo. 17. * Nurse Gmnu . .......li- 
cences tit Home and Abroad/ 187L ^vn 
18. * My Brother Harold, a Tale/ 1872, 8ti>^ 
ISl. * Lives of labour i Eminent Naturalists,' 
1R7S, 12ino. 20. * Men of Mark, a Book ol 
Short Riographies/ 187S, 8to ; another 
edition, 1879, 8vo. 21. * Ro Great Um: 
Sketches of ^fipsionur\ Life and Labour/ 
1874» 8vo (her lust publication). 

fMemnriulB of Mr. BrightwelU I860 ; Norwich 
newt-pa pern, April 1876; private inforroationj 

A. a 

BRIOrr, Sattct^ of Kildaie (453-623), wi# 

born at Fochart, now Faugher, t wo milet north 




^ In tb 



I 



of Dundalk, a dmtrict which was fonaerly part 
of ineter. Iter lather, Dublithacli, WM oi the 
race of Eochaidh Finnfuathairtj grBLndson of 
Tuatlial Teftchtmlxarj monarch of Erinn, Her 
mother Brotaechj or Broiccseoich, who bo 
longed Lo the DaL Conchobar of South Bregia, 
wa« the bondmaid and concubine of Dubh- 
thach, Dr, Lauigjui will not hear of thi»^ 
but the whole earlv hi^itory of Brigit, as t^ld 
in thf3 Irish life^ rests on this fact. It may 
be obaerred that in this (as in other cii^ej<i ) 
id a notable d ilFerence betw»?en t he atorv 
told by Oolgan and Lanig^an from the Latin 
lives and the story given in the Irish life. 
In the former Brigit is a highly educated 
young lady of noWtt birth, whoee acta are in 
mccoi^ancB with the eceleiiiastical and social 
IB of the seventeenth or eighteenth c«n- 
In the latter we breathe the atmo- 
sphere of an early iige» where all w aimple and 
borne ly, and peculiar customs in church and 
state meet us, nor did it appear to the writer 
that the accident of Bngit*s birth should 
leuen our respect for her charttcter and la- 
bours. It wan an age when slavery exi*?te<l 
in Ireland^ and the relations between Dnbh- ' 
thach and his bondmaid excited the jealousy 
of hia wife, in consequence of which he had 
eventually to aeil her, retaining, however, a 
right to her offspring. Boitght by (i wisartl, 
flhe was taken by him to Fochart^ and there in 
due time Brigit was born a.d* 453. Here a 
legend is related, which is of some interest. 
The mother having gone out one day and left 
the cbild covered up in the house, * the neigh- 
bours saw the house wherein was the girl all 
ablaze, so that the flame reached from earth 
to heaven ; but when they went to rescue the 
girl the fire appeared not.* This is one of 
those references to fire which occur so fre- 
quently in connection withSt. Brigitaa to lead 
to the conclusion that we have here * incidents 
which originally belonged to the myth or 
ritual of some goddess of tire' (Stokes). A 
airoilar conclusion has been drawn by Schro- 
der from the legend of the demon smiths in 
the ' Navigation of 8t. Brendan,' which *re^t9, 
he thinks, on the ground of a Celtic myth of 
Fire-giantH.^ It ia suggestive that a goddess 
of the Iriah putithcoti who presided over 
smiths was named Brigit, which is interpreted 
in Cormac's * Glossary * breo-^haiffitf ' the fiery 
arrow.* Oiraldus Cambrt^nsis tells us that at 
£ildare St, Brigit had a perpetual ashless fire 
watched by twenty nnns, of whom herself 
was one, blown by fans or t>ellows only, and 
surrounded by a hedge, within which no male 
could enter. 

AsJ the child Brigit grew up, ' everything 
ber hand was set to used to increase and 
reverence God; she bettered the sheep; she 




tended the blind ; fihe fed the poor/ But when 
she came to years of reflection she wish^^d f o 
go home, and the wizard having communi- 
cated with her father, he came for her and took 
her home. There her first CAre was for her 
fosi er mother, but she was not idle ; she 
tended the swine, herded the sheep, and cooked 
the dinner, and it is characteristic that when 
*a miaerable greedy hound came into the 
house ' she gave him a conKiderable part of 
the repast. And now the thought of her 
mother in bondage troubled her ; she aski*d 
her father's leave to go to her, but * he gave 
it not,' so she went without it, 'Glad was 
her mother when she arrived,' for she was 
t<(il-wom and sickly. So Brigit took the 
dairy in hand^ and all prospered, and in the 
end I he wixard and his wife became christians. 
Her success in the conversion of the people, 
then chiefty heathen, is referred to in Broc- 
can's hymn, where she is said to be * a mar- 
vellous ladder for pagans to visit the kingdom 
of Mary's Son/ On becoming a christian the 
wixard generouHly said to her: *Tho butter 
and the Icine thai thou bust milked 1 oH'er to 
thee ; thou shalt not abide in bondage to me, 
serve thou the Lord.' * Take thou the kine,' 
she replied, * and give m*? my mother's free- 
dom.' But he gave her both, iiml so she 
dealt out the kine to the poor and needy, and 
returned with her mother to Dubhthach's 
house. 

Some time after » Dubh thach and his con- 
sort determined to sell her, as * he liked not 
his cattle and wealth to be dealt out to the 
poor, and that is what Brigit u.sed to do/ 
Taking her in his chariot to the king of 
Leinster, he offered to sell her to him, * Why 
&ellest thou thine own daughter ? * t*^iid the 
king, * She stayeth not,' replied Dubhthach, 
*from sellinef my wealth and giving it to the 
poor.' The king said, ^Let the mjiiden come 
into the fortress.' When nhe was before h'lm 
he said, * Perhaps if I bought you you might 
do the same with my property.* * The Son of 
the Virgin knoweth,' she replied, * if I had 
tby might, with nil Lein.-*ter, and with aO 
thy wealth, I would give them to the Lord 
of the Elements.* The king then said ' her 
father was not fit to bargain for her, for her 
merit wa.s higher before God than before 
men/ And tnus the maiden obtained her 
freedom. 

Dubhtbach then tried to get her married, 
but she refused all offera, and at last he had 
to consent to her * dedicating herself to the 
Lord.* On the occasion of her taking the veil 
* the form of ordaining a bishop was read 
over her by Bishop Mel.' Whst tnis means it 
is not easy to say ; but it is probably intended 
to convey that he investea her with a rank 

1 



corresponding^ with thiit of bisliop in point of 

authority, for ihat it i^as only a nominal title 

i^penni from her a^dodating with herself^ as 

we shall see prudently, a bifihop who ib de- 

L.lorib«<l aa * the aaointod head and chief of all 

llkiahopa, and ahe the most blessed chief of all 

' virgins * ( To db ,p J 2 ) * Home time after, having 

gone to King Uunlning to make a requeat, 

one of his nilavtifi oU'ern Ui become a christian if 

I ahe will obtain hia freedom, Shf therefore 
fl^kj^ the two favours, ftaying, * If thou desire^t 
exct^lent children, and a kingdom for thy aons, 
and heaven for thyself, give me the two boons 

I I ask/ The answer of the pagan king ia quite 
in character : ^ The kingdom of heaven, as I 
aee if not, and as no one knows what thing 
it iSf I seek not ; and a kingdom for my sons 
I seek not, for I sball not myself be extant, 
and let each one serve his time. But give 
me length of life and victory always over the 
Hiii N6ili; 

The ^at evejit of her life waa the founda- 
tion of Kildare (eiil d^ra^ * the church of the 
oak'). CogitoBus (830-836) haa left ua a 
description of this church as it existed in his 
time, Irtim which it appears that it was di- 
vide<l by a partition which separated the 
aexes, her establishment comprising both men 
and women. The tombs of Bishop Condlaed 
and Brigit were placed, highly deconited 
with pendent crowns of gold, silver, and gems, 
one on the right hand, and the other on the 
left of the high altar. The Irish bishops^ it 
should be mentioned, wore crowns after the 
cuatom of the eastern church instead of mitres 
( Wakbbit). Ai\er gathering her community 
ahe found she required the Bervioefl of a bishop, 
and she accordingly chose (ekffit) a holy man, 
a solitary, named Oondlaed, ' to govern the 
church with her in episcopal dignity/ Cond- 
laed was thus a monastic bishop under the 
orders of the head of the establi-^Lment as in 
the Columbian monasteries mentioned by 
Bsedu (Todd, p. 131 

The death of Brigit took place at Kildare 
on 1 Feb. r>2S, which is her day in the calen- 
dar, and she was undoubtedly buried in Kil- 
dare, as already mentioned. On the other 
hana, a tradition current for many centuries 
has it that she was buried in Downpatrick 
with St. Patrick and St. Columba, ITiis is 
now known to have been a fraud of John de 
Courcey, lord of Down, got up by him in the 
hope tnat the supposed possession of their 
bodies would cone ui ate the Irish to his rule 
(Annah qf F^ur Matters). The Irish life in 
conclusion says that Brigit is ' the Mary of 
the Gael,' or, as it is in Broccan's hymn, 
* she was one mother of tlie king'^s son,' which 
the ffloss explains ^she was one of the mothers 
of Christ.* This strange manner of speaking 



which Irish ecclesiastics made use of, not only 
at home, but on the continent, t-o the astoni&b- 
ment of their hearers, is explained in a poem 
of Nicolas de Bihera (Schrodbb), by a nsfe- 
rence to Matthew xii. 50 : * Whi»oevep shall 
do the will of my Father which is in he*vea, 
the same is my brother and sister and mother.* 
Looking through the haze of miraelefl in which 
her acta are enveloped, we discem a chancier 
of great energy and courage, w&rmly affec- 
tionate generous, and unseUSsh^ and wholly 
absorbed by a desire to promote the i^oiy 
of G od, and to relieve sutf ering in all ita formf. 
Such a personality could not but impreat it- 
self on the imagination of the Irish pecppla, aa 
hers has done in a remarkable degree. 

pjife of Brigit in Three Middle Irish HomiHcir 
Whidey Stokes (Calcutta) ; Bollandi Acta SS, 
I Feb.; Todd's St. Patrick, Apoetle of Irehuii 
pp. 1 0-26 ; Warren s Liturgy and Eitnal <rf 
the C»Uic Church; O'Reilly'ii Irish Dictiaiiai^, 
Supplement (voce ' Brigit ') ; Petrie^s Easay od thft 
Kouud Towers of Insl^md; Giraldi Gamhreii- 
sis Topojf, HiU, ehapa, 34-36 ; O'Donovan'i An- 
iials of the Four Masters at ^n. 1293, iii. 456; 
Lanigan's Eccl Hiet. voh i,l T. 0, 

BRIGSTOCKE. THOMAS (1809-1881), 
fiortrait-painter, commenced hia studiea at 
the age of sixteen at Saaa's drawing-«chooU 
and was subsequently a pupQ of H, P. Brtges, 
R.A., and J, P. Knight, K.A. He spent ei^t 
years in Paris and Italy, and made aoma 
copies from pictures bv the old maateza^ 
among them one of liaphael's * Transfigura^ 
tion * in the Vatican^ which, on the nscoDunen- 
dation of W. Collin^*, U.A., was purchaaed 
forOhrist Churchy Albany Street, Re^ntV 
Park* In 1847 he went to Egypt, and painted 
the portrait of Mehemet Ah. Between 184S 
and I.%5 Brie»tocke ejthibited sixteen works 
at the Royal Academy^ and two at the British 
Institution, His portrait of General Sir 
James Outram is now in the National Por- 
trait Gallery i that of fTeueral Sir W iUiam 
Nott at the Oriental Club^ Hanover Square; 
I and that of Cardinal Wisteman at St. Cuth- 
1 bert*& College, Ushaw. He painted an histo- 
rical picture entitled * The Prayer for Victory/ 
He died suddenly on 11 March 1881. 

[Ottlcy'» Biop^raphical and Critical Bictionaiy 
of Becent and Livicg PaiDtera^ London, 1866^ 
8vo ; Builder, 19 March 1881, p, 366.] L. F. 

^ BRIHTNOTH [d. 991), ealdorman of the 
East 8a XOU8, married ^thelflaBd^ daughter of 
the enldorman ^Klfgar, and succeeded him in 
bif* ofhccp probably about 953. Ae Briht- 
nnrb'^ Biftter jEtheliaed waa the wife of 
i^ilthelstaut ealdorman of the East Angliana, 
the friend of Dunstan, it ia probable tnat he 



A 



Brihtnoth 



Brihtwald 



vras the ujiclf* of /Et helsi itn't* son, ^tbelwine^ 

lie leader of tbe moiiiiBtlc party (Gbeen, 

' Chnqu^st of England, 286, 352). He strongly 

upheld the cause of the monJis, and made 

|l&vish graut.s to monastic foundAtiona, ©spe- 

daUy to Ely and Ramsey. It b said that 

irlien he went to fight hie kst battle he 

ked Wulfsige, abbot of Ramsey, for food for 

Blis army, A\'iilfaig'e replied that the ealdor- 

aan and six or seven of his personal follow- 

; CQ\x\d be maintained, but not the whole 

* Tell the abk^t/ Brihtnoth said, ' thut 

ll cannot fight without my men, I will not 

eat without them/ and he turned and marched 

I to Ely,wliere the abbot gladly entertained the 
fWh ol e army. In r et u rn h e ga ve t b e b o Uc^e wid e 
©states*, and much gold and silver. The wtory 
lA told with ttome conHiderable differences both 
JB the Ely and the Ramsey history (Gale, 
iii. EUL Rttiru 43i^ Eli 49*J). It Iia^ been 
wholly rejected by modem criticism (Ekee- 
If AK, Nmtaan Con^ue^t^ i. 297, n. \). While 
8ome details in both versions are doubtless 
imaginary (tbe Ely history mak«s Brihtnoth 
ealdorman of the Northumbrians, and the 
^^Jiamsey writer is regard lens of geography), 
^Khere eeexna no reason for refui^ing to believe 
^^liat the tradition is based on fact. The Ely 
tistorian, who tells it of an earlier battle, 

Iwhich for lack of knowiedge be also places 
at Maldon, may benear thetrnth. When in 
991 a fleet of Non^'egian shins under Justin 
•nd Guthmund, and possibly Olaf Trygg- 
Vason^ plundered Ipswich, liribtnotb^ who 
\viis tlien an old man, went out to meet the 
invaders. He gave them bat tie near Maldon, 
on the banks of the Blackwater, then called 
the Pant a. The fight is described in one of 
tbe verj"^ few old English poems of any length 
that have come down to us. In its present in- 
complete state this poem consists of 690 lines 
(Thorpe*8 Analecta Anqlo-Sa^omca^ 131, 
in translation CoifrBBABE's lUmtrations of 
Angh-Saxon Poeliy^ xc, in rhythm in Free- 
MAH^a Old English History). ' Out of great- 
ness of soul the ealdorman allowed a large 
number of the enemy to cross the water with- 
out opposition. A detailed description of the 
battle founded on the lay is to be found in 
Dr. Freeman's 'Norman Conquest* (i, 297- 
303). Brihtnoth was wounded early in the 
fight. He slew the man who wounded him 
and another, then he laughed and * thanked 
God for the day^s work that his Lord gave 
him.* After a while he was wounded again, 
and died commending his soul to God. The 
English were defeated ; the personal follow- 
ing of the ealdorman fell fighting over his 
body. Bribtnoth*« head was cut off and car- 
ried away by the enemy j his body was borne 
to Ely and buried by the abbot, who supplied 



the place of the head with a ball of wax. His 
widow jElhellliEd gave many gift« to Ely, 
and among them a tapestry in which she 
wrouglit the deeds of her husband. 

[Florence of Worcester, an. 991 ; Ely and R&m> 
sey Histories (Gale), iii. 432, 493 ; Green » Con- 
qoest of Enghmd, 261, 316, 362, 370 ; Freemaii*« 
Norman Conquest, i. 289, 206-303.] W. H. 

BRIHTEIC. [See Beobhtbic] 

BRIHTWALB (6rjO?-731), the eighth 
archbishop of Canterbury-, w^hose name is va- 
riously spelt by different writers, was of noble 
if not royal lineagi* (Will. Malm. Oest. Meg, 
i. 29), and was bom alx»ut the middle of the 
8eyenthcenturj% but neither the place nor the 
exact date of his birt h is known. It is doubtful 
w^hetherbe was educated at Glastonbur}' ; but 
Bede says (y. 8) that, although not to Ikj 
compared w^tb his prerleces^or Tlieodore, he 
w a8 thoroughly read in Scripture, and well in- 
structed in ecclesiastical and monastic disci- 
pline. Somewhere about 670 the palace of tbe 
kings of Kent at Ueculyer W4ii^ converted into 
a monastety, of which Brihtwald was made 
abbot. In a charter dated May *J79 Alothari, 
kingof Kent, bestows lands inltianet upon him 
and his monastery (Kemble, Cod. DipL i. 16), 
Two years after the death of Theodore, Briht- 
wald was elected archbishop of Canterbury 
1 July 69:2. Being probably unwilling to re- 
ceive consecration at tbe h&nd« of \\ilfrith, 
archbishop of York, who bad been opposed to 
TbetidoreTsee WiLFBlTtt], be crosaed over to 
Gaul, ana was consecrated by tbe primate 
Godwin, archbishop of Lyons, on 29 Jane 
693 (Eede, v. 8). Two letters of Pope Ser- 
gius are quoted bv William of Malmesbury 
( Gest. Pont, ed, llamilton, pp. 5i*-6r>)^ one 
addressed to the kings ^Ethelredi Aldifrith, 
and Ealdulpb, exhorting them to receive 
Bnhtwald as 'primate of all Britain,* the 
other to tbe English bishope, enjoining obe- 
dience to him as such ; but tne authenticity of 
these letters is doubtful (Had dan and Stuhbb, 
iii. 65). In 696 he attended the councU of 
* the great men ' summoned by Wihtred, king 
of Kent^ at Bergbamstede or Bersted, in whicu 
laws were passed prescribing tbe penalties to 
be exacted for van o us offences, ecclesiastical 
and moral ; and domewbere between 696 and 
716 some ordinances, seemingly drawn up by 
him for securing tbe rights of the monasteries 
in Kent^ were confirmed by the king in ft 
council held at Beccanceld (probably Bap- 
child). The document is commonly known 
m the 'Privilege of Wihtred ' {ibid, 233- 
240). In 702 be presided at the couneil of 
Estrefeld or Oneatrefeld (near Ripon ?), at- 
tended by Aldfrith [q. v.], king of Northum- 




I 



brift, in which Wilfrith wjw condemned und 
•itoommumcated; and m705t Wilfrith having 
yiaited Rome and obtaini^d ii papAi nL&ndiita 
for his reit oration, Brihtwald held a council 
nesar the river Nidd, in which, chiefly through 
hiH Ailfitl tBanagt>mentf it was amuiged that 
Wilfrith should be permitted to re-enter the 
Northumbrian kingdom, only reaiening this 
see of York and becoming biMiop of Hexham 
(i&id* '2ft4 ), He had already in the previous 
year taken meafiure^ for the division of the 
diooeaeof Weasex^then vacant by the death of 
Hedda, biahop of Winchester, and in 706 he 
conseemted Dantt*l to b<^ btjitbop of that see^, and 
Aldhelm first bishop of the new see of Sher- 
borne (Will. Milv. 6r>#l. Ptmt* 37d> An 
i n t ereet I n^ lett er of bis haa been preserved ( £j?. 
Buni/artf 166) to Forthere, the successor of 
Aldhelm, imploring him to induce Beorwald, 
abbot of Glastonbur>'| to release a slave girl 
for a ranAom of three hundred shillings offered 
by her brother. About the iMime time he re- 
ceived Winfrith { Itonifaoe) on a mission from 
the We<^t-8aji£oji clergy » perhape concerning 
the further tiulKllviMOn (if their diocese by the 
foundation of a see for Sussex at Sel'»ey, which 
took place in 711. In 716, in a council at 
Clove«ho, he obtained a confirmHtion of Wiht- 
red'K privilege (IIaddan and Stubby, iii. 
300» 3C*l). Scanty a^s the.«e rectmJw of Firiht- 
Wftld are, they seem to iudiciite that he ruled 
the church during a difficult period with 
energy and tnct. The sympathie?;, however, 
of Bede and William of Malinesburx^ were so 
thoroughly on the side of Wilfrith of York 
thi^t they were unalile to bestow hearty pmtse 
on one who did not give hira unqualiiied sup- 
port. Hrihtwakl died in January" 731, having 
presided over the ch iirchof England for thirty- 
seven years and a half, and was buried near 
his pnidecessor Themlore inside the church of 
St, Peter at Canterbiir\\ the |5orch in which 
the first six primatei* had been buried being 
now quite full (Beue^ ii. 3). 

[Authoritios cited in the text,] W. R. W. S. 

BRIHTWOLD id, 1045), the eighth 
bishop of liamflbur), and the la^it before 
the retnovnl of the see to Old Sanmii bad 
been a monk at Glastonbury, and was made 
bishop in 1005. There are no records of his 
adminiBl ration^ although he presided over the 
see for forty years. William of Malmeeiburv 
( r/Mf. Pont. ii. § BS) relates a vii<iou whicJi 
Brihtwold bad at G last on bury in the reign of 
Canute, in which the sncce^iiion of /Ethel red's 
son Edward (the Confessor) to the throne was 
revealed to him* He was buried at Glaston- 
bury , to which abbey, as also to that of Malmes- 
Vuiy, he had been a very liberal benefactor. 



jlo-Sojton Chran. ; Florenop of Wonaur; 
Vtlliam of Maimeabotj, G«at. Pootifl] 

W. R* W. 81 

BRIMLEY, GEORGE (1819-1657), nfc- 
sayist, was bom at Cambridge on 29 0ee. 
1819, and from the mso of eleven to that of 
sixteen wn* educates at a school in T«te» 
ridge, Hert fordshire. In October 1838 he wis 
entered at Trinity CVilleet*, Cam bridge, where 
in 1841 he was elected a scholar. He w«$ 
reading with good hopes for claasical honours 
and waa a private pupil of I>r. Vau^^han; 
but even at that early age he was suffmnj^ 
from the dieeaae to which he eventual J 
cumbed. Although the state of hi* . 
prevented him from competing for uiiiver- 
Mty honours or obtaining a colle^je fellow- 
Bhip, he waa known to poaaeea ability; and 
soon after tailing hii* degree he was appointed 
college librarian (4 June 1845). He held 
thia office until a few week^ before hie deatk, 
when he returned to his father a bou^e. Phj* 
dical weakneae p(reYented the eustained «4Snt 
necessary for the production of any impM^ 
tiint work ; but for the laiit ei% yean of hia 
life he contributed to the pivea. Mo§t d 
his writings appeared in the 'Spectator* cf 
in * Fraser s Magaaine/ the only one l^ 
%vhich his name was attached being an e^ 
say on Tennyson s poems, contributed »« 
the Cambridge Etrnij^ of 18o5. He died 
29 May 1857. A selection of hia e*w*ay*wii 
made after his death and published with ft 
prefatory memoir by the late W, G. Clark* 
then fellow and tutor nf Trinity. Thii 
volume contains notices of a large number 
of the writers who were oontempomry k' ' 
Briniley himself, and is of conttitlMmble vii 
as representing the contemporary* jud^ 
by a man of cultivation and acuteness 
the writers of the middle of the ninety 
century, most of whom are now being juc ^ 
by pojiterity. Sir Arthur Help* .%^d 
him, * He was certainly, as it appe^ared 
me, one of the finest critics of tlie pres* 
day.* 

[W. G. Clark's Memoir attaehed to the 
&ay§ (Londoii nnd Ctunbridge, 1858); infoi 
lion from the family.] £. S. I 

BBIKB, lUCHAItB (rf. .,,^,^ 
ganist, was educated as a chorister m 
Paurs Cathedral, probably under Jertn 
Clarke, On the death of the latter in 170 
Brind succeeded him as organist of the cath 
dralt a ^>08t he held until liia death, wb 
took plaoe in March 1 717-18. He was bu 
in the vaults of St, Faufa on 18 March, 
ministration of his effects was granted to 1 
father, Richard Brind, on 7 April 171fi 
the grant he is described as bemg a I ' 



I 
I 



Brind seemB to have been no veiy remark- 
able performer, and his sole clmm to be re- 
metnoered is that he was the master of 
Maurice Greene. His only recorded compo- 
flitiona are two thanksgiying an themd, which 
irare scarcely known when Hawkins wrote 
bis * HiBtoty of Music,* and have now entirely 
disappeared. It was during Brind's tenure 
of onice at St. Paul's that Handel frequently 
took his place at the cathedral organ. 

[HawkitisV History of Mueric (od. 1853), if. 
707 ; Probate Register, Somt^r^t Houee ; Burinl 
Eegister of SU Gregory by St. Paul; informatiDn 
ft<om tlie RevB. £. Ho«kina and W. Bparrow 
SimtMNici, and Mr. J. Cballoner Smith.] 

W. B. 8. 

BRINDLEY, JAMES (1710-1772), one 
of the Hnrliest EngliiiU engineers, was the son 
of a cottier, or amull farmer, of iJerhy shire. 
Dr. Smiles, from whose biogruphical notice 
much of the fallowing account is taken, de* 
scribes Brindley the elder as an idle, disso- 
lute fellow, who neglected hh children, iind 
pas,sed his time at hull-baiting and such-like 
amu.^ements when he ought to Lave been at 
work. Like many other remarkable men, 
however, James Jirindley had a wi^ and 
careful mother. At the nge of seventeen he 
■wa^ apprenticed to one Abraham Bennett, a 
millwright, or as he would now be termed 
an engineer, of Sutton, near Maccleetield. 
Strangc^ly enough, he seems for some time 
to have had the credit of being bat a poor 
workman, so much so that his master even 
threatened to canctd h\& mclenturea and send 
him back to the field-work for which alone 
be was fitted. His talents were, how^ever, 
called out by some epecial jobs cd* repairing 
machinery^ and the ocea«ion of tlie erection 
of a paper-mill wnth certain novel arrange- 
ments gave him an opportunity of exercising 
the meclittuieal tskill he was not susj^>ected of 
prkssessingi nnd led to his being placed in 
charge of his masters shop. t)n Benneft's 
death Brindley, whose apprenticeship had 
previously k*en completed, wound up the 
oawinegB and in 1742 moved from Maccletf^ 
field to Leek. Here he obtained before long 
a ffotwl buijines.*! in rejiairing old machinerv' of 
all kinda and setting up new. The Wedg- 
woods, then gmall potters, employed him to 
construct Hint-mills for grinding the calcined 
ftint employed for glazing ]^otter>% and, like 
all the engineers of his time, he tried his 
band at the solution of the great problem of 
clearing mines from water, a problem not to 
be flolved till the perfected steam-engine pro- 
Tided the power alone able to m«et the diffi- 
culty. His attempts (patented in 17o8| to 
improve Newcoraen*s steam-engine met with 




but small success, but he introduced numerous 
and important improvements in the various 
sorts of machinery he had to repair or to con- 
struct. 

The great reputation of Brindley, how^- 
ever, was gained in civil, not in mechanical, 
engineering. Havitig l>een called in by the 
Duke of Bridgew*ater in 1769 to advise niK>n 
the project for forming a canal by which the 
produce of the Worsley coal-mines could be 
cheaply transported to Manchester, he pro- 
duced a plan of striking originality, incluuing 
the construction of an oqueduct by which the 
cannl was to b*? carried over the river Irwell. 
This canal, suggested to the Duke of Bridge- 
water by the Grand Canal of Languedoc, was 
the first of any importance iu England, and 
formed the commencement of the system of 
inland navigation in this country. Brind- 
ley'^s next work was the Bridgew^ater Oanal 
connecting Manchester and Liverpool, and 
this was iK)on follow^ed by numerous others, 
a full account of wdiich w^ill be found in 
Dr. Smiles's biography, as well as in other 
lives of Brindlev to which reference is made 
l>elow. In nil {le seems to have laid out, or 
superintended, the constniction of over 365 
miles of canals. Tlie most im|>ortant of these 
w'as the Trent and Mersey canal, known flA 
the Grand Trunk. He remained to the last 
illiterate, hardly able to write and quite 
unable to s|m41." He did most of his work 
in his bead, without w^ritten calculations or 
drawings, and when he had a pujtzling bit of 
work he would go to bed ana think it out. 
He had wonderful powers of observation, 
and a sort of intuitive perception which 
enabled him at once to graan biuh the diiii- 
cidties and the possibilities of an engineering 
project, before a survey was made or an eeti- 
mate prepared. 

[Smiles's Lives of th<^ Engineers, 1861^2, 
vol. i,; J. Brindley and the Early Engineer*, 3 864 ; 
Memoir of Brindley by Samuel Hughes in 
Wefilea Quarterly Papers on Engineering, 1844, 
i. 60 ; Kippis's Biog. Brit. art. * Brindley/] 

B. T. W 

BRINE, JOHN (1703-1765), baptist mi- 
nister, was horn at Kettering in 1703. thv- 
ing to the poverty of his parents he had 

i scarcely any schrxd education, and when a 
mere lad was set to work in the staple manu- 
factory of his native tow^n. Early in life be 
joined the baptists. While at Kettering be 

I married a daughter of the Kev, John Moore, 

[ abaptist minister of Northampton, from whom 
he inherited Hutter's Hebrew Bible, w^bicb 
w^as to him at tliis time a treasure of no small 
value. The lady died in 1745. After some ' 

I interval l^rine married again. 



Brine 



346 



Brinkelow 



Brine joined the baptist miaifitrT nt Ket- 
teringj and after preachinif for some time re- 
oei¥©d a call to Coventry, There he remained 
till about 1730, when he Aucceeded Mr. Mor- 
tua as pastor of the baptist congregation at 
Corriefa* Hall, Cripple^t^?. He was for a 
lime one of the Wedue^day evening lectureru 
in Great Kastchoap, Hh aliu> preached in hig 
turn at the • L«ird's Day Evening^ lecture * in 
Devonishire Square^ Urine resided for man^ 
vears in Bridgewat^r Square, but during hia 
inal tllnesa he took lodgingn at Kingsland, 
where he died, on 24 Feb. 1766, in the sixty- 
thirfl year of bin age. He left positive orders 
that no funeral sermon should be preached for 
Lim. His mtimaie friend, L>r, Gill, however, 
preached a sermon upon the occasion to hia 
own people, which was afterwards published, 
l»ut contains no express reference to Brine. 
Brine was generally repute<i a high Calvinist 
and a supntlapearian. He was called by 
many persona an antinomian^ though his li^e 
was exemplary. He wws buried in Bunhill 
Fields, HLs publiciitions are numerous^ and 
now scarce. In 179:2 a pamphlet was pab- 
liahed entitled * The floral Law the Rule of 
Moral Conduct to Believers, Ci^usidered and 
enforced by arguments extractetl from the 
judicious Slr» Brine's " Certain Ethcacy of 
the I>eatii of Christ."' 

A complete catalogue of Brine's separate 
^uiblications is ^i ven by Walter Wilson. The 
following are his chief works : L ^ The Chris- 
tian Keli|ifion not destitute of Ai^uments, SiC. 
. . . in answer to *' Christianity not founded 
on Argument;' ' 1743. 2. ' The Certain Effi- 
cacy of the Death of Christ usf^erted' (a book 
at one time greatly in demand), 1743, S. * A 
Vindieation of Naturul and l^evealed Beli- 
gion, in answer to Mr. Jiime,'< Foster/ 1746. 
4. * A Treatise oil various t^ubjects: contro- 
versial tracts a^iiinst Bragge, Johnson, Tin- 
dal^ Jackson, Eltringham, and others ' (in 2 
vols.), 1760, 1756, 1766, which was extremely 
popular. It was edited by James Upton in 
18Ki» with some of Brine's pennons added, 
and a life of the author prefixed (from Walter 
lVils<jn). 5. * Disco urse.H at a Monthly Ex- 
ercise of Prayer, at W etlneMlay and Lord's 
Bay Evening Lectures, and Miscellaneous 
Discourses' (2 vols.}: and 6. * Funeral and 
Ordination Sermons and Choice Experience 
of Mrs. Aime Brine, with Dr. GUrs Sermon at 
her Funeral/ 1750. Collected together, his 
pamidilets ill eight volumes octavo. 

[Wilfwa » Dissenting Churchps, ii. &74 ; Gill's 
Sermons and Tracts ; John Bpown's Descriptive 
List of Beligions Book^ ; Jone«s Bunbill Memo* 
rialH ; CatAlogne of the late Mr. Thomas Jepps, 
of Paternoster Row, 18d6 ; Brit. Mus. Cut.} 

J. H. T. 



BRINKELOW, HENKY {d. 1546), aiti- 
I rist, son of liobert Brinkelow^ a farmer of 
\ Kintburv, Berkshire^ bee^n life a& aFnmcti- 
can, or firey Friar, but left the ofder, mir- 
I tied, and became a citizen and mercsr of 
j London. He adopted the opinions of the re- 
I forming party, and wrote satires on social 
and religious subjects under the pdeudonyra 
of Roderi^ Mors. He says that he was 
batUBbed mm England through the influ- 
ence of the biahops. By hia will, dated 1546, 
the year of his death, and prov*?d by his 
widow Margery, he left 5/. * to the godly 
learned men who labour in the vinerud oif 
the Lord, and fight against Anti-tlinit* 
This will shows that he was a man of sub- 
stance. He left a son OAmed John. His 
works are: 1. *The Gomplaynt of RodnH 
ryck Mors, aometyme a gray fryre, unto tl^H 
parlament house of Ingland his natural eos^^ 
try. Mighell boys, Geneve in Savoye' 
( 1545 ?) ; another edition, * M. boys, Geneve ' 
(1560) ; a third * Per Fr&nciscum de Turona' 
(Turin). Tlif^e «re in the library of the Bn- 
I tiflh Museum. Another edition with slight 
variations is in the Guildhall Library, London. 
The * Complaynt ' has been published by the 
Earljr Enditih Text Society under the' edi- 
torship 01 Mr. J. Meadows Cowper, 1^4. 
I It deals with wrongs done the people by en- 
clo§ures, with the advance in rents, and with 
legal oppresaion ; it recommends the confis- 
cation ot the property of biahop^ and de^ne, 
I of chantries and the like, and, tifter aUow- 
I ing one-tenth to the crown, points out 
various social objects to wldch the remain- 
der should be devoted. The 23rd chapter, 
headed *A lamentacyon for that the bodv 
and tayle of the pope is not banished with 
hia iinine,' was reprinted in 1641 as a separate 
I broadside with the title * The true Coppy of 
j the Complaint of Rodervck Mors , . . unto 
, the Purliameut House ot Flngland.^ 2, *Th« 
, Lamentocion of a Christian a^inst the Qtie 
I of London made by Roderigo Mors . , . 
I Prynted at Jericho in the land of Promea 
by Thome Trauth ' (1542) ; another edition, 
I ' Nurembergh^ 1546 ; ' another, in the Lazft- 
beth Library (no place), 1548 ; also edited 
for the Early English Text Society by Mr. 
J, M. Cowper, along with the * Complaynt/ 
Besides these, Mr. Cowper attributea to 
Brinkelow ; 3, * A Supplycjicion to our mofte 
Soueraigne Lord Kynge Henry the ETght,* 
1544 ; and 4. * A Supply cat ion of the Poore 
Commons; * large extracts from the 'Suppli- 
cation of the Commons ' are given in StrypeV 
^Memorials/ vol. L Both these have been 
edited by Mr. Cowper for the Early English 
Text Society (187!) in one volume, with 
Fish's * Supplication for the Beggars ' edited 




hy Mr. Fumival!, Bole, who at tributes the 

* Complfljiit * and the * Lamentacion/ but not 

Ihe two * Supplications/ to Brinkelow, says 

Ithat he also wrote aa * Expostulation ad- 

Wressed to the Clergy,' which now appears to 

lost. 

[All that is* kuowB of Brinkt^bw will be 
found in J» M. Cu^'per s edition uf the Complayiit 
lof Roderick Mor**, Early Engliiah Ttiit Soc. 
*ffo. 22, extra Bcries, to which» and to the sanie 
litor** work in the volume entitled A Supplica- 
tion to the Beggars, No. 13, extra senea, this 
tide jg hirgely inddited ; Bale's Scrip U Brit, 
ii. 105; Strjpes Ecdestajiticfil Memorials, 
i. 608.] W. H, 

BRIHKLEY, JOHN, D.D. (1763^1835), 
'"bishojj of Cloyne and fet astronomer royal 
for Ireland, was bom at Woodbridge in 
. Soffolk, and owed to this influetiee and aid 
^^ of Mr. Tiluey of Harle^ton^ undur whose 
^H care he waa educated, the means of 8up- 
^m porting himself at Cambridge^ He graduated 
^K At Cains College as senior wrangler and first 
^" Smith*a nrizuman in 1788, became a fellow 
of his college, proceeded M.A. in 1791, and 
D.D, in \d&X lie contributed to the * Ladies' 
Diary ' from 1 780 or 1781 to 1785, and acted 
as asBij^tant at Greenwich while preparing 
for his degree. To Maskelyne s recommenda- 
tion he owed his appointment, in 1792, tis 
Ajidrews professor of astronomy in the uni- 
versity of Dublin, with the title, added on 
the death of Uasher, of ' A.^itronomur Royal 
for Ireland/ and the direction of the colle^^e 
observatory at Dunsink, near Dublin* Its 
sole equipment consisting »t that time of a 
transit instrument, he had leisure to improve 
liis knowledge of the higher mathematics, in 
whicli, as well as in acquaintance with the 
■works of foreign analysts, he far excelled most 
of his contemporaries. The fruiu of his in- 
quiries were imparted to the Royal Irish 
^■Academy in a series of communications from 
Hl797 to 1817, and to the Royal Society in 
^^1807 in a paper entitled *An Investigation 
of the General Term of an Important Series 
in the Inverse Method of Finite Differences* 
(FML Trans, xcvil 114), of which the object 
was to aurmount a difficulty remaining aJFfcer 
La^range^s investigation in the * Berlm Me- 
moirs ■ for 177i*. 

In the middle of 1808 a splendid altitude 
and ojeimuth circle, eight feet in diameter, 
ordered from Ramsden in 178>^, and, after 
many delays, completed by hi?^ successor 
Berge, was set up at Dunsink, (ind Brinkley 
lost no time in turning it vigorously to ac- 
count for the purposes of practical astronomy. 
His siippoaed diseoverj^ of an annual (double) 
parallax for a Lyras of 2"*62 was laid before 
the Royal Society in 1810 (PAiV. Trans, c. 



204), and he announced in 1814 (Tram. H. 
Irish Ac, xiu 33) similar and even larger 
resnlta for seTeral other stars. Their validity 
was disputed by Pond, and careiiil observa- 
tions, made with a view to test it during 

, several years, proved at Greenwich con- 

I sistently adverse, at Dublin strongly con- 
firmatory (PhiL Trans, cviii. 276, cxf. *527). 
In 181*2 Brinkley de-scribed before the Royal 

] Irish Academy a delicate instrumental in- 
vest igat ion of f*olar nutation, heretofore known 
in theory only. If, he urged, his instrument 
were competent to exhibit the minute varia- 
tions in the places of the stars produced by 
this cause, A /arti'ori it could be depended 
upon for the larger amounts ascrioed to 
parallax {Trans, It. Irish Ac. riv. 3, 1825). 

I The argument seemed at the time unanswer- 
able, and was fortified by his seemingly suc- 
cespful disengagement from the Greenwich 
observations themselves of a parallax for 
o hyrm not differing seneiibly from that in- 

, ferred at Dublin {Mem, B^A.iSue, \. 329). The 

j controversy, which was conducted on both 
sides with moderation and candour, ter- 
minated in 1824 with Brinkley s reassertion 
of hifi conclusion of fourteen years previously. 
Yet he was undoubtedly mistaken, although 

! the source of his mistake remains obscure. 
The inquirj , however, was eminentlv useful 
in bringing about a clofeer scrutiny of instru- 
mental defect* and uranographical correc- 
tions, and 60 clearing the groimd for further 
research. Brinkley's communications on the 
subject were honoured in 1824 by the Royal 
Society (of which body he had been elected 
a fellow in 1803) with the Copley mt;dal. 
He presided over the Royal Irish Academy 
from 1822 until his death^and act^ as vice- 
prewident of the Astronomical Society 1825-7, 
and as its president for the biennial period 

la^i-a 

In 1814 he published a new theory of 
astronomical refractions deduced from his 
own observations, with tables to facilitato 
their calculation ( Trans. E. I. Ac, xii. 77) ; 
the same volnme contnains bis catalogue of 
forty-eeTen fundamental stars. Fresh de- 
terminationfi by him of the obliquity of the 
ecliptic and of the precession of the equinoxea 
appeared reg|)ectively in 1819 and 1828 (PhiL 
Tram. cix. 241 j Trans. B. L Ac. xr, 39) ; 
and hig constants of aberration and lunar 
nutation were adopted by Baily in the Astro- 
nomical Society's Catalogue, the former de* 
duced from 2,(^3, the latter from 1,618 com- 
parisons of various stars. He observed the 
great comet of 1819, and computed elements 
for it, and for the comet observed by Captain 
Hall at Valparaiso in 1821 {Quart. Jour, of 
Scie7tctt ix. 104 J PhiL Trans, cxli. 5Qy 




11 ill merits wet^B reeoffiibed by eccleeiaaticil 
k;promoticm. In 1806 he wat cuUat'ecl to the 
{prebend of Kilgoghliu and to the ivctory of 
l>errvbru8k ; in 1806 he became archdeacon 
of Clogher, and on *2S Sept* 182t5 bishop of 
CloTiie. The satisfaction of George IV with 
his recent ion at Trinity College, Dublin^ ia 
ud to nave been not unconnected with his 
devation. Thenceforth his episcopal 
Panties engrossed all his attention, and the 
ecientilic activity, by wliich he had rai^*d 
the little observatory at Iluneink tA) a noaition 
of fir8t-rat« importance, was brought to a 
cloee. After aome yeara of failing health 
he died at hia brother'a house in Leeson 
Street, Dublin, on 14 Sept, 1836, aged 72, 
And wa* buried in the chapel of Trinity 
College. A marble tablet erected to hia 
memory in the cathedral of his diocese under- 
statua Ilia age by three veans. In charact-er 
he waa benevolent and Ji^intert'sted. 

He wrot<e (besides thirty-five contributifina 
to learned collections, many of them aepa- 
Tately reprinted) * Element* of Astronomy,* 
fttill uaed as a text-book in Dublin University. 
The work originated in hi*5 lectures to under- 
graduates, 1799-1808, which, at the request 
of the board, were published in the latter 
year, and again, with three a<Jditional chap- 
tera and an api«udix, in 1813. Since then 
it has run through numerous editions, and 
obtained in 1871 renewed vitality in a care- 
ful recast by Dra, Stubbs and Briinnow. 
Brinklev*8 essay on the * Mean Motion of the 
Lunar Perigee/ read before the Koyal Irish 
Academy on ifl April 1B17» obtained the 
Conyngham medal. Me wfus one of the first 
toencourap'e the rising ^eniusof Sir William 
Hamilton, hi** sucx:e8.soriu the Andrews chair 
of aatronomy, and several of hi» letters are 

f Tinted in the * Life of Hamilton * by Gmvea 
1882), i. 'Jm-m, 297, 324, He was a 
botanist as well as an astronomer. 

[Mem. K A. Soc. ii. 281 : ^ent, Miig, 1835, 
ii . 547; t'ot t on '» Fiwt i Ecdca i ee H i b«mi cse ; 
Report Brit. Asmoc. i. HO; Amlr^ and Raypt's 
L'AfltroQumie Pratique, ii, 29 ; R. 8oc- Ciit. of 
Sc. Papers.] A. M. C. 

BRINKNELL or BRYJS"KNELL, 
THOMAS (J. 1539?), protW^or at Oxford, 
was educated at Lincoln College, mid was 
ftppointed head-master of the school attached 
to Magdalen College, where he * exercised 
an admirable way of teaching.- He after- 
wards studied for a time at Ifniversitv Col- 
lege, and became intimate with Wolsey. 
He proceeded B.D* in 1501, and D.D. on 
13 March 1507-B, * at which time,' says Wood, 
* the professor of div. or commissary did 
highly oommend him for his learning. On 



7 Jon, 1510-11 he wa« collated to a prebeod 
in Lincoln Cathedral, &nd on the same date 
was made m&^er of the liospttal of St. John 
at Banbury. In 15^1 he was nonunated 
profeaaor of divinity on C^Lrdinal Wolseys 
new foundation. He appanantl? died in lo^ 
(Lb Nevh, Fa$ti, ii, 18S). He waa the 
author of a treatii^ ftgminst Lather, which 
does not seem to have bMai prin ted. A eoord- 
ing to Wood it was *a learned piece,' and 

* commended for a good book/ Wobey 
recommended Brinknell to Flenry VUl as 

* one of those most fitper«on« in the universitj 
to encounter Mart. Luther/ 

[Wood's Athene Oxoil (Bliss), i. 29; Firfi 
(Blis*), i. e» 22; Oxf. Untv. Rfig, (Boiu»X W; 
Tanners Bibt. Brit. 126; Blozam'a fiCagdalea 
Cbllage, ill. 70.] 8. L L 

BRIN8LEY. JOHN (J, 1603), the elder, 
puritan divine and educjitional ^vT^ter, wu 
oducated ai Christ's Colie^e,Cainbridge,wh6re 
he graduated B.A. in 1684 and M. A. in Iri^a 
He became a * mini^^ter of the Word/ and had 
the care of the public school at AalibyHle4a* 
Zouch in Leicestershire. The famous Mtr^ 
loger, W^illiam Lilly, wa« one of his pupils 
as he him.Helf informs ua in his euriuuji auto- 
biography. * Upon Trinity Sunday 1613,* 
he says, *my father had me to A*hby-<le-l*- 
Zouch to be instructed by one Air. John 
Brinsley ; one in those timea* of great abilitiew 
for instruction of youth in the Latin and 
Greek tongues ; he was very severe in his life 
and converiiiation, and did bref^d up many 
scholars for the universities. In religion Ua 
was a strict puritan, not conformable whuUy 
to the ceremonies of the church of IjiijlantJ* 
(Mist, ofhiH Life and Times ( 1 774), 5 ), j^Vgaia 
he says : ' In the eighteenth year of my age 
[i.e. in Iftlij or 162U] ray ma*it«5r Brinsley W) 
enforced from ke^'pi ng school, being 
cut^ by the bishop's officers: he came 
London, and then lecture*! in Ijondon, w^h 
he afterwards died* (ift. 8). He married 
sister of Dr. Joseph Hall, bishop of Norwidh. 
His works are : 1, * Ludus Literarius : or, tha 
Grammar Schoole ; shewing how to proceeds 
from the tir«t entrance into learning to the 
highn^st perfection required in the Gram* 
mar Schooled,' London, 1012 and 1(J27, 4to. 

2. * The true Watch and Rule of Life,* 
7th ed. 2 parts, London, UU5, 8vo, Ath ed. 
Ifll9; third part out of Ezekiel ix., Lmdoa, 
HJi2i!, 4ro; fourth part, * to the plain-hearted 
aeduced by popery/ London, 1024, 8vo» 

3. ' Pkieriles Contabulatiunculas : or Childreni 
Dialogues, little conferences, or talkings 
tnjgfether, or Dialogues fit for children,* 
London, 1017. 4. *Cato (conoeminjr the 
precepts of common life) translated gram- 



ly age 
me ^^1 




aatically; Lontlon, 1622, 8ro, 5. * A Coii- 
r»lation for mir Onimmftr Schooles ; or a 
it h full iiicrnira|r*-'ment for laying of a sure 
oimdation of all good learninfre in our 
chooles/ London, U^22,4to, 6. 'tBt* Posing 
of the Partft : or, a most plaint^ and ea^ie way 
of examiuing tbe accidence and grammar by 

?iie*ftion8 and answerp/ London, 1630, 4to j 
0th ed. London, 1647, 4to. 7. *Tlie first 
^B^ooke of Tullies OflSisea, tranalat^d gramma- 
^Htically: and abo according lo the propriety 
^HjDf our English ton|pe/ London, ItiSL 8vo, 
^■6. * Stanbngii Enihrion relimatum, seu Voca- 
^^ Ijularium metfii^iim t\\\mh .Tohanne Stanbrigio 
digestum, nunc veri* lneupl«tatiun, defneca- 

Itnin, legitimo m»e non rot undo plentnique 
carmine exultans, Sl in majorem Pueritine 
luilbnhentifl iiRnm undeqimque aecommoda- 
tum,* London, l(W7,4to. 9. * CorderiuBDia- 
lognei*, traoKlatiHl grammatically^' London, 
JG63. In the dedication to ^Villiam, lord 
Cavendish^ he speakj^ of his lordship'g * favour- 
able apfiToljnhon of my 8chool-endeavourF, 
Itogeflier with your honourable hountie, for 
tbe in cou raging of me, to the accomplishment 
of my promiiie for my Gram mat i call trani^la- 
tiona/ 10. ^YirgilV l*Jcl(3gtie«*, with his book 
of Hie Ordering of Ifees, transilated gramma- 
tically; imti, 4to. 
[MS. Addit. 5863 f 65. 19165 f. 240; Noteft 
anaQuerit^a (2i]d Jjeriee), xin 126, 180 (4th 8ene«)» 
I iv. 411 ; Lowndes'^ Bibl Mwnual (Bohti) ; Brit* 
Hjliifl.Cat.; Car. Lib. Iinpr6SS.Bib].Bodl.(1843X 
Hi. 8310 T. C. 

BBmSLEY, .JOHN (It)00-1B(]5), the 
younger, puritan divine, wajs horn at Aftbhy- 
de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire^ in 1000, beingson 
of John Brinfiley the elder [q. v.l master of 
the puhlic school there, and his wife, who was 
ft sister of Dr. Jof^eph Hall, afterwards bishop 
of Norwicb. Having received the rudiments 
of education from bi^ father, he was admitted 
of Emmanuel C*ollege, Cambridge, at the age 
* of thirteen years and n half. He attended 
his uncle, Dr. Hall, then dean of Worcester, 
to the synod of Dort (1018-19), as his ama- 
nuensis ; and on his return to Cambridge he 
was elected to a scholarship in hi.s college, 
and took bis degrees (B.A, 1619, M.A. 1023). 
After being ordained he preached first at 
pTPSton, near Chelmsford. In 1025 he was 
appointed by the corporation of Great Yar- 
mouth their minister; but the dean and 
chapter of Norwich, claiming the right of 
nomination, diqxited the appointment, and 
lie was summoned before the high court of 
commission at Lambeth, and was at mid- 
Bummer 1627 dismissed from his ministerial 
^^ function in Yarmouth church, by a decree 
^ftin chancery, given upon a certliicate made 



by Archbishop Laud. He continued, how- 
ever, to jpreacb in the town, in what was 
then the Dutch church, was subsequently the 
theatre, and is now commonly called the 
town bouse. The coqwration meanwhile 
persevered in their struggle w^ith the bishop 
and the court in his behalf, till in 1632 the 
king in council forbade bis officiating at 
Yarmouth altogether, and even committed 
to prison four individuals^ — among them the 
well-known regicide. Miles Corbet, then 
recorder of the town^for abetting him. 
Hrimley after thiit exercised his pastoral 
duties in the half hundred of Lotbingland 
in lf542, and, through the interest of Sir John 
Wentworth of 8omerleytnn Hall, was ap- 
pointed to the cure of the parish of Somei^ 
ley ton. Two years subsequently be was 
again chosen one of the town preachers at 
Yarmouth, ami it is said that he occupied 
the chancel of the church w4th the preaby- 
terians, while Bridge with the congregation- 
alists was in possession of the north aisle, 
and the south aisle, with the nave, was left, 
to the regular minister. Service in all these 
was performed simultaneously, the corpora- 
tion having divided the building for the pur- 
pose on the death of the king, at an ejmeJise 
of 900/. 

At the Bestoration he was ejected for re- 
fusing the terms of conformity, He was in- 
flexible on the points which divided so many 
clergymen from the established church, and 
it is stated that he refused considerable pre- 
ferment which was offered to induce him to 
remain in her communion. His death oc- 
curred on 22 Jan. l<Mi4-fj,and he w^aa buried 
in 8t. Nicholas's Church, Yarmouth, with 
aeveral others of the family. He had a son 
Robert who was educated at Emmanuel Col- 
lege, Cambridge ( M.A. 1660), but was ejected 
from the university, and studied medicine at 
Ijeyden, where he took the degree of M.D. 
He afterwards practised his profeasion at 
Yarmouth, where be was elected co-cbam- 
berlttinwitb Robert Bernard in 1681, and in 
1092 was appointed water Imiliff, 

Brinsley published many treatises and ser- 
mons, including : L * The Healing of Israela 
breaches,' Lcmdou, 104Ji?, 4to, 2, 'Church 
Reformation tenderly handled in four 
sermons,^ London, 164*^, 4to* 3* * The doc^ 
trine and practice of Psedo-baptisme as- 
serted and vindicated,' London, 1645, 4to» 
4. * Stand Still : or, a Bridle for the Times,' 
Ix)ndon, 1047 and 1052, 4 to, 5. ' Two Trea- 
tises: the One handling the Doctrine of 
Christ's Mediatorship, The other of Mystical 
Implantation,' 2 parts, London, 1651-2, 8vo, 
6. *The MyFtical Brasen Serpent, with the 
Magnetical Vertue thereof; or, Chriat exalted 

I 



Brinton 



350 



Brinton 



N 



ft/ 2 fmru, LondoG, 1063, Bto, 
Atiae^: 1. The Saintft Commu- 
nioQ wilh Je^uft Christ. IL AcqiiAintance 
with Ood; London. 1654, 12mo. 8. 'Two 
TrMttiee: I. A Groan for Israal; or, the 
ObnrdiM Salvation (femporall, spiritual!), 
tlie dwire and joj of Saints ; IL Urpuf^tpwta, 
Tlic Spirittiall Vertigo, or Turning SickneM 
of 8oul-Unflettle<lne«8e in matters of Keli- 

ftoiu Concernment/ ii parts, London, 1656, 
vo, 9. *Go»p**l Marrow, the pyroat God 
O himself for the s*>n,H of men; or, the 
Mystery of JUnlemption bv Jeaus 
Chriat, witli two of the enda therenf, justifi- 
cation and sanctificution, <loctnnally opened, 
and practically applied/ 2 parts, London, 
lom, 8vo. 

[MS. AddiU 5863 t 60. 19165 f. 240; Ca. 
lamy'0 Ejected Miniiterfl (1713). ii. 477» 47S. 
and CoQtiQuaLion (1727). ii* 017; CaL lib. Im* 
proM. BiR Bodl. (184S); Brit. Mm. CaU; 
Dniery « Hist. Notices of Qreat Tarmoutli, <I6*; 
Lillys Hiit. of his Life ( !774>, 6-8; Lownde«^s 
Bib). Manual (Bohn); NicholA^gLeieestetshire, t. 
pt. ii. Aj)pend. p. 140; Notes and Queries, 2nd 
serieii, xii, 126, 180, 4tli sprie*, iv. 411; Palmer's 
Continuation of Mnnships Hist, of Gr«it Yar- 
mouth^ ld8-161, 365; Palmer's Nonconf. Momo- 
rial (1803), ii. 17; StriDdeo's Hiit. of Great 
Yarmonth, 837-S4d ; Sylvester's Reliquis Bsx- 
tariaiUB, 283 ; Dawson Turner's Sepulehral Re- 
minisceuces of a Market Town, 11.] T. C. 

BKINTON nr BRUNTON, THOMAS 

(d, l*iH9), bishop of Rovhestt^r, was a monk 
of thM BenedictmL" bniise nt Norwich. He 
is said to have studied b^th nt Oxford uid 
Cambridge, and is vjirituisly described as 
bftcbelor of iheolngy and Oi* * doctor deer©- 
toriim' of the former imiveraity. Haviiig 
taken up bis residence in Romej be was made 
peniteutiary t^( the holy see, and on 31 Jan. 
137:2 '3 wtus appointed bishop of liochester by 
Gregory XI, m t he room of John Hertley, prior 
of Rfiehester, whose election was set aaide by 
the pope. Rriuton dppears to have been dia- 
tinguished tus a preadier, and a sermon of 
his, delivered to the people of London on the 
occa-i^ion of the coronatmn of Richard II, is 
reported by Walsiugham (Historia Angti* 
oanti, I 3?i8, 339, ed. RileVt who wrongly 
attribiitei the discourse to l^rinton^s prede- 
oesAor, Thomas Trillek, 11. 513 &). bubse- 
qut'ntly he was made confessor to the king. 
He was pre.^ent at the council of Blackfriars 
in May- July 1382, which condemned the 
doctrinejj* of Wyclitfe (Fa^cicuU Zizaniorum^ 
pp. 286, 287, 498), and a^^t^nted to that con- 
demnation {ih. pp. 21K), 291), He died in 
1889 i\m will la dated 30 Aug, >, and was 
buried in the pariah church of Seale in Kent, 
Weever {Ancient FuneraU MonutneniSf p. 



I S2o) describes the btAhop*s tomb, from whrk 

'the- name bad alpraidy (1631 1 <li^ppearbi 

On the aulhority nt Bale (Scn'pt Brit 

Cat. xii, 12), wUn however oonfeased him- 

; self ignorant even of the ceatmj in whii!li 

Brinton lived, the biblick'graphero attribute rj 

him a collection of ' Sermones eormm Ponn- 

I fice ' and * Sermoue« alii solennes.' 

I [(Sodwin. De PraesnUbus ( 1 743), p. 5Sa ; Tii>- 

' ner's BibL Bj-it. p. 126 ; Le Neres Fasti, ii. 564, 

ed. Hardy. Of t he al temati re forms of tin* auat 

given by Tanner. Briton looks likae an emr. sod 

Brampton mny «»as}ly have arisen tnsm canlMi 

ti&nscriptioQ of the form Branton givsn b^ Wil- 

singham (I.e., 11. J 80).) R L P. 

BRINTON, WILLLAM, M,D. {im- 
1867), physician, was bom at Kiddermmster, 
where aiin father was a carpet mana&ctiLrec^ 
30 Nov. 1823, After education at pnnle 
schools and as apprantice to a Kiddenninsttr 
surgeon he matnculated at the London Unt- 
versity in 1843, and began medical studies st 
King's College, London. He won aevi^ 
pruees, and graduated M.B. in the London 
Univereity in ia47, M.D. in IS48. In im 
he became a member of the Collegge of PtT- 
sicians, and in 1854 a felloinr^ In 1848 im 
sent to the Roval Society a paper, * Contri- 
butions to the l*hysiology of the Alimentary 
Canal/ and after holding some minor ap- 
pointments at his own medical (tchool h« 
was elected lecturer on forensic medicifle 
at St, Thomases Hospital. He publishrd 
an able series of * clinical remark* * in the 
* Lancet/ and the reputation which th»*3« 
brought him led to his early ao^aiaitioD of 
a considerable practice. He became phf-i- 
cian to St. Thomases Hospital, and in s ! 
tion to his other lecturesnip was made I 
turer on physiology there. He married in 
1854 and lived in Brook Street, Gnosvenor 
Square, and his practice steadily tncreaeed. 
Intestinal obstruction and disea^^es of the 
alimentary canal in general were subjects to 
which henad paid special attention, and on 
which he was often consulted. His Cnx»- 
nian lectures at the College of Physiciaw 
in 1859 were on intestinal obstruct ion. In 
1857 he published the * Pathology, S^-mptoans 
and Treatment of IHcer of the Stomach,* 
the first complete treatise on that sutmct 
which had appeared in England, and in lo59 
he brought out ' Lectures on the Diseases of 
the Stomach/ of which a second editioa 
was published in 1864. This book contains 
a clear account of the existing knowledge 
of the subject, with many well-arranged 
notes of cases and a few observations new 
to medicine, for example the description 
(p. 87, ed. 1864) of the condition of stomach 
sometimes discovered after death in cases of 



Briot 



351 



Briot 



scarlet fever. In the last chapter Brinton 
demonstrates the absence of pathological 
ground for the afiection so often named in 
ffeneral literature, aa well as in medical 
DOokB, under the term gout in the atomach. 
Brinton was a man oi untiring industry, 
and miblished roanj papers in the medical 
periodicals of hi a time. He transLited Var 
fen tin's * Text Book of Physiology' from 
the German in 185^J; wrote a ehort treatise 

* On the Medical Selection of Lives for Assur- 
rance * in 1856, and in 1861 * On Food and 
its Digestion, being an Introduction to Diete- 
tics,* besides six articles in * Todd's Oyclo- 
pfledia of Anatomy and Physiology/ and 
eome papers read before the Royal bocietj. 
He was elected F.R.S. in 1864. His vacar 
tiona were oft^n spent in ihe Tyrol, where 
he was an active member of the Alpine 
Oltib, Two papers by him appear in * Peaks, 
Passed, and Glaciers ' (seriei ii, vol. u) In 
1863 Brinton had symptoms of renal disease, 
and^ after manly struggles to continue his 
labours in spite of the malady, he died on 
17 Jan. 1867. After his death a treatise on 

* Intesitinal Obstmction,' based on his Ooo- 
nian lectures, was edited by his friend Dr» 
Buxzard. Brinton was a physician of high 
personal character and great powers of work. 
His book on ulcer of the stomach deserves a 
place among the best English medical mono- 
graphji^ and in oM his books the as^iertions 
rest on a solid basis of observation. He left 
six children, and one of his sons graduated in 
medicine at Cambridge A memoir of Brinton 
by Br, Thomas Buzzard appeared in the * Lan- 
cet ' for 26 Jan. 1867, and has been reprinted, 

[BuzEard's Memoir (1867); Brinton's works,] 

N, M. 

BRIOT, NICHOLAS (1579-1046), medal- 
list and coin-engraver, wan bom in 1579, at 
Damblein in Bassigny, duchy of Bar* From 
1605 to 1626 he held the appointment of 
engrayer-general of the coins ot France, and 
having bescome acouainted in Germany with 
the improved mecrianical processes for the 
production of coins, especially with the * ba* 
lance* (balancier), he determined to introduce 
them with further improvements of his own 
into his native country. From 1616 till 162.'^ 
he continued to persevere in h\B endeavour 
to ffet hiR proeeflaes officially adopted. In 1615 
be nad written a treat ii5e entitled 'Raisons, 
moyena, et propositions |jour faire toutes les 
monnaies du royaume, k Tavenir, nniformes, 
©t hire cesser toutea fabrications, &c/ His 
propoaals^ however^ encountered the greatest 
opposition, especially from the *Cour des 
monnaies/ the members of which resisted 
the introduction of machineryi and upheld 



their own less rapid and more clumsy method 
of striking coins with the hammer. The pat- 
tern-pieces made by Briot for the French 
coinage are very rare, particularly the franc 
and de mi-franc of 1616 and 1617, with the 
legend * Espreuve faicte par I'expr^s com- 
mandement du roy Louis XIII/ Finding 
that his long-continued elfort^ were fruitless, 
and pressed hard by his ereditore, Briot fled 
to England in 1025, nnd offered his servioee 
and improved macbinnry to Charies I, by 
whom he was well reeMived. On 16 Dec. 
1628, the king granted liim * the privilege 
to be a free denizen, and alno fuO power and 
authority to irame and engrave the first de- 
signs and eihgies of the king^s image in such 
sixe and forms as are to serve in fdl sorts of 
coins of gold and silver ' (Rymbe, Fmdera^ 
xix. 40). In January B}33 he was ap- 
pointed chief engraver to the English mint, 
and in 1635 master of the Scottish mint. 
For the English coinage Briot made the 
crown, half-crown, and other denominationa; 
bis epe€imen8, which are very neatlv ex^ 
cutea and well formed, being signed with 
the letter B, or with B and a small flower 
or an anchor. He also executed various pat- 
tern-pieces for the coinage, and made during 
the earlier part of the reign of Charles I a 
considerable number of dies and moulds for 
medals, the moi^t important of which were 
for the coronation medal of Charles (1626), 
the 'Dominion of the Sea* medal (1630), 
and the Scottish coronation medal (Bi33). 
His medals bear the signature *N, B.,* 
' Briot/ or * N. Briot.' After the outbreaJc 
of the civil war very little is known of 
Briot *s life ; but the common statement that 
he retunied to France and died there about 
1€^0 is certainly incorrect, as an official docu- 
ment of the time of diaries II (Chiendar of 
State Papers, Domestic, May 1662, p, 394) 
proves that he died in England in the year 
1646, From 1042 till the time of his death 
he seems to have remained in the service of 
the English king, and to have followed him 
in his capacitv of engraver to York and to 
Oxford* At tne Restoration, the name of his 
widow, Esther Briot, was one of th^»se which 
were ordered to be placed on the list for re- 
lieving the !*ervants of Charles I, the sum of 
3,000/. having been due to her husband at 
the time of his death. 

[Dauban 8 Nicholas Briot, PariB, 1857 (B«nie 
Numisraatique, 18d7i N. S. ii.); Hoffinazin'f Lw 
moiiDaies royalea de France, 1878 ; Antmaire do 
USoc. FraD^ifi« de Numismatique, 1867, p, 152; 
Gmeber's Gaide to the Eaglish Medals exhibited 
in Brit. Mus. ; Hawkins's Medallic lUustratioDfl, 
ed. Fraoks aad Qrueb«r ; Hawkins's Silver Coins 
of England, ed. Keoyon; Cochran-Patrick's 




Brisbane 



352 



Brisbaae 



B«aoail af tilt Gdnage of SootUnd ; Henl^j's 
NnmiBiiuit& Cromwollijuia. pp. 6, 224,] W. W. 

BRISBANE, Sir CHARLES (Um?- 

182V>), rear-iidmiraU fourth son of Admiml 
Jcilin Bmbane, who died 1807, was m 1779 
entered on botird the Alcide, comnumded by 
hii) flit her, w&» present at the defeat of the 
Spanish fl^^t off Caj>e St. Vincent, and the 
relief of Gibraltar in January 1780, and aft«r- 

Ifmrda in the W»?:*t lodit^s. In the end of 
1781 h» waH placed on board the Herculee 
with Captain Savage, and was present in the 
action of Dominica, 12 April 17B2, where he 
waa badly wounded by a splinter. He con- 
tinued serving during the peace, and after the 
9paiiiih armament in 179(.) waa promoted to 
the ranlt of lieutenant 22 Nov. In 1793 he 

i was in the Meleager frigate, in which he went 
out to the Mediterranean » and was actively 
employed on shore at Toulon, and afterwards 
in Corsica^ bf^th at San Fiorenio and at the 

- siege of Ba.«itia, under th«* immediate orders of 
Captain Hi>nUio Nt^lHon, and like him sus- 
tained the hma of an eye from a severe wound 
in the head infiicted by the smaU fragments 
of an iron shot. He afVyrwards ser\'ed for 
a short, tirae in tlm Britannia^ bearing the 
flag of Ijtird Hood, by whom he was spe- 
cially promoted to the command nf the 
Tarleton stoop 1 .Fiily 1794, and served in 
her during the renminder nf that and the 
following year in the sf^uadron acting in 
the Gulf of Genoa, under the immediate 
orders of Nels^^n (NeiMm Deffpatcheg, ii. 59 ti^ 
105). In the autumn of 1795 he was sent 
from Gibraltar to eruivoy two troopships I0 
Barliadoes. On his way thither he fell in 
with a Dutch squadron, which he kept com- 
pany with, sending the transports on by tbem- 
aelves, till, finding that the Dutch were bound 
to the Cape of Good Hope, he made all haste 
to carry the intelligence to Sir George El- 
pbinstone, the commander-in-chief on that 
station. His acting in this way, on his own 
responsibility, contrary to the orders under 
which he had sailetl.had the good fortune to 
be approved of; and after t!ie capture of the 
Dutch ships in Saldanha Ray, 18 Aug. 1796, 
he was promoted by Sir irenrge to the com- 
mand ot one of them ; but be had previously, 
22 July, been promoted by Sir John Jervis, 
the commander-in-chief i.n the Mediterra- 
nean, under whose orders be bad aaileil, and 
be also received the thanks of the admiralty. 
He continued on the Cape station in com- 
mand of the Giseau frigate, and was in her 
at St. llclcua when a dangercms mutiny broke 
out on board. This was happily quelled by 
his lirm and deciaive measures, and be was 

I ehortly afterwards recalled to the Cape to 



t&ke command of the Tremendona, 
Rdmiral Pringle'a flagBhip, on board ' 
ftlfio the mutinous apint had threate 
extreme danger. In the course of 1798 he 
returned to England with Pringle in the 
Crescent frigate, and in 1801 waa appointed 
to the Doris frigate, one of the aquaaTon off 
Brest, under Admiral Comwalli*, During 
the short peace he commanded the Trant 
frigate antl the Sansjmreil in the West In* 
dies. He was afterwards moved into the 
Goliath, in which on his way home he wii 
nearly lost in a hurricane. In 1806 Bris- 
bane waa appointed to the .\rethusa &^gate, 
which he took to the West Indies, l^rly 
in 1806 he had the misfortune to run tbi 
ship ashore amoogat the Colorados rocks, 
near the north-^west end of Cuba, and she wu 
got off only by throwing all her guns ov«fr- 
board. In this defenceless cxindit ion she fell 
in with a Spanish line-of-battle ship off Hir 
vana ; but fortunately the Spaniard^ ignoraot 
of the Aretbusa's weakness, did not consider 
himself a match for even a SS-^im frigate^ 
and ran in under the guns of the More Castle. 
Having rehtt^^l at Jamaica, the Aretbusa wag 
in August again off Havana, and on the 23rd« 
in company with the Anson of 44 guns, cap- 
tured tbe Spanish frigate PomomL, aiichof«l 
within pistol-shot of a battery mount ingeleven 
30-pounders, and supported by ten gunboats. 
The gunboats were all destroyed and the bat- 
ter)^ blown up, apparently by some accideDt 
to the furnaces lor heating shot, by which 
the Aretbusa had been set on tire^ but witit* 
out any serious consequences (James, KaM 
mstory (1800), tv. 1<)9), though she had 
two men killed, and tbirty-two, includitkg 
Captain Brisbane, woimded. On I Jui, 
1S07 liri-ibane, still in the Arethusa, with 
three other frigates, having been sent off Cu- 
rasao, reduced all the forts and cjiptured the 
island without serious difficulty or loss. Ths 
fortifications, both by position and armament, 
were exceedingly strong, but the Dutch were 
unprepared for a vigorous assault, and were, 
it was surmised, still sleeping off the effects 
of a new year's eve carousal, when, at earlii«C 
dawn, the English squadron sailed into tJis 
harbiikur. For bis success on this occftsioa 
Brisbane was knighted, and he, as weU 
as the other three captains, received a gold 
medal {ibid, tv, 275). He continued in oom^ 
mand of the Aretbusa till ne^r the end ol 
IdOB, when he was transferred to the Blalae^ 
of 74 gtms, but was almost immediately aft«i^ 
wards appointed governor of the islan*! of St, 
Vincent, which olfiee he held, without any 
further ser^dce at sea, till bis death in De- 
cember 1829. On 2 Jan. 1815 he bad been 
nominated a K,C.B., and attained bis flag 



A ^ 



Brisbane 



Brisbane 



■ Hi 



rank on 12 Aug, 1819. He married Sarah, 
daughter of Sir James Put ey, knight, of Head- 
ing, iiiMl left, c^everiil children. 

[Ralfe'g Na\% Bio^, iv. 84; Mftrwhairn Roy, 
Nar. Biog. ii, {voh i. pt. ii,)730; Gent. Mag. 
(1830), c. i. 642.1 ^^ KL L. 

BRISBANE, 8iR JAMES (1774-1836), 
commodort', tifth K>n of Admiriil John Bris- 
bane, and brother of Rear-admim! SirCharles 
Brisbane [q- v.], entert^l the navT in 1787 on 
board the Culloden, After gen ing in various 
sbtps he wa;^ transferred to the Queen Char- 
lotte, bearing the flag of Lonl flowe, to whom 
he acted as signal-midBhi|>mau in the battle of 
1 June, He wii« made Iveutennnt on 23 Sept. 
1794, and sen' ed at tiie reduction of thy Cape 
of Good Hope. He -whb afterwartis moved into 
the Monarch, Sir George Elphinstono^s flag- 
ship, and was present in her at xh' capture of 
the Dutch squadnin in Sahhinha Hay IS Aug. 
1 79<1 8i r George promot ed Bri ?* ba ne i n to o nc 
of the prices, and aoon aftem'ards moved hira 
into the Daphne frigfite, in command of which 
" e returned to Enghiiuh The promot ion Jiow- 
ever^ was not confirmed till 1*7 3Iay 1797. In 
1801 Brisbane was appointed to the command 
of the Cruisier sloop, attached t^ the Baltic 
fleet under Sir Hyae Parker. He was more 
icularly attached to the divi:*ion under 
ird Nelson^ and on the nights of 110 and 
1 March had especial charge fif the work of 
funding and buoying the channels apnroach- 
- Copenhagen {NrUtm De^patcAe^, iv. IW2- 
i). In acknowledgment of his senicea on 
18 occa8ion he was promoted to post nink 
m 2 April ISO I, and m the hitter part of the 
lar commanded the Saturn a»? tlag-captain to 
sar-admi^ral Totty until the admirar^ death, 
'hen the ship wa« paid oft' From IWi-o 
ehad comnmnd of the sea fencibleH of Kent, 
ind in 18<J7 of the Alcmene frigtite on the 
ast of I rel a ud a nd i n t h e C h an nel . I n 1 808 
le was apijointed to the Belle Toule, a MH-gun 
igatCt and wha ordered by Lord Coliing- 
clod to take command of the equatlron hlock- 
iing Corfu* Whilst m *^mploye<l he captured 
[on 15 Feb. 1809 the French frigate Var, which 
^ ad endeavoured to break the blockade. He 
as afterwards engaged in the reduction of the 
Ionian islands and the e.«tttbli^hment of the 

Stinsular republic. He continued in the 
rifttictill the i^umraerof 1811, during which 
itime he captured or destroyed several of the 
lenemv'd Kuiall cruisers, and wa.«i repeatedly en- 
igaged with their batteries on different parts of 
tbeeoa.«t* In Septeral)er 1812 Brisbane was 
appointed to the Pemhrt>ke in the Channel 
fieet , and the following summer was again sent 
to the Mediterranean, where he was actively 
employed, In 1815 be again Msrved in the 

VOL. Vl» 



Mediterranean, and in 1816 in the expedition 
against Algiers, After the bomljardment on 
2/ Aug. he was sent home with dt^gpatc^hea, 
and on 2 Oct. received the honour of knight- 
hood. He had already been made a C.B, in 
June 1815. In 1825 he was appointed com- 
mander-in-chief in the East Indies, whi^re he 
arrived in time to direct the concluding ope- 
rations of the lirBt Burmese war, tor his ser- 
vices in which he wa» officially thanked by the 
governor-general in council, Hii^ healthy how- 
ever, had guffered severely, and was never re- 
established. He lingered for some months^ 
and died at Penang on 19 Dec, I8i.'6, He 
married in 1800 theonly daughter of Jilr, John 
Ventham^ by whom be had one son and two 
daughters. 

[Marahftll*e Roy. Nar, Biog, iii. (toI. ii.) 400 ; 
James's NaTal His^tory {I860), vi. 337.] 

J. K. L. 

BRISBANE, Joins' (d. 1776 P). nliysi- 
cian, a native of Scotland, graduated M.D. at 
Edinburgh in 1750, and wa« admitted licen- 
tiate of the College of Physicians in 17tS(J. He 
held the post of phywician to the Middlesex 
Hospital from 1758 till 1773, when he was 
superaeded for being absent without leave, 
IBs name disappears from the c4DUege litii in 
1776. He was the author of 'Select Cases 
in the Practice of Medicine/ 8vo, 1762, and 
* Anatomy of Painting, with an Introduction 
gi ving a short V i e w o f Pic t uresq ue Anatomy,' 
fol, 1769, This work contains the six Tables 
of Albinus, the Anatomy of Celsus, with 
notes, and the Physiology of Cicero. 

[MunVs CoU, of Phys. ii. 274; Lowndes's 
Bibl. Manual (Boho), i. 272.] 

BRISBANE, SrRTHOBIASMAKBOtT- 

G ALL- (1773-1860), general, colonial go- 
vernor, and astronomer, was the eldest K>n 
of Thomas Brisbane of that ilk, and was born 
at Brisbane House, Largw in Ayrshire, on 
2S July 1 773. His father had served at Cul- 
loden, and died in 1812, aged 92. His mother 
w^as Eleanor, daughter of Sir W. Bruce of 
StenhoiL*e. After spending some time at 
Edinburgh University^ where he showed his 
taste for mathematics and astronomy, he was 
sent to an academv in Kensington, wtfs ga- 
zetted an ensign in the 38th regiment in 1 789, 
and ioined it in Indand in 1790, where he 
strucK up an acouaintance with Arthur Wel- 
lesley, then aide-de-camp to the lord-lieu- 
tenant, which lasted all their lives. He w^aa 
promoted lieutenant in 1792, and captain, at 
the age of twenty, in 1793, into the 53 rd regi- 
menty with which be served through the cam* 
paign of 1793-6 in Flanders under the Duke 
of York* He was wounded in the attack 



Brisbane 



354 



Brisbane 



on the 6m!p dt Famars, on 18 May 1793, dutingthe government of General MacqoirieJ 
uid yet was present at f he capture of Valen- That governor, whom Brisbane sacsceedei 
ciennsfi, the battles before Dun Kirk, at Nieuw- on 1 The, 1821, had administered faia go^ 



poort, and Kimeguen, and was often engaged 
m the diaastroiia winter retreat to Bremen. 
Ha was promote major in tJie 53rd on o Aug. 
1706, and in October of the aame year accom- 
panied his regiment to the West Indies in 
Sir Ralph Abercnimby's expedition. He was 
pr»^ent at the capturn of the Mome Chalot 
and the Moroe Fortiin^*e in 8t. Lucia^ at St, 
Vincent, Trinidad, Porto Rico, and San Do- 
mingo, and returned home for bis health in 
1798. Neverlhelesa he had to return to Ja- 
maica in 180t>. when he was gazetted lieu- 
tenant-colonel in the 69th regiment, but had 
to come home again in 180.'! In I8i>r> the 
69th was ordered to India, but Colonel Bri.H- 
bane^s health was not strong enouj^h for a 
further residence in a hot country, and he 
reluctantly went on half-pay, and devoted 
Himself t^j astronomy in the new obaervatoiy 
which he built at Brisbane. 

He still hojjed for active service, and, on 
his promotion as colonel in 1810, accepted 
the post of assistant adjutant-general. In 
1812 hia old friend Arthur Wellesley, then 
the Marquis of "VS^tdJington, tiiiked for hia 



%^emment with larger views than the four 
naval captains who had preceded him, and 
who had been little more than superin- 
tendents of the convict establishment, bot 
he held that Australia was intended for tli9 
* emancipists/ or ticket-of-leave men, and 
rather discouraged immigration- Brbbane^ 
on the contrary, unwisely tlirew all pow^r 
into the hands of the immigraot^, manr of 
whom were mere adventurers. He found t 
colony of 23,000 inhabitant*, and l*>f^ 36,000. 
many of them frt^e immimLnt«i, ^4th capitil 
and a disposition to work. lie int ' --■ 
the cultivation of the vine, the ^u 



itrod4M^ 
nedhflHP 



and the tobacco plant, and encourapd 
breeding, and he took a particidar intereaitii 
exploring the island. Lender his auspioei 
Mr. Oxlejr explored the coast to the nottlt- 
ward of Sydney for a new penal Bettlemeat, 
and discovered the river to which he gave the 
name of Brisbane, and on which now stande 
the city of Brisbane, the capital of Qneeni- 
land. Rut Brisbane wa«, according to Df. 
Lang, * a man of the best intentions^, but dis- 
inclined to business, and deficient in energy* 
services, and he was made brigadier-general, | (Lang, History of New Situth R a<fof, Ut 



» 



and ordered to the Peninsula. He joined the 
army in the winter of 181:?, and wa» post-ed 
to the command of the l«t brigade of the 3rd 
or fighting division, commanded by Picton. 
With Pic ton's division he was present at tlie 
battles of Vittoriii, the Pyrenees, the Nivelle, 
the Nive^ Orthez, and Toulouse, and was 
mentioned in despatches for his services 
at the last of these battles, where he was 
woundetl. He had so thoroughly eatabli.shed 
his reputation in the south of France, that the 
Duke of Wellington recommended him for a 
command in i\jneriea^ and Major-general 
Brisbane, as he had become in 1813, accom- 
panied his Peninsular veterans to Canada^ and 
commanded them at the battle of Plattsburg, 
This command lost him the opportunity of 
being present at "Waterloo,but he commanded 
11 brigade in the array of occupation in France, 
and for some time the second division there. 
His services were also rt? warded by his being 
made a K,C.B, with the other Peninsular 
generals in 1814, on the extension of the 
order of the Bath, On the withdrawal of the 
army of occupation he returned to Scotland* 
In 1821 he was iippointed governor of New 
South Wales, and his short government there 
marks an era of imjyortance in the history 
©f Australia, for it was during his term of 
office that emigration commenced. The first 
free emigrants were Michat;! Henderson and 
William Howe, who had gone out in 1818, 



ed. i, 149), and he allowed tJie mo*it terriUe 
confusion to grow up in the finances of 
the colony. The colonial revenue consisted 
chiefly of tJie subsidy of 200,000^. a vear paid 
by the government for the support at the coo- 
victs, and the com for the cidony had to be 
imported from India. This gave plenty of 
room for gambling, and by injudicious inter- 
ference with the currtuicy the finances gm 
into such confusion, that speculators made 
large fortunes, and the government was oftea 
on the point of bankruptcy. The emaa- 
cipists declared that all this gambling had 
been caused by the governor's favountiscn; 
and though there is no ground for imputiDg 
wilful complicity to him, there is no doubt 
that the adventurers about him made uae of 
their influence for their own advantage. The 
home government was at last obliged to til» 
notice of these complaints, and on 1 Dee. 
1826, after exactly four years in the colonv. 
he left for England, after weakly accepting 
a public dinner from the leading emancipisti. 
On reaching England he was made coloofll 
of the 34th regiment in 1826, and retiietl to 
Scotland » where he occupied himself with 
his observatory and his astronomic^ inves- 
tigations. 

Brisbane's innata scientific tastes had re- 
ceived their confirmed bent towards astro- 



U 







Eioray from a narrow escape of shipwreck, 

liwing to an error in tnking the longitude 

during' his yoya^e to the West Indies in 

170o. He thereupon procured books and 

jiiL'^truments, and made himself so rapid ly 

[id completely nuiHter of nautical astronomy, 

at on his rwtiuTi to Euroi>e he waa ablt* to 

rork the ahip*fi Avav, and in sailinj^ from Port 

packson to Cape tlorn in 1825 predicted 

rithin a few miniit(*8 the time of makiiig 

and, aftor a run of 8,000 milea. His obser- 

Rtory at Brisbane was the only one then in 

Dtland, except that on GHmet Hill at 

Jlas^>w, In equipment it wa» by far for*^- 

ttOStjp^siiesRing a4}-foottrftnsit andaltitude- 

ad-aziniuth instrument, b^ith by Troughton, 

sides A mural circle and equiitoriai With 

he«e Brisbane worked personally, and became 

Skilled in th^ir use. 

During his Peninsular campaigns he took 
regular observations wirh a pocket-vsextnnt, 
ad, as the Duke of Wellington aaid, ♦ kept 
\ time of the army/ Wliile sb eat lung his 
rord on the evening of the battle of Vittoria 
J exclaimed, looking round from a lofty emi- 
ence, ^ Ah, what a glorious place for an ob- 
ervator^'!* In 1816 he was unanimously 
elected a corre^^ponding member of the Paris 
Institute, in acknowledgment of bi>* having 
iDrdered off a detachment of the allies rc^portea 
^A threat en ing its premises; and in 1818 the 
Duke of Wellington cau^d some tables, com- 
puted by him for determining apparent time 
fcom the alt it udes of the heavenly b<idiei«, to be 
printed at t he headquarters, and by t he press of 
the army— probably a unique example of mili- 
tary publication. His first eomraunication 
to the Hoyal Society of Edinburgh, which had 
admitted him a member in 1811, was on the 
aame subject. It was entitled * A Method 
of determining the Time with Accuracy from 
a Series of Altitudes of the Sun taken on the 
aame side of the Meridian' (Trans. It S«c. 
.Edin, viii. 41)7) ; and was succeeded in 1819 
and 1820 by memoirs * On the Repeating 
Circle/ and on a * Meth«>d of determining the 
Lfititude by a Sextant or Circle, with sim- 
plicity and accumcvt from Circum-meridian 
.observationi* taken at Ncwn ' (ib. ix- 97, 2:37). 
On his appf>intnient tm governor of New 
5outh Wales in 1821, he immediately pn>- 
cured a valuable outfit of astmnomical in- 
strument** by Troughton and Hetcbenbach^ 
and engaged two j^killed observers in MeMrs. 
I Riimker and D union for the service of the 
^^first efficient Au^»tralian observ^atory* The 
^Hl^te chosen wai* at Paramatta, fifteen milea 
^H&om Sydney, and the building was com- 
^^qyleted (at his sole cost) and opened for re- 
^^ffular work 2 May 1822. Before ei^dit months 
had elapsed most of Lacaille*s 10,000 stars had 



I ob 

Bso 



L 



been, for the first time, reviewed (chiefly by 
RiLmker) ; Encke^s comet had been recap- 
tured by Dunlop 2 June 1822, on its first 
predicted return, a signal service to come- 
ts ry astronomy; besides careful observa- 
tions by Brisbane himself of the winter sol- 
stice of 1822, and the transit of Mercury, 
3 Nov. 1822 (Tmm. K Soc. Edin. x. 112), 
A considerable instalment of results was 
printed at the expense of the colonial de- 
partment, and formed part iii. of the* Phi- 
tosophical Transactions* for 1829, but the 
great mass Tivas digested into a star-cata- 
logue by Mr. William Kiehard.Mon, of the 
Greenwich ob3er\'atory, and printed in 1835, 
by eommjmd of the lords of the admiralty, 
with the title * A Catalogue of 7,385 Stai^, 
chiefly in the Southern Hemisphere, pn^pared 
from Observations made 1822-0 at tht* Obser- 
vatory at Paramatta/ The value of this col- 
lection, known a-s the * Brisbane Catalogue,* 
was unfortunately impaired by instrumental 
defects. For these sen ices Brisbane re- 
ceived the gold medal of the Astronomical 
Society, in delivering which, 8 Feb. 1828^ 
Sir John llerschel dwelt ekxqiiently upon 
his 'noble and disinterefit**d example,' and 
termed him * the founder of Australian sci- 
ence * {Mf*m, JRotf, Astron, Sfj^. iii. HVKI). His 
observations with an invariable pendulum in 
New South Wales were discussed by Captain 
Kftter in the 'Philosophical Transactions' 
for 1823. The Paramatta obsenatorv^ was, 
aoon after Brisbane^ departure from the 
colony in 1825, transferred to the govern- 
ment; it was demolished in 1855, and an 
obelisk erected in 1B80 to mark the site of 
the transit instrument. 

After leaving New South Wales Brisbane 
devoted bira.^elf to scientific and pliilnnthro- 
pie retirement, first at his seat of Makers- 
toun, near Kelso, and latterly at Brisbane 
House. Severe domestic afihctions visited 
him. By his marriitpe in IKIO with Aima 
Maria, heiress ofSir Henry Hay Makdougall, 
whose name he ti^jk in addition to his own 
in 1826, he had two sous and two daughters ; 
all at various ages died before him. Never- 
theless, he did not yield to despondency. 
Shortly after bis return to Scotland he built 
and e(iuipped at large cost (for the equatorinl 
alone he paid Troughton upwards of 600/.) 
an observatory at Makerstoun — the third of 
bis foundation — and took a personal share in 
the obser^^ations made there down to about 
1847 (Mem. Roy. Atitroii. Soc. v. S49 ; Manthl^ 
Notices^ vii. 166, 167). To his initiative it 
waa dne that Scotland shared in the world- 
wide effort for the elucidation of the pro- 
blems of terreetrial magnetism st*t on foot 
bj Htunboldt in 1837. He founde<l at 

▲ A 2 



> 



MmkeTBtoiin in 1841 tht* fir^t mafrnetic ob- 
•ervnt^ry north of tljt* Twi^'^l ; ntnl hm di^ 
cemment in enrniMini;?- '\\m (lir»?ction fo John 
AUim llrnnTi, iiiiii g«mt»iYMiM co-<ijH*nit ion with 
hi» HXti^ded vi<*ws, raint^I the f.*tabU»hment 
to ft position of primary import anc*?. The 
n*5ixhs, piiblii^htMj at his und tlic Edinburgh 
Hoynl Society '» joint pxp(*njMf ( Trans. R. Soc, 
Edin. xvii.-xix. with f*iippL to xxii. K formed 
tbe most valuiible fruits of his enlightened 
piitnmago of M^encis and w«r*> ri*wftrdi?d with 
the K»?ith medal in 1846. This was the latest 
of his public honours. His membership of 
the Itoyal Society of London dated from 
1810, He early enter tnl the A/itronomicul 
Society, and was cliosen one of its vice-ppe- 
eidents in lHi*7; honorary de^ees were con- 
ferred on hira at Edinburgh, Oxford, and 
Cambrid^H in iHiU, 18:12, and lt^3 rt^^jit^- 
tively ; he wa^ an honorary member of the 
Royal Irinh Academy* and acted as president 
of the British As.<i4iciation at its Edinburgh 
meeting in 1831. In l?^i3 he succeeded Sir 
Walter Scott as prt'^ideut of the Royal 
Society of Edinburgh, an office which he 
retained till his death. He entni.*»ted the 
society with the endowment of a medal^ 
known afi the * Brisbane Biennial/ for the 
encouniffement of scientific study, and he 
endowed another medal, to be awarded by 
1 he Scottish Society of ArtH. He was created 
a baronet in 1836/and made G.CJi. in 1837. 
lie l>ecame lieutenant-general in I8'2f*, and 
general in 1B4K His seal for education tiiok 
effect in his endowment of the nrisbane Aca- 
demy at Larg8. Everyivhere hii* professions 
ripened into acts worthy of his churncter as 
a chri^lian and a gentleman. Hi?* death oc- 
curred 27 Jan. 18G0, in the same room where 
he had been Ixim eighty-seven years pre- 
^iouiily. 

A. >L C. 

[Bryson's Memoir in Trans. R. Soc. Edin. xxii. 
689; Proc.R. f^oc. xi. iii,; Monthly Notices, xxi. 
08 ; Fraser » Genenlogicnl TuldGof Sir T. M. Bri»- 
banc. Edinburgh, 1840 ; R. 8oc. Cat. Se, Papers, 
ToL i. : Gt^ut. Afag. 1860, pt, i, 298 ; Royal Mili- 
tary Cnli'ndar; lAng*s Hist, of Xew South Wales; 
Braiin's Hist, of New South Wales to 1848.] 

BRISTOL, Earl8 of. [See Digbt.] 

BRISTOL, Earl op, [See Hehvett,] 

BRISTOL, RALPH de (d, 12S2), biahop 
of Caahel, im mentioned by William of Mai* 
mesbury as having granted fourteen daj'S 
of indulgence to the abbey of Glastonbuiy* 
He became the first trea.su rer of St. Patrick's 
Cathedral, Dublin, in 1219, and was conse- 
crated bishop of Caabel in 1223. He died 
ahoiit the beginning- of 1232. He ia said to 



\ ' now m 
riFtow ^M 

ElidHI 



have written the life of his patron, LAwreDoe 
OTook, archbishop of Dublin ; but acr«4- 
tng to Baroniufl he supplied only the sut^ 
rials for the work, which was written by i 

monk of Aiige. 

[Ware's Worka (ed. HArria), \L 319 ; CoHot'i 
Fasti Hibeni. iL 121, 189, 227.] 

BRISTOW, RICHARD. D.D, (1538^- 
lfi81 )» CJitholic divine, was bom in 153^^ it 
Worcester. * Fortunaei medJcciitas Teri do- 
bilitate yirtutis emersit ' (WoBTHUrafras, 
Vita Bnjttof, 1), Having be^n instructed ia 
grammiir learning by Ro^r Goulbum»% M.A., 
he matriculated in the university of Oifnrd, 
perhaps n» a member of Exeter College, He 
ttM»k the degree of B.X. on 17 AprU \^, 
and that of M.A., as a member of Chri*l 
Church, on 25 Jmie 1565, being *now m 
great renown for his oratory^ (WoOB, Ftufh 
ed. Itliss, i. 161 ). At thi.5 period Bristow ^ 
Edmund Campion were * the two 
men of the university/ and upon thi« 
were chosen to entertain Queen E 
with a public dianutation on the rietWion df 
her visit to Oxfora, This they did with pr$i 
applause on 3 Sept, lo6fi ('Wooo, ^inntUi 
tnl, Gutch, ti. 159). About this time Bri«tcrtP^ 
devoted himself to the sttidv uf divinity, aal 
became 6o noted for hia learning that 8if 
^Villiara Petre appointed him to one of lii» 
fellitwjiships in Exeter College, to wliich he 
admitted on 2 July 1567 (Boask, Be^tff^ 
Kreter Coil. 45). It is related that in » lel 
disputation in the divinity schocjl he put Lia- 
nmce Humphrey, the regitis professor, * tc I 
non-phis.' 

At length, being convinced that he hi 
em^d in his rt>ligiou^ opinionss, he left i4p 
c< ►liege in 1569 and proceeded to Lotitiifi^ 
where seveml learned catholics werr- ~ - i-^ 
There he became acx|uainted ^-ith !>• 
A 1 leu , who at once recogn i sed I m ^ ^^ 
and appointed him the first m< - pp?- 

fect ot ptudie,«i in his newly foir r r a.-t 

at Douay. Bristow was always n^: ' 

Allen m hia * right hand.' He wa- r :• • 
at tbe Euj^ter ordination held at Hriiwrlia 
March 1572-8, being the tirst memb^ "T 
Douiiy College who entered the priesTlKwJ- 
Just before tliis (20 Jan. 1572-3) he h&d gtv 
duated as a licentiate of divinity in th« aw* 
versity of Douay, and he wa? erwiled a ducwf 
in thiit farulty on 2 Aug. 1575, MeaiLirli2' 
his mother and his whole fomilv had rf0 
over from England to Douay, viz. five chilaitf 
with a nepliew and a uiece ; and ah^ !ui 
uterine brother, Louis Vaughan, a larsMft 
who being a good economist waa emplo^ 
for many years as house fitewaid of the od^ 
lege. AVhen Allen removed the fiembiaiyK 



Bristowe 



HheiiuB (1578), he placed it under tLe care 
of Bristow, whose labttrioiis life wa5 passed 
in rending, teacliiDg^ tind publishing books of 
controvi^rsy. * He did jtjreut thinf^e forCfod'a 
church,' Siiyg. Pits, ' imd he would have done 
etill jijT^^ater if bud iiealth liiid not prevented 
hint/ On 13 May lo^^l be went to Sjm on 
account of declining' he^ilth. He rerunied 
on !*6 July without having derived benefit 
from drinking the waters, and he whs ad- 
\]m^d to try his native air. Accordingly, on 
23 Sept. he set out for Kngbuid, aod soon 
after reaching the residence of Mr. Richard 
BeUaray, a catholic gi-utlemaii, nt Hiimiw- 
on-t he-Hill, Middle.seXt be died tbtre of con- 
eumption on 14 Oct. 1581 {Di/trieM of the 
£t}t/(ij<h CiffUf/&f Dotur^f 183). I lis death wa8 
regunlt^l as a severe loss to the catholic 
eii-use, for according to the character given of 
him in tlit- college archives he might nval 
Allen in prudence^ Cainpicm in ehnjuencei 
rT^' right m tlwologv.nnd Martin in languageti 
"^ODD^ Chureh Ilt^ft. ii. 60). 

His worka are: 1. *A Briefe Treatise of 
liuer»e plain e and wure wnyes to tinde out 
Ihe Truths ill this doubtful iiud dangerous 
time of Hereaie: conteyiiing sundry worthy 
^fotiiies \Tito the Catholike fitifh^ or con- 
siderations to moue a man to Ijehiue tlie 
?atholikes and not tbt? Here t ikea/ Ant weqj, 
1574, 1599, 12mo. A third etlition^ enlitlt?d 
'Motive* inducing to the Catholikt* Fiuth/ 

fas published [at DouayF] in l*i4l, ll^mo. 
The * Motives' elicited a rtndy fmm Will tain 
Tnike, D.D.^ entitled * A Ketentive to stay 
I Christians in the true Faith & Religion^ 
ftinst the Motiui^s of fticb. liri.stow,' 1580* 

.* Tabula in SumiiiiimTheologtcara S.Thoma 

auinatii*/ 1 579. 3, * A Reply to W ill Fulke, 
Jefense of M. I>. Aliens Scroll of Articles* 
Slid B<x>k of Purgiitorie,' L<iuvain, 15?^), 4to. 

r. Fulke Hoon brought out * A nnoyufler to 
iristow.^ Replie in defence of Aliens Senile 

' Articles and B<u>k*^ of Purgatorie/ 1581. 
' DemauHiles to be proponed of Catholikes 

I the U ♦^re t ics/ 8 \ o. Severn 1 times pri n t ed 
irithout ])lare or d^ite. This was answered 
a book entitled * To the Seminary Priests 
Me come over, some like Chmtlement' tV:c., 

ondon, iri9if^4to. 5. A Defence of the Bull 
[>f Pojie Pins V. B. Annotations on the 

beims translation of the New Testiiment, 
ftanuscript, 7. * Carmina Diversa/ manu- 
cript. 8, ^ Richard i Bristol Vigomiensis, 

itimii 8VO tempore Sacraj Theologiie Doctom 
Professoris, Motivfi omnibiu* (^itbolicae 
ctrinrKorthfHloxis eultoribus [»**nH*cessiiria; 
QMm singular omnium i^tntum ac pne>- 

ntis maxime temporis hferesns fmiditiis ex- 
tii*]>et: Romume autem Eccleai^e auctoritrt- 
Bra fidemq, tirmissimis argumentis stabiliat/ 



2 vols. Atrebati (Arras), 1608, 4to. The 
second volume is entitled * AntihicTt?tica Mr>- 
tiva, cvnct is vnivs verse atqvesolivs salvtaria 
Christ lano-CatbolicaB Eeclesiw Fulei & Reli- 
gionis Urthodoxis eultoribus longe condiici- 
bilissima.* This b(>ok was trauAhited into 
English by Thomas Worthington, who has 
prefixed a life of the author and also a com- 
pendium of the biography in Laitin verse. It 
m a much hirger treatise than the original 
English ^ Motive:*.* 9- ^ VeritatesaureieSJl. 
ecclesiieautoritatibus vet. patrum,&;c./ 1616, 
4to. A posthumous work. 

Besides writing the alKJVe works, he» in 
conjnnction with Dr. William (afterwards 
cardinal) AUen^ re visaed tiregor\' Martins 
English translation of the Moly *Si«nptures, 
commonly known as the * Douay Bible/ 

(Life hy Worthington. prefixed to tUc Motivii; 
Diaries of the Enifliah Coll. Douay, pp, ijtjx^ 
xxxii, xixvi, lixiii, 141, 183, 270. 273» 274, aod 
index ; Jjetters and MemorirtU of CanL Allen ; 
Wood's AtheniB Oxon. (Blian), i. 4S*i, and F/tsti, t. 
156, 161 ; Dodii's Church Hist. ii. 59; Pit«. De 
Anglian Scripto rib us, 77&; Tjinner't Bihh Bril. 
127; R, Simp»riti's Life of Campion, II, 46, S»3» 
04. 2<»4, 379 ; Fallt^rs Worthies (1662), Worce»- 
t4?rshire, 176; Boase's Register of Exoter Coll. 
45, 185, 208 ; J. CbamlMsrs's Biog llluHtn of 
Worcestershire, 80; Morria's Troubles of otir 
Cfttholic Fopetkthers. 2nd ser. 67. 3rd «er, 110 ; 
Jeaaopp'a One OenDration of a Norfolk Houm, 
p. XV ; Ames's Typcgr. Aotiq. (Herbert), 1050* 
1071, 1148, 1635; Cat. Lil>. ImproHH. Hihl. 
Bt^ll. J. 333; Coiifju's Rhemes iind JJowny. 13; 
Fulke'a Defen«> of the Tnmdation of the Seri{>- 
ture«, ©fl. HftPt.Hht^me (Parker Soc), pp. viii, ix, 
15, 68, 76, 95 ».] T. a 

BKISTOWE, EDMT Xn (1787-1876), 
painter, the wui of uu lii^nddic painter, w*a« 
bom at Windsor I M»nl 17h7^ and jwissed his 
life at \Vind.sor and Eton. At an early age ho 
was patronified by the Princess EliAsibetb, the 
Duke of Cbireuee (afterwards William IV), 
and others. He ma<le sketclies of well-known 
characters in Eton and Windsor* painted 
still life, interiors, and domestie and sport- 
ing subjects. He had great sympiitby with 
animals^ some pciwer of renderiu)? their cha- 
racteristic movements and expre^sMioni^, and 
is !faid to have piven su^'g-estions to l^ind.se«r. 
In 180f* lif* exhibited at the Boyal Academy 
* Smith Pbnein^ a Horse/ and was an occa- 
sional exhibitor there and at the rcK)ms of 
the British lostitntion^ and at thost* of the 
Society of British Artists, until the year 1638, 
when he exhibited the *Donkev Race* at 
Suffolk Street. 

Bristowe wa^ a man of independent eo 
centric views, would not work to order, and 
scjinetimee refuaed to sell even his tlwUfe«\. 



I 



Brit 



3S8 



Brito 



I 




produttinriR* He 18 said to have excelled in ' 
the delm*^ation of mankevdT cats, and Uorsee. I 
Hi^ work^f feeble in technique and little i 
known, are scattered about in private gal- j 
lerie*, »ome being in the myaJ collection nt 
Wind)*or. Among them may be mentioned 
* Monkey Pugilists/ 'Cat's Paw/ * Law and 
Justice/ * Incredulity/ ^TheKeheareal/ *Pro8 
and Coni* of Life/ Engraving* of a few of 
bis works ba\ e appeaml in the ' Sporting ! 
Magazine ' and elsewhere. 

He produced little during the fifteen years 
immediately preceding bis death, which took 
plate at Eton, V2 Feb. 1870, I 

(Cat, Koy, Arad. ; Cat. Brit, Inat.; CaL Soc 
Bnt. Artiirta; Windior Ga^ptte. 19 Fob. 1876; 
Windior Express. J9Feb. 1876; Redgiavf 'i Diet . 
of Anista (1878).] W. H-h, 

BEIT, BRYTTE, or BRITHUS, 

w7\LTElt (J. 1390), was a felUm i4' Mer- 
ton College, Oxford, and the reputed author of 
aeveral works on astronomy and mnthenjatics, , 
&aweHa>>ofa t rea t i w on s u rg** n,\ H e b ti 8 also 
been df scribed nn a follower f»f AVyclitTe, and 
fta author of a book, * De auferendia clero 
poaaeMionibus * (aee Balh, Scnjft. Brit. Cat 
vi. 94, p. 503; J, Simler'b epitome of C. 
Gesners Bibtiotheca, 248 A, Ziirich^ 1574, 
folio; Wood, Antiqmt\e» of Oxford, i. 47i>), 
If this description be correct, Brit is no doubt 
identical with the Walter Brute, a layman 
of the diocefii> of Hereford, whose trial liefnre 
Bishop John Trevenant of Hereford in L391 
ia related at great length bv Foxe {Acts 
and Monument*, i. 6:.'0-r>4, 8tb ed. HUl). 
Foxe prints the articles of heresy with which 
Brute was charged, the speech in which 
he defended himi^elf, find bis ultimate sub- 
mission of his opinions to the determina- 
tion of the cliurcb. Thirty-seven articles 
were then drawn up and sent to the univer- 
sity of Cambridge to be confuted* Brute, 
however, appears to have cN^awd further mo- 
lestation. vV'ith resjject to 1 iritis scientitic 
writings considerable confusion prevails, and 
it »eeiii8 probable that not one of the extant 
works ascribed to bim is really bis. The 
work most frequently cited is the * Tlienrica 
Planetamm* ( Lklanti, Vimim. de Script. 
Brit. p. 3t>7), which benr.s hie? name in two 
manuscripts in the Bodleinn Library (Digby, 
sv. ff. 68/i-9l», uiid Wood, 8i, £ ^;1| ; 
but it is claimed for Simon of Bredon, also 
fellow of Merloii, in the verses subjoined to 
another copy in the ^anie col Wt ion (Digby, 
xlviii. f. 112 A), whichj to judge from tbeir 
contents, have a distinctly stronger presump- 
tion in favour of their accuracy. The work 
in question* which lj<*ginfi with the worda 
' CirculuB ecentricus, circulus egresae cuaptdie, 



et circulua egredientis ceiitri idcni sunt/ u 
further to be distinguished from anolhcf 
treatise with the «iine title, of which the 
0])ening worda an* * Cirvulus eoentricuA, Yt\ 
egre^se cn^pidis, vel egred ient \^ centri .dicitui,* 
and of wliich the aiitborsibip is shown bytha 
notices collected by B'tl^l '^^"r* Ti. nrompaaiw* 
{IhUa Vita e del'le f ^rdt^Cn- 

motfr^e 4^ di Gkerard' r ^ pp. 7^ 

JCMJ, Home, I80I, 4to| to be Ti?ally due to 
the younger Gerard of Cremona (G<'Tatdti* 
de Sabloneto ) in the thirteenth ct*nt ory . Th» 
latter has been rt^peatedly confounded with 
the *Tlieorica' indifferentlV assigned by ibft 
bibliographers to Brit and bredoD. Aiiotl»«r 
treatise mentioned by Bale aa the compo^- 
tion of Brit ia the * Theoremntn Planetarum,* 
which Tanner cites as that existing in ihi 
Digby MS. cxc f- 190^ (now f. 169 6); but 
this manuscript datea from abciut the vear 
130(), and the work is hy John Hniifuc 
(J. de Sacro Bofco). Finally, the 'Cirurgii 
Walteri Brit' named in the ancient table of 
contents in another Digby MS. (ncviii.f. lh\ 
baa nothing corresponding to it in thevolfana 
itaelf but a *et of English medical receipti 
whose author is not st-att^d (f. 257). 

[Authorities ctted in text, and Leland't Got* 
lectanea, v. 65 ; Tanner's BibL Brit. 127.1 

R, L,E 

BRITHWALD. [See Brihtwju^.] 
BRITHWOLD. [See Brihtwoui.] 

BRITO or LE BRETOK, RAXl'LPH 

(d. ]:i4H), cflzioii of St. PauTs, is first men- 
tioned in the year ll!21 as a chapliuo ot 
Hubert de Burgh. During the admini$tn* 
tiou of htK iifttron be stood high in the favour 
of Henry 111, and l>ecame the king^s treasurer. 
On the fall of Hubert in 123:2 many of the 
officers who had been appointed through lu*^ 
influence were removed, and their placa 
ghen to countrymen of the new minister^ 
Peter des Roches, the Poitevin bishop of 
Winchejurer, Among thos^e displaced wM 
Raiuilph Brito, who was accuited of havittf 
misapplied the revenues which po«^iied throagn 
his band^,and was subjected to a fineof 1,0W/. 
He wa.H also ^tentenceJ to banishment, hut thi* 
penalty was afterw^ards remitted. Whether 
the charges brought against him wen; w«ill 
founded or not, it Isy significant that his aue^ 
ceseor, Peter de Rieviiulx (De Rivallb), i§ 
described by ^latthew Paris as the * nephffr 
or svon * of the bighop of 'VVinehe^.ter. 

In 12ii9 a certain William, who lay under 
sentence of death for various crimes, «»• 
deavoured to save his own life by bringing 
accusations of treas^on againar several pf^waoi 
of eminent position* Hnnulpli Brito, who 



wiia then canon of St. Paul's, was one ofi Medic, Laurent/ iv. 213 et «eqq., Horence, 
' those denounced ; and at the king^'s instance 1777. Extra^cta are ffiven by Ducange^^Glos- 

hewas flrredted by the mayor of fjondon and I sar, Bled, et lufim. Latln.^ praet, c«p. xlLx. 

commirted to the Tower. Tlie dean and 

chapter of St. Paula, in the absence of the 
I bishop of London, jramedifttely pronounced 

a general excomtDunieation against all who 

had any share in this outrage upc^n a tni'mbpr 

of their hndy^ nnd placed the cathetlriil under 

an int erdict . The bishop of London supported 



[Authorities cited nhovo, and Fabricius, Bi- 
bliotb. Lat. Metl. et Inf. Ml, i. 261,ed. Florence, 
1858.] E. L. P. 



BRITTAIK, THOMAS 1 180(5-1884), na- 
turalist, v,'ti» Imrn at SiietliLdd on 2 Jan. 
1806. He was educated at a priyate school, 
the act ion uf the chapter, and J finding tVekin^ I He was engaged during the greater part of 



^^ unmoved by hh remonstranceftt threatened to 
^Hextend the interdict to the wlwle of the city. 
^HlDie legate, the archbishop of Canterbury ^ and 
^BlMTenil otlier prelateis added entreaties and 
^^ menaces, and the king wm obliged to yiehJ. 
Heat first ^t ruggled to obtain from the chapter 

Ian undertaking that the prisoner, if reieaaod, 
|ahoiild be ready to appear when called upon 
^ answer the charge made agiiinst hira ; but 
they refuiJed to entertain the demjiod^ and 
Hanulph was set unconditionally at liberty. 
Shortly afterwards the informer con leased 
the fabity of the accusations which he had 
made, and was brought to the scaffold. Al- 
though admitting Kanulph^a innocence of 
bthe crime of treason, Jf at the w Paris intimates 
Ithat he had amassed a large fort une by various 
ct« of extortion, the ctmoiiK of Mi-s?ienden 
eing particularly mentinned as having 8uf» 
leretl from his rapacity. He diixl suddenly in 
124(5, having been ;^ized with a]x>plexy while 
watching a game of dice. 

The name of Ran ulph Brito hiw been er- 
rone<3U^ly insert eil by Dugdnle and otherf* in 
the list of chancellors. This mistake arose 
from the word ooTijr»7mnW, UKed bv Matthew 
PariKj having been printed in Wuts'a edition 

[Mrttt. Parish Chron. Maj. (ed. Limrd), lii. 220, 
543-64.5, iv, iM; Kot. CUus. i. 647; Fo««*s 
Lives of the Judges, ii, 262.] H. B, 

BRITON or BRETON, WILLIAM 

(rf* Li.^J), theolop^iiiii, is described us a Frun- 

yi^^an by all rlie literary biographers (LEl^iXD, 

Iptwnw. de&*rtpt, Brit. p. :Jo»j, ki^J) ; accord- 

j, howe%'erj to IL *J. Coxe {CataL Codd. 

fSS> in Cnli. Aulvtqu^ Ojort. i. 4), he wai^ a 

Cistercian. No ftK;t h known of his life, but 

ale (Scnpt, litit. Cat, v, 89), who claims 

n^ &Uftrently by a guefss, for a Websbman, 

ideathin ISSdat (»rimsby. Britnn's 



his life as a professional accountant, but be- 
came interested in natural science, and was 
very skilful in the preparation of diagrams 
and in the mounting of objects for the mi- 
croscope. He settled in &fanc:hester about 
1842, and continued to live there during the 
remainder of his life* In some contributions 
to Axon's * Field Naturalist' (Manchester, 
1882, p, 148), he haa told the story of his 
scientiJic studies from the time of his first 
microscope, which was obtained in 1834. In 
December 18o8 he was one of the promoters 
of a Manchei?ter Microscopical Society, which 
ultimately became a section of the Man- 
chester Literary and Philosophical Society. 
Wlien a second Manchester Microscopical 
Society — a more iK>pnlar association^ was 
established in 1879, he n^peatedly held the 
ofEce of vice-president J and was afterwords 
president. On his retirement, from failiD£|' 
Lea 1th and advanced years, he was presented 
with an address at t he Manchester AthtfUieura , 
4 Oct. 18H3. Brit tain was connected with 
other sicientilie societies in Manchester and 
Loudon. He wiis a dear and animated 
speaker, and tor many years lectured on 
various sul>jects of natural science to a great 
number of the mechanic*' and similar insti- 
tntions. He made frequent contributions to 
the * Manchester City News,' * Unitarian 
Herald/ and other pajiers on mattery of sci- 
entific interest. He wus also connected with 
the uiisucx^essful attempt to establish a Man- 
chester aquarium, and had a short experience, 
from 1858 to 1B*jO, of municipal work. He 
died at Manchester on 23 Jan. 1684. His 
writings are: 1, * Flalf a Doxen Sfmgs by 
Brittanicus/ Manchester, 1840, privately 
urinted. 2. *.\ General Description of the 
Manchester Aquarium,' 1874, a pamphlet 
guide. 3. * Micro-Fungi, when and where 
to find them,' Manchester, 1882. This, in 



'far, enumerated by Bale, are principallv I spite of some obvious defects, has been of 
-^ 1 !*u .i'.i "*:... 11' 1* \ ' - __ - 1 _ 1 1 ^. 1 1 . 1 T. - 



oncemed with dialectics. His fume, bow^ 
iver, rests upon his * Vocabubiritini Bihlite,* 
^^ treatise expbin at or}' of obscure words in the 
> Scriptures. The prologue and gome other 
parts are in Latin verse. These, with addi- 
tional specimens, have been printed by A. M. 
Bandim in his ' CataL Codd. Latin. ^Sihlioth. 



considerable use to local students. It is 
arranged in the order of the months, and 
first iippcared in the * Northern Micro- 
scopist/ 4, * Whist : how to play and how 
to win, being the result of sixty years' play,' 
Manchester, 1882. Brittain dij not maice 
any claim to be a discoverer, but he was Ik 




[ to P' I 

Kit rvi; t .^. 



■it»nt of science, and did much 
ti« tiwte ftir natural hist 017 in 
.J me. 



rMuachddter GuiLntlan, 24 Jan, 1S84 ; Uni- 
tanao Harald, 1 Feb. 1884; iBforination from 
f fiends and pefaooal knowledge.] W. K. A. 4. 



BRITTON, JOHN. 



[See Bbbtoh.] 
(1771-1867), anti^ 



I 



BRITTON, JOHN 
quar>', to|K»gnipher,imd miscellaneous writer, 
waa bom on 7 .Itily 1771 at Kinjpfton St. 
\ Michael, near Chipi^nlmm, Wiltshire, where 
hia father was a small farmer, maltster, baker, 
and village shopkeejier. Aft**r a desultory 
I education, in the cour»«? of which h<? acquired 
» ft love of reading-, he went at sixteen to Lon- 
don, where he was apprenticed by an uncle 
to a tavem-keeper on Oerkenwell Gre«*n. 
Here he bottled wines in a Ci41ar,gnfttc)iin(? an 
ooeaaiotial hour for the perusal of a few b<x)ks« 
Here, too, he niad« tlie acquaintance of Ed- 
warrl William Brayley [q. v.], who jnim^d him 
in writing and issuing a popular ballad. He 
was next emjiloved as a celliirraan at the Lon- 
don Tavern, ani in Smitlitield, and as a clerk 
in an attorney^ office. A to id these employ- 
menta, and the compilation of street song- 
lK>oks, he was led by tlie success of Sheridan's 
* PijEarro' to produce in I7t>9 his first book, 
*The Adventures of Pixtirro, precetle<l by a 
aketchof the voyage and discoveries of Colum- 
bus and Piziirro, with biogniuhical pketcbes of 
Sberidftu and Kot zebue.' 1 he puhlislier of a 
dramatic miHcelliuiy ^o wliich be contributed 
had long liefnre rcc«ive<l subscript ions for a 
topograp!iical work, * Tlie Beauties of Wilt- 
shire/ lie Hsked Britton ro imdertnkti its pre- 
pajmtion, liud, with the promiKt" of Brayley's 
Hssistance, Britton cousented. Two volumes 
appeared in 1801, and were successful. Tlie 
third and concluding volume, to which Brit- 
ton prefixed an interesting atitobiographical 
jjreface, did not iipjKmr until 1825. Mean- 
while, a publishing lirm which had shared in 
the production of the * lieuuties of Wiltshire* 
engaged Brit ton and Bniyh\v to co-^>perate 
in a larger enterprise, the tirst instrdmeot of 
which ttppcjired al^ in 180 1 with tliw title 
*ThG Beauties of England and Wales, or 
origiunl delineations, tMiH^grnphical, histori- 
cal, and descriptive, of ejudi county. By Ed- 
ward Brayley and John Brit ton/ The name.H 
of the two * editors,' ai^ they at first styled 
themselves, alternately to<>k ]jrecedeiice of 
each oth»ron the title-pages u]itotbe seventh 
%"olutne» after wliicli each wa.s assigiK^ to its 
respective author. In the earlier volumes the 
letterpress seems tn liave ht^eu mainly Bray- 
ley*s, while the general tKliting, including the 
direction of artists and engravers, was Brit- 



ton's. With the completinm of the firet fit^ 
volumes in l8(KJ-4,8uh^ariber* were infotm&i 
that the 'authors' had travelled over tn 
extent of 3/100 mi lee t^» nUtifs 

described. There had b^ y work 

of the kind so compreben^iv*,' m iU jil^^a ^iace 
the appearance of the * MaoTia Bntamiia' 
(1720-31). Vol. vii., c- Lanaishiw, 

Leiceetershire, and Lin was whoUf 

Britton*s composition, r>iiT aimeulties wnk 
the pn>prietors susi>ended his editorslujt 
Subsequently he contributed Norfolk and 
Northamptonshire to voL xL (1810), and 
Wiltshire to vol. xv, (1814). B-^^ - -ti- 
mate<l the sum ex]>ended on the 4? 

his connection with it as i«iii, .. . itt 
50,000/. Partly wliile he w ^.'^ • 1 iM^*d with 
it he contributed to liees's M yr[.>j :wiia* the 
articles on British topography. That on 
Avebury he afterwards expanded for the 

* Penny Cyclopiedia,* for which he wrote the 
account ot Stonehenge. He also contributed 
the articles on British topography and an- 
tiquities to Arthur Aikin's * Annual Review/ 

The proprietors of the * Beaut ie.s ' wished 
to restrict the illustrations of antiquities. 
Britton therefore produced separately the 

* Architectural Antiquities of Grejit Britain 
represented and illustrated in a series of "riewi, 
elevations?, plans, Relations, and details of va- 
rious »incieut English edifices, with historical 
and descriptive accounts of eexrh,' 4 Tols. 
ItMliVU, and to these was added in 1818-36 

j a supplementary volume — the best of the 
genes — * Chronological History and Graphic 

' Ilhustrations of Cliristian Architecture in 
England, embracing acrirical enquiry into the 
riae, progress, and ^lerfection of this species 
of architecture.' The letterpress was meagn'^ 
but the artistic excellence of the illustrations 
proc a red success for w hilt S<3Uthey {Quartfrlf 
liemew for September 1 82ti ) iironounced to be 
the ' most beaut ifui work of the kind that had 
ever till then appeareil/ Eight thousand 
pounds was exi tended on the work, in which 
Brit ton held a third share. His next Important 
undertaking was the * Cathedral Ant iquitieiof 
England, or an historical, architectural, and 
graphic illustrution of the English Cathedral 
Churches,' 14 vols. 1814-35. The title of the 
first volume is *The History and Antiquities 
of the Cathedral Church of *Salisbur>', illuB- 
t rated by a series of engravings of views, ele^ 
vations,aud plansof that edifice; also etching! 

' of tlie nucienl mnnuments and sculpture, in- 
cluding Biographical Anecdotes of the Bishops 
and of other eminent persons connected with 
the Church/ No complete publication of the 
kind had appeared si nee Bro%me W iilis's * Sur- 
vey of the Cathedrals ' in 1742, and more than 
20^000/. w^aa expended on the production of 



Britton 



Britton 



^ 



Britt'Oii's work. But , in spite of its excellen(.'€f 
it was 90 little a finaucitil success, that its 
publicatioti had to be cut short, leRvingf un- 
touched the cfithedrolf* of Cttrlislt*, Chester, 
Chichester, DurhBin, Eh% Lincoln, and Ro 
4Ske8teir. At the end of vol . i v. , w h i 1 e t Inmkinfif 
the public for its purchase of RX) copies, 
Britton complains with natural wurmtli of 
the scant encouragement or information re- 
ceived from cathednil authorities. To No. 63 
(August lSty>) he prelixetl a sketch of the 
histor}' of the work, with a continuation to 
that date of his litt-mry flutohiography since 
1825, the peritw] which it hud reiiclied in vol. 
i ii. of the* Beau t i es of W i 1 1 »h i re/ 1) u r in j? t b e 
progress of the work he produced, with the co- 
operation of Pugin, the * Spttcimens of Gothic 
Architeclnre' 0*^-'^^>)f antl the ♦Architec- 
tural Antiquities of Xorwav ' (1825). In 
1825-8 appeared his * Public Buildings of 
Xrfjndon/ engraved and described, and in 
1832-8 his useful * Dictionary of the Arcbi- 
tectxu"e and Arcbjeology of the Middle Apes/ 
He co-ope rated with llnuley in the produc- 
tion of tbe vttluaijle 'History and Descrip- 
tion of the Aneii^nt Palace and Houses of 
Parliament at Westminster' (18iM-(5), and 
<xjntributed the Ictterjiress to the * Archi- 
tectural DeFscript ion of Windsor' (1842). 

On 7 July 1845 Britton was entertained 
at dinner at Hichmond by a number of ad- 
mirer?. Alter tb(^ formation of ii Britton 
Club in t lie Decemljer of the same year, a sum 
of nearly 1,CHJ0/, was raised by a subscription, 
Britton having previoiLsly intimated his in- 
tention to devote any money ^o raised to the 
publicuticm of nn autobiograpliy. He ac- 
cepted an annuni pension on the civil list 
procured for him by 3Ir. DiKrneli when chan- 
cellor of tbe exchequer. In 1850 rtpjMmred 
* Tlie Autobiography of John Britton. In 
three parts/ Part i. scarcely hrouffbt down 
his autobioprapby further than 1^25, but it 
was written ver\- much more fully tlian the 
previous fragments. Part ii. (and hist) is ii 
'descriptive acctuint * of his literary produc- 
tione of every kind, drawn u\t by Mr. T. E, 
J ones f who had for tifteen years been his 
amanuensis and secretary. Britton died in 
Jjondon on 1 Jan. 1857. There is a succinct 
but adequate account of Brit ton's senicei* to 
archaeological nrt in Mr, DighyAVyatt'sohitu- 
ary^notu-e' of him read before the Koyal In- 
stitute of British Architects on 12 Jan. 1857, 
and published in the volume of its * Pajiers ' 
for 185^-7. I 

Britton was for many years an active mem- 
ber of tbe Royal Lit^'rW Fund, and his pro- 
tests Against tbe provisions of the Cop\T)ght 
^v Acts compelling the transmi^Lsion of eleven 
^Bpopies of every work, however costly^ pub- 



lished in the United Kingdom to certain 
public and other libraries, contributed to tho 
reduction of thai number to six. lie was 
instrumental in founding tbe Wiltshire Topo- 
graphical Society. Having corresj>onded on 
tbe subject in 1831 with tbe firj^t Lord Lons- 
downe, he proposed in 1K37 tbe formation of 
a society to be called ^The Guard ian of Na- 
tional Antiquities/ and in 1840 be published 
a * Letter to Joseph Hume on the subject 
of making some government provision for 

ijreserving the ancient monuments of Great 
iritaiu.* Britton himself successfully pro- 
moted the reparation of Walt ham Cross and 
of the piirisli church of Stratfnrd-uiKm-Avon. 
Several of Brit ton't^ minor publications not 
previously noticed deser\'e mention. In 18 IB 
he issueil an engraved view of Shakespeare's 
bust in the church of 8t rat ford with 'Re- 
marks,' in which he disputed the genuineness 
' of the accepted jiortrnits, and contended for 
the superior value of the bust us a likeness. 
His * Kemarks on tbe Life and Writings of 
Shakes|>eare' lu the Whittingbmn edition 
I of 1814 were ex]>anded in succee^sive edi- 
tions, with a useful list api^ended of essays 
and disst'rtations on Shakespeare's <Iramatic 
writings. Britton'a * Memoir of Aubrey,' 
1845 (for the Wiltshire Toiiograplucal So- 
ciety), is one of the best biogrnphies of the 
Wiltshire antiquary t!uit have appeared, and 
contains interesting extracts from Aubrey's 
impiiblisbed corres|:>ondence. For the same 
society Britton edited all that is valuable in 
Aubrev's (until then unpublished) *Niitural 
History of Wiltshire,* 1843. In 18:?0 be 
published an annotated edition of Anstey's 
*NewBiith Guide,* and iii 1848 *The Author- 
ship of the Letters of Junius elucidated, in- 
cluding a biogni pineal memoir of rolunel 
Barr6,' to whom he nttrilHiled them (s*.*e 
Qwirferfy Beview for Bei'emher 1851), Be- 
side«? being one of tbe most continuously 
productive writers and editors of his time, 
Britton for man}' years jjerformed tbe duties 
of survevor and clerk to n local board of 
commissioners, 

pBrit ton's wriliagn, especiiilly his Autobio- 
graphy; Gent. Mtig. Febrnairv 1867; Builder, 
10 Jaa. 1867 ; BritrMus, Ciit.^ F. E. 

BRITTOK, TIBLM AS (1654 P-1714), the 
celebmted ' musical small-coal man,* was 
bom at either Bigham Ferrers or Welling- 
borough, Northamptonshire, about the mid- 
dle ot the seventeenth century, lie came 
up to London at an early age and apprenticed 
himself to a vendor of small coal in St. 
John Street, Clerkenwell, for seven years. 
At the end of this time bis master gave bim 
a small sum not to set up a rival estahlUW 



I 



Britton 



362 



Britton 



ment. Britton accordingl? returned to his ' 
imtive plitce, but his money beine ftoon spent 
he came back to London and hir&d a stable ! 
near hid old quartere. where he etarted Ln 
husineas for himself, lie waa settled in this 
r maimer in the year 1677, at which time it 
18 leeorded that he paid 4L a year rent. 1 
HiB houae was at the north-east comer of j 
Jerusalem Passage^ on the site now occupied I 
bj the BuU*s Head Inn. Britton divided i 
tne stable into two stories, the lower of 
.which be used as his coal shop, while the 
I upper formed a long low room to which | 
Isooesa was gained by a ladder-like staircase 
pjhsm the outside. *Ilis Hut wherein he' 
dwells/ 8avB Britton*s neighbour, Edward 1 
Ward^ * which has long been honoured with | 
such good Company, looks without Side as 1 
if 8t»me oi his Ancestors had happened to 1 
be Hlxecutors to old snorling Diogenes, and I 
that they had carefully transplanted the [ 
Athenian-Tub into Clerkenwell ; for his 
House is not much higher than a Canary i 
Pipe, and the Window of his State lioom 
hut very little bigger than the Bunghole of 
a Cask/ In theist^ unprc«inlsiiig quart^'n* he 
established, in 1078, his celebrated musical 
club, the idea of which was originated, or 
at least fostered, hy Roger U Est range, him- 
self a good pfrfcirmer on the bass rioi Here 
on every Thursday for nearly forty years 
were held those remarkable concerts of vocal 
and instrumental music which are so curious ^ 
a feature in the social life of the time. The 
admission was at first without payment, but 
(according to Waljiole ) after a time a yearly ' 
ftubscriptiou of \ih. wm charged, and coffee 
was supplied at If/, a dish. Thii^ statement 
is, however, rendered doubtful by the follow- 
ing entry iVom Thoreeby*^ * Diarv : * * June 
1712. In our waj^ home culled at Mr. 
Britton's^ the noted small -coal man, where 
we heard a noble concert of music, vocal and ' 
instrumental, tlie best in town, which for 
many years past he has had weekly for hiu 
own entertainment, and of tlie gentr}% &c., 
gratis, to which most foreigners of distinc- 
tion ^ for the fancy of it, occasionally resort/ 
The greatest performere of the diiy» both pro- 
fesaional and amateur, might be heard here, 
Handel played the organ ( whicli had only five 
stops). Pep use h jjretiided at the haq>si chord, 
* a Kucker's virginal, thought the best in 
Europe,* Banister played first violin^ and 
John Hughes, Abel Whiehello, J, WooluHton, 
liud many other amateurs took part in the 
performances, while leaders of mshion lilie 
the Duchess of Queensberry were amongst 
the audience. At one time Britton tooli a 
more commodious room in the next house 
for his concerts, but this was not a success; 



so he returned to his old quarteiB^ where, &s 
Ward expresses it with more force than 
elegance^ * any Body that is willing to tak^ 
a hearty Sweat, may have the Pleasure of 
hearing many notable Performances in the 
charming Scienc-e of Music k/ But Britton'* 
tastes wene not contined to music alone. 
From a neighbour of his. Dr. Garetici«r, 
physician to the French embassy, he ac- 
quired a love of chemistTTf and cj^nstructed 
lor himself at a very small cost what HeaiBe 
calls ^an amazing elaboratory.' It is eaid 
that a Welsh gentleman was so delighted 
with this structure that he commissioned 
Britton to make him a similsir one in Walea 
for a handsome fee. It waa probably his love 
of chemistry which caused Britton to turn 
his attention to the occult sciences^ of works 
relating to which he formed a large and 
valuable collection. His knowledge of biblio- 
graphy brf) light him into connection with 
llarley, earl of Oxford, the Duke of Devon- 
shire, and the Earls of Pembroke, Winchil- 
sea, and Sunderland. These noblemen used 
every Saturday throughout the winter to 
form book-hunting expeditions in the city. 
Their meeting-place was at Christopher Bati?- 
man's in Paternoster Row, where they were 
often joined by Britton, who would appear 
in bis blue smock and with the coat-aack 
which he had been carrying about the stieeta 
all the day ; for in spite of his Hterary and 
artistic tastes he continued until his death 
to B«'ll coal in the streets of London. The 
collection known as the * Somers Tract*^ ' is 
said to have been formed by him and sold to 
Lord Somers for over 500/. His death wss^ 
no less singular than his Ufe. A Mr. Robe^ 
a Middlesex magistrate who frequented Brit- 
ton*8 concerts, one Thurj^day brought with 
him (imknown to the small-coal m.an) a fa- 
mous ventriloquist named Honeyman. This 
man, who was a blacksmith living in Bear 
Street, Leicester Square, was known as ^ the 
talking smith,' and many stories are related 
of his wonderful powers. Britton was known 
to be superstitious^, and by way of playing 
upon his fears Honey man announced in an 
assumed voice that unless he immediatelT 
fell upon his knees and repeated the Lofds 
prayer he would die within a few hours. 
The terrified small-coal man inmaediately 
did as he was told, hut the fright was too 
mueh for him^ and he actually died, aged 
upwards of sixty, within a few days. His 
funeral, which took plac« on 1 Oct. 1714^ 
attracted a large concoiirse of people. He 
was buried in a vault at St. James's, Clerken- 
well, but no monument marks the exact 
spot, Britton left but little property to his 
widow, save his collections of books and 



N 

¥ 
^ 
^ 



musical instniineiita. The latter, together 
with \m music, were sold by auction at his 
friend Wnrd's oil f3, 7, and 8 D&c 1714, and 
fetched about IBQL The Ciitalogtie is still 
extant, and has bt^en reprinted in Hawkins's 
' History of Music* His books, which 
nnmbered about fourteen hundred volumes, 
were sold later. Britton's intimacy with so 
many persons of high Tank ^ve rise to all 
eorts ot rumours as to his being a Jesuit, a 
magician, and such like, though in reality 
* he was an extraordinQry and ft very valuable 
man, much admired both by the gentry, even 
of those of the best quality, and by all 
Others of the more inferior nuik that had 
any manner of rt'gard for probity, ingenuity, 
dtligience, and humility.' In person he was 
short, fitout, and of 'an honest, ingenuous 
countenance.' He was twice painted by 
Woolaston : (1) in his jimoek with big coal- 
measuie in his hand^ and {2] in the act of 
timing a harpsichord. The former is in the 
National Portrait Gallery, and was engraved 
by J. Simon in mezzotint, lender the print 
UTO Borae eulogistic verses by Britton'sfnend, 
the poet Hughes, beginning 

Tho' mean thy mnk, yet in thj bumble ceU. I Zni^lHhnm\is£^^^^^ im^eklA 



BROADBENT, WILLLVMi i7oo-1827K 
unitarian minister, the son. of William and 
Eliiftbeth Broadbent, was bom -28 Aug. 1 755, 
He was educjitt'd for the minit?tr}^ at Da- 
ventry academy (August 177 7- June 1782), 
lirst under Thomas Robins, who resigned the 
divinity chair in June 1781 from lossof voice^ 
and aftenvtLrds under llioiuas ReUbam [q.v.] 
Broadbent became classical tutor to the aca-- 
demy in August 1782, and in January 1784 
he exchanged tliiti appointment for that of 
tutor in mathematics, natural philos^>phy, and 
logic. Bel sham resigned the divinity chair 
in June 1789. having become e unitarian, and 
the academy was removed in November to 
Northampton. Broadl»ent continued to act 
as tutor till the end of 1791, when be became 
minister at Warrin^on (he took out bis license 
on 18 Jan, 1792), and r(*moved to C(x*key 
Moor. At this time his views were of the 
average Dave n try type. But at Warrin^oa 
he re-t^xamined bis theological conviftions, 
and becoming a utiitarian of the Belsham 
school, be succeeded in carrying nearly all hi» 
congregation wirh him. Broadbent from hia 
eighteenth year kept up a close friendship with 
Belsham; in Willinms^s cbantic 'Memoirs' 



^ 



From \hh portrait is derived the engraving 
by Maddock.1 in Caultiekrs * Remarkable 
Persons ^ (i. 77), The second picture seems 
to have disappeared, but it is known by a 
mecEOtint engraving by Thoma."^ Johnson, 
imder which are verses attributed to Prior, 
the first line of which runs 

Tho' doom'd to small-ooal, yot to Arta ally d. 

The head from this portrait was copied by 
C.Grignion for Hawkins's ' History. Tliere 
is a small full-length of Brit ton, with his 
coal-0ack over his sJio older, in the ^ London 
If Agmzise * for February 1777. 

[Pohl's Mozart in Londou^ p. 47 ; Bingley'i* 
Musieal Biography, p. 375; Thoreeby's Diary, 
5 June 1712 (ii. 111); Nob]e*B Continuation of 
Granger, ii. 345 ; Heliquiif lleaniiaajie (od. Bliss), 
p. 339 ; Grove's Dtct> of Mu«io, i. 277; Pinks s 
History of Clurkctiwell (ed. Wood), pp. 1 1, 94, 
190, 277-9; Ward's Compleiit and Mmnmom 
Account of all the rt^markable Clubs in the 
Cities of London and W^^^f minster, &c., p, 2S*9 ; 
Gent. Mag. 1773, p, 437; Not«« and Queries, 
Snd scries, 3ti, 446. 3rd series, th. 421 ; Bxirupy'g 
HiBt. of Music, iii. 47ft; Hawkinses Hist, of 
Miuic (ed. 1853), p. 788; Catalogue of the 
National Portruit (inllery ; Registers of St, 
James's, ClerkenwclL] W. B. S. 

BRIWER, WFLLIAJL [See Brewbb.] 

BRIXIUS. [See Bricie.] 




I of their corregj)ondence. Bihiical exege«ia^ 
was Broadbent 8 favounte study, and textual 
interpretation played a proniinent port in 
hi« prewiliinif. lie resigned his AViirrioj^toii 

' chargK in the tipring of 1822, induced by 
broken health and the deprtij^inj? efteeta of 
the loss of hi*s sou. He died at Latch ford, 

[ near Warrington, on 1 Dec. 18:if7, and waa 
buried in the Warrington chapel on 6 Dec. 

ThOMA.^ BiOOIN BKOADBElfT (1793-1817), 
only eliild of WilliuDi Broadbent, bom at 
Warrincfton on 17 March 170*i, entered tflaa- 
gow Colleg^e in Noveuilx-r 1KL)9. After cpra- 
duatin^f in April 1813 lie became clasfiicAltu- 

I tor in the unitarian academy at Hackney, an 

I office he tilled till 1 81 6, preaching latterly at 
Prince's Street (Impel, Westminister, during" 
a vacancy. His pulpit powers were remark- 
able. Resigning his London work, he returned 
to Warrington to pur!*ue his ministerial train- 
tng&s hia iather'a aH,'iistant. He died of apo- 
plexy on 9 Nov. 1817. He prepared for the 
preaa, in 1816, portioua ( 1 and 2 Cor., 1 Tibl, 
and Titus) of Bebham s * Epistles of Paul the 
Apostle/ published 1822, 4 vols. 8to. He 
alao edited the fourth edition, 1817, 8vo, of 
the * Improved Version' of the New Testa- 
ment, originally published 1808^ 8to, under 
Biilabani's aui)erintendence. Two of his 
aermotiB, published posthumoualy in 1817, 
reached a second edition. 

[Monthly Repot. 1810, p. 362, 1817. p. G^O- 
(memoir by H. O. [Holbmok Gaskell ?\^, 18U, 



Broad foot 



Broadwood 



p. 1 «q. (portmit of T. I). UruiiaUiit from mioU- 

]x, 60; VtUmtii>« Mt^ni -1 b*«Uh»m. 1833, p. 610; 
liifomMitioB from lUr. R. Pilebcr,] A. O* ^ 

BROADFOOT, GEOUrTE (IH07^1B46). 

miyor» the eldt-st *tf tlirt*e im>tberft who aU 
fHll in tht* service of rlieir country^ cfit^jped 
l}w Ttulinn arniy as an eiw ijcm in the 51th rtjg-i* 
fiiour of Mndnw native infantry, in Jauaary 
I82rt. Th«* fjreftter pnrt of his earlier service 
wjLi* imfls**d with his rfgiment. Returning to 
Knjriand on furlough in IHSS^ h« h^rld th« 

n; n t of onliTly nlTioer at Addiftcombe 

] 'I months, ' Iti Mav 1841 he ww 

**e*.i *«'i i^iyti] in command of tfje escort which 
ACCompunjed th«^ families of the Afghan , 
ehJofSi, 8hali Stijah and Z^^man Shah to that 
plfloa. On reaching CuhvdT a portion of the 
e«eort wii« formed into a company of «ipDers | 
and miners, which^ nnder the eommajia of | 
BroadlViot, marched with Sir Itobert Salens 
force fnzim Cabul to Jellilabad in October 
1h41. llroadfoot being specially mentioned in 
thp deKpiitcht*»< for hia gallantry in the actions 
with fbii Afghans bi^tween dabid and Oan- 
4amak. At Jellalabad Brondfoot became gar- 
mon engineer, itnd by hie sikill and vigour 
8pe**dilv restored the defences of the town, 
which )iad lK*en found in a ruinous condi- 
tion. Ihiring the siege of JeJlilabad by the 
Afghans, liroadfoot WM the life and soul of 
the garrison^ and aided by hi» friend Have- 
lock, then a captain of foot [»ee Havbloc^K, 
Sir Hexry], was instrumental in prevent- 
ing a capitulation^ which at one time had 
been resiolved on by Sir Robert 8ale and a 
majority of the principiil olficers of the force. 
In one of the sorties made by the lieleaguered ' 

farri^on liroadfoot was severelv wound tnl, 
te Hul>6equently accompanied General Pol- 
lock a army of retribution to Cabul, again 
distinguishing himself in the iictionrt which 
were fought at Miinimu Khi^l, Jagdallak^ and 
Teiin. At the close of the war he was 
created a eomjMinion of the Rath, itnd was 
appointed comniissinner of Moulniein, from 
which olHre he w«8 tnins^ferred to that of 
agent to tlit* governor-general on the Sikh 
front ier* 

While filling the latter post Broadfoot was 
resent at the gnngninnry engagements of 
ifudki and l'Vrozt*ha!i, in the la>*t of which 
(21 Dec. 1845) he waj^ mortally wounded. 
IUb death and hi^ services were thus de- 
Rcribni in Sir Henry Hardinge',^ report on 
the battle : * It is now with great pain that 
1 have to record the iiTeparable loss I have 
sustained, and more e.sj>ecially the East 
India Company's service » in the death of 
Major Broadfoot of the Madras army, my 



I 



political agent* He was f krow^ from 
notae by a shot, and I failed in prtvaOiti 
upon him to leave the field. He remounfe< 
and shortlv aftt»rwiirds reo«-ived a mort* 
woond. lie wa* brave a** he wa* ablf! 
0TeiT branch of th^ politicid and militaiy' 
•enfice/ 

[Annun! 1845; Kay**» History of 

the War H. ttt, to\m^ iL and iii. 3td od. 

1874 ; India. Ollkc recotdl.] A. J« A. 

BBOADWOOD, JOHN (1 732-1 815)j 
pianoforte manufacturer, waa bom at Cock 
bumspath, Dunbar, N.B., in 1732. II 
cjime of an old family of North umbria 
veomen,who in the sixteenth cent k — 
land near He]chani, but in the III 

century moved into Scotland. Bn. «u v, . ../ij 
fcjTandfather was John Broadwood of Old 
hamstock. East Lothian, who married (16791 
one Katberine Boan. Hi^ younger 
James, married Margaret Fewe^, and 
eldest son was the celebrated pianoforl 
maker. Broadwood is said to have walke 
from Scotland to Lonrlon to seek his fortune 
as a cabinet-maker. He found emplovment 
and ultimatelv entered into partnership with 
Burkhardt T'schudi, a Swiss harpsichord 
maker, who came to England in 1718, tad 
in 1732 had taken the house inOreatPulteney 
Street, which la still the place of businesd of 
his descendants. In 1769 Tschudi retired ( re- 
serving to himaelf certain royalties and the 
right of tuning harBsichorda at the oratoiios) 
in favour of Broaowood, who had married 
his daughter Barbara, though for some time 
longer the style of the firm remained Tschndi 
& Broadwood. After the death of Tscbudi 
(in 1773) bis son entered for a short tixne 
into partnership with Broadwood, but in 
1783 the business was in the sole hands of 
the latter, and remained so until 1795, when 
Broad wood*s eldest son, Jame^ Tscbudi 
Broadwood, was taken into partnership with 
his father. The latter died in 1S12 and was 
buried in the burial-ground of the metlii>^ 
dist chapel in Tottenham-Court Road. 

W it ho u t en I e ring in to technica 1 d ► i ; * - 
it is impossible to describe the chang*^ - 
improvemonts introduced in the construe 
of pianofortes by Broadwood and his par? ! 
The history of the firm during this pexiod i» 
practically the history of the nianoforte^ 
and the instruments manufactured in O'^'^t 
Pulteuey Street acquired a European rt ; 
tion by means of their admirable qnul 
Broad wood's first patent, dated 17 July i 
it* for a *new constructed jnanoforte, wl. . 
is far superior to any instrument of the kind 
heretofore constructed,' but it is known that 
prior to this he was engaged in assisting 



I 



I 



Americus Backers in perfecting tlie so-called 
English or direct l*^ver iictioa, whkli waa 
patented by Bnckers*^ apprentice aiter his 
master^s deatk in 1777, Person ally Broad- 
wood was an amiable and cultivated man, 
and hiB society was sought after by many of 
the mo«t influential personages of the <5ay. 
lie waa a clear-headed man of business, and 
very independent and energetic. Tliere h a 
portrait of liim paint**d at the age of eighty 
Dv John Harrison, which was engraved by 
"VV. Say and published on 1 Aug. 1812. 

[Grovf's Diet. *»f MiLsicianii, i. 27Sa, ^c. ; 
Specifications of Patents relating to Miuic and 
Mofical Instruments ; inform»Uion from Miss 
Brood woixl and Mr. A. J. Uipkins ; International 
InvtjQtions £lxhibition CatalogUfiti, iccl 

W. B. a 

BROCAS^ SikBERN AUD ( 1 m) ?-] 395 ), 
third son of Sir John de Brocas, knight, of 
Clewer and Windsor, who was master of the 
horse to King Edward III, wa.H bom about 
1330* The family came from (iaHcony, wheje 
they had fought und ttutlered Ibr the English 
cause against the French for several genera- 
tiona before John de Brocaj? became an officer 
of the household of Edward II, and jaiettled in 
England. Brocas was one of the favourite 
knight i? of the Black Prince, with whom he 
wafl certainly pre(*ent at the battle of Poitiers, 
almost certainly at Cr^cy and Najara. After 
the Tieaceof Br^tigny, he and other members 
of liL'^ tamily were employed in the settlement 
of Ai|iiitiLine, wliere he held the office of 
constoblet and on the death of the prince he 
wna s|>eciallv invited to his funeral. He waa 
alflo a friencf of Williiim of AAykehum, whose 
first acquaintance with hift fntnily sfems to 
have been connected with tbt* building of 
Windsor Castle, in the earlier operations of 
jwiuch Sir John had been employed. Of the 
"ttree knight !j present by invitation at Wyke- 
hflm*a enthronement at Winchester, Brocaa 
was one. In the yt^ftt 1377, Wyke ham ^a first 
act, after emerging from the difficulties in 
which he had been placed hy hi« political 
struggle with John of flaunt, was to mfike 
Biocaa * chief surveyor and sovereign warden 
of our parks . . . throughout our bishopric' 
Soon after this he became the chief trustee 
of the Brocaa estates. 

Immediat ely after the death of Edward III, 
BrocBJ? wad appointed cantain of Calais, an 
appointment wtiich he held only for a jihort 
time, but he was now constantly employed 
in various diplomatic and military servicer. 
He also ttat for Hampshire in ten parliament i^, 
closely connected, as it would seem, with 
Wykeham in his political line of conduct — 
£rom 1367 to I89f>. t>n or soon after Richard^a 



marriage with Anne of Bohemia, he became^ 

the queen's chamberlain, and he is said to 
have also been chamberlain to the Comte de 
Hainault. 

Brocas was thrice married: (1) About 1354, 
to Agnee, daughter and heiress of Sir Mauger 
Vttvaaour of Denton, Yorkshire, from whom 
he was divorced. (2) In 1361, to Marj^ deft 
Roches, dn lighter and heiress of Sir John des 
Roehew.iind collaterally descended from Peter 
de Hupibu», bishop of Winchester, This lady 
was the widow of Sir John de liorhunte. 
knight. With her Brir^cas reci-ived several 
estates, amongst others Roche Court, near 
Fareham, Hampshire, which has continued 
ever since in possession of his lineal de- 
scendants and representatives. Through thia 
second marriage Sir Bernard became master 
of the royal buckhounds, an hereditar\^ office 
retained by his descendants for threu centu- 
ries. (S) To Katharine, widow of Sir Hugh 
Tyrrell, in 1382, soon after which he part-ed 
with some of his estates to the priory of 
Southwick, and others to the parisn church 
of Clewer, where he fonndeu the Brocaa^ 
chantry. 

Before his second marriage Brocas came, 
through the agency of his uncle, Bernard 
Brocas, rector of Guildford, into pos session 
of the estate which lormed !iis chiei property, 
Beaurepaire, near Basi ngstoke. Here he buit 
a house, which has long ago been pulled 
down. Brasses and monuments of the 
Brocas family are still to be seen in the 
neighbouring churches of Sherborne St, 
John and Bramley. Brocas died in 1395, and 
was buried in St.* Edmund's Chapel in West- 
minster Abbey. That his handsome monu- 
ment stands so close to the royal tombs is a 
mark of the estimation in wliicn he was held 
by his master, llie inscription on the tomh 
runs thus: *Hic jacet Bemardus Brocaa 
miles T, T. quondam camerarius Anne Re-> 
gine .:Vnglie ciijus anime propitietur Deus.' 
The recumbent figure is apparently of a much 
later date, but certainly antecedent to the 
time of Addison, who, in the 'Spectator/ 
describes the verger of the abbey as pointing 
out to Sir Rfjger de Coverley *the old lord 
who cut oil" the King of Morocc<:iV head,' a 
story which deeply impressed Sir Roger. 
The remark was occasioned by the crest, 
which reprertentff what is heraldicolly called 
'a Moors head orientally crowned.* This 
crest is found on the seals of Sir Bernard 
Brocas, along with the lion rampant of the 
Brocas armSf as early as 1S6I. He was the 
first to use it, and it has been borne by his 
descendants ever since, but its origin is not 
known. It was, of course, granted by Ed- 
ward III, and probably repi^eeated some 




It of wnr qr chirftliy. It may be remarked 
%t the featuret of the * Moor ' are rep re- 
nted in all the seaU as of the dUtinct^ and 

even exaggerated, negro type. 
Tlie «on of Brocaa by ni» »econd wif<*, 
the »ame name as himself, who alao held 
See at Richard' « court., wae executed in 

14<X) by Henry IV for hi^ sUar^ in the con* 

piracy formed in favour of his dethroned 
' master. Shakespean? mentions him in hia 

* Richard II * aa one of the eonspiratora — 

My lord, I have from Oxfortl sent to London 
Thd h«ads of Brocas and Sir Beonet S«elj, 
Two of the dangerous oonsorted traiton 
That sought at Oxford thy dire overthrow. 

In Aome of these details the poet was misled 
by his authorities. The * Brocas ' at Eton 
and * Brocaa Street ' in Windsor take their 
name from this familv, to whom considerable 
portions of Eton and Windsor once belonged. 

[Family papers ; Gascot] Rolla; Beeord Office 
papera ; The Family of Brocas, of fieaurepivirA 
and HochB Coart, Hcreditarj Masters oi the 
R*:)yril BtickhouodSt with some hints towards a 
history of the English Govemmeni of Aquiraine, 
by Monbigu B nrrrjws, Capt. R. S., F.S.A., Chichele 
Professor of Modem History.l M. B, 

BROCHMAEL, YSGYTHRAWG (^, 

5K4 ), king- nfFn wis, is mentioned in Llywarch 
Hen's elegy (trip. 37 ), a poem which Dr. Guest ' 
{Ont/ines Celtieee^ i\. 289) has referred to the 1 
overthrow of Uriconium and the desolation i 
of the Severn Valley by Ceawlin* king of the 
West Saxons in 584, Tlit* country of Kyn- i 
dylan» the chief whose death Uywarch lien 
bewails, is there called the land of Brochmael, 
and it is probable, thereft^r^, that Bro^limael 
was lord of that part of Britrtin, and that it 
waa under his command that tiie Widsh 
(Britons*) checked Ceawlin's career of con- 
quest at Fethan-leag or Faddilev. When in 
61S (Annal^Jt Cambna ; A,'S' CHron, 607) 
-/Ethelfrith of Northumbria overthrew the 
Welsh at the battle of Chester, Bieda says 
that the monks of Bnnp;or who had come t^ 
pray for the snccesa of their countrymen wer^ 
under the care of Brochmael, who stayed with 
them while tlie battle was fought^ and who 
left them and fled when the vietorioua /Ethel- 
firith ftttacked tliem* In tbi» battle Selim, 
the son of Cynan^ was slain, and as Cynan 
ia said to have been the gon of Brochmael, it 
is evident that he must have been an old man 
at the time, and 'then^fore may very well 
have been king of Powis when Ceawlin 
[q. v.] attacked Uriconium* (Guest), 

[GuGst's Originea Celticse, li. 209. 308, 326 ; 
Annales Cambriie an. 613, Rolls 8er. ; fiasda. 
Hist. Eccl. ii 2(Eng. Hist. Soc.) ; Anglo-Saxon 
Chron. ao. bU, 607, KolU Ser,] W. H. 



BROCK, DAXIKL DF LTKTX ^^'tV>^ 
diffofGu 
i to an Ehl' q 

Cru(?niM!y as early M ' m -xteentfa centu^. 
lli« fatlirtr, John r.T rl. ,r St. PeterX who 
had been a midghipmHn in t lit; royal naTy, mar- 
ried Elizabeth de Li^te, daughter of the then 
lieutenant-bailiff of the island, and by her 
had fourteen ciiildren, ten of whotn atUmed 
maturity. John Brock died in 1777, at the 
age of 48. Daniel de Liale, his third son, 
was bom in C4uem»ey on 10 Dec 1762. 
After »uch Mobooling ati the island afforded 
in those days, he waa placed at xVldemey 
tinder the tuition of M. V'allat, a Swiss pai- 
tor, afterwards rector of St, Peteivui-the- 
Wood» Gut*maey, and stibseqaently wX a 
school at Richmond, Surrey. He waa^ bow- 
ever, taken away at the age of fourteen to ac- 
company ln» father, who was in failing healthy 
to I* ranee, where the latter died at Dtnaa. 
He spent about twelTe months in via i ting ih« 
Mediterranean, Switzerland, and Fntnce, in 
l78t*>-6, and twelve years later, in 1798, w»* 
elected a jurat of the royal court of Guem* 
sey, from which time hia name is intimately 
aasociated with the history of bis natiw 
place. On fniir separate occasiona, between 
1804 and 1810, he Avas deputed by the states 
and royal court of Guernsey to represent them 
in London, in respect of certain measures 
aiFet^tiug the trade and ancient privileges of 
the L*liind. In 1821 he waa appointed biilifE^ 
or chief magistrate, of the island, and soon 
after was again des|mtched to London, to 
protest, which he did with success, agiinst 
the extension to Guernsey of the new law 
prohibiting the import of com nntil the price 
should reach 80*. a quarter. In 1832, when 
the right of the iuhftbitauts to be tried in 
their own courts w«{? menaced by a prtipoeed 
extension of t!ie power of writs of kabmt 
€t)rpi4s to the island, Brock and Mr. Charlei 
de Jersey, king's procureur, were sent to Lon- 
don ti» oppose the measure, and did s<> with 
success. Three years later Brock wsa once 
more despatched to London at the head of a 
deputation to proteat a^inst the proposed de- 
privation of the Channel Islands of their right 
of exporting com into England firee of dnty. 
Owing to tlie remonstrance of the deputatioii, 
a select commit tee of the House of Comznons 
was appe:>inted to in(|uire Into the subje«!t| 
and the bill w^as subsequently withdrawn. 
On t\m occasion the states of Jersey pre- 
sented Brock with a service of plate valm 
at 100/., and his portrait was placed in t 
royal court-house of Guernsey. Brock 
married and hud two children : a eon, 
became a captain in the 30th foot, and 
daughter. lie died in Guernsey on 24 




^ 



^ 



184:?. A public funeral was accorded to his 
remains, in recognit ion of hh long and valued 
services to his native ieland. 

[TuppfTS Life of Sir Iwinc Brock (2nd ed. 
LonfJon, 1847), app«tidix B ; Jacob's AddaIs of 
the Btiiliwick of Guomsej {Paris, 1830), part !.] 

H. ^L C. 

BROCK, Sir IS.^j^C (1769-1812), major- 
ceneral, commanding in Upi>er Canada in 
1812, waa the eipUth §on of John Brock of 
Guerniiiey [aee Beo€K, Daniel i>e Lisle], 
and was born in Guenisey Oct. 1709. 
He is described bj bis nepbew and biojara- 
pher, F. B. Tiipper, as having^ bt^en, like liis^ 
brothers, a tall» robust, pn^ocioiia hoy, the 
beat boxer, and 8tronp;eat, boldest swimmer 
among his companions, hut noted withal 
for hia gfentleness of diepoeition. ITtf was 
sent to (icbool at Boutbunpton at t!ie age 
of ten, and was afterwards under tbe tui- 
tion of a French pastor at Rotterdam. On 
2 Mitrcli 1785, when a little over fifteen, 
he entered the army by purchase, as an en- 
sign in the hitb (King's), i^i w^hich regiment 
his elder brother, John Brock (who w ai? killed 
in a duel at Capo Town when a oJiptain and 
brevet lieutenant-colonel in the 81 st foot in 
1801), had just purchased a company, after 
ten years* service in tbe corps in America and 
elaewhere. Isaac Brock purt*based a lieute- 
nancy in tbe 8th (King's) m 1790, and shortly 
after, having miffed men for an independent 
company, wui< gazetted mptaiii and placed on 
half pay. Paying t he difTivrence, be exchanged 
into the 49th foot in 1791, and served with 
that regiment in Jamaica andBarbrtdoes until 
1793, when be returned on aick leave, and 
was employed on the recruiting service until 
the regiment returned home. He purchased 
a majority in tbe 49th in 1795^ and a lieu- 
tenant-colonelcy on 25 Oct. 1797, becoming 
soon afterwardssenior lieutenant-colonel with 
less than thirteen years' total service, which, 
as Brttfk bad no Horse Guards interest, was 
regarded at tbe time as a case of exceptionally 
rapid promotion. The regiment bad returned 
borne m very had order, symptoms of which 
were manifest when it was .stationed near 
the Thames during tbe mutiny at the Xore, 
hut it soon improve<l under its new com- 
miuider so as to elicit the warm approba- 
tion of the Duke of York. Under Bnxiks 
command tbe regiment served with Getu^rjil 
Moore^a division in tbe expedition to North 
HoUand in 1799, where it was greatly dis- 
tinguished at the battle of Egmont-<ip-Zee, 
ana likewise on board the fleet under Sir 
Hyde Parker and I^rd Nelson at tbe batth» 
of Copenhagen and in the operations in 
the Baltic in 1801, a narrative of which, by 




Brigadier-general W. Stewart, commanding 
the line troops embarked, is given in * Nelson 
Desp.* iv. 299. Brock embarked with the 
n^giment for Canada in 1802, and in the fol- 
lowing year, single-handed, sutipressed a 
dangerous conspinicy w^hich had been insti- 
gated by deserters in a detachment at Fort 
George, and the ringleaders of which were 
executed at Quebec on 2 March 1804. He 
returned hnme on leave in 1805, hut, war with 
the United States apiH?uring imminent, he 
rejoined at bis own r**quest early in 180Q, 
After commanding fur some time at Quebec, 
be was sent in 1810 to Up]>er Canada, to 
assume ccjmraand of the troopn there, with 
w^hich he sub8e<|uently combined the duties 
of civil admimstrator as provisional lieu- 
tenant-governor of the province. Here his 
energetic example, the confidence reposed in 
him by tbe inh»bitant«, and the ascendency 
he possessed over the Indiau tribes, at that 
time under the leadership of tbe famous 
Shawnee w^arrior TecumstOi, proved of tbe 
highest value. Very full details of bis civil 
and milihiry serv^ices at this period will be 
found in * Life and Corres|K)ndence of Sir 
Isaac Brock* (London and Guernsev, 8vo), 
wTitten by bis tiejshew Ferd. Brcfck 1? upper, 
the first edition of which appeared in lo46, 
Knd a second, much enlarged from family 
manuscript sources, in 1847, Previous to a 
declaration of hostilities an army of 2,000 
American militia, with twenty-five guns, had 
been despatched from Ohio into Michigan, 
under the veteran general Hull, who was in- 
vested witli diKcretionarv powers as to the 
invasion of Catmda. Hull issued a bombastic 
proclamation, and on 12 July 1812 crossed 
the narrow chiiunel l>et ween H uron and Erie 
and (entered I'ptjer Canada. Subsequently 
he withdrew agam to bis own shore and shut 
himself up in Detroit, ivhither Brock, who 
had only 1,450 men to defend a thousand 
miles of frontier, followed him with his avail- 
able force?, consisting of 350 regulars, 000 
Indiau militia, and 400 untrained volunteers, 
to w^bich Huirs forces surrendered on 16 Aug. 
1812. For the judgment, skill, and courage 
displayed by him at this juncture, Brock, who 
haa attained tbe rank of major-general on 
4 June 1811, was made an extra knight of 
the Bath on 10 Oct. 1812. Meanwhile a 
second American army of 0,000 men, under 
Major-genenil Van Rennselaer, had been con- 
centrated on the Niagara frontier. During 
an attack by part of this force on thevillajge 
of Queenstown, held by the flank companiea 
49th and tbe York volunteer militia, on the 
morning of 13 Oct. 1812, Sir Isaac Brock re- 
ceived his death-wound. He had dismounted 
to head the 49th, when he was shot through 



Brock 



368 



Brock 



the bod J and fell b^ide the mftd leading from 
QuMnsfown to the hfij^ht*, rxpiring goon 
aIUt* H'w liiat words, it i* Aaid, w**ri*, ' N'pv^r I 
Btsd me — push on the York V 
nd nction took plttGi* ttt Q 
Be day, lift *T Mtyop-g* 
come up with the l 

Hllfc>fC(imi^nt>i, Wh*'n the .\m«i u-mi m i-mm-r 

iTftdAworth with 9ri0 men Uid down their | 
QB. Ai^^T lyin^ in eitiit*' at lioveniment I 
lHou8et BrockV rmnnins were inlerivd in oue ' 
of the hiiation« of Fort C!*h n, lw-.i,L. ilm^*^ 
of Lieu ten lint -colonel M 
miUtin, II Voini|f man of t \\ 
general of \h*^ V\iV**T Provinci% who had ac- 
C3ompiLui».Nl Bnn^k in the capiicity of militia 
1 1 i ^ '-d»*-eaT« p itn d had lie<tn m ort a lly won nded 
t hf NHine day. Brock wa^ in hift fort y-fourlh 
^r» and immarried. He was six fWn two 
Hehea in height^ very erect and athletic^ 
lit kttijrly very «tout, lie hud a pleasant 
„jmer and a frank open eonutenanee, be- 
MHikin^ the modoat kindly disposition of 
iie who had never been heard t^> utter an 
ill-niitured remark^ and in whom di.*Uke of 
OJHtetitntion wui* aHohamcteristie h« quickne«6 
of decision and firmness in peril After hia 
death the officers of the i9th plactKl a hand- 
aome s^um in the hands of the rej^mental 

Tint for the purpi^fte of procuring- a [lortrait 
the general for the me^, but tm reference 
to the mmily it wns fonnd that no c-ood like- 
ness was extant. It may be added that the 
whole of the regimental records of the 49th 
were destroyed, after Brock's death, at the 
evacuation of Fort George in 1813» The 
House of Commoiw voted 1,575/. for a public 
monument, which was erected by Westma- 
cott, and placed in the soutli tranisept of 
Hi, Paul'iii, Pensions of :^00/, each were 
awarded to the four sioriving brothers of 
the general, together with a grant of land 
in Um)er Canada. On 13 Oct. 1824, the 
twelfth annivereary of his fall. 1 he remains of 
Brock and his brave companion McDouell 
weni carried in state from Fort George to 
a vault beneath a monument on Queens* 
town heights, erected ut 11 cost of 3,000/, 
currency, voted by the Provincial Ij*»gislature. 
This monument, an Etruscan column, with 
winding Mair withiu, standing on a rustic 
pediment, was blown up by an Irish American 
on Good Friday, 1840. The ruin waa aeea 
and described bv Charles Dickens {Amerioan 
Notes^ \l 187-8). On 30 July 1841 a mass 
meeting wo?* held in the open air Upside the 
ruin, the lieutenaut-govemor of Uppjr Ca- 
nada, Sir George Arthur, presiding, which 
was attended by over eight thousand jjersons, I 
besides representatives of the Indian tribea I 
of the BIS. nations, at which it wiuj enthu- | 



r audi 

on tfatf 

uimiiunt^i 

iH enr|(>4vd 



Btaatically reM>lv«»d to FHsiore the monunwitf 

forthwith at public ci>st. A 911m of bJOOOL 

currency was voted for the purpoM hfxht 

vince, and the work at one** coauxusaeeL 

i^'i» on vellimn of thn comespooiliEikeci, ad- 

■ -, \r.. nlnting to the rttstnmtioo ot 

!! ^ iir: !; Miwtim Library- The mnaa- 

nifiii thus re.^ittrt.ni is in t!i ' 

column Bt&nding on the ora. 

heights above Queens town, .mmi 

by a statue of the genemL It 

^v It bin forty acre** of omiuxien 

'1 entrance gat<?8 bearing the ' 
: mw, in the village of Qu*»t . .. , . 

Qu*«nston, as it is now written ), is a memc^ 
rial church with a sraiueil window, placed 
there by the Y^ork tifimt the ccirf^ to which 
Bnwk's last order was givetu Rrockvdir* 
and other names in Canadian topotrmphj 
al^ pt*rj>etuate the memory of the * Hefu 01 
Upper Canada.' 

[Ann. Army Ltstji; Balletins of Ounpaigmt 
179S-1815; Nelnon r»««tp. iv. 299 et 9^.: W. 
Jamea** MiUtary Oecu minces in Canada (tfin- 
don, 8to. 1818); QuktU IUt. liv. (Jalv IS22) 
406 et 9t)q. ; Nile's Weekly Begiater. 1812 ; Ool- 
bums United Sorv, BCaf? M.r.-N !wi<^ ' '-*»!, 
Mag, Ixnii, (i».) 389. 4^* ; 

F, B, Tuppera Lifa and ' - r 

L Brock (London aad GiiMxrumfy, bvo, ^od «L 
1S47); Picturraque Canada, No. 13 (Londoa. 
1881).] H. M, C. 

BROCK, %yiLLL4.M, D.D. (1807-1875), 
di««enting divinei wa« bom at Honiton on 
14 Feb. 1807. His father, a man of earnest 
and religious spirit^ whoae eflorts amonff 
the poor were at one time wronglv ^iwpectea 
of itufidious political design, married in 1806 
Ann Abop, a descendant of Vincent Alsop 
rq. v.], ejected for nonconfMrmity in l^Tcf, 
W lib am, their eldest child, wa* educated 
fijTSt at Culmstock and afterwards at tbd 
grammar school of lloniton. At the ag« 
of eifrht we iiud him writing to a friaad 
to procure him copies of ^Cfeaar' mad of 
* Virgil.' His life at achool was one of cofi- 
siderable hardship, inequality of rank sub- 
jecting him to the persecution of his achoaV 
fellows. 

Leaving Honiton, he was placed for aoi 
t ime luider t he charge of the Rev. Char] 
Sharp at Bradninch ; in 1820, behind tl 
thirteen veiir^ of age, was appn 1 

watchmaker at 8 idmout h ; on thr- 1 n 

of hi8 period of * stem sen'itude ' w*s r^ 
moved to Hertford ; afterward^j jutned a 
baptisi church at Highgate; studied «u' 
quently for four seaaiona at Stepney Coll 
and eelt led at Norwich in 1833, In f 
ing year he married Mary BUbs of ^ 
Olouoeaterehire. During his aiay at JN urwj 



Brock 



S^9 



Brockedon 



SrockpublLslied, tbrougb the Religious Tract 

ciety, a work eiititltHl * Fraternal Appeals 

Young Men.* In IS^U Broek threw kim- 

elf with great energr into the iiriul struggle 

cted with the alx^lition of West Inclian 

spoke in every toTvn in Norfrilk and 

lot those in iSniFolk ; drew up papers in 

apport of his views, iind coiitribiitea articles 
> the public jnumals. It ih stated that 
Jrock was the first publicly to at tuck the 
iiveterate custom of politictil bribery in 
Norwich. 
In 1846, chiefly on account of failing 
eaUh, Brwk maie a tour through France 
ad Itiily. Ln 1847 he suffered from defective 
^ht, for the tre4itn]ent of which be tempo- 
irily removed to London. At the election 
or Norwich in 1847 he opposed bis intimate 
•lend Sir Morton Peto, and supiwrted Mr. 
rJQ&nt Parry, the candidate who favoured 
B ieparation of church and state. In con- 
inence of enfeebled health Brock wa» ulti- 
BUtely advised to remove to London, where 
lie became pastor of Bloomsbury Chapel on 
1 Dec. 1848. Brock soon set on foot a pliilan- 
bropic enterprise for the reclamation of the 
or in the squalid and crowded district of 
at. Giles. 
At Exeter Tlall Brock lectured on behalf 
: the Young Men*8 Cliristian Association on 
•Mercantile Morality.' He was pers^mally ac- I 
auainted with Sir Henry Ilavelock; and after 
lie death of IlavehK'k, in 1857, he puhlished 
I memoir, which had an immense circulation, 
forty-five thousand copies being speedily dis- 
p:>sed of in EngUnd. In 186^ the work of 
preaching in theatres on Sundays was in- 
stituted in Loudon, and Brock delivered 
|the first sermon in the Britannia Theatre^ 
loxton. 
Li 18456 Broek made a tour in the United 
Stai«s. On his return he entered into the 
ritualistic controversy, and publii^becl two 
discoufBea under the title of * Kitualii*m Mis- 
chievous in it* Design/ He fiu*ther drew up 
a series of resolutions, in a similar sense, in 
^^ behalf of the * general body of protestant 
^biafleiittiig mixusters of the three denomiii&- 
^flioiis in and about London,* He hel|>ed at 
' this time to form the London Association of 
Baptist Churches, and was elected its first 
president. In the coiu'se of twelve years 
the association included 140 churche^i, with 
nearly 34,000 members in communion. In 
1^)9 Brock was elected to the presidency 
^^f the Baptist Union of Great Britain and 
^■Ireland, In September 1872 he resigned the 
^Bnost of minister at Bloomsbury Chapel. A 
^Hew days before preaching his farewell sermon 
^■he lo«t his wife. After three years spent in 
comparative retirement he died on 13 Nov. 

VOL. VI. 



Pth€ 
He 



I 



1875. In 18(50 the senate of Harvard College 
conferred upon him the honorary degree of 
doctor of divinity. 

In addition to the publicatioiift named in 
this article, Brock was the author {int^r 
alia) of * Sacramental Religion,' published 
in 1850; 'Sermons on the Sabbath,' 1853; 
'The Go9|iel for the People,' 1859; * The 
Wrong and Right of Christian Baptism/ 
1864 ; ' The Christian Vs Duty in the forth- 
coming General Election/ 1868 ; and * Mid- 
summer Morning Sermons/ 1872, 

[Birmlltf Life of WiUiam Brock, D,D., 1878 ; 
M*Cree'a William Brock. D.D,. first Piwtor of 
Bloomsbury Chapel, 1 876 ; A Biogrjiphiciii Sketch 
of Sir Henry Haveluck, KXIB. (I868)» and other 
works by Brock ; Annual HegisUt for 1875.1 

a. B. S. 

BROCK, WTLLIAM JOHN (1817 P- 
1863), religious writer, bom about 1817, 
married about 1845, in 1847 brought out a 
small volume of poems, ^Wayside Vurses,* 
dating the preface London, 22 Sept. ; and 
obtaining after this the degree of B. A., he 
took orders, and entered the church as curate 
of St. George*s, Bamsley, Yorkshire { Twenty- 
geven Sermons^ 2nd ed. p. 314). In 1855 he 
publislied at Bamsley, and by subscription, 
* Twenty-seven Sermons/ in one volume, a 
publication which was quickly out of print 
(preface to 2nd ed.) ; and leaving liamsley 
in 1858 to become incumbent ol Haytiela, 
Derbyshire, Brock brought out a second edition 
of this book, dating it Hayfield Parsonage, 
22 Sept, 1858» and lidding to it the farewell 
s«rmon he bud preached on leaving Barnsley. 
He died at Haylield on 27 April 1863, aiid 
was buried there. After his de^h were pub- 
lishetl 'The Rough Wind stayed,' a volume 
of * Thii Library of Excellent Literature,* 1867, 
and *Tbe Bright Light in the Qouds,' 1870. 

[Brocks Wayside Versai, pp. *50, 76, 131; pri- 
vate information.] J. H. 

BKOCKEBON, WILLLA3I (1787- 
1854), painter, author, and inventor, was 
born at Totnes on 13 Oct. 1787. His 
fiither, who was a watchmaker, was a native 
of Kingsbridge, where and in the adjoining 
parish of Dod brook his family had been 
occupants or owners of jgarden mills since 
the reign of Henry IV, This son, who was 
an only child, waa educated at a private 
school in TotneSf but he learned little in it. 
His father was quite canahle of supplying 
the deficiencies of school teaching as then 
understood, and under his instructions his 
son acquired a taste for scientific and me- 
chanicJ pursuits. So great was his pro- 
ficiency in mechanics that he was able to 
conduct the business during the illness ot 



Brockedon 



370 



Brockedon 



nearly twelve months which ended in his 
father's death in September 1802. 

Brockedon was proud to acknowledge his 
obligations to his father, whose 'natural 
talents/ as he wrote to a friend in 1882, 
he had * never seen surpassed/ adding that 
* whatever turn my own character may have 
taken, if the world thinks kindly of it, it 
grew under his instruction and advice, and 
the impressions made upon me before I was 
fifteen/ 

After his father's death, Brockedon spent 
six months in London in the house of a 
watch manufacturer, to perfect himself in 
what he expected to have been his pursuit 
in life. On nis return to Totnes he continued 
to carry on the business for his mother for 
five years. In a letter written to his friend, 
Octavian Blewitt, in November 1832, he 
says : * I recollect with much pleasure the 
hand I had in making the present parish 
clock in the church at Totnes. An order 
was given to my father to make a new church 
clock a short time before the accident by 
lightning which, in February 1799, struck 
the tower, threw down the south-east pin- 
nacle, and did so much damage to the church 
as to recjuire nearly three years to repair it. 
This accident prevented the clock being put 
up until the summer of 1802, during my 
father's last illness. ... I remember when 
the clock was making that I was set to do 
some of the work, tbougli only about thirteen 
years of age, ])urticularly cutting the fly- 
pinion out of the solid steel.' 

During the five years in which he carried 
on tlie watchmaking business for his mother 
he devoted his spare time to drawing, for 
which from childhood he had as great a taste 
as he had for mechanics. Archdeacon (then 
the Kev. R. II.) Froude, rector of Darting- 
ton (father of Mr, J. A. Froude), encouraged 
him to ])ursue painting as a profession. The 
archdeacon liberally aided Brockedon's jour- 
ney to London and his establishment there 
during his studies at the Royal Academy. 
Brockedon found another generous ])atron in 
Mr. A. H. Iloldsworth, M.P. for Dartmouth, 
and governor of Dartmouth Castle. 

This was in February 1809. From that 
time his career must be considered under 
three heads : 1, us a painter ; 2, as an author ; [ 
3, as an inventor. 

1. For six years he pursued his studies in 
London as a painter with little interruption | 
till 1815. In that year, immediately after | 
the battle of "Waterloo, he went to Belgium ' 
and France, and had the benefit and grat ifi- j 
cation of seeing the gallery of the Louvre 
before its dispersion. From 1812 to 1837 j 
he was a regular contributor to the exhibi- . 



tions of the Royal Academy and the British 
Institution. In these twenty-fiye years he 
exhibited sixty-five works, historical, land- 
scape, and portraits — thirty-six at the Aca- 
demy and twenty-nine at the Britiah In- 
stitution (Graves, Diet of Artists). The 
works he exhibited in 1812 were portraits of 
Governor Holdsworth, M.P., and of Samuel 
Prout, who was, like himself, a Devonshire 
artist. He next exhibited ' a more ambitious 
work, of which artists of name spoke with 
approbation/ a portrait of ' Miss S. Booth as 
Juliet' (CumnwGHAM, 'Town and Table 
Talk,' Ulustr, News, 1864), pictures on scrip- 
tural and other subjects, portraits of Sir Alex- 
ander Bums, Sir Geoi^ Back, now in the 
library of the Royal (^ographical Society, 
and some interesting lanoscapes of Alpine 
and Italian scenery. He also painted the 
' Ac()uittal of Susannah,' presented bv him 
to his native county and now in the Crown 
Court of the Castle of Exeter; 'Christ 
raising the Widow's Son at Kain/ which 
he presented to Dartmouth church as a maris 
of respect to Governor Holdsworth, and 
which obtained for him the prize of one hun- 
dred guineas from the directors of the Bri- 
tish Institution ; and, about the same time, 
* Christ's Agony in the Garden,' which he pre- 
sented toDartington church, a picture, he says 
in a letter to Blewitt, * associated with my 
grateful recollections of Mr. Froude's friend- 
ship ; and I mention it, trifling as it is, as 
one public testimonial of my desire to ac- 
knowledge his exceeding kindnes.s to me.' 
Anotherlarge picture, representing the 'De- 
livery of the Tables of the Law to Moses on 
Mount Sinai/ wa.<* presented by him to 
Christ's Ilospital in 1835, and placed by 
order of the governors in their great hall. 
Another picture, painted at Rome in 18:21, 
the * Vision of the Chariots to the Prophet 
Zechariah,' excited so much interest that, by 
permission of the pope (Pius VII\ it was 
exhibited in the Pantheon. At the same 
time Brockedon was elected a member of 
the Academies of Rome and Florence, In 
compliance with a law of the Florentine 
Academy he prest»nted it with his portrait 
painted by his own hand. Brocke<lon's por- 
trait is now a conspicuous object in the 
I'fiizi of the Floivnce Gallerj- near those of 
Reynolds and Northcote. 

'2. Brockedon was meanwhile earning for 
himself a reputation as an author. In 1824 
he made an excursion to the Aljw for the 
purpose of investigating the route of Hanni- 
bal, and the idea of publishing * Illustrations 
of the Passes ' occurred to him. During the 
summers of 1825, 1820, 1828, and 1829, he 
was led in the course of his journeys to cro68 



Brockedon 



371 



Brockedon 



I Alpt* fifty-*?ig^ht times, and to piisa into 
1 out of Italy )>v more than forty ditft^rent 
iites. Tlie result was the publication, in 
ly of the first part of his * 111 u strati ona 
' tbe Passes of tbe Alps by whieb It^ly 
amiinicates with Fmnce, Switzerland, and 
ay/ The work, containing 10*^ en- 
_B, was issued in twelve piirts, from 
^to 1829, forming wben complete two 
yal ipiHrto volumes, and was gratefully 
^icated to his earlieat patron, Archdeacon 
oude. The drawings, which were entirely 
f Broekedon's own band^ were done in sepia, 
ad were *old in 1837 to the fifth Lord Ver- 
for 600 guineas. 

El 1833 he pubUAhed in one vohmae hiA 
Etmals of Excursions in th*; Alp», the 
anine, Groian, Cottian. Rh«?tian, Lepon- 
Be, and Bernese/ He abo edited Finden^s 
"lustrations to the Life and Works of Lord 
In 18ii5 be udited for tbe Findens 
! * IlliiBtrated Road Book from Lmdon to 
paples/ with thirty illustrations by himself 
ftcl his frieodiH Front and Stanfieid. In 
IB^ili he wrote for * Blackwood's Ma|^ine * 
' li3Elri4Ct^ from the Journal of an Alpine Tra- 
iler/ and be subsequently wrote the t!?avoy 
Alpine parts ot Murray's ^ Handbook 
' Switzerland/ Hid next work^ published 
folio in 1842-4, waa * Italy, Ckssifal, 
Morical, and Picture^ ue, illustrated and 
ribed/ with sixty engraving* from draw- 
by himaelf, East lake, Prout, Roberts, 
*eld, Harding, and other friends. In 
5, in conjunction with Dr. Croly, be wrot^ 
of the letterpress of David Koherts^s 
PViews in the Holy Land, SjTia, &c./ Croly 
tting the hi>itoricaI, find Brockedon the 
script i ve port ions , 

3. During all these years Brockedon^a love 
art and literature was divided with his 
?e of mechanical nud scientific pursuit*. 
\ far back as 1819 his taste for meehatiics 
him to turn attention t^i the mode of 
Irawiug then in use* Bn>ckedon in* 
cited a mijde of drawing the win.! through 
[>le« pierced in sapphires, rubier, and other 
ems- He patented this invention, and vi- 
|ted Pari-* in connection with it ; hut, from 
\ fiwiility of violation, it wa« not a aouroe 
_„ profit, though now the mode uniyeiaally 
adopts. In 18^31 he invented and patented, 
in conjunction with the late Mr Monlan, a 
pen of a n«ivel form calle(i the * oblique,' from 
the slit being in the usual direction of the 
writing. He next turned his attention to 
the preparation of a substitute for corka and 
bimgs by coating felt with vulcanised india- 
rubber. He took out a patent for this inveu- 
tioa in 1838, and in 1840 and I84:i eukrged 
its scope by other patents for retaining fiiuds 




in bottler, and for tbe manufacture of fibrous 
materials for the cores of i^toppers. Thin in- 
vention led to his forming business relations 
with Messrs. Charles Macintosh & Co* of 
Manchester. About the year 1841 be sub- 
mitted to them his jmtents for a substitute 
tor corks^ through which he was interested 
in their business till 1845, when he l>ecame a 

Sartner, and retained that position till hia 
eath. In 1843 he patented an invention for 
the manufacture ol wadding for firearms; 
another for condensing the ciirbonates of soda, 

fjotaae, &c., into the solid form of pills and 
osengefl j and for preparing or treating plum- 
bagx> by reducing common black lead to 
powder, and then compressing it in vacu&^m^ 
as t^ produce artificial plumbago for lead 
pencil purer than aay that could then be 
obtained, in consequence of the exhakistion 
of the mines in Cumberland, and especially 
valuable to artists Iw^cause free from (dia- 
mond) grit. The invention was first worked 
for him by ilessrs, Mordan & Co,, but at his 
death in 1854 the plant and machinery were 
sold by auction, and bought by one of the 
merchants connected with the lead industry 
at Keswick. In 1844, 1840, and 1861, he 
patented inventions for various applications 
of vulcanised india-rubber. In 1830 Brocke- 
don took an active part in the formation of the 
Royal Geograpbicjil Society, and was elected 
a member of its first council. He was after- 
wards the founder of the Graphic, an art 
society. On 12 June 1830 he was elected a 
memlier of the Athenieum. It had been t^^ 
solved to commemorate f he opening of the new 
club house in Pali Mail by adding 2*30 mem- 
bers to the list, 100 being elected bv the com- 
mittee, and 100 by the club. Broekedon waa 
one of the hundred elected by the committee. 
On 18 Dec. 1834 he waa elected a fellow of 
the Royal Society. In February 1837 be lofit 
his mother, for whose bappinesiB he made the 
most loving proviaion from the moment when 
his improved prospects enabled bimt'Odo so. 
He married in 1821 Miss Elizabeth Gra- 
ham, who died in childbirth on 23 July 1839, 
in her fortieth year, leaving two children, 
Philip North, bom at Florence on 27 April 
1822, and Mary, married to Mr. Joseph H. 
Baxendale, the head of the firm of Pickford 
& Co. The son, who was educated a.s a civil 
engineer, became the favourite and confi- 
dential pupil of Mr. Brunei, and gave the 
brightest promise of future eminence in his 
profession, but was carried off by cotwump- 
tion at the early age of twenty-eight, on 
13 Nov, 1849. On § May 1839 'Brockedon 
married, as bis second wife, the widow of 
Captain Farwell of Totnes, who survived 
hun, and by w^hom he had no issue. 

B B 2 



Brookedon never recnyered from the ebock 
of his son^s death ; his health niul spirits d*^ 
cUned visibly. For neveral yearn he had 
been a sttfi^rer horn gall-«tone6, and in July 
18M a saocesston of paroxysms of unusual 
ievt?nty ended in an attack of jaundice, under 
which be rapidly sank. He died on :29 Aug. 
1854, in hi« sixty-eixtb year^ at 29 Devon- 
ahire Street, Queen Square, Bloomsbury, and 
fmfl buried in the grave which contained the 
remains of his first wife and his son in the 
burial-p^und of St» G*»orge the Martyr, in 
Hunter Street, Brunswick Square. 

Mr. PetCT Cunnin^^ham, in announcing hi« 
death in the * Town and TableTaik*of thn * II- 
lusti^ted Lrfindon News,' said that * English 
artists were mourning the loss of an old 
friend/ Then* were few of whom this could 
httve been said with more perfect truth, for 
it would have been difficult to find any one 
who was more beloved by a largre circle of 
friends at home and abroad, or who was 
more regretted by bis profndsionaJ contempo- 
raries, many of whom bad reason to cherish 
Mb memory with affection as that of a man 
ever ready to show kindness to others, and 
never likely to forget it when shown to 
himself. 

[MS. I^etters, Brockedon and A, H, Holds- 
worth, M-P,. to OctavianBlemtt, 1832-7* quoted 
by W. Pengwlly, F.R.8., in Trana. Devon Assoc, 
of Literature, Science, and Art, 1831, p. 25; 
Blewitt*s Panorama of Torqimj, a Descriptive 
and Historical Sketch of the District compriawi 
between the Dart and the Teign, Lond. 1832, 
p. 271 ; Cunni ogham's Town and Table Talk in 
Illnstr. Lond, News, 3 Sept. 1854; Bryan's 
Diet, of Pftintera and Engravers, edit«d by 
E- E. Graven ; Algflmoa Gravos's Diet, of Artista 
who liave exhibited in tho principal London 
Exhibitions of Oil Painlinga, 1884; Bennett 
Woodcraftr's Alphabetical Index of Patentees of 
Inventiona, A-ft.^ 1864,] O. B-T. 

BROCKETT, JOHN TRr»TTEK (1788- 
1842), RTitiqiiary, waa bom at Witton Gil- 
bertj CO. Durham. In his earlj joutb bis 
parents removed to Gateahead, and he was 
eduoited under the care of the Rev. William 
Turner of Newcastlfi. The law having bt^en 
selected as bis profession^ be wa^, after the 
usual course of study, admitted an attorney, 
and practised for manr yeare at Newcaatfe, 
wherti he was esteemed an able and eloquent 
advocate in the mayor's and sheriffs courts, 
and a sound lai^-yer in the branches of bis pro- 
fesaion which deal with tenures and convey- 
ancing. 

He was a man of refined tastes, and a 
dose student of numismatLcs and of English 
aiitiquities and philology. He made con- 
aiderahle collections of tooks and coins and 



medals, and in 1823-4 the choice library and 
cabinets which he had formed up to thit 
time were dispersed b^- auction at i^ot 
the sale of the latter occupying ten daj^j 
that of the formt^r fourt»*en day*. 

In 1 8 1 8 he published * Hin ts on t he Protiriety 
of establishing a Typographical Society in 
Newcastle* (8vo, pp. 8 ), which led to the foiu>- 
j dation of such a society, and gave an uaptiU^ 
' to the nroduction of an interesting series of 
privately printed tracts at Newcastle. To 
tliat series he himself contributed several 
tractates, including, h * A Catalogue of Boob 
and Tracts priuti-d at the private pi^ws id 
George AOan, Esq., at Darlington/ 1818^ 
2. * Bartlet's Episcopal Coins of Durham,' &c, 
new edition by J. T. B., 1817. 3. * Beaaraia^ 
Essay on the means of distinguishing Ajh 
tique from Counterfeit Coins aad ^ledals,' 
transUted and edited by J. T, B., 1819. 
4. ' Select* Numismata Aure* Imperatorum 
Romanorum e Museo J, T. B./ 1822, Abo 
reprints of tracts on Henry III, on Robert, 
j eAfl of Salisbury, and of three accounts of the 
siege of Newcastle, 

In 1818 he published an • Enquiry into 
the Question whether the Freeholders of the 
Town and County of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 
are entitled to vote for Members of Parlia- 
ment for the County of Northumberland,* 
and in 1825 the first edition of his ' Glossary 
of North Country Words in Use ' (Newcastle- 
on-Tyne, 8vo). The manuscript coUectioiw 
for this valuable work were not originally 
intended for publication, and they passed 
into the library of Mr. John Oeorge Lambtoo, 
afterwards Lord Durham, but that gentle- 
man surrendered them for the public aervioe. 
A second edition, to & large extent rewritten, 
was published in 1 829 ; and a tliird wm 
in preparation at the time of the author** 
death, and was nublbhed, under the editor- 
ship of W. E. Brocket t, in 18445 (2 vuk 
j 8vo). He ulso contributed papers to the 
first three volumes of * Archi©oloffia *'EUaniL* 
' In 1882 a * Glossographia Anglicana,* from 
I a manuscript left by Brockett, was privately 
' printed by the society, (^ed * Tlifi Mt&i 
of odd volumes,* with a biographical akeli^ 
I of the author by Frederidc B. Coomar of 
Newcastle J who names one or two 
by Brockett not noted above, and mej 
by him of Thomas and John Bewick, 
fijced to the 1820 edition of Bewidra 
Fables; 

Brockett was a member of the Society of 
Antiquaries, a secretaiy of the Newctslk 
Literary and Philosophical Society, and one 
of the council of the Society of Antiquariei 
of Newcastle-on-Tyne. He died at Albioa 
Place, Newcastle, on 12 Oct. 1842, aged 54. 



Brockie 



37J 



Brocklesby 






(G«iit. Mag. 1842, p^irt it. p. 664; Englkh 
Mtet Society's Bibliographical List; Martin's 
IC&t. of Privately Printed Books, 1836. 430- 
14*0; T. F. Dibdios Bibliog, Tour, i. 390.] 

C. W. 8. 

BROCKIE, MARIANUS, D.D. (1687- 
17r>5j, Benixlietiue monk, wjis burn at Edin- 
burgh (m 2 Dee, 1(187, and joined the Scotch 
Benedict in t'ji fit liatisbon in I70H. Fit' was 
doctor and professor of philosophy and divi- 
nity, ond for a considerable time superior of 
the Scotch monastery at Erfurt. In 1727 he 
"Wfts sent on the catholic mission to his native 
isountry, where he remaini.^d till 17.'i9. After 
returning to Rjitisbon, he was for mnii v years 
prior of St, Jame«'», during which time he 
wrote his * Monasticon ScoHcon,' He died, 
leaving it unliniahed, on 2 Dec. 1755, It was 
completf^d by Muurice Grant, bnt the monfL»- 
terr was nut able to publi^^h it. The manu- 
HCript, bound in seven ponderous volumes, ift 
preserved at St. Mary s College, Bkirs. It 
wa« lent to Dr. James F. 8. Gordon for con- 
sultalion and u^ in his * Monasticum/ printed 
at Glasgow in 18l>7. Brockie wrote * Oi)*ier- 
TBtione§ critico-historicie * on the * Reguhe ac 
Statutii recent iorum Ordinum et Gongrega- 
tionum ' which constitute the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 
and Urh volumes of Ilolstenias^s * Co<lex 
Hegularum Monasticarnm et Canonicariun/ 
printed at Augsburg in 1759* 

[Gordcm'a Roman Catholic Mis^iion in Scot- 
land, 6^6; Ckt. of Printed Books in Bnt. Mm. ; 
Fernschild^B Disaertatio de Origine Animse Ra- 
tioaalis in Homino, 1718.] T, C 

BROCKTiESBY, RICHARD (163^- 
714)^ non-flbjiirtng clergyman, was bom at 
Tealhy, near Market RiiseD, Lincolnshire, in 
1636, His father was George Drockleshy, 
^utleman. He w^as educated at the neigu* 
Douring grammar school of Caistor, and a^ a 
«i£ar at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. 
He graduated BA, in ia57 and M.A. in 1660. 
Some time between 1662 and 1674 he was 
inatituted to the rectory of Folkingham, Lin- 
colnshire. In the appendix to Kettleweira 
Life, 1718, p, xxj, he i« recordtHl as * Mr. 
Br^kesbvt Ivector of Folkinton/ No aym- 
pathy with Ihe Jacobite party is to be inferred 
from his declining to abjure, Brocklesby r^ 
tired to Stamford, and employed his leisure 
in composing an npua magnum, entitled * An 
Explication of the Gospel Theism and the 
Divinity of the Christian Religion. Contain- 
ing the True Account of the Sv**t«in of the 
Universe, and of the Christian Trinity. . , . 
By Richard Bnacklesby, a Ohristkn Trini- 
tarian/ 1706, fol., pp. ICMio. The preface 
truly says it is ' a book of many ana great 





singularities;' it is crammed with reading 
from sages, fathers, schoolmen, traveUers, 
and poets ; it bristles with odd terminology 
of the writer's special coinage. Brocklesfey 
denies the eternal generation of the Son, and 
even his pre-existence f yet asserts his con- 
substantiality as God-man begotten of God, 

* an humane-divine person ' (see especially 
bk. vi., *The Idea of the Lord the Son'). 
He places the abode of Christ in heaven, 
from his coming of age to his public mission 
(p. 1019 sq.), though he calls the kindred 
notion of Socinus '- wild and pedantic.' The 
only SocinJan writers whom he directly 
quotes are Enyedi, Krell, and the English 

* Unitariun Tracts.* Nor does lie know Ser- 
ve tua (p. 158) at first hand. Acontius 
(pp. 819, 821) he greatly vtilncs. Spinoza 
(p. 786) he cites with modified approval. 
John Maxwell, prebendary of Connor, issued 
in 1727, 4to, an English version (* A Treatise 
of the Laws of Nature ') of Bishop Richard 
Cumberland's ' De Legihus Xaturie, 1 672, 4to. 
Out of Brocklesby's book, as he owns on his 
title-page, Maxwell carved two intrfxluctory 
essays and a supplementary dissertation. He 
simplifies Broctlesby's style, omits his theo- 
logy-, and adds some new matter from other 
sources. Brocklesby died at Stamford in 
1714 (probably in Fehruar>^),andwaB buried 
at Fofkingham. His will (dated S Aug. 
1713, codicils 30 Jan. and 7 Feb, 1714, 
proved 13 Aug. 1714) wh,s to have been 
included in the second volume of Pecks 

* I^esiderata Curiosa,' 17^^, but w^as left over 
to a third volume, which never appeared. 
Out of considerable landed property in Lin- 
colnshire and Himtingdnnshire, a house at 
Stamford, &c., Brocklesby founded schools 
at Folkingham and Kirk!>y-*3n-Bain, Lincoln- 
shire, B.nd Pidley, Huntmg^donsbire, to teach 
poor cbLldren their cateciiism and to read 
the Bible. The charitable liequcsts are very 
numerous, and some rather singular. A 
complicated scheme for the distribution of 
bibles in five counties was to como into effect 
*if the propagation of the g<>spel in the 
Eastern ports totally feileth, or doth not con- 
siderably succeed and prf>sper.' A sum of 
IbOL is left towards rebnilding the pariah 
church of Wilsthorpe, Lincolnshire ; 150/. each 
for the benefit of the communities of French 
and Dutch refugees ; and 10/. each to eight 
presbyterian ministers. A bequest of 10/. to 
the celebrated Wliiaton was revoked by the 
first codicil. Brocklesby left two libraries. 
That at Stamford was sold by auction ; the 
catalogue, Stamford, 1714, 4t^, contains the 
titles of many rare volumes of the Socinian 
BchooL His library in London was left to 
be disposed of at* the discretion of John 



Brocklesby 



374 



Brocklesby 



HflftiBfltoll, hjB printer, and WUliAm Turner, | 
•choolntfiAter of Stamford. | 

IBookfi of Sidney Suamz ColL, per E. Fhelpi, 
)., manter; C«laiiij> CootiDnation, 1727* 
p, tt02 ; Pulmer's Noii<?oiifonni»t MemomU 1802, 
1). 429; Bmlyn'A Wtirkt. 1746. i, ri; tnformiitioa 
from the Bishop of Nottiughanif Rev. G. Carter, i 
FolkiiighamJiav.W.C Houghton, Walcot; certi- , 
iftdoomrof Brt)ckl«aby'f( will, in the Drero^tive 
eouTt of Otaterbury ; oatulogue of Brockl€«by*B 
HfanUT at SUitufortJ, 1714; Chile's MS. Atheiitt 
CaotAb. B. p. )76 ; Cbarirj Conimiicdonerti* Re- ' 
porti, xjcir. 27 (26 Jaue 1830)* rol. xzxii. pt. 4. I 
pp. a09. 619 (ao Juae 1837); nuthoritiea cit«d 
Above.] A. O. 

BROCKLESBY. RICHARD (1722- 

1797), phyaicittn, w^ia b*>rn at Minehead in 
Somt* rs<'tsbirt% and was t he only son of Hicbard i 
Hrot!klosby of Cork. Hi^ mother was Mary 
Allowny of Mineheadj and both familiei be- I 
loTig:«<l r o t he StKMety of Friends, On 29 March i 
17IJ4 BriH'kleaby vntored the school of xVbra- 
Uam Shackleton, at Ballitore, co. Ivildar«, so . 
that he was one of t he senior bovs when Burke 
W6iit there in May 1741, Tkey were con- 
teniporanefl at school for less rhan a year, hint 
tbi« early acquaintance wii« continued when 
both came to live in London, and they were 
friendn thn>ugliout life. After some studies 
at Kdinburffh, in 1742 Bro<?klesby went to 
Leyden and graduated M.D. there on 28 J ime 
1745. His graduation thesis on thid occaaion 
{Diuertatio Medica inauguralis fh Sattva 
§amaeimorbQM^ 4to, Jjeyden, 1745) seems to 
Have been suggest etl by a case which he had 
seen at Edinburgh, in wbieh the adminiKt ra- 
tion of five groina of mertHir\' was followed 
by the aecretion of one hundred poimde of 
saliva. He describes clearly the expect onit ion 
of pneiimoniii iind that of hydro]>hobia, and 
throughniit thet^Ksny shows extensive reading 
and a ^jower of lively expression. He attacks 
Pit<*aim and the iarromechanicianfl in genenil* 
and eneaks with gmtitade of his own teacher 
Gaubins. During the next twelve montlis 
Brocklesby s^^ttltnl in London, and in 17ol 
became a licentiate of the College of Ph}'- 
sicians. In l7o4 he re<,'«nved a degree frtvm 
the university of Ibiblin, and was incorporatiHl 
M.D. at Cambridge in the same year, llis 
election as a fello w of t he College of Physicians 
followed in 17ot3 (MriiK, Chll. of Pk^^. u, 
202) . I n 1 7 oS h e w us apj>o i n t ed phy siei an t o 
the army, and ser\'ed in Germany. In 171^ 
he settled in Norfolk Street^ Strand, where 
he soon obtained u large practice* He en- 
joyed the fi-iendwhip of Barker and of JohnR>n, 
and showed that he desen'ed to be loved by 
both. In a kind letter to Burke on 2 July 
1788 {Burke Chrrespondettcf^ 1844, iii. 78), 
Brocklesby makes him a present of 1,0001, 






and aays that he would be happy to np«st 
the gin 'ever^' year until your ment is 
rewaraad as it ought to be at court/ Bfod* 
lesbv attended Ijfr. Johnson on many ooca^ 
siona, and in hi.>f last UXnes» (HoswssLi, Jol^ 
8<m^ ii. 481), IJoewell describes a dinner at 
Brocklesby a (ii. 489), at which Johnson was 
present with Valiancy, the antiquarian, Mur- 
phy, and Mr, r>evaynesi, the kin^ s apoUaecaij, 
on' 1 o May 1 784, In June 1 7M, when Johi- 
son^s going to Italy wa.s discu«ied, Bosweli 
(ii. 527) rt>cords anotbor instance of Brod[- 
lesby's generosity : * As lui instance of extwoT' 
dinary liberality of friendship, be told oithil 
Dr. Brocklej«bv hud upon thisoccasioiiofctd 
him a hundred a year for hi» life. A graK^ 
tear started into hh eye aa he spok« this ins 
faltering tone.' Many inatanoes of this piw- 
sician's kindne^< to leas distinguished [lersoas 
are recorded {Burke Cktrret^Kmdence, 21 Jnh 
1777; Muirx, ChlL of F/t^s. ii. 203). Ihe 
early distinction of Dr. Thomas Young liaa 
largely due to the kindness with w^hich B: ^^ 
le«bv, who was bis great-uncU*, encouraged 
studies (Memoir of Tkoma* Ymm^^ Loi 
1831), and Young dedicated his inaugural 
sertation for M,l), to him. Brocklesby 's 
publication after be settled in Ixindon 
* An Essay concerning the Mortality among 
Homed (battle,' 8vo, 1746. The chief new 
sugKestion contained in it is that the infected 
bodies should be properly buried in deep 
gra'ves. In 1741> he published * Heflections 
on Antient and Modem Miisic, w^ith the ap- 
plieation to the cure of diseases, to which j« 
siihjoineti an essay t o solve the quest ion w^here- 
in consisted the dilierenoe of antient musif! 
from that of modem times.' The authors 
name does not upjiear uuon the title-page. 
The e«sny contains much learning «jid many 
interesting remarks. It was probably suff- 
gej<;ted by a story the author had ht^^rd m 
Edinburgh of a gentleman who had been «- 

Saged for the Pretender in 1716, had been 
iniself wounded, and bad lost two sons in the 
battle of Dunblane. He fell into a ner^'ous 
fever from melancholy, and no treatment did 
him g-ofKl till hiri physician caused a harper to 
play to him day atter day, when he revi%*ed, 
ana at lust regained hiA he^ilth. Brocklesby 
serioasly r»*coiiimendsthe more regular use of 
mneiic as a meaui* of treatment. In 17@0hs 
delivered the Harveian oration at the College 
of Physicians, and it was printed in quarto. 
Irs mos! nie mora hie passage is u fine ]iane- 
g^Tic upon the Dr. Hodges the account of 
whose death in poverty after he had stayed 
in attendance on the sick throughout th^ 
plagne brought tears to the eyes of Dr. John- 
son. In 17tU Brocklesby published hi» most 
important work, * (Economical and Medical 



I 



Obeervationa, in two parts, from the year 1758 
to the y6ttr 1763 inclum\^t% t^^nding to the ira- 
prnvt!m<^nt of military hospitals ftiid to the 
curt? of camp diaeftsea incideur to !n:>ldiera/ 8vo, 
L^iiidon. This wits the firat book in which 
eoimd principles of hygiene were laid down 
for the iirmy» There were then but few bar- 
racks^ and those few were ill built. Brock- 
lesby shows that tlie soldiers rniiM have plenty 
of iiir in their rooms if they are to remain 
teal thy. l*ro|H?r rect-ulations are drawn tip 
for tield hospitals, and the nece.**aity for giving 
the doctor absolute comnmnd in the hospital 
18 pointed out. The olweryatioiis on camp dis- 
eases are clear ami original, and the remarks 
on treatment sin^ndarly wise. There is an 
interleaved copy of the book, with a few nl- 
t«r»tions and additions in the autlmrV hand, 
in the library of the C-oUegH of Physicians, 
To the same library Bnxiklesby i^ave a .splen- 
did copy, in twenty-tive volumes folio, of 
Grseviiis and Gronoviufs a * Thesaurus/ which 
contaiiis an itiH^ription in hh hundwriting. 
BrocJilesb V beca m e R R 8, , a nd p u bl is bed so mo 
papers in tLe ' Philosophical Transact ions/ He 
published also an accjnint of a curious ca«e of 
irregular puls*^ in 1767, and Home experiments 
ou seltzer water in 1 76H, both of which are to 
be found in the ' Medical Obser\'fttions and 
Inquiries by a Society of Physicians in Jyin- 
don/ 1767 and 177L His eo minis it ions are 
all clear, and show that he [)ossesse<^l wtdl -di- 
gested learning and good powers of ohst'n'a- 
tion. His conversation wa* abundant and 
full of all kinds of knowledge, but some- 
times flowed too fiist. Burke once speaks 
of * Brc»ckleaby a wild talk/ and Johnson once 
caught hira up for giving too ba^ty an opinion 
a^ to the s4initY of a reputed lunatic, and on 
another occasion corrected his quotation of 
aome lines of JuvenaL Bui Brocklesby was 
often happy in his quotations, especially from 
Shakespeare, a^ Bos well's reports of his convt^r- 
a&tiotiA with Johnson amply show (Boswell, 
Johnwfi^ ii. 571). In Reess * Cyclopr©<lia ' 
(under the name) there is an account of a 
curious duel between Brockleaby and Br. 
(afterwards Sir) John Elliot [q.v-] After 
a short period of failing health Br<ickle8by 
diefl suddeidy on 1 1 Dec. in the same year 
ftA Burke. He was biirieil in the church of St. 
Clement Danes, and bequeathed his house and 
it-a furniture, pictures and books, with 10,000/., 
to Dr. Thomiu Young. His portrait waa 
painted by Copley, and has b<?en engraved, 

[Leadb6at«r Papers. London, 1862, yoL i. : 
BosireirM Johnson, 17i>l, vol. ii. ; Memoir of 
Thoma* Young, London, 1S91 ; Peacock's Life 
of Young, 1855; Eurke'a CorroHpondeQC^ (ed. 
Fitinrilliani); Mimk'» Coll. of Phye. 1878, vol. 
ii, ; Bfockleaby's several works,] N. M. 




BKOOKY, OHARLRS ( IH07-1855), por- 
trait and subject painter, was bom at Temea- 
war, in the lianat, Hungary. When bt^tweeti 
ai_x and g»even years of agne he lost his mother. 
Her sister had married the manager of a com- 
pany of atrolling playerw^ and Brocky's father, 
who had orig'inally been a peasant, followed 
the theatrical party in the capacity of hair- 
dresser. He had many ditbculties and hard- 
ships to contend against in hia youth, but 
euicceeded in obtaining some instruction in 
I art at a free drawing-school at Vienna, and 
I afterwards studied in the Louvre at Faria* 
I He settled in London about 18C?7-8,and en- 
: joyed some practice aa a miniature-painter. 
Among his sitters was the queen, Brocky 
exhibited at the Royal Academy from 18ii9 
! to 1854 both portraits and subject piecea, 
I among the latter an oil picture entitleu * The 
Nymph,* and four representations of the 
Seasons. The Brit ie^h Mugeum |)osse8ses four 
heads drawn by him in rtnl chalk, executed 
in a masterly style, and four others an* at 
I the South ifen-sington Museum, When at 
Vienna he painted a St, John the Baptist, 
nn altar-piece, a full-length portrait oi the 
j Emperor of Austria, a St. Uecilia, and a 
St. Jolm the Evangelist. Brocky died in 
London on 8 July 1S56, and was buried ia 
Kensttl Green cemetery, 

[Wilkinson's Sketch of th0 Life of Charlen 
Brtwky, the Artist^ 1870, 8yo.] L. F. 

BRODERIC, ALAN, Loeu Miblfton. 

[See BKODRIClt.] 

BRODERIP, FRANCES FREELING 
( IB30-1878), authorea'*, second dau>fht«r of 
Thomiis Hoodj the poet, who died in 1846, by 
Ilia wife, Jane Reynold^i, who died in 184o, 
was bom at Winchmore Kill, Middlesex, in 
1830. She was named after her father's 
friend, Sir P^rancis Freeling, the secretary to 
the general post office. On 10 Sept, IS49 
she waa mamed to the Rey, John HomervLUe 
Broderip, son of Edward Bn>derip of Coa- 
sington Manor^ who died in 1847, by his wife 
Grace Dory^ daughter of Benjamin Greerdiill. 
I Iv was born at Wells, So merst^t shire, in 181 4, 
educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Ox- 
ford, where he took his B.A. 1837, M.A- 18:39, 
became rector of Oosaington, SomerBetshire, 
1844, and died at Coasmffton on 10 April 
1866. In 1857 Mrs. BrcSerip cominenced 
her literary career bjr the publication of 
* Wayside Fancies,* which was followed in 
1860 by * Funny Fables for Little Folks,' the 
first of a series of her works to which the 
ill astrat ions were supplied by her brother, 
Tom Hood, Her other books appeared in 
the following order: 1, ^Ckryaal, or a Story 
with an End/ 186L 2. * Fairyland, or R&- 



Broderip 



376 



Broderip 



itlon& for the Bifiing Ooneration* Bj T. 
. and J. Hood, and tbeir Son and Daxighler/ 
imi. 3. *Tinj Tadpole, and other Tale»; 
J1882. 4. 'My Gmndmother*e Budg^et of 
8lorte<»/ 1863. 5. •Merry Songa for Little 
I Voices. By F. F. Broderip and T. Hood/ 
L 186B. d. **Cro8«patch, the Cricket, and the 
ICotmterpftne/ I806. 7. * Mamma's Morning 
^Ca^Jeaipa/ 1866. 8. *Wild Ro^ea : Simple 
Storiee of Country Life/ 1867. 9. *Tbe Dwsy 
and ber Friends : Talen and Stories for 
Children/ 1 868. 1 0. * Tales of the Toys t-old 
by Tbemselveu/ 1869. 1 1. * Excursions into 
bPtKiledom. By T. Hood the Younger, and 
■p. F. Broderip/ 1879. In 1860 slie edit^, 
with the aPMstnnce of her brother, 'Me- 
morials of Thomns Hood/ 2 vols., and in 
1869 selected atid pnblmht^d the * Early Poems 
and Sketches* < if her father. She aUo, in 
conjunction with her brother, published in a 
collected form * Tlie Works of T. Hotid/ 
1869-73, 10 vok. She died at Clevedon on 
S Nov. 1878, in her forty-ninth year, and 
was buried in St, Mary's church yard, Wal- 
ton bv Clevedon, on 9 Nov., leaving issue 
four daughters. 

[Gent. Mag. (1866), i. 769 ; Academy (1878)> 
xtv. 460.] O. C. B. 

BRODERIP, JOHN (d, 1771 n organiit, 
was pmbiibly a son of William Broderip, 
organist of Welk Cathedral [tj. v,], who died 
in 1720* The first mention of him in th« 
chapter records of Wells is on *2 Dec. 1740, 
when he was admitted a vicar choral of the 
catlipdnil for a year on probation. C)n 
1 April 1741 it was onU^rt^d by an net of the 
dean and chopter tliut Brodt'ripj who had 
supplied the place of organist from the death 
of Mr. Evans, nhouM be paid the usual salary 
allow^fd on that account in proportion to the 
time. On the same day he was admitted 
into tlie place of organist of the cathedral. 
On 30 Fept. of the same year Broderin was 
fully appointed or^aniPt at a salan^' 01 20/., 
and master of the choristers at 7/. a year; 
on 3 Dec, following be was perpetuated as a 
Ticar choral, and on 20 Nov. 1760 was ap- 
pointed Bul>-trea surer, on the decease of 
Thomas Parfitt. He wa.s x>resent for the la fit 
time at the quarterly meaning of the dean 
and chapter and the vicars choral on 1 Oct. 
1770, between which date and 26 April 1771 
he died. Between 1766 and 1771 Broderip 
published a collection of ^Psalme, Hymne» 
and Spiritual Songs/ dedicated to the deiin 
of Welli^^ Lord Francis Seymour, After bis 
death some more settings of the Psalms by 
him were incorporated in a publication by 
Robert Broderip of Bristol, w'ho is the sul>- 1 
ject of the succeeding article, In the latter ^ 



yeiLrs of his life BrcKierip waa ofganiit of 
Shepton Mallett, Someivetshire. 

[Chapter records of Wellb Gttthednl, vm- 
muiucated by Mr. W. Fiddcr; Broderip^ PttloHk 
&C.J W.B.S. 

BRODERIP, ROBERT (<f. 1808), organigt 
and composer, lived at Bristol durinc the lat- 
ter part of the eighteenth century. He w&e % 
relation of John Broderip [q, v.], organlsi of 
Wells Cathedral, probablT either a brother or 
son, and also of tne Bfoaerip (d. 1807) wb» 
carried on business aa a bookseller and pulh 
lisher at 13 Hay market, and who was ooe 
of the founders of the ^rm of Longmani. 
Next to nothing is known of Broderip^s bio- 
graphy. He lived at Bristol ail his hfe,and 
wrote a considerable quantity of music. Hi* 
mofit important compositions are an occft- 
sional ode on the king's recovery, a concerto 
for pianoforte (or harysichord) and strinfi, 
eight voluntaries for tiie organ, a volume of 
instructions for the pianodforte or harpsj- 
chord, A collection of psalms (partly by John 
Broderip ), collections of duets, glees, &c., and 
many i^ongfs. He died in Church Lane, B» 
tol^ on 14 May 1806. His eldest son, a liso- 
tenant on the Achates, died of vellow ferec 
in the West Indies in 1811, agie^ 19. 

[Gent. Mag. 1807, 1 190, 1808, i. 669, 1811, 
i 679 : Brit. Htis. Cat.] W, B. & 

BRODERIP, WILLL\3I (1683-1736), 

organist, a.^ to whose parentage and educa- 
tion nothing is known, w^as appointed a vicar 
choral of Wells Cathedral on 1 April 1701. 
On 1 Oct. 1706 he was appointed sub-tres- 
fiurer, and on 1 April 170H a cathedral still 
was assigned to him. (I>n 2 Jan. 1712 he 
succeeded Ji»hn George as organist of the 
cathedral, at an annual salary of 20/. He 
retained this post until his deatli, whicli 
took place 31 Jan, 1726. Broderip wai 
buried in the nave of the cathedral ; accord- 
ing to the inscription on his gTarestone. be 
left a widow and nine chihlren. Some of 
the latter probably followed their father"? 
profession, as beside*^ Robert [q, v.l and John 
Broderip [q, v.] there were two other organ- 
ists of the name in the west of Kiu^laiui 
towards the latter part of the eighteent£ cen- 
tiirj', \h,: Edmund Broderip, who was or- 
giiniait of St. James's, Bristol, betw^een 1742 
and 1771, And another organist of the same 
name (who^ christian name is not known) 
who lived at Leominster about 1770. Il u 
most likely tbst some of these were the sons 
of William Broderip. The Tudway Collec- 
tion contains bb anthem, * God is our hope 
and strength/ with instrumental accompani* 
ments, w-hich was written by Brodenp in 



Jrodenp 



377 



Brodie 



' 1713 to celebrftte Ui© pe«ce of Utrecht, but 
i tliid 18 almost his sole composition ext&nt. 

[Chapter reoords of Welts CatbedrHl, commii< 
f ni4at«d by Mr. W. Fielder ; HarK MS. 7338, kc. ; 
I »iihBcription lift* to John Brwlcrip's Pwdmis 
[ Hayes's Caniatai, Chilcot'a Six Coocertos, and 
I CUrk'i Eight Songf .] W. B. S. 

BRODERIP, A\TLLIA3I JOHN (1789^ 
1859 }f lawyer and naturaliet, the eldest son | 

» of ^Vil!iam Ilruilertp, surgeon^ Brit^tol, wa« | 
born lit Bristol uq i*1 Nov. 1789, and, after ' 
being educated nt the Rev. Samuel tSeyer's 

I echool in liis native city, matriculated at 
Oriel College, Oxford, and graduated B,A. I 
in 181 :.^ \V liilat at college he found time to 
attend the anatomical lectures of Sir Chris- 
topher Pegge, iind the chemical and minera- 
logical lectures, of Dr. John Kidd. After | 
completing his university education, he en- j 
t^red the Inner Temple^ and commenced i 
studying in the chambers of the well-known 
Godm?y Sykes, where he had aa con tempo- 
mie^ Sir John Patteson and Sir John Taylor 
Coleridge. He was* called to the bar at 
Lincoln 8 Inn on 12 May 1817, when lie 
joined the western circuit, and shortly aft^r^ 
tu conjunction with Peregrine Bingham, 
began reporting in the court of common 
pleiba. These rejjorts were publiahed in tliree ' 
Tolumes in !82(J-t'L\ In 1B22 he accepted 
from Ijord Sid mouth the appointment of 
magistrnle at the Tlmmes police court. lie 
held this office until 1840, when he was 
tnnaierred to the Westmiiuter courts where 
he remained for ten years. He was compelled 
to resign fmm deufness, htiving oht(iine<l u 
high reputation inr his good sense and huma- 
nity. In Ih24 he edited the fourth edition 
of li. Callis upon the Stutute of Sewers. 
This work J which combined antiquarian with 
strict legal leuming, was one exactly suited 
to the taste and talent of the editor. He waa 
elected bencher of Gray'e* Inn 30 Jan, 1860, 
and treasurer 29 Jan. 1851« and to him was 
confided the especial charge of the library of 
that Instifution. 

Broderip throughout his life was an en- 
thusiastic collector of natural objects. Hm 
conchological cabinet wa* unrivQlh?d, and 
many foreign profesiWJrij inspect e<l the trea- 
sures winch were accumulated in his chambers 
in Gray's Inn. This coUection was ultimately 
purchased by the British Museum. He was 
elected a fellow of the Liuneau Society in 
1824, of the Geological Society in 1825, and 
of the Royal Society on 14 feb. 1828. In 
co-operation with Sir Stamford Rafttes he 
aided, in 1820, in the formation of the Zoo- 
logical Society, of which he was one of the 
ongin&l fullows. He waj^ aecrotoiy of the 



Geological Society for some time, and per- 
formed the arduous duties of that office with 
Roderick ^[urchison until 1830. To the 

* Transactions * of this society he contribute 
numerous papers, but the chief part of his 
origiiial writings on malacolo^ are to be 
found in the * Proceedings and Transactions 
of tlie Zrx)logic«l Society.* Few naturalists 
have more graphically described the habits 
of animal?*. Broderip's * Accf)unt of the 
Manners of a Tame Beaver,* published in 
the * Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoo- 
logicfll Society,' aiibrds a favourable example 
of his tact as an observer and power as a 
writer. His contributions to the * New 
Monthly Magazine' and to *Fraser's Maga- 
zine ^ were collected in the volumes entitled 

* Zoological lU^reations,' 1847, and * Leaves 
ttijm the Note-book of a Naturalist,' 1862. 
He wrote the loolopcal articles in the 

* Penny CyclopBedia,* via. from Ast to the end, 
including the whole of the articles relating 
to mamnmlei, birds, reptiles, Crustacea, mot 
lu^ca, conchilera, ci rrigrad A, pulrangrada, &c, ; 
Buffon, Brisson, &c., and zoology. His last 
publication, *On the Shark,' appeared in 
' Fraser's Magazine/ March 1859. He died 
inhischambers, 2 Raymond Buildings, G ray *s 
Inn, London, from an attack of serous apo- 
plexy, on 27 Feb. 185t>. 

His writings not previouitly mentioned 
were : L * Guide to the Gardens of the Zoo- 
logical Society. By Nicholas A. Vigors and 
W. J. Broderip; 1829. 2. * HinU for col- 
lecting Animals and their Products,' 1832. 
3. * Memoir of the Dodo. By R. Owen, 
F.R.S,, with an Historical Introduction by 
W. J, Broderip/ 1861, besides very numerous 
articles in magazines, newspapers, and re- 
views. 

[Law Magazine sdJ Law Rc^Hew (I860), riti, 
174-8; ppocefdings of Lirmonn Society of Lon- 
don, 1869, pp.xJi-XJtv ; Illustrated LoDilua News, 
(1848) ii. 317,(1856) xxviii.253.portrHit; Ber- 
ger sW, J . Broderip»ancien magiatrat, aaturalista, 
littlrateur. Paris, 1858.] O. C. B. 

BRODEE, ALEXANDER (1617-1080), 
of Brodie, lord of session, was descended 
from an old family, which in 1311 received 
the lands of BrniJi*- in Elginshire fn^m 
Alexander 111. He was the eldest son of 
David Brodie of Brodie, by Griwel, daughter 
of Thomas Dunbar, and nie^re by the mother^a 
side of the Admirable Crichton, and was bofrn 
on 25 July 1017. In 1628 he was sent to 
England, where he remained till 1632. In 
the latter year he was enrolled a student in 
King's College, Aberdeen, but he did not take 
a degree. On 19 May 1636 be was served heir 
of his father by a dispensation of th& Uicdikc^ 



( 



IL 



I 



\ 



coiincn, and on 28 Oct, of the same year \w 
miirried the relict of Jolin Urquliart of Oraig«- 
U>n, by whom be had a m>n and daught*^. 
He Wiki a atrong pr«?«bjteriftn, and, in Decem- 
bt*r ILUO, hwideil li narty which demolbhed 
two oil rmintingw of the Crucifixion and the 
Ihiy of Jiul|rmeut in the cathedral of Elgin, 
and also mutilated the fintdy carved interior 
of the building a8 unjsuitaljk for a pLace of 
^rorehipfSpALDiNo, Memorwlso/the Trouhles 
In Scot land). TliiB extrem*^ puriranical seal 
expoaeti him to the revengt? of Montroae, 
who, in February !tU5, burned and devas- 
tAt<*d hi» pro|H'rty, and, according to Shaw 
( HUtory uf thf Province of Moray) ^ cairied 
olf the tumily papers of the house of Brodie, 
Brotlie in ItVKi wa« chosen to rejir^dent the 
county of Elgin in parliament, and frequently 
served on purliameutary eommittw'S. He was 
alm> eli?cted a representative to the general 
assembly of the church of Scotland. On 
6 March ltU9 he wn« appointed a cornmi*- 
sioner to meet Charle.H II at the Hague, n.nd. 
after his return he was on 2"1 June nominated 
a lord of session. He took the oatlia in pre- 
Sienoe of the parliament on 2J) Julvt and took 
his aeat on the bench on 1 Nov. In Fehruttry 
1660 he was sent an commissioner uf the 
genenl ajsisembly to Breda, to induce the king 
t4J aign the niitional ooTennnt. Fie waa also 
a member of the variouH ecimniittee,'^ of e,^ 
tate*i during the attempt of Churles to wrest 
fri no CVim wel 1 h i s do ni i n ion. 1 n June 1 ti53 
he wai* cited by Cromwell to I^tndon to ar- 
rau>»^e ftjra union between the two kingdoms, 
but did not obey the summons, and * resolved / 
AS he expres^d it/ in the strength of the 
Lord to eschew and avoid employment under 
Cromwell.' He rt*tired to his estate until 
Cromweirs death, when, on 3 Dec* 1058, he 
again ti>f»k his .se^t on the Ijench. At the 
lleiit oration be was f!Uj)erseded, luad wa<* also 
subjected to a fine of 4,000/. Scot*. In lOtU 
he paid a lengthened visit to London, Pie 
died on 17 April lt*»80. 

I The Diary of Alex, Brodie, from 25 April 
1652 to 1 Ft'b. 1654, was published in 1740 by 
an unltuown ^itor. The (Complete Diary, from 
1660 to 17 April 1680^ with a continuation by 
his son, JameH Brorlie (1637-1708), to February 
1685, wiis published by the Spalding Club in 
1863, nitb an introduetion by David Laing. 
The pxrt pablinhed in 1 740 is chiefly cc^uoerned 
with hie religiouei eitperiences, and is not an ade- 
quate sample of the Diary as a whole, which 
conveys much important information regarding 
politieid event*, and a Bptcially interesting ho- 
conut i\i his viBit to lioudon, nnd of the persons 
with whom he there came into contact. See hIso 
Sbivw'i* History of the Pn>vince of Moray; 
Gflnealogy of the Brodio family, by Williftm 
Brodie (1B62).] T. F. H. 



BRODIE, ALEXANDER (1830-18^X71 
8culptur,ytmngt?rft0n of John Brodte, mad 
was tMim in 1 830 at Aberdeen^ where he aei 
his apprentioeship tlr a bnL8»-finL»her in the 
foundry of MefiBis. Blaikie Brothers. Like 
hi« elder brother, WilHatn Brodie [q. t.], ha 
early manifested a t^wte for modelling figuft*. 
About 1856 he att^mded the $c.h<»ol of tho 
Royal Scottish Academy. He visited Eog- 
land, and aft'er about a year^a absence resumed 
hi« residence at Aberdeen, where be reoeivo 
manv commissions. His talents were t^hiiwn \ 
hin^ "Nfotherleas Iiassie/ his ' Highland M 
hi.s ' Cupid and Maak/ ^^^ ^ «tmall star 
of * Grief strewing Flowers ' upon a graf 
in front of th»> We^t Church in the city bu 
ing-ground. Encouraged by Sheriff Wat^ 
Brodie undertook bust -portraiture and 
dallion^, in both of which he w^a>» eminently 
successful. Embarrassed bv the amoimt u 
work entrusted to him, his mmd lo<rt ill 
balance, and he died 30 May l8tJ7 by his on 
hand. 

Brodie's best known productions are 
large statue of the lat« Duke of Kichmo 
erected in the public square of Huntly, and t 
statue of the queen in marble which §tan 
at the comer of Nicholas Str^set, Aberdeen. \ 

[Aberdeen Free Press, Dundee AdFertiser,* 
Rcot«nftn, 31 May 1867; Art Journal and Q«ttt ' 
Mttg, July 1867.] A. K G. 

BRODFE, i^tR BENJAmN COLLINS 

the elder (1783-18*52), sergeant -8urg>*on 
the queen, was bom at Winterslow in Wilt 
shire, in 1 7H:i. He was fourth child of Pen 
Bellinger Brodie» rector of the piirish, who \ 
been ©ducnted at Charterhouse and Wo 
College, Oxford. His mother was daughter 
of Mr* Benjiimiu Collins, a banker at Nili*- 
bury. From his father, who was well versed 
in general literature^ and a good Greek and 
Latin scholar, Brodie received his ejirly edu- 
cation. In 1797| when the country was 
alarmed by the prospect of a French inva- 
sion, Brodie and two brothers raised a com- 
fjimy of volunteers. At the age of ei^hteeo 
le went up to London, to enter u|K>n the 
medical profession. There he devoted hims " 
at once to the study of anatomy, at rendu 
first the lectures of Abemethy, and in 1? 
and 1802 those of Wilson at the Hunter 
school in Great Windmill Street^ workin 
hard in the dissecting-room. He learn 
phurmitcy in the shop of Mr. Clifton 
Leicester Square, one of the licentiates 
the Apothecaries* Company. At this tin 
Brodie formed a friendship with Willis 
Lawrence, thf celebrated surgeon, whid 
was continued tkrough life, and he 
joint secretary with Sir Henry Ellis of 




Brodie 



S7f 



Brodie 



^ 

^ 
^ 



* Academical Society/ to which many emi- 
nent writers belonged. The society bad been 
removed from Oxford to London^ and was 
dissolved early in the present century. 

In the spring^ of 18<i3 Brcxlie entered iit 
St, George^s llosjiitid hb q pupil under Sir 
Everiird Home, and was ap]>oiiited house- 
surgeon in 1805, and wfterwardi^ demonstrator 
to the ttnatomical school. When liia lerm 
of office hi»d ex]iired, he assisted Home m 
his private operations, and in his researches 
on comparative anatomy. He dilijirently pnr- 
fined for some years tlie fitndy of anatomy; 
I demontttrstingf in the Windmill Street school, 
^mnd lecturing comointly with Wilson until 
year 1812. He was elected assistant- 
f^migeon t-o St. George^s Hospital in 1808, 
appointment which he held for fourteen 
jyearSy&nd in the next year entered upon pri- 
Ivate practice, taking a house in Sackville 
I Street for the nur|K>s<\ In 1808 he was 
elected a memoer of the Society for the 
Promotion of Medical and Chirurgieal Know- 
ledge, a society limited to tw^etve members, 
founded by Dr. John Ilujiter and Dr. Fordyce 
in 1 793, and d i ssol ved i n 1 8 1 8. A 1 1 h is peri od 
he contributed his lirst j>nper^the results of 
original physiological inquiries — to the * Phi- 
losophical Transaetione, and was elected a 
ffclluw of the Royal Society m 1810. Duritig 
the winterof 1 HlO^l 1 he communicated to the 
society two pa^iers* one * Oil the InHnence of 
the Brain on the Action of the Hewrt and the 
Generation of Animal Heat ; ' the other * (hi 
the Effects produced by certain Vegetabli; 
Poisons ( Alcohol, Tobacco, Woorara, Sic. >/ 1 he 
^rst of which fonnt^d t he Croon ian lect are. So 
favourable was tlie impression he produced 
thiit the coiuR'il awarded him the Copley 
medal in 1 8 1 1 ,%vheri he wa.s t wt^nty-eight years 
of age. His unremitting devot ion to the work 
of his profession, without holiday for the jie- 
riod of ten years ^ now told seriously ujK>n his 
health, but change of air and rest enabled 
him to resume his duties. His interest when 
he was house-surgeon having l>een excited 
by a case of sjKjntaneous dislocation of the 
hip, be was led to study othf^r cases of disease 
of the joints, and in 18l«i he contributed a 
paper to the ' Medico-Chirurgieal Irausac- 
tions/ which formed the basis of his treatise 
on * Diseases of the Joiuts,' published in 1818. 
This work went through iive editiona, and 
translations of it appeared iu other countries. 
He again dehvered the Croonian lecture at the 
Iloyal Society on the action of the muscles in 
general and of the heart in particular, and at 
this time ])t!rformed the experiment of passing 
a ligature round the choledoch duct, the re- 
eults of which were given in Brande'a * .Tour- 
nal.' In a paper on * Varicose A'eins of the 




i^g,' published in the seventh volume of the 
' Medico-Chirurgical Trii n sac t ions/ he de- 
scribed the first subcutaneous operation on 
record. 

He married in 1816 the daughter of Ser- 
jeant *SHHon, a lawyer of repute, and as prac* 
tice steadily increased he removed in 1819 to 
Suvile How. In the same year he was a|)- 
[winted pTX>fessor of comparative anatomy and 
physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons, 
and deliv<*red four courses of lectures. While 
he held this office he was summoned to attend 
George I\', and assisted at an operation for 
the removid of a tumour of the scalp from 
! which the king suH'ered. He was elected 
I surgeon to St, Geoiye*s Hr^spitul in I82l\ and 
his time was now lausily employed with his 
hospital duties and lectures and an increasing 
and lucrative practice. In his nt tendance 
upon the king during the illness which ter- 
minated lutally he used to be at Windsor at 
six o^clock in the morning, staying to converse 
with the king, with whom Brodie was a fa- 
vourite. When Williain IV succeeded to the 
tlinme, Brodie was pronijjtiy made sergeant- 
surgeon (1832), irnd two years afterwards 
a bironet. His hectares on diseases of the 
urinary organs were published in 18^^'J* and 
those illustrative of Iocs 1 nervous affect ions 
in 1837. The numerf>us papers which be 
wrote from time to time will be found in Ida 
^Collected Works/ In 1837 he travelled 
abroad in France for the first time. 

In 18o4 he puhlisbe<l unonyraously * Psy- 
chological InquirieSt* essays in conversational 
form, intended to illustrate the mutual rela- 
tions of the physical organisation and the 
mental faculties. In 1862 a second series fol- 
lowed, to wliich he put his name. He waa 
elected president of the Uoyal S^x-iety in 1868, 
and this otfice he resigned in 1861, when he 
found that failing eyesight interfered w^ith 
t b e d isc barge of the d ut ies. He was pres i dent 
of the Royal College of Surgeons (1844), 
having been for many years examiner and 
member of the council, and having introduced 
important improvements into the system of 
examinations. He wtis also pre^nident of the 
Koyal Medical and Chirurgieal, and of other 
learned societies. The estimation in which 
he was universally held is shown by his 
connection with the Institute of France^ the 
Academy of Medicine of Paris, the lloyal 
Academy of Sciences of Stockholm, and the 
National Institution of Wa.shingt on, and the , 
university of Oxford conferred upon him the 
degree of D.C.L, He died at Broome Park, 
Surrey, in the eightieth year of his age, from 
a painful disease oftbeshouMer, 21 Oct. 18C12. 
His wife had died two years previously. As 
a surgeon Brodie was a euooessful oyetaloT., 



* 



Brodie 



380 



Brodie 



ttnguiibed for coolnets And knowledgOf a 
itettdy luuid, uid 11 quick ^e ; but thr pre- 
' ntion of disease was in his opinion higher 

in dperative surgery, and h\» strength was 
iiagnn«is. An ace unite oWrver, his memory 
^ WHS very ret ♦•nt ire, and be wa* never at a loss 
for ^ome previous cawe which tbrewli^ht upon 
t lie knotiv points in » cousultation, Untlincb- 
in^ against qiinckery, be was instrumental in 
■brmjnng Bt. John Long to jui^tjce, and his 
rfJreciae evidence in the witnes#-box was effec- 
tive tigain^t the poisoner Pnlmer, IVm life 
wa^ spent in active work, and be devoted it 
to the arrest of disease. 

[Autobiograpby in Collected Works^ ed, Haw- 
kina, 1806; Biomphy by H. W. Adand; Iad- 
cet. 1862; British Madical Journal, 1862.] 

R. E. T. 

BRODIE, Sir BENJAMIN COLLINS, 
the younger (1817-1880), cbemiBt, was the 
eldest son of Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie 

Ssee Bbodie, SiK BuifjAJiiK Collihs, ITtCi- 
.862], He waa bora in SackriDe Street^ 
Hccttdilly, London, in 1817. Brodie was 
educated ut Harrow and at Balliol College, 
Oxford, where he graduated BA. in 1838. 
He always mauife«ted a strong love for 
scientific inquiry, and especially devoted liis 
, attention to chemistry. In 1S4«? his first i 
, original paper appeared in I lie * Proceedings i 
I of the Aslimolean Society/ which was on tlto 

* Synthesis of the Chemical Elements/ based 
on lui examination which involved a long- 
continued and delicateinve^tigation. In 1 S52 
he bad completed this inuuir}', and published 
the results in a communication to the same 
society. In 1848 Bnodie's * Investigations of , 
the Chemical Nature of Wax * apixmred in ^ 
the *■ Philoi^o|jbieal Transactions. In this i 
year be married the daught+»r of the late 
John ^'incent lliompsont serjeant-at-law. 
From t!iis period to 18o5 Brodie was ac- 
tively engaged in chemical int|uiriei^»many of 
them of a diflicult character. In the * Phi- 
loeophicftl Transact ionsi ' for 18r)0 will be 
fmmd an elaborate memoir * ( Jn the Conditions 
ofCertaiu Elements at the Moment of Chemi- 
cal Change,^ which is an example of well-de- 
vised experimental research and of very close 
observat ion. The * Chemical Society's Journal* 
for 1851 contains a paper by him, entitled 

* Oljservations on the Constitution of the Al- 
cohol Kadi cal and on the Formation of Ethyl.* 
In the * Ivojal Institution Proceedings ^ for 
the same year appeured a paper by him * On 
the Allotnupic Changes of certain "Elements,* 
and two others, requiring equally delicate and 
searching investigations, and involving phi- 
losophical deductions of a high class. Brodie, 
having established his character as a high- 
claas inquirer into some abstruse branches of 



chemistry, was in 1865 appointed pofenor^ri 
chemistry in the university of Ox&rd^uidll,.^ 
was president of the Cheniical Society in tlii' 
years 1869 and 1860. ^ 

In addition to inquiriea of considerable in* 
tetiest on the elementSf sulphur, iodine, and 
nhospbonis, which were communicated to 
learned societiea between 1861 and l?5o, 
Brodie was engaged on an inyestigation into 
the allot ropic statea of carbon, especially of 
ordinary charcoal^ and graphite or plumbago, 
Thia leJ to the discovery 01 an important pro- 
cess for the puritication of gr^phite^ wnicii 
was of considerable technical value. He pub- 
lished the result* of this inquiry in the * An- 
Bales de Chimie' for 1856 a^ a 'Note sur 
un nouveau procM^ pour la purification et U 
d£sagr6gation du Graphite. This was fol- 
lowed in 1859 by a memoir " On the Atomic 
Weight of Graphite* in tlie * Philosophical 
Transactions.* The concluaions to whidi 
Brodie arrived were that carbon in the form 
of graphite fuoctiona is a distinct element, 
for which he proposed the term ffraphm; 
that it forms a marked system of combine 
tions, into whir h it i,«ntera with a detenui- 
nate atomic ^v 1, PrevioualT to this, 

Brodie had b< - la fellow of llie Rojal 

Society. 

His nejct inquiries of interest were con- 
nected with the peroxide of barium and i!§ 
influence nn the reduction of metallic oxides 
— on the formation of the peroxides of the 
radicals of the organic acids — and on tiM 
oxidation and deoxidation efiected by the 
peroxide of hydrogen. The^e inveatlgaitoDi 
may be regarded as having brought Brodie b 
chemical researches to a termination. We 
find no record of any work of interest be- 
tween 1862 and 1880, when he died. In \m 
he succeeded his father in the baronetcy, and 
in 1872 be wtis created hon. D.C.L, at 0\- 
forJ. His most important discovery was cer- 
tainly that of graphitic acid, and the modified 
form of carbon which he detected in graphite 
and its acid. In relation to his special mvesti- 
gntions Brodie published seventeen papers^ 
all of them marked by the thorouglineg* and 
retinement of the modes of reaearch adopted. 

[Eoyal 8ociety*s Proceedings; Philosophseii 
Transactions ; lioyal Society Catalogue of Sdao- 
tific Papers ; Journal of the Chemical Society; 
Annales do Cbimie.] R, H-t. 

BRODIE, DAVID ( 1 709 ?-l 787), captwn 
in the royal iia\T, one of a collateral branch 
of the Bro dies f B rodi e , after serv ing for many 
years, both in the nai^' and mercantile marina» 
wa.s promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 
5 Oct. 1 7ti6. In 1 7ti9 he served under Vemon 
at Porto liello, and in 1741 at Cartagena. On 
3 May 1743 he was made conummdeTi aj- 




I 
I 



Soiated to the Merlin sloop in tlie West lil- 
ies, and for a>>out four years was repeatedly 
eiigaged with Frencli and Spanish cruisers and 
privateers, several of which he. captured and 
Drought in. In one of these encounters he lost 
hia ri^ht arm. Early in 1747 Rear-admiral 
Knowles appi»inted liim acting captain of the 
Cftnterbury ; hut he whm not confirmed in that 
rank till 9'March 1747-6, when, aft<}r the cap- 
ture of Port Louis, he was appointed to the 
Strafford. In this ghip he was present at the 
unsuccessful atterapt rm Santiago, and had a 
difitingnished share in the battle ufl* Havana 
on 1 (iet. 1748, when the one pri^e of victory, 
the Conquistador, struck to the Strafford. 
In the courts-martial which followed [see 
EjfOWLBs, Sib Charles] Brodie's evidence 
t<:jld strt>nglY against the admirfll's accusiers ; 
he maintamed that the admiral had don© his 
duty throughout. In 1750 Brodie was com- 
pelled to memorialiBe the admiralty, repre- 
lienting himself as incapacitated fmm further 
Bervice, and praying uir aome mark of the 
royal favour. In 1753 he presented another 
and stronger memorial to the same effect, con- 
sequent on which a pension was granted to 
him* Nevertheless in 1702, on the declaration 
of w&r with Spain, he applied to the admiralty 
for a command. His application was not ao- 
oepted, and accordingly when, in 1778, his 
flenioritj st>emed to entitle him to tlag rank, 
lie was passed over as not having served 
* during the last war/ This was then the 
standiuj^ rule, and was in no way exceptional 
to Brodie, although in hLs case, nM in many 
others^ it fell harshly on old ofticers of good 
service. On 5 March 1787 Brodie's claims 
were brought up in the House of Commons, 
and he wa^ represent<^d ad a much-injured 
man, deprived of the promotion to which he 
waa justly entitled. The house negatived 
the mot it) n made in Brodie'« fa vo ur. The case, 
however, leel to a modification of the rule, and 
from that time captains who were not eligible 
for promotion when their turn arrived were 
distinctly placed on a 8uperannuat«d list. 
Brodie diied in 1787, and was hnried in the 
Abbey Church at Rath, 

[Naval Chronicle, iii. 8L] J. K* L. 

BRODIE, GEORGE (1786 P-1867), his- 
torian, was bom about 1786 in East Lothian, 
where his father was a farmer on a large scale, 
and a contributor to the improvement of 
Scottish husbandry. Educated at the high 
flchool and imivenaity of Edinburgh, he be- 
came In 1811 a member of the Faculty of 
Advocates, He seems to have done little at 
the bar. He was* an ardent whig, and his 
politicid creed partly inspired the one work 
by which be ia known, his * History of the 



British Empire from the accession of Charles 
the First to the Restoration, with an intro- 
duction tracing the progress of society and 
of thy Constitution from the feudal times to 
the opening of the history, and including a 
particular examination of Mr, Hume's state- 
ments relative to the character of the Eng- 
lish government.* The * statements * which 
Brodie imdertook to refute were chiefly those 
in which Hume found prece<ieuta for the 
claims of the Stuarts in the action of the Tu- 
dor sovereignsi. Brodie's history was by far 
the most elaborate assault on the Stuarts and 
their apologists, especially Hume and Cla- 
rendon, and the most thoroughgoing vindi- 
cation of the puritans, that bad then ap- 
peared. It was not of high historical value. 
It was reviewed in the * Edinburgh Review* 
for March 1824, probably by John AUen of 
Holland House celebrity' (i^ee Lord Jeffi^y*8 
letter to him in Ixird Cockburk's Li/e of 
Jeffreif, 2nd ed. 1852, ii. 217). While gene- 
rally laudatory, the reviewer censurt^d Bro- 
die's indiscriminating partisanship. Guizot 
baa expressed his aurprise that so passion- 
ate a partisan should have written with ao 
little animation (IVeface to the Mutoire de 
Ui Eimlution dtAngkUrre^ 4th ed. 1860, i. 
15\ 

In the Scotch agitation for the first Reform 
Bill, Brodie presided at a very numerous 
gathering of the working-men of Edinburgh 
held on Arthur^s Seat in November I8il 
against the rejection of the bill by the peers. 
In 1836 he was appointed historiographer of 
Scotland, with a salary of 180/. a year. In^ 
1 866 appeared a second edition of his History, 
with the original title slightly expanded int« 
*A Constitutional History of the British Em- 
pire/ &c. Besides the History, Brodie pub- 
lished an edition of Stair's * Institutes of the 
Law of Scotland, with commentaries and a 
supplement as to mercantile law,' Lord Cock- 
bum says of it and him (Jf/umai, 1874, ii, 
113): *Ilis edition of Stair is a deep and 
di^cult legal book. His style is bad, and 
his method not good/ Brodie was also au- 
thor of a pamphlet entitled * Strictures on 
the Appellate Jurisdiction of the House of 
Lords/ 1856. He died in London on 22 Jan. 
1867. 

[Brodie^B writings ; obituary noUoe in 8cot»- 
man* 31 Jan. 1867 ; Gent. Mag., Maith ] 867.1 

F. £. 

BRODIE, PETER BELLINGER (1778- 

1854), conveyancer, was bom at Wmteralow, 
Wiltshire, on 20 Aug. 1778, being the eldest 
son of the Rev. Peter Bellinger Brodie, rec- 
tor of Winteralow 1742'1804, who died 
19 March 1804, by his marriage ib 1775 with 



* 



* 





Sandit tHird daughter of Benjamin CoUina 
of Milford, Salisbury, who died 7 Jan. 1847. 
He early choee law aa a profeBaioUf but in 
oonaequence of an asthmatic complaint &oin 
which he suffered, he devoted hiinfi«lf to 
coDveyancingf and became a pupil of the 
well-kuown Charl#?8 Butler. He was ulti- 
mately called to t lu^ bar at the Inner Temple 
on 5 Alay 1815. Hh soon obtained a consider- 
able Ahare of bu^iuese^ and it inereaaed ao aa 
to pi nee him in a few yeara amongst the most 
nent conveyancers of the time. One of 
drafts by which he was earliest known 
„ „i that of theRock Life Assurance Comoany, 
1806, which has ever since been oonaiaered 
the best model for similar instruments, and 
only dt'i)iirted from where some variation is 
rendered necessary, as in the charter of King's 
College, London, which he also drew in IdA. 
With the history of law amendment Brodie*s 
name is intimately connected. He was ona 
of the real property commissioners in 1628, 
and took a very leading part in their im- 
portant labours. Their first report, which 
was made in May 1829, examined, amongst 
others, the important subjects of fines and 
recoveries, Thiti part or the report was 
drawn up by Broilie^as was also the portion 
of the second report ^ June 1830, relating to 
the probate of wiUs, and the very able and 
learned part of the third report, May 1832, 
relating to copyhold and ancient demesne. 
The fourth report was made in April 18SS, 
and no ptirt of this wa* prepared by him. 
Soon after ih*.* presentation of the first re- 
port it was determined to bring in bills 
foundL^d upon iti^ recommendations, and 
Brodie prepared the moat important of these, 
that for iiboliBliing fines and recoveries, 
which WBJS brought in at the end of the ses- 
sion 1830, and became law in 1838. Lord St. 
Leonards, in his work on the * Keal Property 
Statutes,' declares this act to be * a masterly 
perform an ee, reiiecting great credit on the 
learned conveyancer hy whom it was framed.' 
The preparation of his part of the reports, and 
eapecially of the hill t^. fnr it time almost de- 
pnved Brodie of hi a private business ; but he 
recoveretl hie practice by degrees, so as ulti- 
mately to have it fully restorw. He was the 
author of a work entith^ * A Treatise on a 
Tax on Successions t o Real as well as Personal 
Property, and the Removal of the House-tax, 
as Substitutes for the Income-tax, and on 
Burdens on Land and Restrictions on Com- 
merce and Loiiiit* of Money,* 1850. He died 
at 49 Lincoln -B Inn Fields, London, on 8 Sept, 
1854* He was twice married: first, on 
16 March 1810, to Elizabeth Mary, daughter 
of Sutton Thomas Wood of Oxford— she 
died on 9 May 1825 ; secondly, on 1 June 



i 

I 



1826, to Susan Maiy, daughter of John 3[or- i 
WL She died in London on 4 Dec. 1^^. 
The elder Sir B. C. Brodie was his brother. 
[Iaw ReT. 1S65, xzi. 848^4.] ^ C. E 

BRODIE, \Vn.LIAM (d, 1788). dea- 
con of the Incorporation of the EdinboFfll 
Wrights and Maaons, and burglar, wu 
the only son of Gonyener FVancis Brodie, 
who carried on an extenaire business as 
Wright and cabinet-maker in the Lawnmar- 
ket, Edinburgh, and was for many Teen a 
member of the town council. Oil Ms mlhei's 
death Bn)die succeeded to the busittSH, 
and in the following year was elected 000 
of the ordinary de«con councilioTa of the 
city. At an early age he mofmired a tislt 
for gambling, and almost nightly &«qiieated 
a disreputable g&mblin|^-house in the Flesh- 
market Close. In 1 786 he became aoquaintad 
with three men of the lowest cnanct^r, 
George Smithy Andrew Ainslte, and John 
Brown» With Brodie for their leader, theas 
men formed themselves into a gang of bur^' 
lars, and at the latter end of It 87 a number 
of robberies were committ'ed by them in and 
around Edinburgh. No clue eould be dis- 
covered to the perpetrators. On 5 Marob 
1788 the gang broke into the excise office in 
Chessel'a Court, Oanongate, This under- 
taking had been whollY suggeeted and mosl 
car^fidly planned by Broaie. Though ^ 
turbed in their operations, they managed to 
get off with their booty undiscovered. Brown, 
however, who was under sentence of trans- 
portation for a crime committed in England, 
turned king's evidence. Bn>die tied, and for 
a long time evaded pursuit. Through the 
means of some letters which he had in- 
cautiously written, he was at length traced 
to Amsterdam, where he was apprehended 
on the eve of his departure for Ajinerica. He 
and Smith were tried at the high court of 
justiciary on 27 Aug. 1788, before the kwdi 
justice clerk and I^rds Hailes, EakgroveJ 
Stonefield^ and S win ton, and on the follow* 
ing morning the jur>'' returned a verdict 
pry iky agftiTi^t both of them. In accordance^! 
with the tienteuce, thev were hang>>d at 
the west end of the Luckenbooths on 1 Oct, 
1788* Notwithstanding his protiigate habits 
Brodie contrived almost to the last to pre- 
serve a fair character among hb* fellow- 
citizens. It in aUo a curious fact that he sat 
in the same court a8 a juryman in a criminal 
case only a few months previously to his own 
appearance there in the dock. A play written 
by Messrs. K. L. Stevenson and Tt\ . E. Henley » 
and founded upon the incidents of his life, ^| 
was produced at the l^ince's Theatre, Loo- h 
douj on 2 July 1884, under the name of 



Brodie 



385 



Brodrick 







^ * Deacon Broil ie, or the DouMe Life.^ Two 
rtctingii of him by Kav will he found in 
Ihe first volume of* Origmal Etdxings/ Noe. 
106 and mi 

Play's Original Pgrtmitfi wnd CftricatnTe 

lEtcliings (1877). i. 96, 119, 141, 256-66, 399. 

|ii. 8. 120-1, 286; Creoch'a Trial of Brodie and 

lith (2iid edit. 1788); Scot« Mng. (1788), I 

la58-9> 365-72. 429-37, 614-16; Gent. Mag. 

(1788). Ifiii. pt. ii, 648, 820, 926.] 

Q. F. R, B. 

BRODIE, WlLLIAM(1815^1B8l),8eulp- 
T, eldest st>n of John Brodie, a shipmnftter af 
lanffi wail hnm at that place on 22 Jan. 1815. 
About 1821 the Brodie family removed to 
Aberdeen^ whert* William was apprenticed to 
« pi u m Iw r. He d f* vo t ed h i 8 e ven i ng^ , h o wever, 
to scientific studies at the Mechanics' Inatitu- 
;tioE, and developed a lingular dexterity in 
aking instruments for his own experiments, 
'e amused himself in easting leaden figuret^of 
ttoble pei^onages. IIp iiIro seems to have 
inted m oil, and after bis mttiriage in 1841 
la said to have produced a considerable num- 
ber of port rai t s . FT is pec u 1 i ar ta len t f n r m nd e I- 
ling medallion likene^^ses on a small scale at- 
tracted much attention, and e^^cially that of 
SheriffAVatKf^n and Mr. John Hill Burton, by 
the latter of whom he wa#^ encouraged to mi- 
CTBte to Edinburgh in 1 8^*7, There he st 11 d ied 
lor four years in the TnL^tees' Scho<>l of De- 
sign; essayed modelling on a larger ^ale^ 
and executed a bust of Lord Jeflrey, one of 
hia earliest patroni^. Alxiut thi.s time Brodie 
gpent some mnnthK at Home, where be mo- 
delled a figure of Corinna, the lyric mu5e, 
exhibited at the Koyal 8cotti,sb Acaideniy, <:>f 
wbicb he wa.«< elected an afssotnate in 18f)7, 
a fitU member in 1859, and secretary in 1876. 
He is believed to have executed more portrait 
busta than any other artist. His ideal worlcB 
included the ' Blind Girl/ * HiH^amedet' * Re- 
becea^* * Ruth/ * The Maid of I^om/ * Amy 
Robaart/ * Sunshine/ ' Storm/ and * Memory/ 
Brodie executed four busts of the queen, one 
of which ia in Balmoral Ca&tle, thfi coloaaal 
atatue of the prince consort at Perib, and one 
of the represent at i>e groups in bronze for ibe 
Scottish memorial to the prince in Edinburgh, 
Amongst other works are tbe bn^nze statue 
of Dr. GrHbittu, master of the mint at Glas- 

f>w, and of Sir James Young Simpson at 
dinhurgb, and the marble .statue of Sir David 
Brewster in the quadrangle of the university 
building, Edinburgh, and of I^rd Cockburn 
in the Fn rl iatn en 1 1 1 o ust» of t be same city. He 
executed prjrtrait busts of most of the eele- 
brities of his day. Not long before hia deatb 
Brodie received a commiaaion for a statue of 
the HoiL George Brown, a prominent Cana* 



dian politician, for the city of Toronto. After 
two years of decline Brodie dif d on 30 Oct. 
1881 at Douglas Lodge in Edinburgb. 

[Aberdeen JouniaK 31 C>ct. and 1 and 7 Nov. 
1881 ; Scotsman and Edinburgh Coanint, 31 Oct. 
and 6 Nov, 1881 ; Times, 1 Not. 1881 ; Athe- 
aictun, 5 Nov, 1881 ; Art Journal, I)jw»raber 
1881 ; Irring*s Book of Seotamenp 188L] 

A, H. G. 

BBODRICK, ALAN, Lorb MiDLEToir 
(KM to F-172H), Irish statesman and lord chan- 
cellor of Ireland, came of a family which for 
fitiveral getierat ions had been settled in Surrey. 
He was the second son of St. John Brodrick 
by Alice, daughter of Sir Ilandal Clayton of 
TbelwalltChe**hire, and wat^lwrn al>out U^JO. 
The family of Brodrick bad great! v profited by 
the forfeit ures in Ireland . Alan , eldest brotber 
of St. John, was on 19 March irH30 appointed 
oneofthecommisfiionersfori^ettlingtheatrairs 
of Ireland, and shortly aftet^'ards received a 
grant of 10,759 acres. St, John, who bad 
taken an active part in the civil wars begin- 
ning in HUl, received in llW^S a large grant 
of lands in the barony of Barrymore, Cork, 
which was aunplemented, under the Act of 
Settlement in 1^70, by an additional grant of 
landh} in the baronies of Barrymore, Fermoy, 
and Orrerv, the wliole being erected into the 
manor of Slidleton. The wealth, ability, and 
jmlitical activity of the Brodricks gave them 
an intlnence in Ireland almost equal to that of 
the Boyles. Brodrick adopted the profession 
of law. Having taken an active part in behalf 
of William of Change, be wa.*, along with kia 
brother, attainted by the Irish parliament of 
James II, a circumstance wbicb probably as- 
sisted his early promotion under William. 
On 19 Feb. 1H90-1 he was made king'^ Ser- 
jeant, and on B June 1(J95 he was apjiointed 
solicitor^eneral for Ireland, an office m wbicb 
be was continued after the acceR^^ion of Qu€*en 
Anne. He entered the Irish House of Com- 
mons In 1B92 as member for the city of Cork, 
and on 24 Sei>t. 1703 he was chosen speaker. 
On account of his liberal views in regard to 
'Toleration/ and of bis opposition to the 
Sacramental Test Ad, hz lost the favour of 
the government, and when the house refused 
to pass some bills ^iromoted by the lord-lieu- 
tenant he was removed from the office of so- 
li citor^general When, however, the appoint- 
ment of Earl Pembroke to the viceroy alty 
was determined on, be was, 12 June 1707, ap- 
pointed at torney-general for Ireland. As Lord 
Pembroke deemed it impossible to obtain the 
repeal of the Test Act in the Irish parliojnent, 
Brodrick w^ent to England to penuade the 
m^vemment to propose it6 repeal in tlit» Kng- 
Qsb parliament, but without succeas. In May 




Brodrick 



384 



Brodrick 



I 



1710 he wM called to tli© upper holism as chief 
justice nf the queen's bench, but bis iittach- 
ment to the principles of the rerolution caiisecl 
hi» difimijwal in 1 / 1 1 . In 1 71 3 he re-eut«red 
th** lri«h parliament &.» member for the city 
of Oorkf and notwith£«tanding the opposition 
of the i^vpmment he was chosen speaker bj 
h majority of four votes. Having been the 
rinuijial advij*er in the measures taken by the 
rinb Hninie of Commons to secure the protee> 
tnnt Huect'ftj«ion, he was appointed by G^>rge I, 
I iM. 1714, lord chancellor of Ireland, and 
on 13 April 171f>waf* niifwd to the peerafipeas 
Barau Brodrick of Midlt?ton. On 5 Aug. 1717 
he was advanced to the di|3mity of Viscount 
Midleton. In the same year that he was 
made lord chancellor he entered the British 
parliament as member for Midhurst, Sussex, 
which he continued to represent till hi^ death. 
Although he attached hims^elfto thejparty of 
Sunderland, he strpiuiously opposed the Peer- 
age Biil, resisting with equal firmness the so- 
licitations and menaces of Sunderland, and 
turning a deaf ear even tn the urgent reque>4ts 
of the BOvereij|n, Althougjh possibly charge- 
able with opiniativeneas, hia sterling honesty, 
btild independence, and sincere i^atrioti^ra, 
cut i lie him to the hi^^hest praise. On the 
death of Sunderland he attached himself 
tn Carteret in opposition to Towneliend and | 
Walpole, against the latter of whom he ulti- 
mately cherishetl a violent antipathy. By his 
conduct in the famous ca.^e^ Sherlock i?. Aji- 
nesley, Midleton incurred the serious dis- 
pleasure of the Irish lords, and as by his o|>- 
position to Wood's coinage patent he had 
rendered himself specially obnoxious to the 
Duke of Grafton, the lord-lieutenant, Grafton 
connived at a resolution of the lords * that 
thrnugh the absence of the lord high chan- 
cellor there has been a iVilure of ju^stice in 
this kingdom by the great delay in the high 
court of chancery and in the exchequer cham- 
h^iv.* The resolution was, however, robbed 
of its sting by a countt?r resolution in the 
House of Commons, and Walpole, to win if 
possible the all-essentiat support of Midleton 
for the patent, appointed darteret lord-Ueu- 
t-enant. Carteret, dnmding dismissal from 
ofBce, exerted all his personal influence on 
Midleton, but in vain. The re.«*ult was a per- 
sonal breach between them, and Midleton, dis- 
gusted with hii^ cold reception at the castle, 
resigned office 25 May 1725. Notwithstand- 
ing his strenuous opposition to the patent, 
Midleton not only refused to accept the dedi- 
cation to him of Swift's ^Brapiera Letters,* 
but «upportetl the prosecution of their author, 
on the ground that thi-y tended to * create 
jealousies betwt*en the king and the people of 
Ireland.' He died at his country seat, Bally- 



anan , Cork, in 1728, He was thrice married ; 
first t-o Catlienne, second daughter of Red- 
mond Barry of Ilathc(L»rmack, by whom ha 
had one «on and one daughter ; secnndTy, to 
Alice, daughter of Sir Peter Courthotpe of 
the Little Island, Cork, by whom he had two 
sons and a daughter ; and thirdly, to ^iime, 
daughter of Sir John Trevor, mast€r of the 
rolb, by whom he had no issue. 

[Pedigree in Miacelhuiaa Qeneak)giea et E^ 
raldiea, ii. 369>60 ; Lodga*8 Peengv of Irelaikd. 
V. 164-70; Le Neve's Knights, 102; Coia'tLif* 
of Sir Robert Walpole, i, 215-30, And 11. 170-219. 
contAioing letters, correspondeDce, and pApea 
on the Peerage BiU and on WiK»d*s Coinage Pa- 
tent; Manning and Biay^*s History of Sarrej, it, 
33^4 ; OTlnnagan** Livea of the Lord Ch«ic«l- 
lorB of Ireland, ii. 1-38.] T. R E 

BRODRICK, THO>L\S id. 17^), Tk^ 
adm iral , entered t he na\^ about 1 723, In 1739 
he waa a lieutenant of the Burford, Yemoa'* 
flagship at Porto Bello, and com^manded tlie 
lauding party which stormed the Castillo de 
FietTO. In recompense for hia brilliant con* 
duct Vernon promote him to the cammind 
of the Cumberland fire.ship, in which he m 
1741 took part in the expedition to Cartageoi. 
On 25 March he was p<>st4id into the Snop^ 
bam frigate, and continued actively em|iloy^ 
during the rest of that campaim^ and after- 
wards in the expedition to Cxilwi [see VeMTOI, 
Edwajid]. -.\fter other service he returned fcn 
England in 1743, and early in the following 

fear was appointed to the Exeter of 60 gani 
n March of tht^ following yeaj* he was ap- 
pointed to the Dreadnought, which waa ^ent 
out to the Leeward Islands, and continufd 
there t'dl after the pe4M5e in 1748, In M»t 
1756 Brodrick was sent out to the Medite^ 
ranean incc»mmand of reinforcements for Ad- 
miral Byng, whom he joined at Gibraltar juM 
before the udminil was ordered home undtf 
arrest. He had meantime been advanced to 
be rear-admiral^ in which rank he served under 
8ir Edward Hawke till towards the cIo« of 
the year, when the fleet returned home, la 
January 1757 he was a member of the cooft* 
martial on Admiral Byng [aee Brxo, Hoi. 
John] ; and was afterwards, with his Big ii 
the >amur, third in command in the expedi- 
tion against Rochfort [see IIawke, LobJ 
Edward]. 

Early m 1758 Brodrick waa appointed i« 
second in command in t be Medlterr&neiuuwit^ 
hia flag on board the Prince George of 90gunt. 
On l3 April, being then off Uahant, ti« 
Prince George caught tire, and out of a 00a- 
plement of nearly 800, some 260 only were 
saved ; the admiral himself waa picl^ed tip^ 
Stark naked, by a merchant^hip*a boat., afbtf 
he had been swimming for about an hour. 



Bcodncic and the Burvivom of hia ship's com- 
MBy w^re taken hy the Glasgow frigate to 
Gibraltar, where he hoisted bis flag in the St, 
jleorge. In the following February be was 
nomoted to be vice-admiral, and was shortly 
ifterwards superseded by Admiral Boscawen, 
■lider whom he oommanded during the block- 
ide of Totilon.and intht* action of 18-19 A-ug., 
ttilminating in tbe burning or capture of the 
Prench i^hips in Ijagoa Bay fseo Boscawen, 
Edward], ulien Boicawen returned to Eng- 
land, Brodrick blockaded tbe F'"r«ncb shim 
at Cadix 6o eloeely, that even the friendly 
nla could not resist makinjif them the 
»f insolent ridicule. Tht*y are said to 
kiave stuck up a notice in some such terms aa 
* For m\*% iMg)it French mf^n-of-war. For 
ticulars apply to Vice-admiral Brodrick/ 
French f^bipw did not etir out till the 
age Wftji cleared for them by a gale of 
i, which compelled tbe blwkading SQua- 
to put into QibnUtar. Bnjdrick tiien 
rued to England, He bad no further 
►loyment, and died 1 Jan. 1769 of cancer 
'face. 

ICharnock's Biopr. Nav, r, 69 ; Beataon's 
ral and Mil. Miim. (under dat«) ; offieial 
amentii in thp Public Record Office.] 

J. K. L. 

[BH0GHILL» BiROir, [Sm Botib, 

JBOGRAVE, SiE JOHN (d, 1613), 
rer, wa* tbe son of Richard Brograve by 
wife, daughter of Sare^. He was 

>hftbly educated at Cambridge, In 1576 

I was an t uinn reader at Grsy'B Inn, He was 
ted one of tbe treasurers of that society 
in Febniars" 157&-JB0, and again iu February' 
1583— i. in 1580 be was anpoiuted her ma- 
jeety*9 attorney for tbe duchy of LancaM-er, 
and be continued to bold tbiit office under 
King Jame8 I, who coiilerrt*d upon him the 
honour of knighthood. He was nominated 
ooie of the counsel to the univernity of Cam- 
bridge in 1581. He re.sidt?d at Braugbing 
in Hertfordshire, of which county be was 
custoa rotulorum for thirty yeara. He died 
on 11 Sept. li>13t and was buried at Braugbing. 
Bv his marriage with Margaret^ daughter of 
Simeon Steward of Laketiheath, Suffolk (whe 
died 5 July, 1593), he had iasue tbree sonis 
and two daughters. 

He is the author of * Tbe Reading of Mr, 
John Brograve of Grayes Inne, made in 
Summer 1576, upon part of the Statute of 
37 H. S. C, 10, of Vses, concerning Jointures, 
beginning at tbe twelfth Bmncli thereof.' 
Printed iu *■ Three Learned Readings made 
upon three very uaefull Stat utes, by Sir James 

VOL. VI* 



Dyer, Brograve and Tristram Risdon^' London, 
ld48, 4t<3, (Cf. MS. Harl. 829, art. 3.) 

[Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire, lii. 164, 157- 
U9; Chauncy'a Hertfordshire, 220-8; Dag- 
dale's Orig. Jurid. (1680). 294, 298, 307 ; 
Coopers Annals of Cambridge, ii. 610; Ba^a de 
8ecreti«. pouch 48; Addit. MS. 6821, f, 271; 
Lanad. MS. 92, art. 52. 1119 ; Wood's Athense 
Oxon. (BHsh), ii. 609. iii, 174; Burke% Extinct 
and Dormant Baroneti?i6s (la41), 84.] T, C. 

BROKE. [See also Bkook and Brooke.] 

BROKE or BROOKE, ARTHUR 
{d. 1563), translutor, was tbe author of * The 
Tragi call Historye of Romeus and lulieit 
written first in Italian by liandell, and nowe 
in Engltsh by Ar. Br. In pedibus Richard 
Tottelli.' Tbe colophon runs : * Imprinted at 
London in hlete Strete witbui Temble barre 
at the aigue of tbe hand and starre of 
Richard T^ttiil, the XIX, day of Nouember 
An. do. 1562.' The book was entered in 
the Stationers' Register late in 1562 aa * The 
Tragicall History of the Romeus and Juliett 
with sonettes.* The volume is mainly of in- 
terest as the source whence Shake* peare drew 
the plot of his tragedy of * Romeo and Juliet.' 
It ia written throughout in rhymed verse 
of alternate lines of twelve and fourteen 
gyllablea. Broke did not (as the title-page 
states) translate directly from the Italian of 
Bandello, but from the * Histoires Tragi ques 
extraictes des CEuvTes de Bandel ' (Paris, 
1559), by Pierre Boaistuan sumamed Launay 
and iFrau^ois de Belle-Forest. Broke does 
not adhere very closely to his French original : 
he deve lopes the character of the Nurse and 
altera the concluding scene in many impor- 
tant points, In all of which he is followed by 
tShakespeare. In the address to the reader 
Broke shows himself a staunch protestant, and 
deplores the introduction Into the story of 
* dronken gossyppes and superstitious mer» 
(the naturally ntte instrumentes of un- 
cbaatitie).^ He also notices that the tale 
had already been acted on the »tag© with 
great applause. Tbe popularity of Broke's 
undertaking is proved not only by Shake- 
speare^s literal adoption of its story, but by 
two imitations of it, issued almost imme- 
; diately after ita fir^t publication (Bernard 
j Garter^s * Tragical History of two English 
Lovers/ 1565, and William Painter's *Ro- 
I meus and Qiuletta' in the * Palace of Pleasure/ 
1666). 

I Only three copies of the first edition of 

I Broke s translation are now knoi^t'n to be 

extant : one in the Malone collection at the 

Bodleian, a second in Mr. Huth's Ubrary, 

and the tturd — an imperfect copy — among 

I Capell's books &t Trinity CoUegei Cambridge. 

c 



L 



Aooording to the Stationers' Re^ater, Tottell 
obtunod a licen«e to reprint the work in 1 5S2, 
but no edition of that date has been met 
with. Ralph Itcjbinson r<»ia«ued the origrinal 
edition in 1587, and added to the title the 
worda : ' ContaynJng in it a rare example of 
true constanciei with the sublill coun^ellii 
and practisee of an old fryer and their ill 
evifnt.* Modem reprints are ntuneroue. 
Malone issued it (without the prefatory 
notioefl) in his * Supplement to Shaieapeare/ 
1780, and struck off twelve separate conies 
for private distribution. It reappeared in 
the Shakespeare variorum edition of 1821 ; 
in J* P. CoUier'8 * School of Shakespeare/ 
iai3; in W. C. Hailitt's ' School of Shake- 
speare/ 1874; and in the New Shakapere 
Society's 'Original and Anolo^uee/ pt, i. 
(1875), edited by P. A. Daniel. 

Broke died in the year following the pro- 
duction of Ills chief work. In 1563 was 
puMiehed * An Ajfreement of sundry places 
of Scripture seeming in shew to larre^ seruing 
in stead of oommentaryee, not only for these 
but others lyke, Tranalated out of French 
and nowe fyrst publyshedby Arthure Broke.' 
The pnTit4jrj Lucas Harrison, states in his 
address to the reader at the beginning of the 
book that Broke was out of the country while 
it was passing through the press ; but on the 
last page some verses headed * Thomas Broke 
the younger to the reader ' state that Broke 
had recently perished at sea. Among Qeorge 
Turberville-s * Epitaphes and othtT Poems ' 
(1567) is one * On the death of Maieter 
Arthur Brookei drownde in |)assing to New 
Haven/ Turberville writes very patheticiilly 
of Broke's sudden death, and praises very 
highly his tale of 

Jaljet and her mat« ; 
For there he shewd© hi» cunni n^ pusning well, 
When be the tale to English did traosTate. 

Turberville describes Broke as a young man, 
and notes that he was crossing the seas to 
serve abroad in the English anny. 

[IntroducttDQ to Broke's Romeo and Juiiett in 
X P. Collier's School of Sbakeipeare (184a); 
Brokers Agreement (1563); TnrberTiHe** Epi- 
tAphes (1667); Eitaon's Bibliogiaphia Poetica; 
Brit. Mus. Cat.l S. L. L. 

BROKE, Sm PHILIP BOWES YERE 
(1770-1841), rGar-adniiral, of nn old SufTolk 
family, wns born at Broke Hall^ near Ips- 
wich, on 9 Sept- 1770. Re early manifested 
an inclination for the fl<?a, and at the age of 
twelve was entered at th*^ Royal Naval Aca- 
demy in Portsmouth Doekvard, from wlrieb, 
in .June 1792, be was appointed to the Biill- 
do^ sloop under the command of Captain 
George Hope, whom, in August 1793, he fol- 



lowed t<o the £clair, then t- '» ^fedttem- 
nean, and afterwards em] ring thr 

occupation of Toulon and iL. . .. ^. i>f Bostia 
In May 1794 he waa discharg^ into tht 
Romulus, and was preaent when Lord Hood 
chased the French fleet into Golfe Joua 
11 June 1794, and In the action off TouIob 
lS-14 March 1795. In June be was ap- 
pointed to the Brita^unia, fhigship of thif 
commander-in^hief, was in her in the es* 
gagement off Toulon on 1 3 July 1795, and on 
the 18th was appointed third' lieutenant of 
the Southampton frigate under the command 
of Captain Macnaniara. During the nexr 
eighteen months the Southampton wa& «c- 
tiyelj employed on the coast of Italv, oft«i 
with the s<juadron under Commodore Kelsm, 
and was with the fleet in the action offOipp 
St. Vincent 14 Feb. 1797. In the foUowii^ 
June she was Bent home and paid ofL Brob 
waa almost immediately appointed to tltf 
Amelia frigate in the dhannel fleet, and io 
her was present at the defeat and capture of 
the French squadron on the north co»«t <rf 
Ireland 12 Oct. 1798. On 2 Jan. 1 799 he wi# 
made commander and ap(ioint<?d to the Faleoa 
brig, from which a few- months later he wwt 
transferred to the Shark *loop, attached tr^ 
the North Sea fleet, under Lord Duncan, uA 
employed for the most part in convoy serrioa 
On 14 Feb. 1801 he wa* advanced to the rani 
of captain f after which he remained unem* 
ployed for four years. His father died shortlj 
after his* promotion* and on f?5 Nov. 1802 k 
mttrrit*d Sarah Louif<a, daughter of Sir WiU 
liom Middleton, hart. AMien the war a^jaiir 
broke out, he immediately applied for a elupy 
but without success, till m April 18tlohew« 
appointed to the Druid frigate, whicJi he com^ 
manded in the Channel and on the coast of 
Ireland for the next sixteen months Ob 
81 Aug* 1800 he %vas appointed to theShaniiOB, 
a fine 38-run trigate, carrying IB-ponnto 
on her main deck, 32-poim(ier carronades at 
quarter-deck and forecastle. During the sua* 
mer of 1807 the Shannon was employed on dt 
coast of Spitzbergen, protecting- the whalan^ 
and in December wss with the squadioa ft 
the reduction of Madeira. During the gnattr 
part of 1 808 abe was cruising in the Bav of B^ 
cay, and on the uight of 10-11 Nov., attrBct*^ 
by the sound of the firing, arrived on tb? 
scene of action in tim^ to witness the capturt 
of the French Thetis by the Amethyst, Otf- 
tain Michael Seymour^ — a capture 'vdii^ thtf 
unfortunate arrival of the Shannon, as well 
as of the line-of-battle ship Triumph, deprif^l 
of some of its brilliance. The Shannon sft«^ 
wards towed the priie to PI v mouth, baf 
Broke » as a recognition that the captui* w** 
due to the AmetiiyBt alone, obtained theeoi^ 



Dce of the Shannon's officers and sbip^a 
ompany to forego their claim to share in the 
riae. Aa the Triumph^s claim, however, was 
Aintmaed, the generous offer of the Shan- 
dons was declined. Tlie next two years were 
in similar serrice, cruising from Ply- 
nouthy otF Brest, and in the Bay of Biscay ; 
; wii« not till June 1811 that she was ordered 
► refit for foreign service* In the beginning 
^ August she mailed for Halifax, where she 
rived 24 Sept. The relations between Eng- 
iind and rhe States were even then severely 
ained, and on 18 June 1812 war waa de- 

For the next year the Shannon wb8 en- 
in criiising, without any opportunity 
iiportant service. Broke was keenly 8en- 
of tht» urgent necessity of keeping the 
liip at all times in perfect fighting trim, a 
aity which the auccfisses of the previous 
Bty years had tempted some of his con- 
oporaries to ignore. At very considerable 
cuniary loss both to him^ff and t-o the 
lip's company, he carried out a resolution 
' make no prizes which would entail send- 
I away priie crews, and so weakening his 
t and most of the ships captured were 
rifore burned. But, more than this, he 
rad extraordinary pains on training his 
a, eajecially in the exercise of the great 
tins. While the cu^stom of our service at 
hat time was never to cmt the guns loose 
ept for action. Broke instituted a course 
' fil^st'ematie trainings and every day in the 
eek, except Saturday, the men, either by 
ratches or all together, were exercised at 
|uarters and in firing at a mark, so that in 
ourso of time they attained a degree of ex- 
tneas such as had never before been ap- 
hed. To this end everything was made 
libservient ; concentrating marks were made 
the decks, and at Broke's own cost sights 
fere fitted to the guns ; but all vain show 
neglected, and the Shannon, though 
I and healthy, waa perhaps a little looked 
L on by fiome of her more showy com- 
Liona* Her exceJlence in gunnery, how- 
r, began to be talked about ; an J, much 
Broke'* annoyance, manr shipg arriving 
the station fresh from fingland brought 
lit orders to exchange a certain number of 
en with the Shannon, so that they too 
ilight receive the benefit of the new system. 
May 1813 the Shannon vras cruising off 
(ston, keeping watch on the American 
rigate Chesapeake, which had been newly 
commissioned by Captain James Lawrence, 
&ly in command of the Hornet when she 
the Peacock, On 1 June, finding his 
ore of water running low, Broke adopted 
lie singular plan of writing formally to Law- 



rence, requesting him to give him a meeting* 
He statea in exact detail the Shannon's force, 
and pledged himself to such measures aa 
would insure the absence of all other Eng- 
lish shipa, adding, * or I would sail with 
you, under a flag of truce, to any place you 
think safest from our cruisers, hauling it 
down when fair to begin hostilities.* Thia 
letter, however, was never delivered ; for be- 
fore the vessel by which it was sent reached 
the harbour the Chesapeake was under way 
and standing out under a cloud of canvas. 
Expectation in Boston was at an intense 
height, and crowds of pleflsiu^*-boats and 
other small craft accompanied the ship in 
order to witntiss her triumph over the enemy, 
Aj* she came on she shortened sail, sent down 
her upper ^yards, and so, with a flag at each 
masthead, rapidly drew nean Broke mean- 
while called his men aft on the quaiier-deck, 
and, after tbe manner of the heroes of old, 
addressed them in a abort and telling spech, 
commenting on the successes which the 
Americans with a great superiority of force 
had obtained, and concluding, ' Don't cheer, 
go quietly to your quarters, I feel sure you 
w^ilf all do your duty; remember you have 
the blood of hundreds of your countrymen to 
avenge.' * Mayn't we have three ensigns, sir, 



avn 
ike she has P asked a seaman. *No,* an- 
swered Broke ; * we've alwavs been an un- 
assuming ship,* As the Cneaapeake came 
down nearly before the wind, the Shannon, 
which had been waiting for her, filled and 
gathered steerage way; the Che^sapeaJco 
rounded to on her weather-quarter at a dis- 
tance of about fiftv yards, and, as she ranged 
alongside, received the Shannon's broadside 
fiired with the utmost coolness and deli- 
beration, each gun aa it bore. The elFect 
was terrible ; more than one hundred men 
were laid low, Lawrence himself mortally 
wounded. Tbe return fire of the Che^sapeake 
was wild in comparison, although, at the very 
short range, it was sufficiently deadly. But 
the Shannon's men were well disciplined and 
trained; those of the Chesapeake were newly 
raised, strangers to each other and to their 
officers. A panic spread amongst them, and 
after sustaining another broai&ide as deli- 
berate aa the first and aa effective, the Che- 
sapeake, having her tiller ropes shot away, 
drifted foul of the Shannon* Broke, calling 
out * Follow me who can ! * sprang on board, 
followed by some fifty or sixty of his men* 
Tlie struggle was very short. The Americans, 
bewildere<i and panic-stricken, were beaten 
below without much difliculty. Broke was 
indeed moat seriously wounded on the head 
by a blow from the butt-end of a musket ; 
but within fift^een minutes from the time 



<»C tlio fim gun being find br tli«> ShAiuifKn 
tb» Aowrieui eoloort on bo«rd Vke Ch«aaf>e&ke 
wem hiiuM down, iad Ui9 English oalotm 

hoi^tini in tJunr Mead. 

The ftpnarf 'fitly Msy dfltim- -,f t)i.. r>,*.a«_ 
ii«fiik<', n Muip of tli9 Mne &• 
T.ir.M r HitJi ranre mim ttnd i . 

11 rh<'Shiim»on.creat«Mi it i 
n bc^th in AiiifricH ami n : 
Thi» trut* signiticunce of flin action has bwn 
potnt«d out by a French writer of our own 
tiOM*. * Captain Broke,* be fifths, *h>id com* 
niAntM the Shiuinmi few netrlj wren yeari ; 
Captain I^i^Tence had enmnumded the Che- 
napeake fnr but a few daysw The Shannon 
bftd cruiiied for ei^teen months on the cimtt 
of America ; the Chesapeake was newly out 
of harbour. The Shannon had a crew Irmg 
accustomed to habtta of strict obedience ; 
tbe Cfaeespeake was manned by men who 
bid just beat engaged in mutiny. Tbe A me* 
mans were wrong to accuse fortune on this 
occmioo. Fortune was not fickle^ she was 
merely In^cal. The Shannon captured the 
ChfWjjeake on I June 1813; but on 14 Sept. 
180(l» when be took command of hia frigate, 
Captain Broke had begun to prepare the 
glorious termination to this bloody aflkir* 
<1>E LA OKAVikRE, Guerres Mnniimes^ ii. 
S?72). This it is which constitutes Broke*s 
true title to distinction ; for tbe ea«v capture 
of the Clie»a|M»ake, which rendered him fa- 
mous, was due to his care, forethoup^ht, and 
skill, much more than to that exuberant cou- 
rage which caught the popular fancy, and 
which has handed do^^'n his name in the 
song familiar to every schoolboy as * brave 
Broke/ 

Honours an d congTttttilat ions were showered 
upon him. He was made a baronet 2o Sept, 
1813, and K.CJl 8 Jan. 1815 ; but, with the 
exception of taking the Shannon home in the 
autumn of 1#^18, his brilliant exploit was the 
end of his act i\ e Bt^rvice. The terrible wound 
on the bend had left him subject to nen'ous 
painSf which were much agpravateil by a se- 
vere fall from his horse on 8 Atig, 1820, and 
although not exactly a valet iidinarian, his 
health was far from robust, and his ^ufleringa 
were at times intense. He became in course 
of seniority a rear-admiral on 1^2 July 1830, 
and died in Ixindon, whither he Imd gone for 
nsedi cal ad v ice, on 2 J n n . 1 84 1 . His remains 
were carried to Broke Hall, and were interred 
in the pttri.sh church of Nacton, Fie had a 
numerous family^ many members of which 
died voting. The eldest son, who succeeded 
To the baronetcy, died immarried in 1855; 
the fourth son, t)ie present baronet (who has 
taken from his mother's family the name of 
Middleton), has no cbUdren, and at bis death 



I the title will beeome ext inct . Two dati^tfi> 

I of a still TOimg«r mo are the sole reprewttti- 

. tiveis in tlie tecond gfeneration of the capur 

I of tbe Chesapeake ; tbe younger of ^hm » 

nifif^i***! to Sir L^mbton Lorame, bart., oip- 

N\^ the other to tbe Hon. Jimif 8c 

^ Sfuimftrex, eldest son of \jai^ h 

7. : II ! erandson of the first lorl 

I- cnrinuiijon in arms. Both h*T» 

is9u«. 

I [Brighton's Memoir of Admiral Sir P. B, T. 

I Broke, Bnrt,, K,CJi., compiled * chiefly froB 
Jotiroals and Letters id the pocsesKioQ of Vim^ 
admiral Sir Geoigo Broke- Mttldlet on, CR:' 
nMas eootiibuttd by Sb George Broke-Midd1*4flB; 
iUMMftteh't Naval Warof 1812,] J, K. L 

BROKE or BHOOK:^ Sib RICIURD 
(d, lo29|^ chief baron of the exciiemi^^ra 
fourth aon of Thonaaa Broke of I^ight«e ia 
Oheshtre, and hta wif^, daugbter and heraidf 
John Pnrker of CopnalL His ancsestoca hil 
bet'U Hrokfj* of I^ighton since the twdM 
century, and came of a common stock witk 
the Bnx^kes of Norton. On 11 JuIt 151A 
(Pftt 2 Htn, nil, p, 2, m. 2, and &£) b 
obtained a royal exemption &om beocoiaf 
seHeant-at-law, an honour then oon^M 
only on barristers of at lea«t aixte<« jtad 
practice at the bar. Perhaps he waa detoTii 
as others had been (Dfodaxe, Orig. p. IIOX 
bv the great expenses attending the |iTomi>- 
tfon ; but he did not long- avail himself of fci 
privilege, he beinjr one of the nine seijf«ni3 
appointed in the following? Novembtr. H# 
was double reader in his inn, the 3Cddlp 
Temple, in the autumn of 1510, and wa^ 
have passed his first reiulership before \Ut 
at which date Du^dale s li«tt ot rvmdei* ooo- 
menoes. In the **pritig of 151 1 (2 Hen.\Tiri, 
from under-sheriff he became recorder of Lo^ 
don, an office he filled tiil 1520. Fossaf? 
he represented tbe city of London in tbe psr- 
liamenta of 1511 and 1515, the return* oT 
members to which jyarl laments art* slated ^ 
be * not found ' in the Houst? of Lords' Reiwit 
In the parlinnient of 1523 he was one of ti* 
triers or petit ions. In J une 1519 he aw***^ 
as a junior justice of nssiae for tht.* Nofipft 
circuit. He became a jud^e of thr romsiOB 
nleas and knj^fht in 1520 (tin e« levied Eist*f. 
12 Hen. VHT), and chief baron of the «' 
chequer on 24 Jnn . 1 52H ( Com. de Term. H3l^ 
17 Tien. VIIT, Hot. 1 ). and continued in boti 
offices tdl hi.^ death in May or June 163P 
As «?erjeant, and afterwards a.^ judgft, ki^ 
name uppears in many commissions for tk< 
homt- and Norfolk eircuits;. His wi^" ' 
6 May 1525*. was proved on 2 Jul} 

his widow, daughter of I^edee, h\ ^ r? ^r. 

ht? left three sons, Robert (afterward/of !VK* 



Broke 



389 



Broke 



on), William, und John, and four daiighters, 

Srid^et^ Uic*:?ly. ElkiilWtli (married 

IToiilaBhurst), and Mitrgar^t. Bridget had 
Tied George Fastolfe of Naoton» who 
[ without i«8ue in 1527, leaving hU ma- 
I of Nacton, Oowhall, and ShuJlondhall, 
|iifiblk^ to her, with remiiinder to her father | 
nd his heirs, wbo thus becume Brokes of, 
foctort. Sir Richard l+ift property in Nor- 1 
olkf Kerit, SiirreVj and Sussex. A direct I 
endant^ Kohort Firoke of Nacton, was 
ated baront't in UMU^ and died without 
Je issue in ]693» when the ej*tat^»B passed 1 
fa bk nephew liobert, grandfather of Admiral 
-^ Philip Bowes Vere Broke [q. v.] ^ 

[FoM*8 Live* of the JadgoB ; l>ugddle a Orig. 
lond. p. 315, aad Chronica Series, pp. 79. SO; 
Niwrod'd Cheshire, iiL 241 ; H&rL MS. 1660, 
17 * ; Cftl. WtatB Papers, Hen. VIH, voU. \Av, ; 
IffoorthouL'k'a London, p, 893 Add, ; Stow'a Sup- 
ty ; Broke 8 will in Someraet Housi.1 

k H. B. 

BKOKE or BROOKE, Sm HUBERT 
|tf, 1558), speaker of the House of GommonB 
ad chief justice nf the common ple««, wm 
he eon of Thoraaa Broke of Ciavorley, Shrop- 
"^'"e, by his wife Margaret, daughter of Hugh 
fro(avenor «»f Farmeote Hall in the mme 
ounty. He wai^ admitted B.A. at <Jilbrd 
July 15:il {Oa/. Unir. Rpff. ed. B<jase, i. 
Ill), He afterwards studied at the Middle 
Temple^ where in 1 542 he was elected autumn 
ader, and in Lent 1551 double reader. He 
eld successively the offices of common ser- j 
Qt and recorder of Lrmdon ( be i n^ appoin ted ' 
t the latter office in 1545), and represented . 
the city in several parliaments, (Jn 17 Oct. 
^^1552 he was made a serjeant-at-law. On ' 
^Hii April 1554, while still recorder, be was 
^B^o^u speaker of the House of Com mon§* The 
^HBecond parliament of Queen Mary, over which | 
^^^e wa« elect-ed to preside, was dechired in the 
' opening speech of the chancellor (Bishop 
Gardiner) to be called * for the corroboration , 
pf true religion, and touching the oueena 
' 'ghne&a's most noble marriage/ Broke was 
ra Ee&louB cathoUe/ and his conduct as 
ker gave great satisfaction to the queen, 
le was appointed cbief justice of the cora- 
aon pleas on 8 Uct» 1-554 (Wood erroneously 
rives the date as 155.*i), and on 27 Jan. 
oUowing wa.s knighted by King Philip. Ou 
Feb. 1554^^7 he sat in the court which 
vas api>oiuted to try Charles, h»rd Stourton, 
or the murder of tJie Hartgill^, and it is 
entioned m Machyn^s * Diary * that, the pri- 
oner having obstinately refused to plead, the 
lord chief justice at last rose and threatened 
fliim with the punishment of beinff preesed 
to deatli, upon which ho pleaded guilty. 
Broke died ou Sept. 1558 while on a visit 



I 



to his friends, at Claverley, hiu native place^ 
and L9 buried in the chancel of the parish 
church there. Isi the * Gentleman's Maga- 
zine' (xcli. pt. ii, 490) is a description of his 
monument at Claverley, with a copy of the 
inscription, which states that he was* twice 
married, and had seventeen children. Ac- 
cording to Wood be left to his descendants 
* a fair estate at Madeley in Shropshire, and 
one or two places in Suffolk.' The mention 
of Suffolk, however, is probably a mistake j 
^Vood was apparently thinking of the Broke 
family of Nacton^ who derived their descent 
from Sir Richard Broke [q, v.] Tlie same 
writ4»r informs us that Sir Hrtbert Broke, by 
hi« will proved 12 Oct* 1558, made .several 
bequests to the church and pofir of Putney. 

Broke was held in gr^at reH|>t?ct a>« a 
learned and upright jutlge, and also ob- 
tained a high reputation as a legal writer. 
The following is a list of hi?* works, none of 
which seem to have been publislu^d during the 
author*8 lifetime: 1, ' La Graunde Abridge- 
ment,* 15(J8, This is an abstract of the 
year-books down to the writers own time, 
and is principally ba.Hed on the work by Fif a- 
herbert bearing the same title. Brokers 
treatise, however, is considered superior in 
lucidity of arrangement to that of Fitxher- 
bert,aad contains ali^o Home valuable original 
matter. Sir E. Coke and ol her eminent legal 
authorities have praised it highly. Further 
editions were published in 1570, 1573, 1570, 
and 158(J. A selection from the ^Abridge- 
ment/ comprising the more recent ca^es 
which Broke had added to FitJEherbert/s col- 
lection, was published in 1578, under the 
title of * ^Vi«cuns novel 1 Cases de les Ans et 
Temps le liny Henry Vin, Edward VI, et la 
Roygne Mary,e?M!rie ex la Graunde Abridge- 
ment.- This volume was reprinted in 1587, 
UXI4, and 1025, It waa trans lateid into 
English by J. March (^* Some New Cases of 
the Years and Times of King Henry VIII, 
Edward VI, and Queen Mary/ 1 051), and an 
edition of this tran.^lation, together with the 
original Norman- French, %vn5 published in 
1873. 2, * A Heading on the Statute of 
Limitations,* 1(U7. 3. *A Heading u]>oa 
the Statute of Magna Charta, cap. 10/ 1041. 
This work is erroneously attributed bjr Wood 
to another Robert Brooice, who died m 1597, 
although the title-page gives to the author 
the designations ot seneant-at-law and re- 
corder of London, which clearly identify him 
with the subject of this article, 

[Wood's AthenJE Oion. ed. Bliss, i, 267 ; Ma^ 
chyn*8 Diary, 27» 126 ; Journid^of the House of 
C^imraons, i, 33; Dugdale's Ori^. Jurid.21tt, 217 ; 
Hnrl. MS. 60^4, 80 6 ; Foss's Lives of the Judges, 
v. 3<J0 ; Geot. Mug. xcil pU ii. 490,\ R ^- 



Broke 



390 



Broke 



r 



r 



BBOKE or BROOK- THOMAS {^ 
1560), rmti^ljitor, wn^ vi aldermiii] of C&I&ia, 
the chief clerk of tLe exchequer and cus- 
tomer there iil the time when the preaching 
of Williiim Smith at *hir Lad/» Church in 
that tow^i led many persons, and Broke 
amon^ them, to adopt * reformed* opinions. 
Broke was ii member of parliament, eit ting- 
probably for CftlniB, and in July 1539 ^poke 
strongly againM the Six Articles Bill, though 
Cromwell nent to warn him to forbear doing 
so nH he loved his life. Part of hia speech 
IS pr*.'i**^r\'ed by Foxe (Artjt and MonufnenU^ 
\, fiO;)). He was roughly an#iwered by Sir 
William Kingston, comptroller of the kings 
household y who was reproved by the speaker 
for his attempt to interfere with the freedom 
of debate. The next month, at the trial of 
Hare, a soldier of Calais, for heresy. Broke 
interfered on the prifonera behalf, and was 
rcbnkfjd by the di^an of arches. Half an 
hour later be found himnelf accused of the | 
aame crime on the information of the council 
of Calais, and on 10 Aug. wa* committed to 
the Ileet along with John Butler, a priest i 
of the same town, who was also a ' eacra- , 
mentary.' As, however, the Calais witnesaea 
could prove nothing agntnst him» he was re- 
Uaaed. In 1540, 32 Henry VUI, the king , 
demised two chapels in the parish of Monk- 
ton, in the liberty of the Cinque rort*, to a I 
Thomas Broke for 42/. 7^. 1 Id. (Hastbd, | 
Sentf iv. 840 n.) As Broke the translator , 
was paymaster of I>over in 1549 (see below), 
it is at least possible that be was the lessee. 
Another attt^mpt was made against Broke in 
the spring of 1540. His senant was im- 
prisoned by the council of Calais and strictly 
examined as to hia master'a conduct, and 
*tbe second Monday after Easter' Broke 
waa committed to the mayor's gaol» * whither 
no miin of his calling was ever committed 
unless sentenc*^ of death hud first l>een pro- 
nounced upon him ; ' for otherwifse he should 
have bt»en nnprisoned in a brother alderman 'a 
bouse. All nis goods were seized, and hia 
wife and chiblren thrust into a mean part of 
his house by Bit Edward Kingston. Indig- 
nant lit such treatment, Mi^tre^s Broke an- 
sw^ered a tlireat of Kingston's with * Well, 
sir, well, the king's slaughter-house bad 
wrong when you were made a gentleman ' 
(FoXE. V. r)76i She wrote to complain to 
CTomweO and to other friend.?, and, finding 
that her letters were fteixed by the council, 
aent a secret messenger to Englatid to carr3' 
the news of the suflPenngs of her liui^band and 
of ^oae imprisoned with him. On receiving 
heir message, Cromwell ordered that t!ie pri- 
soners should be sent over for trial^ and on 
Majdaf they were led through the streets I 



of Calais, Broke being- in irons as tJie 'diirf 
captain * of the rest. Broke waa oommittod 
to the Fleet, and lay there for aU>ut twri 
years. At the end of that time he and hn 
twelve companions were released * in v«2v pojr 
estate,' In 1550 the name of Thoma.* ^rofo 
occurs among the chief sectaries of Eem. 
Although from the chAracter of his UtcazT 
work it is impoasiblt* to aiippa«<e that Brdb» 
the translator could have been ont* of tL» 
* Anabapti^s and Pelagians ' spoken of by 
StType(Jf^*i7iona/jr, II. i.369), yet if, as mtmi 
likely, he was dissatisfied with the nev 
BooS of Common Fraver, he may have be- 
longed to a separate? congregation, and » 
have been descnbed as sharing the opiniaBi 
of the majority of the sectaries of tW d»- 
trict. His works are : 1. • Certeyn Mediti- 
cions and Things t^o be had in RemembrauMa 
... by euery Christian before he receiae 
the Sacrament of the Body and Bloude r>f 
Christ, compiled by T. Brote,^ ll>48. 2, 'Of 
the Life and Conuers^eion of a ChriMea 
Man . . . wr>i;ten in the Latin tonge by 
Mftist^r JohnCaluyne. . . , Translated tBte 
English by Thomas Broke, Esquire, Pty- 
master of Douer,' 1549. In the prologue of 
this translation the identity of Broke with 
the alderman ol Calais is made clear, 'I 
have (good reader)/ he writes, * translated a 
good part more of the institution of aChriir^n 
man, wrytten by this noble clerke \%^'f'"l T 
cannot nowe put in printe, partly 
mine owne busjTiea a^ w^ell at Dout_ _ 
Calleis/ 3. The preface to * Geneua. Tasf 
Forme of Common Praiers used in t^ 
CTiurches of Geneua . . . made by Master 
JohnCflluyne, . . . Certajne Graces* be addi^ 
in the ende to the pravse of G»>d« to besay^ 
before or after meals, 1550. An imperfect 
copy of this rare 12mo, printed by EL Vliit- 
cbiirch, is described in Herbert's 'Anse?' 
(p. 547). To the beautiful com in theGrta- 
ville Library in the British Museum i^ ap- 
pended a note in Grenville s ban- ■ n 
w*bicb he call:^ attention to it^ ] 
dition, and declares his belief iluti n t- iii«* 
only c^^py extant. In hjs preface Broke »y« 
that the graces are hie, and tbat perhaps 
Sf^me will find them over-long; the nKt is* 
paraplinL^e of the Ten Commandment- H^ 
also makes another mention of his ' 
translation from Calvin*s* Institution ' 
he had ready and wa.<5 about to put forth, b 
this was ever printed, it appears to bn\ -^ ^'''^ 
no !<ign of its existence. R Wbitchur 
printed the English Liturgy the year 
and this translation of tne Genevan loru* 
seems to indicate a desire that changes should 
be made in it so as, to bring it nearer to tli»* 
practices of the CalTimstic congregatiojis 




^ 



►broad. 4. * A Reply to » Li bell ca«t abroad 

* L defence of D. Ed. Boner, by T. Brooke/ no 

ate. 

[Foxo'g Acta and MoDtiment» (ed, 1846), t. 

198-^20 ;' Chrorriclo of Cakis, 47, Camden Soc. ; 

ftnmers Lettera, 302, Parker Soc, ; StType^H 

' eiafitkal Memorialfl (8yo ed.), ii. i. 369-70 ; 

d'« HJBtory of Kent, fv. 340 ; Broke*a ' Of 

/fe and CoDu<^raation/ and * The Forme of 

non Praiers,* with Grenvi lie's not^ na iiboTe, 

' In the Brit. Mn». ; Herberts Ames's Typogr. An- 

tiq. 647. 619, 620, 678 ; Maillund'i Early Engliflli 

Bootka in the L^imbetlx Library, 14; Maunfietl's 

rOalalogne of English Printed Books (1595), 24 ; 

iier*B BibL Brit. 129.] W, H. 

BROKESBY or BROOKESBiry, 

FRAXCiS Ott37-l"l'*)» Tionjuror, the soo 
of Obadiah BrokesbyT a gentleman of inde- 
pendent fort line J of Stoke Golding^ Leices- 
terabireT and hm wife £lliEabeth| daiigliter of 
James Pratt, WeUingborough, Northaon>- 
tonshire, wag bom on 29 Sept, 1637, liia 
imcle Nathani**! was a scboolmaBter. As all 
tbe nine children of bis grandfather Francis 
received script iirnl names, it u probable that 
be came of a puritan stock. He became a 
member and nftenvardw a fellow of Trinity 
College, Cambridge, taking the degree of 
B.D. in 1666. A religious poem of some 
beauty compoaed by him on the occasion of 
bis taking bis degree illustrates the fervent 
piety of bis character* Thia poem is pre- 
6er\'ed inJ^ichols's *Historvana Antiqnities 
of Hinckley/ 737. lie proSnbly took orders 
early, for on the presentation of his college 
he succeeded John Warren, the ejected rector 
of Broad-nak, Essex. He lived on friendly 
terms witl* hia pr^decese^or, who uBed to 
come and hear him preach (Palm eh, Ni/ncmi- 
formists' Metnoriaif ii. 202). In 1670 he left 
BroodKMik, and became rector of Rowley in 
the East Riding of Yorkshire. Soon after he 
entered on this new cure be married Isabella ^ 
daughter of a Mr. Wood of Kingston-upon- 
HulL From about this time onwards he 
used to write in his p«X"ket-books short 
Latin memoranda on the incidents of his 
daily life. Several specimena of these me- 
moranda have be*>n preserved (Nichols, 
Hinckley , 736-4€), Though they give some 
idea of his peculiar piety, tliey are for the 
most part concerned with domeetic mat- 
ters. During his incumbency at Rowley he 
appears to have been involved in several dis- 
putes and lawsuits about tithes. He refen^ 
to these disputes in his memoranda of 1678 
and 16^0; on 31 July 1683 he enters a 
thanksgiving for the successful issue of a 
suit, and in the same year registers a vow 
that if he gains a cause then pending he will 
devote half the tithe so recovered to the 




relief of the poor. When the revolution of 
1688 set William and Mary on the throne, 
Brokesby refused to take t!ie oath to the 
new soverei^s. He was ac^-ordingly de- 
prived of his living in 1690. He went 
up to London in July, and apf^ears to have 
been received by Lady Eairbom at her bouse 
in Pall Mall *over against the Pastures.* 
Meanwhile his wife, by that time the mother 
of six children, did what she could to wind 
up affairs. Writing to her sister on 8 Aug., 
sue says, ^ We are now cutting down our com, 
for we cxuinot sell it.' After his deprivation 
Brokesby lived for some years in his native 
village, and there his wife died and was 
buried on 26 Feb. 1699. 

Brokesby s private property seems to have 
been small. Ilis high character and his re- 
putation as a scholar gained him many 
friends aroong the men of his own party. 
Chief among these was Francis Cherry of 
Shottesbrooke, Berkshire, to whose liberal 
kindness Thomas I Team e and many other 
nonjurors were indebted. After bis wife's 
death Brokesby appears to have resided con- 
stantly at Shottesbrooke, and early in 1706 
succeeded Mr. Gilbert of St. John's College, 
Oxford, as chaplain to the little society of 
nonjurors established there (Hearne, Colleo 
tioTtfj i. 21 1 ), He travelled about a good deal, 
and generally paid a yearly rouna of visits 
in the north of England, probably to the men 
of his own party <, occasionally also going up 
to Oxford and London. At Shottesbrooke 
he enjoyed the societT of Robert Nelson, to 
whom ne rendered valuable assistance in the 
compilation of his book on the * Festivals and 
Fasts of the Church.' There, too, he formed 
a strong friendship with Henry Dodwell, 
sometime Camden professor of history at Ox- 
ford. In common with some other moderate 
nonjurors, Brokesby refused to take the oath 
simply because bis conscience forbade him 
to do so, and not as a matt'Or of politics. If 
James were dead, he declared that he would 
have no objection to swear allegiance to 
William and Mar\', because they would be 
in possession, wlnl*^ the claim ot the Prince 
of Wales would l>e ^ dubious ^ (Nichols, 740). 
The death of James, however, was followed 
by the oath of abjuration, and neither 
Brokesby nor his friends were pre/pared to 
declare that the kingship of WiUiam of 
Orange was founded on right. At the same 
time, while he warmly uplield the cause of 
the deprived bishops, ecclesiastical division 
was gnevous to him, and he fully shared in 
the opinion expressed in Dodwell's work, * The 
Case in View,' that on the death or resig- 
nation of these bishops their party iniglit 
return to the national communion. Tba 



mm eouVemfli^te^ by Dodwell became a fact 
wbcoi tha death of bishop Lloyd on 1 Jan. 
1710 wa« followed by the resignation of 
liifthop Ken, and accordingly Brokei^by, l^od- 
well, und Neh»on rt-turnifd to the communion 
of the established church, and attended s*?r- 
vic«< at Sbottefibfooke Church on 28 Feb. 
(Mam^uall, D^ifettce a/ our {kftiKtitututn^ 
app, iv, end vi.) A letter from 8. Parker of 
t>xford, dated 12 Nov. {Gent. Maa. 17f»9, 
vaL Ijtix, pt. i,), appoars to have called forth 
a r^ply dat*Mi 18 Now, in wliich Brokeabr 
shows that * the new biiiliona * were merely eut 
fragana, that no aynodical denunciation had 
inveated them with independent authority 
after the deaths of the deprived dinc*»ean8, 
that ih© * deprived fathers* had no power to 
inveat them with f.uch authority, and that 
therefore they were not diocesan bishops 
(Maushall, app. xi/) Brokesb^, then, had 
no part in what may be deacjibed as the 
84chism of the nonjurors. He lost his 6ieiid 
Dodwell in 1711, and the next year he de- 
scribes himself in his will, dated 15 Sept. 
1712, as sojourning at Hinckley. He was 
then in good health* The death of Francis 
Gherry in 1713 caused him deep grief. He 
died at Hinckley, and was buried at Stoke 
oa M Oct. 1714. Of his six children his 
elder son Francis died in early life, and his 
younger son, who became a meicliant, also 
died before him* His four daughters siu^ 
vived him; the second, Dorothy, married 
Samuel Parr, vicar of Hinckley, and was 
thus the grandmother of Br, Samuel Parr, 
the famous Greek scholar. Brokeshy was 
tJie author of: L *Some Proposals towanls 
promoting the Propagation or the Gospel in 
our American Plimtations,' 1708, 8vo. 2. A 
tract entitled *(H' Education with respect to 
Grammar Schools and the Universities, lo 
which IS anni-xed a Letter of Advice to a 
Young Gentleman, By F. li, B.D.J 1701, 
12mo. 3. * A Letter containing an Account 
of some Ok<^er\'ations relating to the Anti- 
quities and Natural Hi!*tory of England,' 
16 May 1711, in 11 earners ' Leland^.s Itine- 
rary%' \i. preface, and 89-107, ed. 1 744. 4. *An 
History of the Oovemment of the Primitive 
Church for the first three centuries and the 
beginning of the fourth . . , wlierein also the 
Suggestions of David Binndel ♦ . . are con- 
sidered,' 1712, 8vo. ly. * The Divine Right of 
Church Ooverninent bv Binhops asserted,' 
17i1.Hvn. 6, ' The Life of Mr. Henry Dod- 
well, with an Account of his Work . . , / 
2 vols, 1715, Hvo* In this work, which was 
published after the aurhorV deatlu he speaks 
(p. 311) of the help Dndwell had given him 
in preparing Iiis book on church government. 
7. various Letters. 



[J. Nlahob'fi History and AntiqiutiaQf fitodt- 
\ej, Imug part of th« History ojf LoieaibMiliire. 
iv. 716-19. 725. 737-42, also len fully is ML 
Top. Brit. vii. 173 ; Br6kmhnf^9 History of the 
GovernmeDt of thr> Church, and Life of Dodvcll 
9ev pn'fac« : Marsh id I's Defence of ova Oooitic^ 
lion io Choich and State . . . with an Appcedix 
. . . coBtaiuing . . . Divers Letten of . . . dke 
Rev. Mr. BroolteKby, 1717; CalainvV 5ooeofi- 
formiifte* Metnoriid (Palmer), ii. 202 ; Heamef 
Collections, i. 211, and an ab«tr%ut of a lo<l«r«f 
F. B. on the pAilFrboTD or Venice editaoa ol tbe 
firvt pitrt of 33rrl bckok of Li^y* Oxfcud Hift. 
8oe. : J. G. KichoWc Lit«r&rjr nlastradiiM. h. 
117; Oont. Mag. Ixir. pt, i. 46S ; l^hborft 
History of the Nonjuror*, 1 99-2 1 7] W. H. 

BROME, ADAM de (d, 1332), foimdtt 
of Oriel (_*ollege, Oxford, of whose earlr lifr 
nothing is known, was rector of Hanworth 
in Middleiiex in 1315, chancellor of Duriiani 
in 1316, archdeacon of Stow in 1319. sad in 
the same vear was m&de vicar of St. Mary to 
Oxford, lie was also a clerk in chancery laH 
almoner of Edward IL In 1 324 he ree'etivl 
the royal license to purchase m me^uage and 
found a cx)llege in Oxford to the hoaoiir of 
the Virion Mary. He obtained several bene- 
factions from Edward II for his new foundi- 
tion, which was to consist of a provost uitl 
ten fellows or scholars, who were to devote 
themselves to the study of dirinity, logic, 
Of law. He was appointed the first* proTOft 
by the king in 1325, and drafted his statutes 
in the following year. The statutes bear a 
close resemblance to those which Walter 
da Merton had framed for Merton CoU^. 
Brome died in June 1332, and was buried h 
St. Mary's Church, Oxford* 

[Wood's ColIegeB and Halls (OatchX ISl 
&c- ; Statute* of Oriel College, in Scatotai of 
Colleges of Oxford (1853), voL i.] M. C 

BROME, ALEXANDER (1620-I6fl<^ 
poet^ born in 1620, was an attomey in iht 
lord mayor's court, according to Lan^d«iae. 
and in the court of king^s bench, ac(^rdi&ff 
to Richard Smith's ' Obituary,* puhliabed 
by the Camden Society. During the cM 
wars he disting^shed himself by bia attach 
nient to the royalist cause, and was tbeautbor 
of many sotig« and epigrams in ridicule of the 
Hump. In 1653 he edited* in an Byo volume 
*Five NewlMayes^ by Riehard Brome [q.T.] 
(to whom htf was not related), and in 1659 filf 
more *New Playes/ 1 vol. 8vo. He palh 
I (shed, in 16.'*4/a comedy of kis owtl, en- 
titled * The Canning Lovers,* His ' Songs anrl 
Poems* were collected in 16*U. Bvo, with 
commt ndfttory verses by Izaak Walton aii^ 
others^ iind a dedication to Sir J. KohinsoiL, 
lieutenant of the Tower. The second editioa, 
' corrected and enlarged/ appeared ia 16^ 



To this edition are prefixed ft proftM commen- 
dfltory letter signed * K. B/ (probably the 
uutialtt of Hichiird Brathwaite), additionBl 
Tenefl hy Charles Strynings and VrdentintJ 
Oldys, and a prose letter signed * T. H/ 
Among tbe new poems in tlus edition are an 
^uatie * To his friend Thomas SUnley, Esq., 
^■hig CMe^j' and * Cromweirs Panetfyrick/ 
lird edition, with a few additionalpoemB 
and with elegies by Charles Cotton and 
Richard Newcourt, appeared in M\S, 8vo. 
Brome was a spirited ^ong-writer, and hta I 
bacchanalian lyricf^ have always the true I 
ring. Phillips, in his *Theatnim Pot^tarum/ 
says that he * was of so jovial a strain that 
among the eons of Mirtli and Bacchus, to 
whom hifl aack-inspired songs have been so 
often song to the spritely violin, his name 
cannot choose but be immortal ; and in this 
respect he mav well be styled the English 
Anacreon/ His gatirtt^al pieces are sprightly 
without being offensively gross. Brome was 
a contributor to, and editor of, a variorum | 
translation of Horace, published in lti66. 
He had formed the intention of tranfllatLng 
Lucri^ius, as we leani from an epigram of , 
Sir Aston Cokaine (Poerru^ p. 204) ; but he 
did not carry out his project. Coram enda- 
tor>' pof'ms by Brome are prefixed to the first 
folio edition of Beaumont and Fletcher's • 
works (l(t47), and to the second edition of 
Walton's ' Angler/ 1 055. He died on 30 June 
1666. An x\lHxaiider Brome, who died before I 
25 Sept. liw>(\ was a member of the New 
River Company. There are songs of Bnome's 
in ' Wit's InterDreteT/ * Wit restored,' * Wit | 
and Drollery/ AVestminster Drollery/ 'Tlje 
Bump/ and other collections, llie * Covent 
Garden Drollery/ Bi71, edited by A, B., has 
beet) wrongly attributed to Brome. 

[Coraer's Collectanea 4agle>-Foetieji, iii. 114- 
119; Laogbaines Bmmatic Foctu with Oldys's 
MS. annotations ; Phillip»*8Thflatnim Poetariim, 
1675.] A,H.B. 

BROME, JA3IES (>i, 1719), author of 
two books o! travels, was ordained rector of 
Chpriton, Kent, on 9 June l(>7t5, and l>ecame 
vicar of the adjoining pari#«h of Newington 
in 1677. He was also chaplain to the 
Cinque Ports. In 1694 there appeJin*d * His* 
torical Account of Mr. R. Rogers's three 
years* Travels over England and Wales,^ 
and in 1700 Brome published under his own 
name * Travels over England^ Scotland^ and 
Wales.* He stated in the preface tliat it had 
only lately come to his notice that his own 
•Tnivels* had stolen, in an imperfect and 
erroneous form, into the world as the travels 
of Mr» Rogers, and that he had been forc&d to 
publiBh an authentic version i^n sell'-^efence. 



A second edition appeared in 1707. Another 
book of travels by Brome appeared in 1712, 
under the title * Travels through Portugal, 
Spain, and Italy/ He also published in 
169*3 William Somner's * Treatise of the 
Roman Port^i and Forts in Kent/ and he is 
the author of several single sermons pub- 
lished. He died in 1719. 

[Hiisttd's Kent, iii. 392, 399 : Brit. Mns. Cat.; 
Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Notes and Queries, 3rd series, 
iii. 49.] T, F. H. 

BEOME, RICHARD (d. 1662?), drama- 
tist, h thought to have died in 1652 (when his 
last play was published wit h a dedication from 
liis own hand)j and wa^i certainly dead in 1 653 
(see Alexander Brome * To the Headera/ 
IVorhtf i. 2). Nothing, or next to nothing, is 
kuo'ftTi as to the date of his birth. In the pro- 
logue to the * Court Beggar,' acted 16^32, he 
speaks of himself as * the poet fiiU of age and 
cares/ His sumame, which is punned on by 
Cokaine (* W^eel change our faded Broom to 
deathless Bales'^, and daringly associated by 
AJexander Brome [q. v.] witn Plantagenet 
(*Twa8 Moyall once, but now 'twill be Di- 
vine ')j furnishes no clue as to his origin. He 
was no relation either of the dramatist, Alex- 
ander Brome who brought out several of his 
plays (* though not related to thy parts or per- 
son '), or of the * stationer,^ Henry Brome, who 
published others of Richard's dramas. A cer- 
tain * St. Br.,' however, is found addressing 
ftome verses * to his ingenious brother, Mr, 
Richard Brome, upon this witty issue of his 
brain, "The Northern Lasse.^'* Probably his 
birth was as humble as was his condition of 
life. Alexander Brome, in the lines jprefbted 
by him to the * Five New Playes ' of Richard, 
which he published in 1659, as^erta of him 
that *p(X>r he came into th^ world and poor 
went out/ But the surest testimony to his 
lowliness of origin lies in the fact that in hi« 
earlier days he was servant to Ben Jonson. 
(See Joneon^s lines 'To my faithful servant 
and (by his continued virtue) my loving 
friend, tbe ftuthor of this work [* The North- 
ern lefts'], Master Iticlmrd Brome» 1632/ 
h«.*ginning — 

I had you for a servant once, Dick Brome; 

and reprinted in Jonson's * Underwaods,^ 
Brome mu^t have been in Jonson's service as 
early as 1614, for he is mentioned by name 
as the poet*8 * man 'in the induction to * Bar- 
tholomew Fair' (acted 31 Oct. 1614). At 
what time between this and 1632 the rela- 
tion of master and servant was exchanged 
for that of mutvial friendly attachment is 
unknown. But this latter bond seems to have 
remained unbroken ti I IJonson's death. Gifford 
has shown that something like an attempt to 



ritH 



* an hoitility on Jonstm't part towards 
dinciple was made by Randolph and 
Others. After the faiJupe of Joa«oQ 8 * New 
Inn/ 1629, the aiigiT pot^t shwk the dust of 
the itoge off hia heeU in an angr? * Ode [to 
Hunaau]/ To this several of the younger 
{»oet6 replied from various points of view, 
amoag tnem Randolph in a parody fiill of 
homage, which contains these lines — < 

And let these thin^ in pluHh, ' 

Till they bo tAUght to bluf^h, 1 

Like what they will, and rntire o^mtented he I 

With what firoRie swept fn>in thse. | 

And^ in a 12nio edition of Jonson's minor i 
poems, published about three years after his 
deathitne * Ode [to Himself ]' was reprinted I 
with certain new readings foisted in ; among 
the T6et, in the lines 

There, sweepings do as well 
As th« bc«t-ordered meal* 

the alteration * Bromt^s sweepings * was in- 
troduced. Gilford states that very shortly 
after the condemnation of the * New Inn' 
Brome had brought out a successful piece, 
now lost ; and it is certain that not lon^ 
afterwards he produced the vexy successful 
'^ Northern Lass,' which, as has been seen, 
Jonsqn hailed with unstinted praise (see 
JoN»0!r*8 Works, ed. Oiflbrd, \\ 449). Brome's 
earliest dramatic niti-mpt, or one of his 
earliest, was a comedy eallerl * A Fault in 
Friendship,' written by him in conjunction 
with Jonson's eldest son, Benjamin, and acted 
at the Curtain Theatre in lft23 (TIalliwell, 
95), 

His con nee ho n with Jnnsoji made Brome 
what he was. Fret^ueot allusion to it is made 
by other writers {see Shirley's and John Hall's 
lines on the * Jovial Crew/ and * C. G. s " on 
the * Antipodes '}f and Brome himself refers 
to it with pride (see prologue to the ' City 
Wit '), and speaks witb reverence of Jonson 
himself (see, besides the lines in memory of 
Flet4iher, those to the Earl of Newcastle on 



i, liriii-lxr), Thomas Dekker, notwith- 
standing his quarrel with Jonson, addnoei 
verses * to mv sonne Broom and hie * 



hisplav called * The \'ariety/ prefijted to the 
* W ceding of the Coven t Gamen *). But^ if 
w© may judge chieHy fn>m the commenda- 
tory verses accompanying several of his plays, 
Brome was likewise on good terras with other 
more or less eminent flramiit ists. Among the 
verses prefbceti to the works of Beaumont 
and Fletcher is a len^hy copy by Brome, in 
which he describes himself as ha\^g known 
Fletcher 

in his strength ; even then, whfiu he 
Tbat was tho mw*ter of hia art and me, 
Mofi! knowi Dp Jonson (prtmd to call him son), 

declared himself surpassed by the younger 
writer (Byce, Beauniont and Fletcher^ 8vo, 



John Ford, on th«* occasion of the same play, 
writes as * the author's very friejid; ' Shirley 
praises the * Jovial Crew/ characteristially 
insisting that something liesidee uni?€TntT 
learning goes to the making of a gooi 
play. Of the younger dramatic writers Sir 
Aston C^okaine (see his praiudium to B£r, 
Richard Brome's * Five New Playes,' 1653), 
John Tatham (versei on the ' Jovial Crew \ 
Robert Chamberlam (on t he * Antipodes \ 
and T[homas] SfhadweU] (To Alexander 
Brome on Richard Brome's * Five New Playes,' 
1659) do honour to him or to his memon^ 
Nor, to judge from the dedications of hi* 
iilays, was he without patrons ; to the cele- 
brated Earl (afterwards Duke) of Newcastle, 
whom he complimented on tiis play called 
j * The Variety, he dedicated the * Sparagui 
j Garden;* to* the Earl of Hertford (aftCT- 
I wards Duke of Somerset^ who succeeded Kev- 
castle as yovemor to the Prince of Wales) 
the * Antipodes;' and other plays to the 
j learned Thomas Stanley and a gentleman of 
the name of Richard Holford, Eridentlr, 
however, he courted the applause of tie 
general public rather than the fit vour of par- 
ticular individuals, and had too genuine « 
dislike of dilettantism in play- writing to be 
a hanger-on upon great })eciple who dabbUd 
in the art like Newcastle or loved a book 
above all exercises like Hertford, Among 
the theatres for which he wrote were tba 
Globe and Blackfriars (the kind's compaoj)* 
and the Cockpit in Drury Lane and Sahsbory 
Court in Fleet Street (the queen *s playersl 
For William Beeston, who* about the time 
of the pro<luction of Bmme's * Antipodts' at 
Salisbury Court, began to play witii a com- 
pany of boys at the Cockpit^ Brome seems t<» 
Iiave had a special reganJl (see the enni^ 
the end of the * Antij^ea/ and the curioui 
passage in the epilogue to the '(iSoart B^igtr,' 
which we cannot, with Mr, J. A. Srmofoi^ 
interpret as referring to Jonson ; ct (5oLllD| 
AnimU of the Sta^y new edition^ ii, 16 bs)^ 
and iii. 138-9). 

Of Riclnird Bfome'a personal character ws 
learn hardly more thai what is implied ia 
Jonson 8 praise. Alexander Brome, in bij 
* Verses to the Stationer* on the * Five New 
Playes ' (1653), informs us that Richard wsa 
a devout believer. This will not be thought 
unieconcilable with his hatred of Scotch 
presbyterians (see the 'Court Beggar*) and 
of puritans in general (see ' Co vent Oiu ' 
weeded'). He appears to have acqu 
& certain amount of learning, for he : 
show of classical knowledge (t 



^ 



^ 

^ 



* Court Bt^ggar \ and perhaps knew a little 
German. In the * Novella a leading inci- 
dent is borrowed from an Italian novelist, 
or his French tranfilator (&ee Collier's note 
tx) J. Killigrew^a * Parson*8 Weddin|f' in 
Bodbley's Old En^itJth Plat/«, ed. W, C. 
Hazlitt, xiv. 480). But, at lenst after his 
great master had ' made liim free o' the 
trade/ his powers seem to have been com- 
pletely absorbed by hie profess ion as a plav- 
wTight, As to this profession or craft ne 
hadf as Jonson Tvrijte, 

leum'd it well and for it sonr'd his time, 
A prentisliip, which few do now udityea; 

he was content to be called a playmaker, 
inetead of author or poet (see prologue to 
the * DamoiselJe ') ; on the other hand he 
!iad a genuine, unsonhij^ticated love of a 
good play and a gooa player (8ee a capital 
passage m the * Antipodes,' i. 6), and was 
so ready to encourage anything making for 
theatrical succea*, tbat he could not even 
bring himself to disapprove of nlfective * gag * 
(fiee ib.uA). Delighting in his line of worK^ 
but neither able, nor asi a rule wdlling^ to go 
beyond it, Brome exhibits a characteristic 
mixture of self-con scion Janet's and modesty 
(see the prologues to the * Northern Lass* 
and tht" * Queen's Exchange '). He lays claim 
to * venting none but his own ' (epilogue to 
the * Court Beggar *) ; he merely pretends 
to mirth and sense, and aims only to gain 
laughter; so that thoee who look for more 
must go among the classicising ' poet-bounces' 
(prologue to tbe ' Novella ') ; what he has to 
snow is a alight piece of mirth : * yet such 
were writ by our great ma^sters of the stage 
and wit/ before 'the new^ straync of wit' 
and gaudy deeorntionfi came into fashion 
(prologue to the * Court Beggar' ). * Opininn ' 
is a thing which he cannot court < prologue 
to the * Antipodes '); yet at imother time 
he is ready to take the judguient of the 
public (epilogue to the * English Moor'), and 
can appeal to his * wonted modesty' (pro- 
logue to the ^ Sparagus Garden '). All this 
need not be taken very literally, more espe- 
ciaUy in one whose ideas were not always 
quite large enough for the spacious phrases 
of Ben Jonson. But (and tais is the inte- 
resting feature in Brome) he was really a 
conscientious workman who achieved such 
success as fell to his lot by genuine devotion 
to his task. Most certainly he was not a 
poet^ though on one occasion he bursts forth 
into a praise of poetry which has unmistak- 
able fire and distantly recalls a famous pas* 
sage in Spenser (* Sparagus Garden/ iii. o). 
Nor can he even be called an original writer. 
To Jonson he owes his general conception of 




comedy, his notion of * humorous 'characters 
(such as Sip Arthur Mendicant in the * Court 
Beggar/ ' Master Widgine, a Cockney Gen- 
tleman/ in the * Northern Lass/ the "pedant 
Sarpego and the female characters m the 

* City Wit/ Crossewill in *Covent Garden 
weeded/ Garrula and Geron witii his *wbi- 
lome ' citations in the * Love-sick Court '), 
and his profuse display of out-of-the-way 
learning or knowlecfge (see the vagabonds 
arffot in the ' Jo\ial Crew/ the military 
terms in * Co vent Garden weeded/ v. 3, and 
the enumeration of dances in the *New 
Academy/ iii. 2), He naturally here and 
there refers to favourite Jonson ian characters 
(to Justice Adam Overdo in * Covent Garden 
weeded/ i, 1, and to * Subtle and his lungs' 
in the * Sparagus Garden/ ii. 2)* It would 
be unfair to say that he owes anything of 
much importance to any other writer, imlees 
it be to Masainger, "who may have influenced 
Ilia graver eftbrts (e.g, in the * Love-sick 
Court " and the * Queen and Concubine *). 
With Thomas Hejrwood he was associated 
in the authorship of the * Lute Lancashire 
Witches/ printed WM, and written in con- 
nection with a trial for witchcraft held in 
16.S3 in the forest of Pendle in Lancashire, 
already notorious for witchcraft ( see the play 
in Hbtwood's Dramatic Work^t (1874), vol. 
iv* ; and ef. Ward's EmjU*h Dramatic Litt^ 
rature^ ii. 121-3), and perhaps of other dramas. 
He twice alludes to KuJjert Greene» but not 
as a dramatist. Among the pkvs of Shake- 
speare (who is mentioned with others by 
name in the 'Antipodes/ l 5), * A Winter^s 
Tale * and * Henry VlII/ perhaps also * King 
T/ear/ contributed hints for the * Queen and 
Concubine ; ' and * King Lear ' and * Mac- 
beth ' for the * Queen's Exchange.' The 'Two 
Noble Kinsmen ' cannot have been out of 
Brome's mind w^ht n he wrote the *■ I^ove- 
sick Court,' which has a romantic, monar- 
chical flavour and contains some curious 
allusions to the politics of the period pre- 
ceding the civil war; whil» the 'Beggar's 
Bush ' of Fletcher is most likely to have sug- 
gested the notion of the * Jovial Crew, or 
the Merry Beggars.* {To the 'Knight of 
the Burnmg Pestle ' Brome refers in the 

* Sparagus Garden/ iii. 2.) He is at times an 
effective constructor of plots, but this he 
owed to long experience and to excessive 
pains (see the * Lr>ve-«ick Court/ the * New 
Academy/ and more especially the 'Queen 
and Concubine' and the * Queen's Ex- 
change '). 

Of his plays some may be described aa 
comedies of actual life, moulded in the main 
on the example of Jonson ; others as roman- 
tic comedies, in which the interest chieH^ 



dapeada oo the iocidenU of the action. The 
two0ptGieiar«yliowevt!r^ utiything but strictly 
kept uunder, jttst oji the rough ver8« in 
which the latter kind i» chiefly written is 
inUanoingled in the comedies of life with 
proie in vAryiup proportions, or altogether 
aropped. of these comedies of actual life 
the Dest example is perhaps the * Jovial 
Orew' (of whicli a good criticism will be | 
found in an article on Brome's plays by Mr. 
J* A. Hvmonda in the * Academy/ :1\ March 
1874). ^bis clever picture of a queer section 
of society, with a breath of country air (not 
maybe of the very purest sort) blowing 
through itf was the latest of Brome's dramas, 
having * the luck to tumble last of all in the 
epidemicall ruin of the scene * (see Dedica- 
tion). It has also had the luck to enjoy a 
long life on the stag«^ having been revived 
after the Restoration (see Pepts's Diary, s,d, 
27 Aug. 1661) and again in 1731 as an 'opera' 
(probftbly in consequence of the popularity 
enjoved ny the * IJeggars Opera/ produced 
\72i), and performed as late as li 91 (Ge- 
ITbbt)* The most saccesfiful, however, of 
Brom8*8 plays seems to have been the ^ North* 
em Lass^ which was one of his earliest pro- 
duction^ and had before its publication been 

* often acted, with good api)lau8e, at the Globe 
and Blackfriars.' It contains a pathetic cha- 
racter (Constance) whose northern dialect 
seems, in the opinion of the public, to have 
imparted to h^r love-lorn insanity an original 
flavour which it is difficult to discover either 
in the character or in the scheme of the ac- 
tion. It seems to have been revived alter 
the Restoration (see Gejtest, i. 422), A play 
of more real cleverness and more essentially 
in the Jonsonian manner (it was very pro- 
bably suggested by Jonson's masque, the 
'World in the Moon,* 1620) was the * Anti- 
podva/ The * play witliin the play/ on which 
the main interest of tliis piece tunis, is an 
amusing extnivagania exhibiting the world | 
upside down ; and the comedy derives an 
ext>j»pti«inal literary interest from the re- f 
marks on the theatre occurring in it. The i 
^ Sparagufl Garden/ produced in 16S6, seems 
likewise to have been exceptionally popular 
(if '^ve are to suppose it to be referred to as 

* Tom Hoyden o Taunton Dean * in the epi- 
logue to the * Court Beggar/ but H alii well 
(249) seems to think this a separate play) ; 
here it need only be mentioned as an ejuimple 
of tiie consistent and unredeemed grossnese 
of Brome's * mirth/ and (inasmudi as the 
play has an air of truthfuhiess about it) as 
one araong many indications of the fact 
tliQt ill point of morals tht^re was not much 
to choose between the London world of 
Charles IFs reign and that of his father's. 



Finally* the 'Weeding of Covent Gardec 
or the Middlesex Justice of Peace/ a picture 
of manners on the * Bartholomew Fair* model, 
is worth noticiiig as a direct attempt at pro- 
moting a definite social reform, wfiich ap- 
pears to have been remarkably ^ticoessful 
(see * Another Prologiie/ prefixed to t h»* rvlaT \ 
Among the romantic comedies the * l w 
sick Court* and the * Queen and C<m. i- 
bine' are most worthy of mention; in tbt^ 
last-named Jeiirey is a good foal. In tht' 
foUowixig list of Bn>me 8 plays dates art 
given as far as ascertainable, but no at- 
tempt is made to establish a chronological 
sequence: 1. * A Mad Couple well mutid^ : ' 
comedy in prose. Perhaps the same as 
*A Mad Couple well met/ mentioned in 
a list of plavB belonging to the C<ock|Kt 
company in 1639 (Hall'iwell), Acoofd- 
ing to Genest (i. 207) this comedy was 
reproduced in 1677, as * revised' by Mrs. 
Aphra B«3hn. (See also Pepts's IHaly, *, fl 
20 Sept, and 28 Dec. ltJ87.) 2. *T1jV N k 
vella;* romantic comedy in verse. Xcied 
atBUckfrimr8,16a2. S. 'The Court Bc^rgsr;* 
comedy in verse &nd prose. Acted at the 
Cockpit^ \6il2. If the epilogue following 
this was tbe original epilogue, this play 
was written after the * Antipodes * and thi- 

* Sparagus Garden/ 4. * The City Wit, or 
the Woman wears the Breeches j*^ comtvly, 
mainly in prose, 5. * The Damoiaelle, or the 
New Ordinary;' comedy, mainly in vers 
Halliwell thinks this was one of the authoi 
earliest productions, Tbe above were pub- 
Lshed in one 8vo volume, by the care of 
Alexander Brome, in 1653, under the titlt 
of *Five New Playes by Richard Broma/ 
6. 'The Engliiih Moor, or the Mock }' 
riage ; ' comedy, mainly in verse ; * ol 
acted with general applause by his majesty 
servants.* Accordinx^ to Halliwell, a man 
script eopv of this play is in the 1!^- 
Lichfield Cathedral. 7. ** The Love- 
or t he Am bit ions Poli t iq ue ; * roouui * ly 
in verse. 8. 'The Weeding of the tk>veBf 
Garden, or the Middl^iex Justice of Paace; 

* a facetious comedy,* mainly in prose. 9. * The 
New Academy, or the New Exchange; * co- 
medy, mainly in verse. 10. * The Queen and 

Concubine;' rc^mantic comedy^ mainly in^ 

verse. The above were likewise pabltahsd^^ri 
in one 8vo volume^ by the care of Alexaitdii^H 
Brome^in 1659, under the same title as th^^^ 
16&S volume* IL *The Northt»m l^a^^s;' 
comedy, mostly in prose. FirRt prinl»?<i, 4to, 
1632 ; reprinted, 4to, 1684, with a n^w pro- 
logue by J. Haynes, and an epilogue ; and 
again, 4'to, 1706, new songs being add'-d* <^ 
which tlie music was composed bv l>ani( 
Purcell (IUluwbll). 12. *The Sp. 




I 



I 



Garden ; * comedy^ mainly in prose. Acted, | 
163*5, by the Competiy of Revels at Sali^lMiry 
Court;' first printed, 4to, 1640, 13. * The 
Antipodes ; ' comedy in verse. Acted, 1638, 
by the queen*s majesty's senftnts at Salis- 
bury Gourt ; first printed, 4to, 1640. It wa« 
revived in 1(161 (Pepys). ^ 14. ^A Jovial i 
Crew, or the Merrj' Beggars ; ' comedy, mainly i 
in prose, with verse. Acted^ 16-41, at the j 
Cockpit ; first printed, 4to, 1652, with a dedi- , 
cation to Thomas Stanley from the author; 
reprinted, 1684, 1686. It wUl bi found in 
vol. X, of the 2nd edition (1780) of Dodelev's 
* Old Plays.* Of the * comic opera ' an edition 
of 1760 is extant, and tliere are doubtless 
others. 15. 'Tlie Queen's Exchange; ' romantic 
comedy, mainly in verse, with numerous 
rhymes. Acte<l at Bkckfriarj* : first printed, 
4to, 1657; afterwardi* printed, 4to, 1661, i 
under the title of ^ The Royal Exchangie.' , 
Of all these fifteen plays a reprint in 3 vols. 
8vo was pubh^lied in" 1873, which pioualy 
preserves, together with the old spellinpf, all 
the misprints and the monstrous arrange- 
ment of the * verse.' Prefixed to vol. i. is a 
portrait authentirjited by Alexander Brome» 
andconopiefl by the laureate's wreath, which 
the mode«t playwright expressly deprec^i- 
ted (set* the prolog-ue to the * Damoiselle '). 
16 (P). ^ Tom Hoyden o' Taunton Dean,' if a 
distinct comedy or farce, was produced be- 
fore the epilogue to the * Court lie gfgar * was 
written (t\ owjfe). The three following plays 
-were entered in Richard Brome's name on 
the books of the Stationers' Company at the 
dates appended ( ?ee TIalliw ell) : 1 7, ' Chris- 
tianetta,^ 4 Aug. 1640; pmbablv not printed. 
18. * The Jewish Gentleman/ 4 Aug. 1040; 
not printed. 19. * The Love-sick Maid, or 
the Honour of Young ladies,' 9 Sept. 1653. 
Actedat court, 1629: not printed. 20 (.^).* Wit 
in a Madue«s.' Thin iday was entered on the 
Stationers' books 19 March 16S9,together with 
the ^Sparagus Garden ' and the * Antipodes,' 
and was probably by the eame author (Hal- 
liwkll) ; not printed {?). As already seen, 
Brome wrote together with Benjamin JonBOO 
the younger a comedy called : 21. * A Fault 
in Friend**hip/ mentioned by Sir Henry Her- 
bert, 8. d. 2 Oct. 1623 (Halliwell). With 
Thomas Heywood he wrote : 22. ' The I^n- 
casbire Witches ' (f. ante^ and compare as to 
the date of the production of this play Col- 
liex's not** to Field^s *■ A Woman is a Weather^ 
cock ' (v. 2 ) in » Five Old Play es,' 18^3. 23.* The 
Life and Death of Sir Martin Skink, with 
the W^ars of the Low Countries ; ■ entered 
on the Stationers* books 8 April 1654, but 
not print€^d. 24. *The Apprentice's Prize; ' 
entere<l 8 April 1654, but not ijrinted(HAL- 

UWELL). 



Besides hi splavB and the very commonplace 
lyrics contained in them, Brome T^-rot-e a .^ong 
(printed with*Covent Garden weeded ') ; a 
very long-drawn epigram or niece of occa- 
sional verse upon Suckling's *Aglaura,' nrinted 
in folio (i6.); some complimentary lines to 
the Earl of Newcastle (id.)r and some lines 
in memory of Iletcher, already mentioned 
(published in the folio of Beaumont and 
Fletcher, 1647). 

[HalIiwDir« Dictionary of Old English Plays 
(I860); Biocrrtphi.i DraniRtica (1812). i. 68-9 ; 
DrMilsley's Collection of Old Plays, 2iid edition 
(1780), X. 321-3 ; Genest's Accomit of the Eng- 
lii*h Stage (1832), x, 34-47 : Ward's History of 
English DmmiUic Literature (1&76), ii. 337-42; 
tb© 1873 reprint of Brrjme's Dramatic Works in 
3 vola. has been oecaaionally cited abora tm 
Work*.] A. W. W. 

BROME, THOMAS (d, L380), Carmelite 
divine, was brought up in the monastery of 
hi^ ortler in London, whence he proceeded to 
Oxford and attained the degree of muster, 
and also, aa it seems, of doctor in divinity. 
There he eeems to havedistinpiiished himself 
OS Q preacher. Returning' to London, he was 
made prior of hh house, and at a general 
chapter of the order, hcdd at Cambridjfe in 
1362, was appointed its provincial in Eng- 
land. This othce he resigned in 1379, and 
died in hh moniistery a year later. Bale 
(Senpt Brit, Cat vi. 01, p, 486) enumerates 
his works as follows ; ' Lectnra Theolog^ ; * 
* Encomium Scriptune Sacra? ; ' an exposition 
' in Paulum ad Romanos * (also on the preface 
by St. Jerome to that epistle) ; * Sermones de 
Tempore f * Quiestiones variie.' Another work 
mentioned by Tanner (BibL Brit. p. 1 30), and 
entitled * Lectiones pro iuceptione suaOxonii 
MCCOLTTli.' (perhaps identical with the * En- 
comium ■ above referred to), is of value as 
giving the date of Hrome^a procession to the 
degree, appurenlly, of D.D. None of these 
productions are now known to exist. Brome 
18 probably the Thomas Bnma*us described 
by Tanner (BihL Brit, 132) as a native of 
IJunbar, 

[Inland's Comm. do Script. Brit. cap. dcxviii. 
p. 37fi ; C. de Villidw's Bibliotheca Carmelitatia, 
ii. 807 8eq.. Oricans, 1752. folio.] E. L, P. 

BROMPIELD, EBMITNI) dk (d. 1393), 
bishop of Llandatl',was ii monk of the I^^ne- 
dictine monastery of Bury St. Edmunds. 
Gaining the reputation of being the most 
learned member of this community, he at 
the same time aroused the je^ilousy of the 
other monks, who, calling him factious and 
a disturber of the peace, determined to get 
rid of hijn by ^me means. This was done 
by getting ^romEeld to proceed to Rome as 




Bromfield 



398 



Bromfield 



public iffitfltilTTr not onlj for the establieli* 
m«nt lit Buiy St. Bflmunda, but for th** 
wb^lo Benedictine order, a promiae being at 
the eamtt time extortad from him that he 
would «>ek no preferment in his own com- 
munity. Hia reputation far Idanung fol- 
lowed him to Romef where be was appointed 
to lecture on divinity. On the deatTi of the 
abbot of Bury St. Ldmund^ he sought and 
obtained the appointment from th^ pope in 
apite of his outh. T\w monks, however, with 
tlie sanction of King Uirhard Il^cho^ John 
Timworth ft^r abhot, and on llromfieUrs ar- 
rivnl in Eng-land to claira hi* appointment 
he was seixed and impri^ned on a chaige 
of violating? the statute of Provisora, a gre- 
cursor of tbe alatute of Prsemunire. The 
pope did not interfere, but after an imprison- 
ment of nearly ten years Bromfield waa re- 
leased, and, with the king^a concurrence^ 
appointed bishop of Llaudan in IS89 on the 
translation of "ft illiam Bottesham to Roches^ 
ter. In the royal brief confirming to him 
the temponilitieii of the .^ee Bromfield is de- 
eignat«^d abbot of the Benedictine monaaterv 
of Silvji M»ijor in the dioceae of Bordoattx, 
and * 8<^'hnlurun3 Pulatii Apostolic i in sacra 
theologia magister/ Bromtield died in 1.193, 
and was buried in Llaiid&ff Qathe<lnil, He 
ifl said to have been the author of several 
workfl, but not even the titles of any of them 
are now extant. 

[ God irto, D© PrSBsulibus ( 1 743), p. 608 : Willis** 
Survay of Cathedral Church of LlandafF* p. 55 ; 
Ziogelbauers Hiatoria rei lit. Ord. S. Benadicti, 
pt, ii. p, 89 ; Pits'a Rcl, Hist, da rebas Aogliciis, 
p. 834 ; Leiand's Comin. de Scriptoribus Britan- 
nicii, p. 378.] A M, 

BROMnELD, WnXT AM (1 7 1 2-1792>, 
surgeon » was born in London in 1712, ouci, 
siter some years* instruction under a sur- 
geon, commenced at an early period to prac- 
tise on Ilia own account. In 1741 he began 
a course of lectures on anatomy and aiirgery 
which uttracted a large attendance of pu- 
pils . SoiTj e years afterwards b e for m ed , along 
witli Mr. Martin Madan, the plan of the 
Lock Hospital for the treatment of venereal 
disease, to which lie was appointed surgeon, i 
For a theatrical performance in aid of its 
funda he aJtered an old comedy, the * City 
Match/ written in 1639 by Jaspar Maine, 
wbich in 17 00 was acted at Drury Lane. 
He was also elected one of the 8ur]7eone of 
St« Qeorge^s Hoipital. In 1761 be was 
appoint4*a one of the suite to attend the 
Princess of Mecklenburg on her journey to 
England to be wedded to George III, and 
alter the marriage he was appointed surgeon 
to her majesty's household. Besides contri- 



buting aome pspen to tbe'Transactioniofj 
the Royal Society/ he waa the author oftf 
1. *An Account of Engliab Nightj^hades/ 1 
1757, 2. * Narrative of a Physical Traiuiiftp- 
tion with Mr. Aylet, surgeon at V\*ind^oir,* ' 
1759. 3. * Thoughts concerning the present 
peculiar Method of treating pensons inocu- 
lated for the Small-pox,' 1767. 4, * Chirur- 
fical Caae^ and Observations,* 2 vols., 1773, 
n his later years he retired from his profe>-j 
sion, and resided in a bouse which he had 
built for himself in Chelsea Park. He dk^ 
on 24 Nov. 1792. 



[E^es's Enajelopiedia, voh v. ; Brit. Mu^l 
Oatalogoa.] 

BROMFIELD, WLLLL\M ARNOLD 

(1801-1851), botanist, was bom at 13ohb^ 
in the New Forest, Hampshire, in 1801, hts 
father, the Rev. John Arnold Bromfield, dying 
in tbe same year. He received his early train- 
ing under Dr, Knox of Tunbridge, Dr. Nicbtj- 
laa of Ealing, and Rev. Mr. Phipps, a War- J 
wickshire clergyman. He entered Cjlasgowl 
University in 1821, and two years later htl 
ttx»k his degree in medicinel During hit] 
university career he first showetl a likingj 
for botany, and made an excursion into 1 * 
Scotrifih highlands in quest of plants. 

He left Scotland in 1826, and, being inde-l 
pendent of professional earnings, travelled I 
through Oermanv, Italy, and Fnnoe, return*! 
ing to England in 1B30. Hia mother diedj 
shortly aJ\erwards, and he lived with hit] 
sister at Hastings and at Southampton, and 1 
finally settled at Ryde in 1836. He puhlisht'd ' 
in the * Phy tologist * some observations on 1 
Hampshire plants, and then began to amafttl 
materials for a Flora of the Isle of Wight, I 
which he did not consider complete even titer 1 
fourteen years of assiduous labour. In 1842 lie ' 
spent some weeks in Ireland, and bi January 
1B44 he started for a six months* tour to the 
West India Islands, spending most of the 
time in Trinidad and Jamaica. TVo yean 
later he visited North America, publishing 
some remarks in Hooker fi * Journal of Botany.' 

Ill September 1850 he embarked for the 
Efljst, and spent some time in Egypt, pene- I 
trating as far as Khartoum, which he de*j 
scribed in a letter as a * region of duet, dirt, ] 
and barbarism.* Here he lost two of hit! 
companions, victims to the climate, and he re- 
turned to Cairo in the following June, after 
an absence of seven months. Continuing his 
journey, he passed by Jafis, and stated his 
mte n t ion of I eaving Cons t an t inople for South- . 
arapton in September, but his last letter waa ' 
dated * Bairout, 22 Sept.,' when be was ex- 
pecting a friend to join him on a trip to 
Baalbek and Damascus. At the latter piace 



he wm attAcked bj malignant typlius, and I works nt the Suffolk Street GwUety between 
dicKi on 9 C»ct., four days after his arrival. 1829 and 1853, He died on 12 Dec. 1838. 



. ' day 
His collections were sent to Kew, gome of 
r the contents being shared amongst bis scien- 
tific friend.^. The Flora of the Me of "Widit 
was print^Hl bv Hir W. J. Hooker and Dr. 
Bell Salter in 18-^, under the title of * Flora 



^ 



^ 



IRedgnive*s Dictionary of Artisu of the Eng- 
lijih School, London, \ 87S. 8yo.] h. F. 

BROMLEY, JOHN (d. 1717), trauskt-or, 
was a native of Shropshire, and received an 
academ.ical education* Probably he wa» the 



V^tenaiB/ in 8vo, With a topographical map Bromlev of Cliri.t Cniukrh, Oxford, 

And portrait of the author. His manuscript . _ / _ . ' 

Flora of Hampshire was never published. 
Hia herbarium is now- at Rydw in the Isle of 
Wight, but hifl mantiBcripts art^ m the library 
of thp Iloyal Kew Gardens, He left behind 
him the memory of a most amiable man and 
sealous naturalist. 



who graduated B.A* in 1686 and 5LA* in 
1688. In the beginning of James IV r reiro 
he was curate of St, GilesVin-the-Fielas, 
London, but soon aftt^rwards he joined the 
Roman catholic church and obtained em- 
ployment as a corrector of the pres,s in the 
kinga printing-hoiiJ^e. On being deprived 
of this means of sulMl*tence he established 
a board in g-fichool in London which was at- 
tended by the sons of many persona of rank, 
' He w^as well akilled in the elassioB/ says 
Dodd, 'and, as I am informed, Mr. Pop, 
the celebrated poet, was one of hia pupils/ 
Aft^rwardi^ Bnimley was appomted tutor to 
gnme young gentlemen, and travelled with 
them abrtiad. Hi* death oec'urred, at Madeley 
in Shropshire, 10 Jan. 1716-17. He publii»hea 
I * The C'atechij^m for the Curats, composed 
by the Becrw of the Council of Trent, iaith- 



[Hooker'a Kew Gard. Misc. (1S51) iii. 373- 
882 ; Proc. Linn. 8oc. ii. 182-3 ; Royal Soc. Cat. 
ScT. Pap<*ra, i. 644 ; Townsend'a FL of Hampshire, 
xvi. xvii.] B. D, J 

BROMHALL, AXDBEW^ (J. 1659), di- 
vine, was one of the * triers * for the county 
of Dorset csommiasioned in 1653--4 to eject 
immoral and inefficient mini.sters. He had 
been previously presented by the parliament 
to the substantial rectory of Maiden-Newtjm, 
Borftet^hire, then vacant by the sequestration 

ofMatthewOKb.rn,M.A.(HfTTCHtIff8i>or^^^|f;^^^ int^ English," Lond. 1687, 

ii. 25S), or Edwartl Osboum, A.M. ( \\ alker, | g^,^;^ ^j^j prnbablv he was alao the translat-or 
Sufferings of the Chiyij. p. 322). Hutchms j ^^^ , -^^he Cunon-^ knd Decreea of the Council 
records that ' Bmmhall died before the Resto- | ^f Trent,' Lond. 1687, 4to, 



ration.* Calamv is apparently in error in 
atating that Bromhidf was eject-ed fipom 
Maiden-Ne^^on in 1662, and was affcerwarda 
resident in London. Hv contributed Sermon 
xxrii. (probably preached l>ofore the Re^^tora- 
tion) to the first volume (1661) of * The Morn- 
ing Exercises at Cripplegate, St. Giles-in-the- 
Fieldfi, and in Southwark : b*>ing Divers 
Sermons preached A.D. hiiclix-mbclixxix 
by several Ministtjrs of the Gospel in or near 
London,' 6 vob, 8vo, London, fifth edition, 
1814, 

[Walker's Sufferinga of the Clergy • Cahi- 
my's Nonc-oofonniat'a Memorial (1802), ii. 102; 
Batchin&*8 Dorsetshiro (1803), ▼oh ii. ; Neal*B 
History of the Piiritana.] A» H, Q, 



BROMLEY, 

AjTrHOHT.] 



HENRY, [See Wilsoh, 



BROMLEY, JAMES (1800-1838), mesE- 
Eotint-engmver, was the third son of William 
Bromley, A.R.A. [q. v.], the line-engraver. 
Little is known res-jjecting his life. Among 
hia beet plates may be euumerntod port nuts 
of the Duchess of Kent, after Hayter ; John, 
earl Russell, after Hayter ; and the Earl of 
Carlisle, when Lord irforpeth, after Carrick ; 
*Fal8tair,* after Liversege; *Lft Zingarella/ 
after Oakley, &c. He exnibited twelve of his 



[Drdd's Church Hist. iii. 459 ; Cat. of Oxford 
Omduates (1851), 87; Jones's Popery Tracts 
(Chatham Soc.), 117; Watts Bibl. Brir. ; Car- 
rat here's Life of Pope (1867), 21 n; Chalmers's 
Biog. Diet. XXV. 164.] T. C. 

BROMLEY, Sib RICHARD MADOX 

(181 3-1866), civil servant, traced hia descent 
to Sir Thomas Bromley (16,30-1587) [q. v.], 
lord chancellor of England in the reign of 
Elixabeth. He was the second eon of Samuel 
Bromley, surgeon of the royal navy^ and 
Mary, daughter of Tristram Maries Madox 
of Greenwich, and was bom on 11 June 1813. 
He was edacAted at Lewisham grammar 
achool, and in 1829 entered the admiralty 
department of the civil 8er\'ice. In 1846 
be w^aa appointed to visit the dockyards on 
a confidential misaion, shortly after which 
lie w^as named accountant to the Burgojne 
comrai^iou on the Irish famine. Here the 

Srompt and correct system which he intro- 
uced into the accointa had tlie effect of 
bringing more than half a million sterling 
back to the exchequer, and attracted the 
special attention of the House of Commons. 
The success wnth which he had discharged 
his duties led to his beinj^ in 1848 appointed 
secretary t^ the commission for auditing the 
public accountS| into which he introduced 




Bromley 



400 



Bromley 



improvements which in a gjeat degree re- 
modelled the workiuf? of the department. 
P>om this perioil hi* was frequently employed 
on special commissions of inquiry into public 
departments, inchidinfir that appointed in 
1849 for a revision of the docKyards, and 
that of 1853 on the contract packet system. 
In recognition of his services ne was in 18«>4 
nominated a civil commander of the l^ath. 
On the outbreak of hostilities with Russia 
he was appointed accountant-general of the 
navy, the aftairs of wliich he administered 
with marked ability and success. In 1858 
he was created knight commander of the 
Bath. On retirement from his office through 
ill-liealtli he was on 31 March 1863 appointed 
a commissioner of Greenwich Hospital. He 
died on 30 Nov. 1866. 

[Gent. Mag. 4th ser. i. 277-S.] T. F. H. 

BROMLEY, Sir THOMAS (rf. 1555 ?), 
judge, was of an old Staffonlshire family, 
and a second cousin of Sir Thomas Bromley 
(1530-1087) fq. v.] His father was Roger, 
son of Roger Broniley of Mitley, Shropshire, 
and his mother was Jane, daughter of Mr. 
Tliomas Jennings. He was entered at the 
Inner Temple, was reader there in the autumn 
of 1532, and again in the autumn of 1539, 
and was nominated in Lent term 1540, 
but did not serve. He was made serieant- 
at-law in li>40, and king's Serjeant on 2 July 
of the same year, and on 4 Nov. 1544 he 
succeeded Sir John Spelmnn as a judge of 
the king's bench. He was held in favour by 
Henry Y'lII, who made him one of the execu- 
tors of his will, and bt'queath«vl him a legacy 
of 3(X)/. IL'uce he wa.s one of tlie council of 
regency to Kdward W ; but, although he suc- 
ceeded in avoiding political entanglements 
for sometime, at tli<» close of the reign lie be- 
(!ame implicated in Xnrthumberlamrs scheme 
for the succession of Lady Jane Grey. The 
duke summoned to court Montaffu, chief 
justice of tho common pleas, Bromley, Sir; 
.folm Baker, and the attorney- and solicitor- , 
general, an«l informed tliem of the king's 
desire to settle the crown on Lady Jane. \ 
They re])lie<l that it would be illegal, and , 
praye<l an a<liournment, and next day ex- 
])ressed an o])inion that all parties to such a | 
settlement would be guilty of high treason. , 
North iiinlx.'rland's violence then became so 
great that both Hromley and Montagu were , 
in bodily fear; and two days later, when a 
similar HC<me took place, and the king or- | 
dered tliem on their allegiance to despatch 
the matter, they consented to settle the deed, | 
receiving an express <.'ommission under the 
great seal to do so and a general pardon. , 
Bromley, however, adroitly avoided witness- | 



; ing the deed, and consequently, when Mary 
I sent the lord chief justice to gaol^ she made 
Bromley chief ]U8tice of the common pleae, 
in the room of Sir Roger Cholmley,on 4 Oct 
1553. Burnet says of him that 'he was 'a 
! papist at heart.' He did not hold this office 
I long. On 17 April 1554 Sir Nicholas Throg- 
' morton and others were indicted for a plot 
and treason at Baynard's Castle on 23 Nov. 
1553, and for a rising and march towards 
Ijondon with Sir Henry Isley and two 
thousand men. Bromley presided at the 
trial, and allowed the prisoner such unusual 
freedom of speech as to proyoke complaints 
from the queen^s attorney, and threats of re- 
tiring from the prosecution. Yet Bromley 
was not throughout impartial, but even re- 
fused the prisoner leave to call a witness, 
though he was in court, and denied him in- 
spection of a statute on which he relied. 
Ilis summing up was so defective, * for want 
of memory or goodwill,* that the prisoner 
supplied its defects, as if he had been an un- 
interested spectator. Yet the prisoner was 
acquitted : so much to Mary*s annoyance that 
the jury were punished for their verdict. Sir 
William Portman succeeded Bromley as chief 
justice on 11 June 1555 ; but the exact date 
of his death is not known. He left an only 
daughter, Margaret, who married Sir Richard 
Newport, ancestor of the earls of Bradford. 
He is buried at Wroxeter. 

[Foss's Lives of the Jadges ; Dagdale s Orig. 

Jurid. 164 ; Testam. Vetust. 43; Holinshed, iv. 

I 31-65; CoUins's Peerage, vii. 250, ix. 409: 

; Green's Calendar of State Papers, 17 April 

1554.] J. A. H. 

' BROMLEY, Sir THOMAS (1530-1 587). 
lord chancellor, descended from an ancient 
family established since the time of King 
John at Hromleghe, Staffordshire. A mem- 
' bt^r of this family, Roger, settled at Mitley, 
Sliro])shire, and had two sons, "William and 
Roger. Thomas Bromley was the grandson 
of the former, who lived' at Hodnet, Shrop- 
I shire, his fnther's name being George, and 
his grandmother being P]hzabeth, daughter 
[ of Sir Thomas Ljicon of Willey in the same 
, county. The family had a considerable legal 
turn, rieorge Bromley beingf a reader at the 
I Inner Temple during the reigns of Henry MI 
' and Henry VIII, and his brother. Sir George 
Brondey. chief justice of Chester under Eliza- 
beth and father to Sir Edward Bromley, who 
was a judge under James I. Thomas Bromley 
was born in 1530. He was educated at Ox- 
ford, where he took his B.C.L. degree 21 May 
lii(yO, entered the Inner Temple, and became 
reader in the autumn of 156(3. He was 
studious and regular in his conduct, and 
probably owed something to family influence 



nd to the patronfl|fe of Lopd-keeper Bacon, 
)n 8 June I56tl he waa elected recorder of 
ondon, and cnntitiued hi thjit office until, in 
1569 (14 Miirc'li)^ he lxH:am« ftolicitor-pfeiieral. 
lis first considerable caso was in 1571, when 
lie was of counsel for the crown on the trial 
the Didce of Norfolk for hig^h treason, on 
rliich occasion h«^ had the conduct of that 
; of the case which rested on Rodolph^s 
The other counsel for the crown 
Cterrard, attorney-g:eneral^ Barham, 
f» nt^rJHiint, and Wilbraham, littorney- 
bX of t lit? court of ward:*. The Earl of 
ewsbury ijreeided, with twentj-six peers 
triers and al! the common-law judges as 
ors. Rromley*8 speech came thircl, ftnd 
ly the mfMle in which th^ evidence 
I handled and the prosecution conducted 
llhroughout reflects* little credit on the fairness 
of thfise who represented the crown. Yet 
Bromley has the reputation of having l)een an 
honourable man in his profess ion » and Lloyd 
ftays of him that he was scrupulous in under- 
taking a case unless satislied of its justice, 
* not ailmitting' all causes promiscuoa^ly, . , . 
but never failing in any cause. For five yeara 
he was the only person that people would 
^employ' (Sfate' Worthieft, 610). The dulie 
raa found cruilty by a unanimous vote of 
be court ; but so much dissatisfaction did 
be trial create that the execution was de- 
jferred for several months. Mary Queen of 
ot«i however, was much disheartened at 
be result, and hopes were entertained of 
kvourabla nepfotiations with her. Bromley 
I ftcoordingly sent, fruitleasly, as it proved^ 
' to endeavour to induce her to abandon her title 
to the Scotch crown, and to transfer to her 
son all her rights to the thrones of England 
and Scotland. In 1574 be was trea>*urer of 
the Inner Temple. He was retiiined by Lord 
Hunsdon and patronised by Lord Burghley, 
For some years it was he, rather than (rer- 
rard, the attorney-general, who was consulted 
on matters of state, and at last, in 1579, he 
received his reward. On the death of Lord- 
keeper Bacon there was for some time great 
doubt as to the appointment of a successor. 
Between Hilary and Easter l^rms, 20 Feb- 
20 April, there was an interregnum of two 
montos, during which the great seal waa in 
no lawyer*s custody » and on the seven occa- 
sions within that period on which it was 
need the rjueen issued express orders for its 
UM each time. At last legal business was so 
I much impeded^ through the impossibility of 
obtaining injunctions, that West minster Hall 
demanded an appointment. The queen's poei- 
Ition was difficult. She wa.s ri^solute not to 
hppoint an ecclesiastic ; it would bo a scandal 
make a mere politician lord chancellor, 
¥0L. tl. 



and Gerrard, long as he had been attorney- 
general, WAS, though learned, awkward and 
unpopular. Bromley was a pijlitician and a 
man of the world, and at thia juncture^ by 
dint of intrigue, succeeded in obtaining pro- 
motion over his siiperior in the profasision 
and in le»uning, Gerrard waja afterwards 
eonsoleil wttb the mastership of the rolls in 
1581 (30 May), and on 2^ April 1579 Brirm- 
ley received the great seal. From his speech 
to the queen made on this occasion, and 
reported in the * Egerton Pa]»ers' (Camden 
Soc), p. 82, it would appear that he wiis at 
first lord keeper and afterwards became lord 

I chancellor. But this is erroneous ; be had 

I the title of lord chancellor from the first. 

, In thia new position be discharged his duties 
t o t b e sat i sfact ion of t he profess ion. Th o ugh 

j his own prnctice had been chiefly in the 
(jueen's heneh, his duties as solicitor-gene- 
ral frequently took hira into chancer)% and 

, hence, though nut a great founder of equity, 

I be proved a good etjuity Judge, and there 
were no comphiints of his decisions ; and 

I having the good sense to pay great respect 

! to the then y^ry able common-law iudlges, 
and to consult them on new points^ he wa« 
able to avoid conflicts between law and 

I equity. Thus, in Shelley^s case, the queen, 
hearing of the long ai^nment in the queen*8 
bench, ^ of her gracious disposition,* and to 
end the litigation, directed Bromley, * who 

I was of great and profound knowledge and 
judgment in the law,* to assemble all the 
judges, and in Easter terra 23 Eliz. they met 
at his house, York House, afterwards Ser- 
jeants' Inn, to hear the case (1 Coke, 93^), 
and his judgment has ever since remained a 
leading authority in real property law, Cam- 
den calls him ' vir jurisprudent iainsign is/ and 
Fid.ler says: * Although it was ditficult to 
cnme afterSir Nicholas Bacon and not to come 
after him, yet such was Bromley 'a learning and 
integrity that the court was notaensible of any 
considerable alteration.* Knyvett's case is one 
which shows his fair administration of law. 
Knyvett, a groom of the privy chamber, had 
slain a man, and, the jury on the inquiry 
having found that it was done «e de/eTidendo, 
applied to Bromley for a special commission 
to clear him by nrivy session in the vacation. 
Bromley reftiaoo. ^yrett complained to 
the queen^ who exprmed her displeasure 
through Sir Christopher Hatton ; whereon 
the chancellor, in a written statement, so 
comnlet'ely justified himself that she aft^r^ 
waros expressed commendation of his con- 
duct. Upon the project of the Alen^on mar- 
riage, ' Bromley, who with Bacon*8 office had 
inherited bis freedom of speech * (Fboude, xl. 
159), oiTered a atrong opposition, and pointed 



I 



Bromley 



402 



Bromley 



out to thequi*i^n tlmt if she married a catholic 
pftrUamont wouUI oxpect her to settle the 
sticceaoioD t-o the throne, and this argTUDent 
Bcinmn to hMre pferailed with her. In 1580 
he waa engagira by the qneen\s orders in an 
inquiry a* to the remoTal of one William 
Crowther from the keeperslup of Newgate ; 
andieireral lettera of his are eictant on theaub> 
ject. When Drake returned from to second 
voyage in 1581, Bromley waa one of those 
wuoee favour he hastened to aeciire with a 
pfesent of wrought-gold plate^ part of his 
Spttiiah spoil, of the value of ei^tit himdred 
dollan. Bromley took his seat m the House 
of Lorda on 16 Jan. 1682. The firjst huai- 
n&m hefore the hoii^ being a petition of the 
commons for advice in chooeing a speaker, 
the chancellor, the choice having fallen on 
PophMD, the new solicitor-general, admo- 
nianed him by the queen's orders *that the 
House of Commons should not deal or in- 
termeddle with any matters touching her 
mtjeaty'B person or estate, or with church 
government.' To this admonition the com- 
mona paid no attention, and accordingly, as 
soon as a subsidy had been voted, the seasion 
waa closed^ the chancellor excluding from 
the queen^fl thanks 'snch members of the 
OOmmons m had dealt more rashly in some 
matters thaji was tit for t hem to do. Shortly 
afterwards this parliament was dissoly«Hi, 
havinff lasted eleven years. Bromley con- 
tinued in fa\'our, and on 26 Nov* of the 
same year was consulted by the queen upon 
the proposals made bv the Frencn ambassa- 
dor. On 21 June 1585 the Earl of North- 
umberland, tlien a pris<:iner in the Tower, 
was found dead in his cell. Three days 
afterwards a full meeting of peers was held 
in the Star-chamber, and the chancellor 
briefly announced that the earl had been en- j 
gaged in traitorous designs, and had laid vio- I 
lent hands on himaelf. A new parliament ' 
assembled on 2*3 Nov» 1585, and was opened ' 
with a speech from Bromley, announcing ' 
that it was summoned to consider a bill for 
the trial of Mary Queen of Scots. The bill j 
soon passed. Bromley tvils at this time ac- 
t i\^e in the prosecution of Babington. Affer I 
his conviction and execution a court was , 
constituted for Mary's trial. It consiated j 
of forty-five peers, privy councillors, and 
judges, and the chancel lor presided over it. , 
It sat at Fotheringhay Castle, Northampton- ! 
shire, where Mary was imprif^oned. Bromley 
arrived on 11 Oct. 1586, having dissolved I 
parliament on 14 Sept. at Westminster as a 
commissioner, with the Archbishop of Can- 
terbury and others. The court sfiti ajid ' 
Mary at once placed a difficulty in the wny 
of the prosecution by refusing to plead, *abe 



being a queen, and not ajnenable to any 
foreign jurjsdictinn/ There waa then a con- 
ference between the queen and the chancellor, 
but at fir^t her finnness b&6!ed htm. ' I will 
never submit myself,* she said , ' to the late law 
mentioned in the commission/ She yielded 
to his urgency at length, and the tnal pro- 
ceeded. On 14 Oct, a sitting was hela in 
the presence chamber, the lord chancellor, 
as president, sitting on the right of a vacant 
throne, and the commissioners on benches at 
the sides. Mary's defence was so vigorous 
that Burghley, in alarm, set aside Bromlsj 
and Gawdy, the queen's seneant, who wii 
chief prosecutor, and himself replied. At 
the ena of the second day the court was ad- 
journed to 25 Oct., at the Star-chambo', 
Westminstex^ when, the chanci^nor TOesid^ 
ing, the whole court — except Lord Zonch, 
who acquitted her on the charge of assa^insp 
tion — found Mary guilt v. On the 29th par- 
liament met, and toe clianceUor announced 
that they were called together to adviie the 
queen on this verdict. The coTuninrw ,li(l not 
long deliberate. On 5 Nov., afr ^ 1 

speaker, they agreed with the I »a 

address to the queen, to be presented by the 
lord chancellor, praying for Mary's execii- 
tion. For some time Elizabeth hedtated, 
but on 1 Feb. 1587 she was induced to &en 
the warrant. Bromley at once alHxed tli« 
great seal to it, and informed Burghley that 
it was now perfected. The privy council 
was hastily summoned^ and decided to exe- 
cute the warrant, the queen ha\'ingdoQ6 ill 
that was required of her by law. Bromley, 
as head of the law, took on himself the chief 
burden of the responsibility ; but jprobably 
he expected to shelter himself behind tlie 
authority of Burghley. It is certain that hs 
was very anxious during the trial, and ^i^^J 
a party to the execution of the warrant oo^^H 
with great apprehension. The strain prort^l 
too much for nis strength. Farliament met 
on 15 Feb., hut adjourned, owing to the 
chancellor" s illness ; and, as it contiiiaed,Str 
Edmund Coke, chief justice of the ex>msKni 
pleas, dissolved parliament on 23 March, 
acting for the chancellor by commission from 
the queen, Bromley never rallied. He died 
on 12 April, at three A.M., in his fifty-eighth 
year, and was buried with great pomp ia 
Westminster Abbey, where a splendid tomb 
was erected by bis eldest son. His seab 
were offered to, but refused by, Archbishop 
IrVliitgift. As an equity judge Bromley was 
regretted till the end of the reign. In spile 
of the temper of the age, he was free from 
religious bigotry, and, as a letter of his 
(1 July 1582) *to the Bishop of Ch^ 
pleading for Lady Egerton of Ridley, shi 




■b. 



be endeavoured to soften the law as to the 
p«xecution of heretics. A consideruble coi- 
lection of Km letters is preserved among the 
aw? hives of tlio city of London, It appears 
r:from them that previously to 1580 he occu- 
pied a bouse near the Old Bailey. In 1580 
ad 1583 he had a house next Charing 
and at the same time a country re- 
lidence in Essex. He married Eiizabeth^ 
daughter of Sir Adrian Fortescue, KJI.^ and 
her bad four sons and four daughters. 
hs eldest son was Sir Henry Bromley of 
Holt Castle, Worcestershire, from wliose 
idescendants the property passed to John 
teromley of Horseheath Hall, Cvtimbridge- 
flhire, the ancestor of the now extinct baroni* 
of Montfort of Horsebeatb, One of Brom- 
ley's daughters, Elizabeth, was first wife to 
Sir Oliver Cromwell of Hincbinbrook Castle, 
HuntLngdonskire^ uncle and godfather tfl the 
Protector; another, Ann(% miirried Richard 
Corbet, son of Reynold Corbet » justice of the 
common pleas ; ^f uriel married Jolm Lyttel- 
ton of Frankley, ancestor of the present 
Barons Lytteiton, who was implicated in 
Lord Essex's pint ; and the fourth, Joan, 
married Sir Edward O rev i lie of Milcote, 
Two books were dedicated to him : * The 
Table to the Year-Books of Edward V,' 
^— ifubliahed 1579 and 1597, and a sermon 
^^^reached at Bt, James V, on 25 April 1580, 
^Bpy Bartholemew Chamberlaine, B.D.^ of 
^Btfoliwelly Huntingdonshire, published in 
^1584. 

[Foffl's Lives of the Judges ; CampheH's 
L^nd Chancellors, ii. ll&-3$ ; Ctttnpbdira Litss 
cf Chief Justices. I 144, 178, 101. 206, 212; 
Collina's Peerage, ii. 516, ir. 337, rii. 247* viii. 
339 ; OolUns^i English Baronetage, i. 61, 320, ii- 
74 ; Bottso's Begister Uniy. of Oxford ; Chaate- 
lauzo'ft Marie Stuarts ch. 9 ; Eosack's Maiy Queen 
of Scots, ii. 113 ; Bemembraneia (Ctty of Loo* 
don), 1 18, 266, 276, 281, 370. 439, 460 ; Patents 
Elij£. Or. Jur. § 3 ; Close Rolls, 21 & 29 Eliz. ; 
Gary's Roporte, 108 ; Camden » Annals, 440, 466 ; 
fitrype's EccK Annuls, ii. 40, 51 ; Hoirell's State 
Trials. 957, 1161 ; 1 ParL Hist, 821, 853 ; Stat. 
27 Elis. ch. i. ; Welch's Alumni Westmon, 1 1 ; 
Peck 8 Desiderata, i. 122 ; Nash b Worcestei^ 
»hir*, i. 694; Bugdale's Orig. 163, 166, 170; 
Lloyd's State Worthies, 610; Bacon's Apo- 
pbthogms, 70 ; Nicolas's Sir C. Hatton. 258, 263 ; 
Fuller's Worthiet*, ii. 259 ; Simancae MSS,, Ber* 
fiardino, 16 Oct. 1579; Froode's Hist. xi. 159, 
408; Wood's Athonse Oxoo. (Bliss) i, 684, 599 ; 
Lemon's Cal. State Papera, paesim.] J. A. H. 

BROMLEY, VALENTINE WALTER 

^1848-1877), painter, great-ffrandson of Wil- 
liam Bromley (1769-1842) [q.v.]^ was bom 
in London on 14 Feb* 1848. From his cliild- 
liood be manifett^d a remarkable faculty for 



VCc 

I 5»ft 



^ 




art, both as an original designer and as a de- 
pict er of nat are. He was especially remark- 
able for invention and swiftniass of execution. 
He contributed largely to the * Ulustnited 
London News/ and Qlustrated the American 
travels of Lord Dunraven. whom be accom- 
panied in his tour. He was an associate of 
the Institute of Painters in Water Colours, 
and was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy 
at the time of his death. He died very un- 
expectedly of congestion of the lungs, on 
30 April I877j just as he bad undertaken an 
important series of illustrations of Shake- 
speare and the Bible, He was a thorough 
artist, OS fuU of animation and energy s^i of 
talent, and greatly beloved for bis affectionate 
temper and warmth of heart, lie had been 
married only a few months to a lady artist 
of considerable mark, Ida, daughter of Mr. 
John Forbus-llobertson» His picture of 

* Troilus and Cressida * la engraved in the 

* Art Journal ' for 1873, 

[Art Jouroal. xxxix. 205 ; Athenseum. 5 May 
1877.] R. O. 

BROMLEY, T\qLLIAM (li'»<14-1733), 
secret arv of state, was descends !d from an 
old Staffordshire family, which tracetl its 
descent from Sir Walter Bromley, a knight 
in the reign of King John. lie was the 
eldest son of Sir William Bromley, kmgbt, 
and was bom in 16GS-4, at Baginton, War- 
wickshire, which bad been purcliased by his 
grandfather (Ditgdale, Aiitiquitie4 of War- 
wieksMref i. 232). In Easter term 1079 he 
entered, as a gentleman commoner, Christ 
Church College, Oxford, and on 5 Jul}" 1*581 
pn3ceeded B.A. Shortly after leavuig the 
univert^ity he spent several years in travelling 
on the continent, and in 1C92 he published 
an account of his ei^erietacieB under the title 

* Remarks in the (mnde Tour lately per- 
formed by a Person of Quality/ This was 
followed in 1702 by * Several Years through 
Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, Prusaia, 
Sweden, Denmark, and the United Provinces, 
performed by a Gentleman/ Having in 
11589 been chosen knight for WarwickshLre 
in the parliament that met at Westmin- 
ster, he was one of the ninety-two members 
who declined to recognise WiUiam lU. In 
March 170l-*J he was returned for the uni- 
versity of Oxford, which he continued to 
represent during the remainder of his life. 
By tlie nniversity he was, in August 1702, 
created D.C.L. In 1701 he was appointed 
by the commons a member of the committee 
of public accounts, and in 1702 he was 
chosen chairman of the committee of elec- 
tions. He was an ardent supporter of the 
bigh-church party, and in lT(J-2^ VtQ;^<,i4Si^ 

-a \i ^ 



1704 iniMiis stT^nuou* GndeavouPB to piiBs the i wm buried 



at Bn^nton. Uib poitrait u t& 



iou» Gnaeavoiire lo puss inc i "»" ut*.*-^^ -^.. ^.^.«*«^. ^,^^^. 
btUiffEinst occjiHionalconformitT— «pTiM?tioe i the university grallery at UxfonL 
denott]ic<^ by b im af^ a ^ ^andalous hypocrisy; | Am id t be keen and unOTitpuloug part v 
For bia untiring feal on bt^ialf of the bill be »*rifes of this }»en(xi of English lustOTy, and 
tvceived the ewcial thanks of the univemtT the peculiar temptations which b«et poU- 
of (hti^^rd. He enrlv acquiretl a high rt^pnta- ticians, Bromley succeeded in Pfttaming a 
uon OS an able and effective del>flter, and from ! bijfb reputation both for pobtical piudence 
bia bijrh character/ grave d<>ponment; and I and for honesty, HisundoubtMaincentyfen- 
maaterv of the formM of the house, waa sup- I dered bun, however an extTCmely keenpartv 
poaad to have prf-eminent claims for the , san. He displayed special hittemew in hii 
office of apeaker, which become vacant in attacks on Marlborough, and bia compa nwi ^ 

— fr , , „ jj£ iIjjj duchess to Alice Perrers, the mistii^^B 

of Edward III, was » scandalous violatiOB^^| 
the decencies of political warfare. ^^ 

[Wood's Athena, ed. Bliaa. iv. 664-5 ; Eiw- 
IiD»onMSS. 4to, 4. 164; Dngdale's Antiqmtiei 
of Wiirwick»hire. i. 232-3 ; Oldmixon's HistofT 



1705. His candidature would undoubtedly 
bavi? b<H?n succesisful had not his enemies hit 
upon the eX|M?dient of rt»publi8binu Ins 'Re- 
marks in the Grande Tour/ several p«ssages 
in which hud prt^vioualy causi'd some com- 
ment as indicating a bias towards Jacobit ism, 
and a probable leaning to Roman Catholicism. 
The device, accordin|r to Oldmixon, wb& the 
invention of Robert Harley, aftem^ards Earl i 
of Oxford, who, 'havinir one of those copies 
bv him, reprinted it on that occasion i ana to 
all I hat came to bis house about that time be 
said: ** Have you not seen Mr. B/s travels P" 
Being answered in the negative, be went into 
a back parlour, where ibis impression of it 
lay, fetched it out, and gave every one a 
copy; till that matter was made up and the 
election secured' {Ilutory of Enghfid, S45). 
Among tlie more objectionable jwrtions of 
the b«xtk was an account of his admission 
to kiss the pope*8 slipper, *who/ the writer 
addgi, * though he knew me to be a protest 
tant^ gave me his ble4<sing and said nothing 
about religion,* and a reference to M^illiam 
and Miiry merely as Prince and Princess of 
CJrange. To give point to the joke of rt^pub- 
lication, a * table of principal matters' was 
added, in wliifli a ludicrous t raves! ie was 
given of certain of the conte*nts. The issue 
purport e to be the second i^itionj althongli a 
second edition had uln^ady appeared in lfi93. 
The publication ^kf the volume cBUJ^ed feel- 
ing to run very high, and, as Evelyn relates, 
* t£ere bat! never been so great an assembly 
on the first day of a sitting, being more tlmn 
450. The voteB of the old as well as the 
new members fell to those calted low church- 
men, contrary to all expectation' {Diary^ 
31 Oct. 17(>5), The result was that John 
Smith, M.P. for ^Vudover, was chosen over 
Brt>mh*y by a majority of forty- three votes, j 



of Eugland; Barnet's Own Timoi ; Efolro'i 
Diary ; Lnitreir* Relation *}f State Affiwrt; 
Gent. Mag. liv, oS^-SO; Mannings Lir« of iJie 
Speakt^w, 416-23; Colvillea Worthies of Wai- 
wickshire. 69-63.] T F, H. 

BROMI.EY, ^TLLIA3i tie99?-17SD, 

politician, was second son of William Broia- 
fey (1664*1 732 ) [q. v.] He was electt^ upeii 
the foundation at Westminster in 1714»il 
the age of 15. He was ii member of Oriel 
College, Oirford, and was ci^ate<l D,C.L. oo 
19 May 1732, He was elected member for 
the borough of Warwick in 1727. On 
13 March 1734 be was nut forward by llw 
party opposed to "W'alpole to move the re^ 
peal of tte Septennial Act. Parliament ww 
soon afterwards dissolved, and Bromley loft 
bis seat for Warwick. He was elected in 
February 1 787, on the death of George n«ii-e, 
to represent the university of Oxford, which 
his father had represented from 1 702 till 17^. 
He died the following month* 12 March 
1737. His wife, by whom be left no issue, 
was a Miss Frogmorton. His portrait is in 
the Bodleian Gallery. 

[Welch's Qaeen^e Schohir!*, pp. 265. 544; 
Oent^ Mag. vii. 189 ; Parh Hiat. ix. 396 ; Wood'* 
Historyfand Antiquities (Gutch), ii. 977 ; Officii 
Lists of Members of Parliament.] 

BROMLEY, WILLIAM (1769-IS42). 

line-en gra\er, was born at Carisbrooke io 
the Isle of Wight. He was apppenticed 
to an engraver named Wooding, in Lon- 
don, and among his early productions wer? 



After tiie tory react ion foUowiog the trial of some of the plates to Macklin's Bible, ihf 
" ~ ■ " ~ ■ " " * Death of Nelson/ after A. W. Devis, and 

the * Attack on Valenciennes,* after P. J, df 
Loutherbourg. Later works were two pot^ 
traits of the Ibjke of Wellington, after Sir 
Thomas Lawrence ; and Rubens'a * Woman 
taken in Adultery.* Bromley was elected an 
associate engraver of the Royal Academy in 
1819, and in the same year also a member of 



Dr. Sftcheverell, Bromley was» on 25 Nov. 
1710, chosen speaker without opposition. This 
office he exchanged in Auguf't 1713 for that 
of secretary of state. The death of Queen 
Anne caused the fall of the tory government, 
and he never again held office, though he 
maintained an infliiential position in the 
tory party. He died 13 Feh. 1731-2, and 



Brompton 






the academy of St. Luke, Home, He wm 
employed for many years by the trujiteefi of 
the British Museum in engraving the Elgin 
marbles, from drawing executed by G. J, 
Corbould, Jietweeu 1^86 and 1B42 he ex- 
ibited Bt\y pldtea at the Iloyal Academy. 

[RetlgTUTc s Dictionary of Artist* of tho Bng- 
i*h School. London, 187^0 L. F. 



BROMPTON, JOHN (J, 1 436), supposed 
chromcl*^r, wm elected abbot of Jorvaux in 
1436. The authonshijo of the compilation 
printed in Twysden a * Decern Script ores ' (coL 
72:>-\2B4, Lond. 1652), with the title * Chro- 
riicon Johannis Hrympton, Abbatis Jorvalen- 
eis, ab anno quo vS. Augufitiniis venit in An- 
gliam usque mortem liegh Eicardi Primi/ is 
uncertain. It has been ascribed to Bromp- 
ton on the (strength of an iniMiriptioii at tne 
end of the C C. C. Cambridge MS., which 
probably meauB nothing more than that 
Srompton had that manuscript transcribed 
Dr him. 8ir T. D. Hardy baa pointed out 
hat the compilation must have been made 
fter the middle of the fourteenth century^ as 
|t contains many extracts from Higden,who 
\ referred to, * and that there is reason to 
elieve that it was based on a previous com- 
pilation, made prolbably by a person con- 
lected wit!i the diocese of Norwich,' The 
rork is wholly uncritical, and, having been 
ridely accepted aa authoritative by write r& 
of past times, has been the means of import- 
ing many fables into our history. 

[ Hardy *ii Deficriptive Catalogue of Materials 
reUtiiifi: to the History of Great Britain, ii. 639- 
641 ; Dngdale's MoDa^ticon, v. 667.] W. H, 

BROMPTON, RICHARD (d. 1782), por- 
trait-painter, studied under Benjajnin Wil- 
son, and afterwards under Raphael Mengs 
at iiorae ; here he became acquainted with 
the Earl of Northampton, whom he accom- 
'' lanied to Venice. During his stay in that 
'ty he painted the portraits of the Duke 
r York and other English gentlemen, in a 
conversation piece, which was exhibited at 
Spring Glardena in 1763. In that year Bromp- 
ton settled in Loudon, residing in Uenrge 
8treet ^ Hano v e r Bquare. In 1 7 7 2 he painted 
the Prince of Wales, full length, in the 
robes of the Glarter, and his brother. Prince 
Frederick, in the robes of the Bath. H is best 
known portrait is that of William Pitt, first 
earl of Chatham, in which the great states- 
man is represented half-length, in peer's robeSi 
standing with his right hand raised to lua 
breast and his left arm extended. The ori- 
ginal was presented in 1772 by the earl him- 
self to Phdip, second earl of Stanhope, and 
is now at Cneveuing. It was engraTed in 



a I 

^th( 

i 

^r «oi 



line by J. K, Sherwin in 1784^ and in mej£«o- 
tint by E. Fisher, Tht^re is a replica in the 
National Portrait Gallery, London. Bromp- 
ton*8 extravagant habits led him into dilficiil- 
tiee, and caused his continement in the king's 
bench prison for dubt ; but being appointed 
portrait-painter tn the Empress of Russia, he 
was released and went to St. Petersburg, 
where he died in 1782. In the Ernlknr' of 
Greenwich Hospital is a hall-length portrait 
by him of Admiral Sir Charles Saunders, K.B. 
Brompton was an exhibitor at the Society of 
Arts and Royal Academy between the years 
1767 and 1780. 
[Redgrave's Dictionary of ArtlsU, 1878,] 

L. F. 

BROMSGROVE, KICHARD {d. 1435), 
was a monk of the Bent'dictine abbi*y of 
Evesham, who doubt lesif; derived his name 
(which is sometimes given under the form of 
Bremesgrave) from Brom^-igTiive in W<irce<»- 
tersbire as his birthplace. He was elected 
abbot of Evesham when intirmarer of the 
abbey, on 6 Dec. 1418, aud was conaecrated 
in Bengeworth church by Bishop Barrow, of 
Bangor, who in the year prt;vJous had been 
chancellor of Oxford. He died on 10 May 
l4*io, after holding the abbacy for seventeen 
rears, and was buried before the high aUar 
m St^ Marys chapel in the abbey church, 
The register of his acta during his abbacy ia 
preserved in Cotton MS, Titus 0. ix. (fi*. 1-38). 
It contains articles for the reformation of 
monii^teries which were proposed by Henry V 
in 1421, with modifications euggnsted by 
various abbots. It appears from this register 
(f. 32) that he wrote a tract, ' De fratema 
correction*^ canonice exercenda.' A tran- 
script of the register exists amongst the col- 
lections of James West in Lansdowne MS. 
227, British Museum. 

fTaaner's Bibl. Brit. ; N»ish's Worcettershizo^ 
i. 4H0, where, however, there are errors io dates; 
Chroaieon Abb. dv Eveabam (Rolls Series), 
xxjcvii. 338.] W. D. M, 

BROMYARDE, JOHN de (/. 1390), 
so named from tlie place of his birth, Brom- 
yard in Herefordsnire, was a friar of the 
llominican order. He was educated at Ox- 
ford, where he disting^uished himself in juris- 
prudence as well as m theology, and he sub- 
sequently lectured on theology at Cambridge. 
He was a keen opponent of the doctrines of 
Wyclifte, w^hich he denounced in preaching 
and lecturing, and also by writing; and he 
is said by some writers to have taken part in 
the fourth council of London which as^sem- 
bied under William de Court enay, archbishop 
of Canterburv, in the year 13o2, for the pur- 
pose of condemiuiig Wydiffe ; but Brom- 



I 




Bronte 



406 



Ironte 



yarde'i* name doos not nppear in contempo- 
mry Hmr of pt*r?v)ns pn*s**nt nt the council. 
iJromyarde h the ftulbor of a work entitled 

* SummA Pripdicantium/ prints at Nurem- 
berg by A- KoWr^tT in 1485, and reprinted 
fleveral tiuii'^. tlw \hM edition bavin p an- 
|>eare<l at Vt^nice in 15841 It is al*o pn:>bable 
that be was tbe autbor of * Opus trivium 
pftnit ilium materiarum prawlicabilium ordine 
nlpbiibetico e divina cunonica civilique lepi- 
bug elogimter cuntextura per ven. F. Pbi- 
linpuin de Brr>nnerde, ord. pned./ printed 
without date or pine*?, but probably from tbe 
preiw of FuNt nnd Scbo'ffer at Mayence, about 
1475, This book was reprinted at Paris iit 
1600| with the authors name given a^ 
Joannea Bromyard, 

[Lelitmr^^ Comm. da Script^ribus Britjinaicis, 
p. J56 ; Quctifs Scriplorc* Ordinis Pm**bcatonjm ; 
Pita*!* R«Ut. Hi«t.dc rebus Angliei« ; Fabric iua» 
BibliothecA Latiua.] A. M* 

BRONTE, CUAIILOTTE (1815-1855), 
afterwarda Nicholls, novel ist^wasubedttugh- 
ter of Patrick Bronte ( 1 777-1861), and sister 
of Patrick Btunwell Bbonte ( 1817-1848). 
Emily Jane Biwdnte (1816-1848), and Akne 
Brontk ( l8iH>-1849). Patrick Bronte, bom 
on 17 March 1777 at Ahaderg, co. Down, 
was one of the ten children of Hugh Prunty 
or Bronte. He changed his paternal name 
to Bronte shortly before leaving Ireland, At 
the age of 16 be had tried to make hia own 
living by opening a acliool at Drumgooland 
in the same county. The liberality of Mr. 
Tighe* vicar of Drumgixjland, enabled him 
to go to Cambridge, with a view to taking 
onlers. He entered St. John's College in 
Octobt^r I80i?, and graduated aa B.A. in 1B06, 
He wa^v ordained to a curacy in Essex, and 
in 1811 to the curacy of Hartahe^d in York- 
8liirt\ His improved means enabled bim to 
allow 201. a year to his mother during her life 
( Let L A^ i>, L'roii te Fa m iVy , 9 ) . At H art she^d 
he mi4 Maria, third daughter of Thomas 
Bran well of Penzance, then on a visit to her 
uncle, the Rev. J. Fennel, h^ad-master of a 
Wcsleyan academy near Bnidford, and after- 
w'ardii a clergyman of the church of England. 
Thev were married on L^* Dec. 1 81*2 by the llev. 
W.lVf organ, who was at the same time mar- 
ried by Bronte to Fenner& daughter (Gent, 
Muff. 181*]^ p. 179)* Bronte pul>lished two 
simple-minded volumes of verse, * Cottage 
Poem.*; ' ( Ilalifux, 181 1) and the ^ Rural Min- 
Btrel' (Halifax, 1813), and a tract called 

* The C*ottflge in a Wood, or the Art of be- 
coming Rich and Happy * — a new version of 
the Pamela Story (rpprinted m 1859 from 
the 2nd edition of 1818). In 1818 he alao 
published the ' Maid of Killamey/ These, 



and some letters upon catholic emancipa- 
tion, which appeared in the ' Leeds Intelli- 
gencer ' for January 1859, wene hia only pub- 
Ecations- ' After Ifive years at H&rlahead, 
Bronte became perpetual curate of Thoroton. 
Hia elde4it chilo, Maria, waa bom at Hait»- 
head. The parish register of Thornton shows 
that bis second daughter. Elizabeth, was bap- 
tised there on 26 Aug. 1815 ; Charlotte il»ni 
21 April) on 29 June 1816; Patrick Bran- 
well on 23 July 1817 ; Emilv Jane on 20 Aug. 
1818; and Anne on 25 March 1820. Oa 
25 Feb. 1820 the Brontes had moved to 
Ha worth, nine miles &om Bradford, of which 
Bronte had accepted the perpetual curacv, 
worth about 200/. a year and a hou^. Mr. 
Bronte had an annuity of 50/. a Tear. A 
previous incumbent 01 Haworth had been 

I the famouB William Grimshaw, one of Wear- 
lev '.«» fin^t followers. Haw orth was a coimtry 
village, but great part of the p<^>pulation wm 
employed in the woollen manuiactunj, then 
rapidly extending in tbe rural districts of 

j York.»hire. Dissent was strong in Hawortb, 

I and methodism had flouriahed thero aiacs 
the time of Grimahaw. Bronte, a strong 
churchman and a man of imperioua and pt»- 
sionat^e character, extorted the reapect of i 
sturdy and independent population. He ia 
partly represented by Mr. Helaton in * Shi^ 
ley,* though a Mr. Roberaon, vicar of Heck- 
mondwike, and a personal friend of Bronte's, 
supplied some characteristic trait* (Mbs. 
Oaskell, Lift of Charlotte Bronte (2ad 
edition), i. 120, ii. 121 ; Reid, p. 21). His 
behaviour is described by hJs daughter's bio- 
grapher as marked by strange ecceM*"" " 

I He enforced strict discipline ; the c 
were fed on potatoes without meat t^ 
them hardy. He burnt their boot-s v ! : 

I thought them too smarts and for tlt^ 
reason destroyed a silk gown of hi^ 

\ He generally restnuned open expre- 
his anger, but would rt'lieve his fetl 
firing pistols out of his back-door or il 

J ing articles of furniture. He l>ecu 
popular by supporting the authorities 

I the Luddites, but afterwards shower 

^ vigour in supporting men on strike . 
the injustice of the millow^ners, lU ^^vt:* 
unsocial in his habits, loved solitary rambles 
over the moors, and, in conaetjaence of ijome 
weakness of digestion, dined alone even be- 
fore his wife*8 death and to the end of his own 
life (Gaskell, i. 49-53; Reid, pn. 20-23, 
195» 198). Bront*? himself complained of 
some of these statements as false, and Mr. 
Leyland(i. 41-66) accounts for the shootiiiif 
an^ the silk-gown stories by misunders^tand- 
Lngs and village goasip. Mrs. Bronte died 
of cancer on 15 ^pt. l821, and a year la(«r 



» 



I 



her elder flister, Miss BmnweU, undertook to 
manage Bronte's household. She disliked the 
rough clirnate and surroundiiiffs of Hawarth, 
and m liter yeara seldom kn her bedroom 
even for meaJs. She eeems to have been a 
prim old maid, with whom the children were 
always reserved. From the time of their 
mother's iEness they were left very much to 
themselves. Thej showed extraordinary pre- 
cocity of talent ; they had few friends, saw 
little of their father or neigh bo iirs, and used 
to walk out alone upon the moors. The 
eldest, Maria^ would shut herself up with a 
newspaper and study parliamentary debates 
in the intervals of her care of the younger 
children. Ht'r father said that he could 
converse with her on any topics of the day^ 
though she died at the age of eleven ; and 
the whole family, cut oQ^ from childish com- 
panionship, learnt to take a keen interest in 
the topics discussed by their elders, A 
school for clergymen's daughters had been 
founded in }H2'^ at Cowan's Bridge, between 
Leeds and Kendal, chiefly through the exer- 
tiona of the Kev. Willmiu Carua Wilson. 
Parentfi were to pay only 14/. a year, the 
necessary balance being provided by subscrip- 
tion. It was opened witn only sixteen pupils, 
and fifty-three had been admitted when Char- 
lotte left the school (Shepheard, Vindica- 
tion), Bronte sent Maria and Elizabeth to 
thkfichool in July 1824 ; Charlotte and Emily 
followed in Sept*?mber* 

The school arrangements were at first defee- 
tiye ; frugality led to roughness, and the food 
waa badly cooked. A low fever broke out in 
the ^ring of 18i2-3. The Brontes escaped ; but 
Maria and Elizabeth soon afterward8 became 
seriously ill/ and were ta,ken home only to 
die, Maria on C May 1825 in her tsvelfth year, 
and Elizabt4h on 15 June in her eleventh 
year* The vivid picture of this part of her 
life tn the o|»euing scenes oi * June Eyre * 
(where * Helen Bums ' stands for Maria 
Bronte) represents the impression made 
upon Charlotte Bronto. She did not antici- 
pate the obvious identification, and there- 
fore did not hold herself bound to strict 
accuracy. That the accoimt would be exag- 
gerated if takeu as au historical document 
may be fairly inferred from a * Vindication 
of the Clergy Daughters' School,' published 
by the Rev* ll. Shepheurd in 1859. Some 
miamanagement at starting was not surpris- 
ing; reforms were speedily introduced : and 
fefiow-pupils of the Brontes speak warmly 
of Mr. Wilson and even of Miss Scatcherdfl 
representative, as well as of the school. The 
diet and lodging could hardly have been 
rougher than that of Ila worth; but the 
deaths of Maria and Elizabeth succeeding 




some severe treatment naturally impressed 
, the sensitive ima^nation of their sister. 
I Charlotte and Emily returned to the school 
I after the summer holidays, but were re- 
moved on account of their health before the 
winter. 

The family were now gathered at Ha worth. 
[ Miss Branwell gave the girls lessons in her 
j bedroom, while Charlotte acted as the child- 
ish guardian of her younger sisters. Bran- 
I well was chiefly taught by his father, making 
friends for himself in the village. There 
' was a grammar school at Haworth^ where 
the children may have had some lessons. 
An elderly woman called * Tabby ' began at 
this time a service of thirty years with the 
Brontes, and looked after the children. They 
were, however, thrown much upon their own 
resouroeSf and amused themselves by writing. 
Charlotte made a * catalogue of her books* 
written between April 18^39 and August 1830. 
They filled twenty-two volumes of from sixty 
to a hundred pages of minute handwriting, a 
facsimile from wnich is given hi Mrs.QaakeU*s 
biography. They consist of stories and child- 
ish * magazines.' The extract* given by Mrs. 
Gaakell show i;pmarkable indications of ima- 
ginatiye power, while it also appears that 
the children had imbibed from tDeir father 
strong tory prejudices and a devoted admi- 
ration for the Duke of Wellington. A poem 
of Chttrlotte*s, written before 1833, given by 
Mrs. Gaskell, shows especial promise. The 
educiition was of course unsystematic. When 
Charlotte was again s^ent to school in January 
1831| she was remarkably forward in some 
re-spects and equally backward in others. 

The .«chool was Icept by Miss Wooler, at 
Roeliead, between Leeds and Huddersfield. 
The number of pupils varied from seven to 
ten, and Chariot t-e became strongly at tached to 
her teachers and to some of her schoolfellows. 
One of the latter, Miss Ellen Nussey (* E/ in 
Mrs. Gaskell's biography), was a lifelong 
friend and correspondent. Two sisters, Ma^ 
and Martha Taylor* who lived at GomerBal, 
are the Ro^-^e and Jessie Yorke of * Shirley/ 
where the whole Taylorfsmily is vividly por- 
trayed. Miss Nussey was the original of Caro- 
line Helston in the same novel Stories told 
by Miss Wooler of the days of the Luddites 
suggested other incidents, while a Mr. Cart- 
wright, owner of a neighbouring factory, is 
represented by Robert M*x>re. 

In 1832 Charlotte left Roehead, keeping 
up ft correspondence with Miss Nussey. She 
read the standard books, of which her father 
had a respectable collection, and her remarks 
are such as might be expected from a clever 
girl in a secluded parsonage. The queiftton 
of proTiding for the fELmily was beginning 



» become urfmt. Bnunwell^ a lad of great 

mife, hid cant racted Bome dang^eroug iott* 

d<s«, and was known m the piiblic-lLOuae 

[mrloiir. He read 'BelVs Iiiln/ took an 

Ittiter^t m prixe-fightbiff, and waa anxious to 

Ifi^e lift* in London, Mo had also read the 

tlaMic«i WBH fond of miuic, and ootild ]play 

the organ ; while he was good-looking, 

though rather undersized, and had great 

powvm of converBation. It is said that before 

Igoing to London he could ftstoniflh bagmen 

I mt X\w * Black Bull ' by describing the topo- 

{jrraphy of the metropolis* The whole family 

bad certain artistic taate^f and Charlotte took 

infinite pains in minutely copying en^T- 

^.ings until the practice injured her sight. 

^^rfisir father had nrocured them same drawing 

leeaoDS from a \f r. W, RobuiBon of Leeds. 

Branwell had made acquaintance with some 

local artiste and jounuuists, and oontrtbuted 

to the poet«* comer of local journals. A 

special iriend woa Joseph Bentley Leyland, 

a rising sculptor, bom at Halifax. Leyland 

went to London (December 1833) to study, 

and aft-erwards settled there as a sculptor. 

Bran well ^ stimulated by his example, made 

L* short risit to l>ondon, went to the sijhtSp 

Maw Tom Spring at the Castle Tavern, Hol- 

'bomy and soon returned, either from his own 

want of perseverance or because his father 

could not support him. This waa apparently 

in the later months of 18S6. 

On 6 July 1835 Charlotte says that she 
is to be a governess in order to eimhle her 
father to pay for Bran well's education at 
the Boyd Academy (Gajbkell, i, 147). On 
29 July Charlotte went as teacher to Miss 
Woolers school, taking Emily with her as 
pupil. Aft^r three months stay, Emily 
oe ^literally ill from homMickneaa/ 
^ftnd returned to Hsworth. It was about this 
time that an incident, the marriage of a girl 
to a man who, a-s it turned out, was already 
. married to a wife of deranged intellect, sug- 
ffBsted the plot of * Jane Eyre ' (Gaskell, i. 
I I6i\ Charlotte appears to have been happy 
I At Miss Wooler^s, though with occasional 
iit« of depression Cttxiaed by weak nerves. 
Her conscientious labour was too much for 
her strenflt h. Miss Wooler moved her school 
to Dewsbury Moor, in a lower situation, 
where Charlotte's health suffered still more. 
Anne waa also at the school, and apparently 
suffered from the change. In 1836 Emily 
again tried teaching, and passed sijc mouths 
at a school in Hallfiut, but soon found the 
burden of her duties^ and the absence from 
Ha worth intolerable. Charlotte and Anne con- 
tinued at Miss Woolers till Christmas 1837, 
when symptoms of incipient consumption 
in Anne alarmed Charlotte, and causea the 



two gtrla to return. Charlotte had a tern- 
nomry misunderstAading with Mis* Wooler 
lor supposed indifference to Anne*B health; and 
though this was soon removed, and Charlotte 
was induced to return to her post in the spiw 
of 1338, ahe found her health finally unequ^ 
to the task, and came back to Haworth. 

For some timt* desultorr attempts to find 
employment were the chief incidents of 
the sisters' lives. It had come to be amed 
that Emily wa« to remain at home ; Anne 
found a situation as goTemess in the spring 
of 1839, and apent the rest of her life in va* 
rious places, where the frequent dependence 
upon coarse emplojera teems to have been the 
aoorce of much misery; Oh&rlotre was a go- 
vemeas for a short tune in 1839, and again 
from March to December 1 841» finding kindly 
and considerate employers on the second oc- 
casion. She declined two offers of marriage, 
one in March 1839 to the prototype of St. 
John in ^ Jane Eyre/ and one in uie same 
autumn from an Irish clergyman. Soon afteN 
wards she wrote and sent to Wordsworth a 
fragment of a story mentioned in the nrefiuY 
to the * Professor ' as one in which she hsd 
got over her taste for the high-flown strip- 
bhe had already sent some poems to Souther 
on 2^ Dec. 1836 , who repbed, pointing out 
the objections to a literary career, in a IstMtst 
of which she acknowledged the kindness and 
wisdom (GasaLELL, i. 162, 169-175; SotrrHBt^ 
Life and C&rrf^pQfid^ncej vi. 327-30)* Bnn* 
well had writt4?n soon afterwards to Wonb- 
worth (19 Jan. 1837), but anparently no an- 
swer was made. Southey's letter had led lo 
Charlotte^s abandonment of lit4!<rature for ths 
time, and it seems from her i^eply to Words- 
worth (Gaskell, i.21 1) that his letter^ 
^ kind and candid/ was equally dampii 
riage and literature being renoimceOia] 
to think of starting a edn>ol. The 
thought that with the help of a loan from 
Branwell^B savings they mic^ht adapt the par- 
sonage to the purpose. In 1841 M i:is Woolsr 
nroposed to give up her school to the BrontM. 
The offer was eagerlv accepted-, but it seemed 
desirable that they should qualify themselTes 
by lic^juiriug some knowleage of foreign lan- 
guages on the continent. After some in- 
quines tWy decided upon entering a school 
of eighty or a hundred pupils^ kept by M. and 
Mme. ll^^ger in the Rue a Isabeile, Brussels. 
Charlotte and Emily went thither in Febmaiy 
184:?, I heir fat her going with thnm, and staying 
j one night at the Chapter coffee-house, Patei^ 
noster Kow, imd one night at Brussels. 
H^ger was a man of ability and stronf 
ligiouB principles^ choleric but benevoleDtf 
and an active member of the Society of St. 
Vincent de Paul, He waa professor of rhe- 







I 



n 



tone and pr^fet des 6tudea at the Ath6n^, 
ultimately resigning hie position becAu^ he 
was not allowed to mtrodace religious in- 
struction. He soon perceived the talent* of 
his new pupiU, and, dispensing with the 
drudgeiT of ^mmar, set them to study pieces 
of classical French litem* ure, and to prac- 
tise original composition in French. Some 
of Charlotte's exercipe^, printed by Mrs* Gii*- 
kell, show that she soon obtained remarkable 
command of the language. Although the 
sisters profited by this instruction, the general 
tone of the school was uncongenial; they dis- 
liked the Belgians, and the experience only 
Intenj^ified their protestantism and patriotic 
prejudices. Mary and Martha Taylor, their 
old friends, were resident in Brusseb at this 
time; but the death of Martha Taylor, the 
original of Jessie Yorke, in the autumn of 
18i2, was a severe blow. News of the last 
illnees and death of their aunt , Miss Branwell^ 
reached them soon after. T!iey start-ed im- 
mediately for Haworth^ and pnjssed the rest 
of the yeiir at home. The nitnt's will, made 
in 1833, left her money to four nieces, t he three 
Brontes and Anne K i ngston. The sta t ement 
that she disinherited Branwell on account of 
his ill-conduct is erroneous ( L^'S^I'^^thJi ii. ^l ). 
M. H£ger wrote a letter to their father, ex- 
pressing a high opinion of their talents, and 
spedcingof the possibility of his oilering them 
A position. Charlotte had already begun to 
give lessons, and it was decided that !*he 
should return as a teiicher, for a salary of 400 
francs, out of which ebe was to pay forGerman 
lessons. She went in January 184-3^ and 
stayed tiU the end of the year. She felt the 
loneliness of her position, esjjeciuUv when left 
to herself during the vaciition, and a coolness 
aroae between her and Madame H^ger, due 
partly at least to their religious diflerences. It 
IS probable that she Butiefed at this time from 
aome unfortunate attachment. Her fathers 
failing eyesight gave on additional reason 
for her presence at home, and she tinaily 
reached llaworth 2 Jan. 1B44, witli a certi- 
ficate of her powers of teachioj^; French, signed 
by M. H6ger, nnd with the seal nf the Athfin^e 
RoyaL liet experiences at Brussels were 
used in the * Professor, and with surprising 
power in * Villette,* which is to so great an 
extent a literal reproduction of her own 

Sersonal history tliat some of the persons 
escribed complained of minor inaccuracies 
as though it had been avowedly a matter-of- 
fact narrative. 

The plan of setting up a school was again 
discussed by the sisters. They could not leave 
their father, but with the sum left by Miss 
Branwell they intended to fit the parsonage 
for receiving pupils. No pupils, however, 



would come tn the remote villace,and troubles 
wereaccum ulat ing. Branwell s early promise 
was vanishing. After his visit to London he 
made some efforts to gain a living by painting 
portraits. He passed two or three years in 
desultory efi^orts, but his want of any serioua 
training was fatal. A portrait of his sisters, 
described by Mrs. Gaskell, shows that he had 
some power of seizing a likeness, but was 
otherwise a mere dauber. He took lodgings 
at Bradford, joined the meetings of * the ar- 
tistic and literary celebrities of the neigh- 
iwurhood ' at the George Hotel ( Leyljlnd, i. 
20^% and nimbled about the country. He 
was a member of the masonic * Lodge of the 
Three Graces' at Ha worth, of which John 
Brown, the sexton, was ' worshipful master.' 
He learnt to take opium, and occasionally 
drank to excess. Un 1 Jan. 1840 he became 
tutor in the family of Mr. Postlethwaite of 
Broughton-in-Fumess, and soon afterwards 
wrote a letter to his friend the sexton (ih. 
i. 255-©), which proves sufficiently that he 
was deeply taintm with vicious habits. He 
next got a place as clerk on the Leeds and 
Miinchesier railroad, Ijeing employed at S«>w» 
erby Bridge from October 1^40, and a few 
months later at Luddenden Foot. At the 
beginning of 1842 he was dismissed for cul- 
pable negligence in his accounts and the de- 
talcations of a subordinate. After the Christ^ 
mas holidays in that year he became tutor in 
a family where Anne was already a governess. 
Here h*j appears to have fallen in love with 
the wife of his employer, seventeen years his 
senior, and to have misinterpreted her kind- 
ne-ss into a return of his atfection. When his 
behaviour became openly offensivCt she spoke 
to her husband, and Branwell was summarily 
dismissed in Jidy l84o. He bragged to all his 
friends of his supposed conquest in the Cushion 
of a village Don Juan, ana choee to say that 
the lady acted nnder compulsion, ana was 
ready t« marry him upon her husband's death. 
Meanwhile he staytil with his fatlier, still 
writing occasional scraps, and making appli- 
cations for emplovment. He became reckless, 
took opium, and had attacks of delirium 
tremens. Emily Bronto appears to have tole- 
rated him, Anne stifiered cmellv, and Char- 
lotte was indignant and disgusted. She epeaka 
of his » frantic folly,* says (3 March 1846) 
that it is * scarcely possible to stay in the room 
where he is,^ and regards the case as ' hope- 
lees,' If he got a sovereign he spent it at the 
public-house. In 1846 his late employer died, 
and Branwell hoped, if, as is charitably sug- 
gested, he was under an hallucination, that the 
widow would marry bim. He told his story 
to every one who would listen, adding that 
he would mention it to no other human being. 




I 

I 



I 



Alter this h^ rapidly deteriorated^ dereloped 
symptomB of coiwiiraptinn, and dit?d :?6 Sept, 
1648. In bis lagt moments he stArted oon- 
vulsively to his feet and fell dead. Thi-^ in- 
cident appttr^ntly gave rise to Mrs. Goakeirs 
statement tliat he carried out a nrerioiis reso- 
lution tbnt he would die standing, in order 
to prove the strength of hie wilK 

Theae facts mu6t be mentioned, because 
they explain one cause of the sisters* de- 
presaion, and bocauae they have nnfortu- 
nmtely been miaaia ted. Biosphere believed 
in Brtinwell^s stoir of the vilenesa of hia em- 
ployer's wife, and though when first pub- 
lished it was met with an indignant denial 
and instantly iuppressed, it haa since been 
reported as authent ic. It rest« solely upon 
the testimony of the pothouse brags of a 
degraded creature. All the stAtement« which 
can now be checked are falae. The husband's 
will did not^ as Bninwell asserted, make the 
lady's fortune conditional on her not seeing 
him. On t he contrary, it shows complete con- 
fldenctj in her. Bran well ciid not die with his 
pocket * full of her let ters/ She never wrote 
to him, and the letters were from another 
person (Lbxxaj^b, ii. 142, 284). The whole 
may be dismissed as a shameful lie, possibly 
based in part on real df^lusion. A claim has 
been set up for BrHuweH to a partial author- 
jihip of *Wut hiring Heights.' He wrote, 
trven to the last, some poems (many published 
by Mr. Leyland ) which, though of\en feeble, 
tihow distmet marks of the family talent. 
lie had finished by September 1845 one 
volume of n three-volume novel. He told 
Mr. Grundy, apparently in 1846, that he had 
\vritten a great part of * Wutheriug Heights,' 
and, Hn ^lt. Grundy adds, * what his aister 
Baid bore out the assertion.* Two of his 
iViends also stated (LBifLAjfD, ii. 186-8) that 
Branwell had read to them part of a novel| 
which, from recollection, ihey identified with 
* Wuthering Height.-?.' On the other hand, 
Charlotte Bronte, who was in daily communi- 
cation with her sisters at every step, obviously 
had no doubt that it was written by her 
sister Emily. Htr testimony is conclusive. 
She could not have been deceived, nor is it 
pjssible to suppose that Emily would have 
carried out such a deception. The sisters 
still consulted Branwell on their work, and 
Emily waa least repelled by him. That be 
may have given her some suggestions is pro- 
bable enough ; nor is it improoable that the 
i-ejirobate who was slandenng^ his employer's 
wife was making a false claim to part of his 
sisters novel. Stories of this kind are com- 
mon enough in literary history — * Qarth did 
not write his own '* Dispensary " * — and this 
claim of Branwell s may be Jiamiaaed with 



otliers of the same clase. The internal evi- 
dence cannot be discussed ; thou|^h it may be 
said that Emily s poenL* show far higher pri> 
mise than anything of BranweU% and iofar 
strengthen her claim to a stOTy of astonish- 
ing power. BranweU'd habits at this time 
were as unfavourable to good work as con- 
ducive to the disappearance of any fragments 
he may have written. When Charlotte left 
Brussels, her fathers eyesight was failing. 
The weak health of 'fabby incpaased t£i 
labour of housekeeping. On 25 Aug, 1816 
Mr. Bronte underwent a successful opera- 
tion for cataract. The sist-era now turned 
their thuu^htj^ to literature. Charlotte tells 
M. H^ger m 1845 that she had been approved 
by Southey and (Hartley) Coleridge (Gas- 
K£LL, i. 321). The latter was known to 
some of Bran weirs friends, and it is said that 
he and Wordsworth gave some encoungi^ 
ment to BranwelL In the autumn of l^S 
Charlotte had accidentally found some poems 
of Emily^s. Ajine then confessed to having 
also written verse; and the three put to- 
gether a small volume, which was puolished 
at their expense in May 1A46 by Messrs. 
Aylott & Jones. It attracted little notice, 
though reviewed in the ' Athenaeum ' (4 July 
1646). The sisters adopted the pseudonyms 
Currer, EUis, and Acton Bell, eorresponiiog 
to their initials. Thev next offered their 
novels, the 'Professor,* AVuthering Heights/ 

* Agnes Grey,* to various publishers. A re- 
fusal of the ' Professor ' reached Charlotte 
on the day of her father's operation, and on 
the same day she be^n ' Jane Eyre.' In the 
spring of 1847, Emily's and Annes stories 
were accepted by J. Cautley Newby. Brfore 
they had appeared Charlotte received a tetter 
from Messrs. Smith & Elder containing s 
refusal of the * Professor,' but * so delicate, 
reasonable, and courteous as to be more cheer- 
ing than some acceptances.* It encouraged 
her to offer them * Jane Eyre,' already nearly 
finished. The reader, the late Mr. W. S. 
Williams, recognised its great power. It 
was immediately accit^pted and published in 
August 1847. ' Jane E}Te ' achieved at once a 
surprising success* Charlotte had overcome 
the tendency to fine -writing of her first 
story, and the reaction into dxynesa of the 

* Professor.' She had learnt to combine ei- 
traordinary power of expressing passion 'w ii 'i 
an equally surprising power of giving reaijty 

I to her pictures which transfigures the com- 
I monest scenes and events in tlie light of 
genius, * Jane Eyre,' which owed little to 
I contemporary critics, was warmlv praised 
[ in the * Examiner,' and by G. H. Lewes in 

* Eraser's ifagiusine ' for December; but the 
rush for copies, ' which began early in De* 



^ 
^ 



^ 
^ 



cember' (Gi.ss:ELLf li. iW), indicated & hold 
upon public interest whict needed no critical 
sanction. The second edition, dedicated 
to Tliackeray, appeared in January 1848, 

* Wutliering' Heignts ' and ' Agnes Grey * were 
piibliahed in December, with comparatively 
tittle success. By the next June Anne 8 
•Tenant of Wildfell HaU* was offered to 
tbe same publisher. Hitherto the secret of 
the authorship of * Jane Eyre' had been re- 
vealed hv Charlotte to no one but her father, 
and to nim only after its assured success 
(Gasiogll^ ii. 3<3V It had been conjectured 
by gome readers that the three BeUs were in 
reality one, A foohsh and impossible story 
attributed * Jane Eyre ^ to an imaginary go- 
verness of Thackeray*8, repTeHented by Becky 
Sharps who waii supposed to kftve retorted 
by describing Thackeniyai^ Rochester (^Quar- 
terfy JievietCj December 1848). 

On 2B April and 3 May 1848, Charlotte 
wrote to Misa Kussey, denying the nimour 
of its true origin with much vehemence* 
though with a self-betraying effort to avoid 
direct falsehood. She haa^ it seems, promised 
secrecy to her sisters. Meanwhile, the pul>- 
Iklifiir of Emily*8 and Anne^s novels had pro- 
mised early sheets of the * Tenant of Wildfell 
Hall * to an American hoiiiiej stating his be- 
lief that it was by the author of * Jane Eyre/ 
A difficulty arose with Messr:^. Smith & 
Elder, who had promised the next work of 
the same author to another American iimi. 
They wrote to Mi>*s Bronte, and she, with 
Anne, immediately went to London in July 
to dear up the point decisively ( IIeid, p, 89). 
The sisters went to the Chapter coHee-house 
and immediately called at Mej^^rs. Smith & 
Elders, lliey refused an invitation to stay 
at Mr. Smith's house, tmd, after going to the 
opera and seeing a few London sights, re- 
turned to Plawortlif and to severe domestic 
trials. 

Branwell died in September, Emily's 
health then showed symptoms of collapse. 
She would not complain, nor endure ques- 
tioning, i inly whi-u actuiilly dying (19 Dec. 
1848) she 8 a id that she would see a doctor, 
Shirlev Keeldar wb-s Emily s portrait of her 
sister as she might have lieen under happier 
circiunatances. The story of the courage 
with which Shirley hums out the scar of a 
mad dog*s bite was true of Emily. Tlie dog 

• Tartar * wai* Emily 'h maj^titf (Keeper). She 
once gave him a severe thrashing for a do- 
mestic offence, though ahe had been told that 
if touched by a stick he would certainly 
throttle her. The dog, it is added, loved her 
erer afterwards, foDowed her to her grave^ 
became decrepit, and died in Becember 1851 
(Gasilell, ii. 239). Emily has been regarded 




by some critics as the ablest of the sistew. 
* Wuthering Heights' and some of the poems 

I give a promi£^ more appreciable by critics 
than by general readers. The noyel miaeed 
popularity by the general nainfulness of the 

I situation, by clumsiness orconstniction, and 

! by the absence of the astonishing power of 
realisation manifest in * Jane Eyre.' In 

I point of style it is superior, but it is the 
nightmare of a recluset not a direct represen- 
tation of facts seen by genius. Though en- 
thusiastically admired by good judges, it will 
hardly be widely appreciated. After Emily^s 
death Anne rapidly sickened. Consumption 
soon declared itself (Jn 1*4 Slay she left II a- 
worth for Scarborough, and died there, after 
patient endurance of ht r suilerings, on 28 May 
1849. A touching poem, * I hopc*d that with 
the brave and strong/ was her last comp<jsi- 
tion. 

For the next few years Charlotte lived 
alone with her father. She suflered fre- 
quently from nervous depression. House- 
hold cares trt>ubled her. The old servant 
Tabby had broken her leg in 1837, when the 
younger Brontes insisted upon keeping her 
In till! house, though she might have lived 
in tolerable ease with a sister. Li the 
autumn of 1849 Tabby, now at the age of 
eighty, had a tit; a younger servant who 
helpt^d was seriously iU, and Miss Bronte 
had to do all the housework besides nursing 
the patients ( Ga^kell, ii. 122). She still per- 
severed in literary composition, and * Shirley,' 
the least melancholy of hiT stories, was pub- 
Ibhed on 20 Oct. 1849. A Haworth man 
living at Liverpool easily divined the author- 
ship, and the secret, already transimrent, 
was openly abandoned. On a visit to Mr. 
George Smith, of Smith & Elder^s, in the 
antumn of the same year, she was intro- 
duced to Thackeray and in various literary 
circles. It is curious that she denied ex- 
plicitly that the characters in * Shirley * were 
Miteral portraits' (CUsKELL, ii. 129'). Yet 
it is admitted that an original stood for 
almost every peraon, if not Tor every petiaon, 
introduced. Besides Shirley herselt, who 
was meant for Em^ily» Mr. Helstone, who 
partly represented the elder Bronte, Caroline^ 
who represented M'ma Nussey, Mrs. Pryor 
and Mr. Hall had certainly originals; the 
whole family of Yorkes were * almost da- 
guerreotypes ' (Gaskell, i. 115), and one of 
the sons uim.self confirmed their accuracy ; 
while the * three curates* not only recognised 
their own likenesses, but called each other 
by the names given in the novel. In her lant 
finiahed story, 'Villette/ the same methfKl 
is applied to her life at Brussels. A too 
ck»e reproductiofQ of realitiea is in fat^ ha** 




Bronte 



412 



Bronte 



(H'eateflt artistic weakness. 'Villette' was 
imishedy after many interruptions caused by 
ill-health and depression, at the end of 185z, 
and published in the following spring. Her 
extreme sensibility was shown dv a desire 
to publish it anonymously, but Its success 
was equal at the time to that of its pre- 
decessors. 

Miss Bronte had now become famous, and 
the life at Haworth was interrupted by 
occasional visits to the friends who haa 
gathered round her, in spite of the extreme 
shyness of a sensitive nature reared in such 
peculiar seclusion. Her visit to Mr. Smith 
in London in the end of 1849 was followed 
by others in June 1850, in June 1851, and in 
January 1853. In 1849 she met Thackeray, 
the contemporary whom she most admired, 
though she was a little puzzled to know 
whether he was * in jest or earnest ' in conver- 
sation, and complained of what she thought 
his perversity in satire. She mentions (Gas- 
KELL, ii. 162) how she told him of his faults in 
1850, and how his excuses were often worse 
than his crimes. Miss Bronte's sense of 
humour was feeble. In 1851 she attended 
one of his lectures, and the author of ' Jane 
Eyre* found herself the centre of observa- 
tion to a London audience, and was intro- 
duced to Mr. Monckton Milnes (afterwards 
Lord Houghton). A description of Thacke- 
ray's sensitiveness to the opinions of his 
hearers is adapted to the case of M. Paul 
Emanuol in * Villette.' Thackeray's im- 
pressions of Miss Bronte are given in a short 
introduction to a fragment ciilled * Emma/ 
published in the ' Cornliill ' for April 1800 
(i. 485). She made the acquaintance of 
Sir Juraes Kay-Sliuttleworth in 1850, and 
while staying with him near Bowness the 
same August met her future biographer, Mrs. 
Goskell, with whom she formed a warm friend- 
ship. An admiring criticism of * Wuthering 
Heights' by Sydney Dobell in the ^Talla- 
dium' in September 1850 led to another 
warm friendship witli the author. She met 
G. II. Lewes, whose early admiration of 
*Jane P]yre' had pleased her, though she 
accepted with some difficulty his advice to 
study Miss Austen. II(^ hurt her by a review 
of 'Shirley' in the 'Edinburgh' for June 
1850, where she was annoyed by the stress 
laid upon her sex. * I can be on my guard 
against my enemies,' she wrote pithily, ' but 
God ])reserv'e me from my friends ! ' Lewes 
ai)peared to her to be over-confident and 
dogmatic, but she respected him enough to 
say that he was guilty rat her of * rough 
play than of foul play. Though she made 
It a duty to read all critiques, she was sensi- 
tive under reproof, and especially to any 



charge against her delicacy. A reviewer of 

* Vanitjr Fair ' and * Jane Eyre ' in the * Quar- 
terly ' tor December 1848 had brought against 
her the charge of coarseness. She asked 
Miss Martineau, whose acquaintance she had 
made in 1850, to tell her faithfully of any 
such fault in future novels. Miss Martineau 
promised and kept her word by condemning 
'Villette' unon that and other srounds in 
the ' Daily Kews.* Miss Bronte had stayed 
in Miss Martineau's house, and, thou^ re- 
pelled by some of her hostess's religions 
opinions, had refused to give up the friend- 
ship upon that account. This criticism of 

* Villette' induced Miss Bronte to signify 
that their intercourse must cease (Reid, p. 
169). Miss Martineau afterwards wrote m 
the * Daily News ' a generous notice of Miss 
Bronte on her death. 

A third offer of marriage had been made 
to Miss Bronte in the spring of 1851 by 
a man of business in good position, and 
was apparently favoured bv her father. In 
July 1846 she had denied a report of an 
engagement to her father's curate, Mr. A. B. 
Nicholls (Gaskell, i. 351 ; Reid, i. 72). He 
is alluded to in * Shirley ' as the * true chris- 
tian gentleman 'who had succeeded the three 
curates. In December 1852 Mr. Nicholls pro- 
posed marriage, and Miss Bronte, thou^ 
returning his affection, refused him next day 
at her father's dictation. Mr. Nicholls re- 
signed his curacy and left Haworth. The 
father's unreasonable indignation graduallv 
calmed as he saw that his daughter's healtli 
was suffering. In March 1854 Miss Bn)nte 
wrote with his consent to invite Mr. Nicholls 
to return. She had arranged that the mar- 
riage should not disturb her father s seclu- 
sion, and should be a gain instead of a loss 
of money. It took place accordingly on 
19 June 1854, and while health lasted wa.s 
productive of unmixed happiness. After a 
visit with her husband to his Irish relations 
she returned to Haworth, where in the next 
winter her health became precarious. She 
sank gradually, and died on 31 March 1855. 

The father survived her for six years, re- 
taining his interest in public affairs and 
cherisliing all memorials of his daughters. 
Mr. Nicholls continued to live with liim, and 
a letter from Mr. Raymond, editor of the 

* New York Times * (partly reprinted in Reid, 
p. 194), describes an interview with the two. 
Patrick Bronte died on 7 June 1861. 

The works published by the tliree sisters 
are as follows: 1. * Poems bv Currer, Ellis, 
and Acton Bell,' 1840. 2. * JaneEyre,U847. 
3. * Wuthering Heights ' and * Agnes Grey ' 
(3 vols., of which * Agnes Grey ' is the 
last), 1847. 4. *The Tenant of WUdfell 



I 



I 



Hail/ by Acton Bell, 1848. 5. * Shirley/ 
1849, 6, A new edition of * Wutheriiig 
Height«*and *A^e8 Grey/ with * Selections 
from the literary rt*main» of Ellis and Acton 
B«ll,' a biographical notice of EIIik and 
Acton Bell by Currer Bell, and prefaces to 
* Wnthering Heights ' and the * Selections ' 
(of poetry)/ 7. * Villette/IBT^S, 8, 'Emma* 
(a fnigment) in the *OoniiiilS Magazine* for 
April 1860. AH these are compriBed, to- 
gether with Mrs. Gaslieir» * Life, in the 
collective edition in 7 vola. published in 
1872; as is ako Patrick Bronttrs * Cottage 
Foem»/ HUistrations of the places deacribed 
tote alao given. 

pira. Gaakeirs Lift' of Charlotte BrontS, 1867 
ffliippreeeionB and additions in Iat«r editions); 
Cbarlott43 Bronte, a monograph, by T* Weinyaa 
Beid, 1877. containing letters to Mie« Naasey, 
90me of wbioh had appeared in * Hours at Home ' 
(New York) for June 1870; Emily Bronte, by 
A, Mflry F. Robin ^un (' Eminent Wonieo ' ser.), 
with information from Miss Nuwsey and others ; 
Grundy's PicfureH of thf Pa»t> pp, 73-93, 1870 ; 
Mirror. 28 Dec. 1872 (artide by Manuary S^arle,' 
Q. F. Phinipfl), u few notices of Branwell Bronte ; 
biognpfaical nuticef by Charlotte Bront«, ns 
jri^i* Mi^H Miirtineau's Biographical S1tet«hes 
(ham the Daily News); The Bronte Family , 
with special reference to Patrick Branwell 
Bronte, by Francis A. Loyknd, 1886.] L. 8. 

BROOK. [See also Bkokb and Bkookb.] 

BROOK, ABRAHAM (J. 1789), phjsi- 
l cist, was a IjookBeller of Norwich* tie pub- 
lished at Nor\4nch in 1789 a quarto volume | 
of * Miscellaneoiifl Experiments and Remarks | 
on Elect ri city T thi* Air Pump, and the Ba- I 
I rometer^ with a description of an Elnctrometer 
of a new construction/ The work was trana- 
lated into German and published at Leipzig I 
in 1790. A papiT by him, Mjf a new EHec- 
trometer/ appeared in the * Philosophical I 
Tranaactions^ (abridg. xv, 308), 1782. Tes- 
timony to Brook*^ scientific ability will be 
&iuid in the same vohime (p. 702) in an 
uticle by Wm. Morgan on electric^il experi- 
menta: *I cannot conclude this paper,^ he 
•ay«, *without acknowledging my ooligationa 
^« to the ingenioui^Mn Brook of Norwich, who, i 
^B^y communicating to me his method of boil- I 
^Hbg mercurV) ha^ Wn the chief cauae of my I 
^■niOCMii in these experimenta.' I 

^" prot«a and Qomoa, Ztd ser v. 356 ; Watt's 
Bibl. Brit. i. 164 ; Pha Trans, abr. xr. 308, 702.1 | 

R. H. 

BROOK, SiH BASIL (1576-1646?), i 
royaliMt, eldest son of John Brook of Made- ' 
ley, ShropehLre, and Anne, eldest daughter I 
of Francis Shirley of 8 taunt on Harold, was 
bom In 1576; and was knighted at liighgata 



on 1 May 1604. In 1615 he waa one of the 
farmers of the ironworks in the Forest of 
Dean, and shortly afterwards roi^ntion occtura 
of his* manufacturing steel under a patent to 
Elliot and IMeyfiey. This steel, it appears, 
was worthless ;' and on 2 July 1619 an order 
was made directing proce^ings to be taken 
for revoking the natent. In 1624 Dr. Wil- 
liam Bishop, bisriop of Cha!cedon, died in 
Sir Basil Brook's house at Bishop^s Court, 
near London, Anthony h Wood says : 
* Where that place is, except in th© parisH 
of St. Sepulchre, I am yet to seek/ lirook 
is described as ^ a person of great account 
among the F^nglish catliolics in the reigns of 
King Jnmes I and King Charles I, and of 
some interest with those princes.' In 1635 
he WM very active in supix>rting the cause 
of the regular clergy ngamst episcopal go- 
vernment in England. He wns treasurer of 
the contributions made by the English catho- 
lics towards defraying the king's charges nf the 
war against Scotland. On 27 Jan. l64Ct-l the 
House of Commons made an order re^juiring 
Brook and other royalists forthwith to attend 
the house. He, however, prudently w-if hilrew 
from Lindon, but he was apprehended at 
York a year later (January lt>41-2). An 
order was made by the house in August 1642 
for remoWng him from the custody of the 
Serjeant to tne kings bench. 

Being subsequently implicated in an alleged 
plot to make divisions between the parliament 
and the city , and to prevent the advance of the 
Scota ajrmy into England, h** wa.H committed 
dose prisoner to the Tower bv the House of 
Commons on 6 Jan. 164:3-4. Un 6 May 1646 
an order was made by the house that Brook 
should be removed to the kin^^-V bench, there 
to remain a prisoner to the parliament until 
the first debts by action chargt^d upon him 
should be satished. He was apparently 
living in July 1646, far in certain articles 
of peace then framefl he h named as one of 
the papists who, ha^dng been in arms against 
the parliament, were to be proceeded witli 
and their estates disposed of as botti housee 
should determine, and were to be incapable of 
the royal pardon without the consent of both 
lioufles. 

Brook married Etheldreda, daughter of Sir 
Edmund Bnidenell, knight, JSir l£)ger TV-ys- 
den mentions him as ' a very good, trewe, and 
worthy pei^n ' {Notes and Qi«ertef, 2nd aer, 
iv. 103), and Dodd says he was * handsome 
and comely/ 

He pnmished, with a dedication to Queen 
Henrietta Maria, * Entertaim***"** ^"*^ ^■'pnt, 
WTitten in French by dieJEI asin, 

S.J,, and translated rato Ea' \, B," 

Ijond. 1672, 12mo ; ' v 




Brook 



414 



Brook 



f NoteH and Qaeries, Sid ser. iv. 81, 136 ; 
CHlcndars of State Papers ; Panzani's Memoirs, 
178, 179 ; Cat. of l^inted Books in Brit. Mns.; 
A cunning Plot to divide and destroy the Par- 
liament and the City of London, 1 643. J T. C. 

BRO9K, BENJAMIN (1776-1848), non- 
conformiBt divine and historian, was bom in 
177(5 at Nether Thong, near Huddersfield. 
As a youtli he was admitted to membership 
in the independent church at Holmfielo, 
under the pastoral care of the Rev. Robert 
Oallond. In 1797 he entered Rotherham 
Colh»ffe a.«< a student for the ministry. In 
1801 he btKiame the first pastor of the con- 
gregational church at Tut bury, Staffordshire. 
Here he pursued his studies, with great re- 
search, into puritan and nonconformist his- 
tory and biography, and published the works 
on which his historical repute chiefly rests. 
Resigning his ministerial duties in 1830, from 
failing health, he went to reside at Binning^ 
ham, still continuing his favourite studies, 
and publishing some of their fruits. He was 
a member of the educational board of Spring- 
hill College, opened August 1838. At the 
time of his death he was collecting materials 
for a history of puritans who emigrated to 
New England. He died at the Lozells, near 
Birminffham, on 5 Jan. 1848, in his 73rd 
year, lie is said to have been one of the last I 
who retained among the congregationalists | 
the old ministerial costume of shorts and j 
black silk stockings. Hepublished: l.*Ap- \ 
peftl to Facts to justify Dissenters in their ' 
Separation from tlie Establislied Church,' i 
l>n(l .'d. 1S0(), 8vo (.'M iH\. 181.',, Svo, with ! 
title '])isst*nt from the Cliurch of England ' 
justified by an Appeal to Facts'). '2. * The 
Livt's of tli»» Puritans . . . from the Refor- 
mation under i). Elizabeth to the Act of i 
Uniformity, in inOlV 1S13, 3 vols. 8vo (a 
most careful and valuable collection, from 
original sources). 3. 'The Reviewer re- 
view<'d.' I^IT), 8vo (in answer to an article 
in tlir • Christian ( )bse.rver ' on the * Lives '). 
4. * The History of I leliurious Liberty from the 
first Propjiiration of Christ ianitv in Britain 
to tliM df jitli of George £11,' 1820, l> vols. 8vo. 
r>. * Memoir of the Life and Writings of 
Tliomas Cart Wright. B.l). . . . including the 
principal ♦■cdesiastical movements in the 
reign of Q. Flizabrth,' 184.'',, 8vo (this is in- 
ferior to his * Lives :* Brook was better in 
biography than in general history). 

[ConjjTi'i?ati.)nal ViMr-r>ook. 1848. p. 214; 
Bennett's Hist, ot" Disseuters, 1839, p. 161 ; pri- 
vate information.] A. Gt. 

BROOK, CHARLES (1814-1872), phi- 
lanthropist, was born 18 Nov. 1814, in Upper- 
head 1U)W, Huddersfield. His father, James 



I Brook, was member of the l&ige banking and 
I cotton-splnningfirm of Jonas Brook Brothers, 
I at Meltbam. Charles Brook lived with his 
j father, who in 1831 had moved to Thornton 
Lodge ; and by 1840 he became partner in the 
I firm. He made many improvements in the 
I machinery, and showed remarkable business 
i talents. He strenuously refused to let his 
I goods measure a less number of yards than 
I was indicated by his labels, and he was bent 
; on promoting the welfare of the two thousand 
J hands in his employ. He knew them nearly 
, all bv sight, went to see them when ill, and 
' taught their children in the Sunday school, 
! which he superintended for years {Hudder^ 
field Rvaminer, vol. xx. No. 1471). He laid 
out a park-like retreat, which he himself 
planneo, for his workpeople at Meltham, and 
built them a handsome aimng-hall and con- 
cert-room, with a spacious swimming-bath 
underneath. His best-known G^ift is the (Conva- 
lescent Home at Huddersfield, in the grounds 
of which 'again he was his own landscape 
gardener, the whole costing 40,000/. He was 
constantly erecting or enlarging churches, 
schools, infirmaries, cottages, curates* houses, 
&c., in Huddersfield, Meltham, and the dis- 
trict; and on purchasing Enderby Hall, 
Leicestershire, in 1865, with large estates 
adjoining, costing 160,000/., he rebuilt En- 
derby church and the stocking-weavers' un- 
sanitary cottages. He died at Enderby Hall, 
of pleurisy and bronchitis, 10 July 1872, aged 
nearly oB. A portrait of him, by Samuel 
Howell, is in the Huddersfield Convalescent 
Home. 

In 1860 Brook married Miss Hirst, a 
daughter of John Simderland Hirst of Hud- 
dersfield. In politics he was a conservative. 
Mrs. Brook survived him; but he left no 
family. 

fHuddersfield Weekly News, vol. v. Nos. 24S, 

249; Huddersfield Examiner, vol. xx. Nos. 1471, 

I 1477; Huddersfield Dailv Chronicle, Nos. lo3S. 

1539, 1542 ; Times, 12 July 1872, p. 12, col. 1.] 

J. 11. 

BROOK, DA VIP (W. 1558), judge, was of 
a west-coimtry family livinj( at Olastonbury, 
Somersetshire. His father, John Br<x)k,wa8 
also a lawyer and nf the deprree of seijeant-at- 
law ; he died on Christmas day 1525, and was 
buried in the church of St. Mary Redclifiv, 
liristol, having been ]>rincipal seneschal of 
the neighbouring monastery. Da\'id was 
appointed reader at the Inner Temple in the 
autumn of 1534, and again in Lint term 

1540, when he was also treasurer, and in 
1541 he became one of the governors. He 
continued to rise steadily in his profes- 
sion, and on 3 Feb. 1547, the first week of 



Brookbank 



41S 



Brookbank 




Edward YTs reigrn, lie rt*ceived the coif^ the 
dep^f? of serjeant-at-law having been he- 
8towp«l rin TiiTTi ns One of the la«t acts of 
n*^ri' On 25 Nov. 1551 he wa« ap- 

Iioint. _ siirjtnint, and when, two yaars 

ater ^1 ^^ept. 1553), Sir Henry Bradshaw 
was removed, he eucceeded him as lord chief 
biiron of the exchequer. On 2 OoU, tJie day 
after Queen Mary^ coronation. Brook and 
fjtherSf accoTdinp' to Machjm, * were dobyd 
kniffhtes of the carpet/ 

Noticeaof his judpTnent^ continue to oc^ur 
in Ihrer'8 reports until Itilan^ term 1557 --8, 
and he died apparently in the course of that 
term. In March he was succeetled by Sir 
Clement Heijrham. His character is highly 
praised by Lloyd. He ^^*em§ to have been a 
man of strong common sen^e, and is said to 
have been especially fond of the maxim, 
* Never do anvthin^f by another that you can 
do by youreelJF/ He wa« twice married : first 
to Catherine, daug-hter of John, lord Chan- 
doa; secondly , to Murgaret, daughter of Mr. 
Bichard Butler of London* who Iiad already 
iir\Mved two huflhoiulf*, Mr. Andrew Fraun- 
and Alderman ItolKirt Chert sey, and, 
■nrviving Bro<^tk, married Sir Edward North, 
first earl of nuilford, ond was buried in 
the chancel of the church of St. Lawrence 
Jewry, London. By neither wife had he any 
issuew 

[Foui'B Liyea of the Jndget ; FtiUor'a Worthiea, 
ii, 283 ; Colli a*tV HiHtoric Peerag», it. 468 ; 
Machyn'B Diary. 335 «.] J. A, H. 

brookban:^, BROOKSBAKK, or 
BROOKESBANKE, JOSEPH (b. 1612), 
minister and f^ehoolmaftter, was the son of 
Geoii;fe Brookbank of Halifax, and was bom 
in 1612^ for at Michaelmas term 1632, when 
he entered as a batler at Brasenose College, 
Oxford, he was aged twenty. He graduated 
B.A, and took orders. In tlie Bodleian is the 
printed petition to the king, in September 
1647, from John Brookbank and thirty-three 
other ministers, expelled from Ireland by the 
rt^belfl. This John h probably identical with 
the subject of this art icie, who is called John 
on the title-pages of hi^ * Vitis Salutaris ' 
(I650> and'Compleat School-Master^ (1660). 
In 1*350 Brookbank describes himself as * at 
present preacher of the word ' at West Wy- 
combe (he spella it Wickham), Buckingham- 
shire. It is probable that he was settled at 
^Vycombe at the date (1648) of his eermon on 
the ^ Saints^ Imperfection,' and possible that 
he was placed toere in the room of Peel, si- 
lenced either at High or West Wycombe on 
le Jan. 1 a40 (* absolutely the first 'man of all 
the clergy whom the party began to fall upon/ 
WiLitBB). Brookbank 'in 1651 waa 'prea- 



byter and echoolmaster in Vine Court, in High 
llolbom/ where his books were to be Ijouglit. 
At this date he speaks of Sir Edward Richards, 
knt.» and his wife as having been * pleased to 
intertain me, when the whole world (as iar 
as I was at that time discoi^erable thereunto) 
had thrown me off/ In 1 654 he was *■ minister 
and schoolmaster in Jerusalem C^mt, in 
Reet Street/ By lt¥)7 he had lost both em- 
ployments, and on 4 July 16f)0 (while living 
in George Alley, Shoe Lane) he expressed his 
gratitude to Sir Jeremiah Whitchcot, hart., 
* in that, had your good will prevailed without 
interruption, I had now enjoyed a competent 
Bubsistance.' It is pf>ssible that he was the 
L B. who, early in U^8, published * A Tast 
of Catecheticai-Preaching-Exercise for the 
instruction of families, &;c/ The writer speaks 
of himself as being in his ' decaying age/ and 
proposes a plan of religious services for the 
young. His name appears as Brookbank in 
Lis earliest publication ; afterwards as Brooka- 
bankjBrooksbanke, Brookesbanke. and on one 
of his title-pages as Broksbank. He latinises 
it into Kipartus. His chriritiau name is som^ 
times printed Jo.^ and this is expanded into 
John by mistake. The explanation which he 
gives of his distance from the press maj 
account for some of the variations in his 
title-pages. His catechism gives the im- 
pression that he was an evangelical church- 
man; his educational works are careful and 
clever. 

He published: 1. *Joh. Amos Comenii 
Yestibulum Novissimum Lin^tue Latinie, 
Slc. Job. Amos Comenius His Last Porch 
of the Latin Tonyue, &c.,* 1647, 16mo (the 
Latin of Comenius is given on alternate 

?ages with an English version from the 
►utch of Henry Schoof compared with the 
original). 2. * The Saints* Imperfection,&c./ 
164*} (but corrected by Thompson to 19 Dec. 
1648), lt3mo (sermon on Heb. y. 12; the 
title-page is otherwise faulty ; it was reissued 
with new title-page in 1656>, 8. 'Vitis 
Salutaris : Or, the A'ine of Catechetical Di- 
vinitie, and Saying Truth, &c./ 1650, 16mo 
(a catechism dedicated to parishioners of 
W^eet Wycombe ; a reissue in 1656 has a new 
t itle-pfLge» and omit s the dedieat ion). 4. ' An 
English Monosyllabary/ B351, 16mo(a singu- 
lar little book, dedicated to Susan, wife of 
Edward Trussell, and her sister Philadelphia, 
daughters of Sir Edward Richards; contain- 
ing m rhythmical form ' all the words of one 
syllabi, in our English tongue drawne out 
into a legibl sens;' at the end are a few 
prayers in monosyllables). 5. * Plain, Brief, 
and Pertinent Rules for the Judicious and 
Artificial Syllabification of all English Words, 
&c*,* 1654, 16mo (the account of the author's 




Brooke 



416 



Brooke 



plan for the maiin^ment of a school is 
curious). 6. *Two IJooks more exact and 
judicious for tli»» Kntrin^ of Children to Spell 
and Head Kn^li^h than were ever yet extant, 
viz. An English SyllabarVf and An English 
Monosyllaburv, &c.,' U554, 16mo (the second 
book is simply No. 4, not reprinted ; there is 
a reissuo witli new title-page as * The Com- 
nleatSchool-Mast<T.'16(K)). 7. * Orthographia, 
hoc est, Gramnifitici's Nostrro Kegife LatinaB 
Pars prima . . . Cui adjungitur Orammatices 
eju.sdem . . . Syno|)si8/ H557, 16mo. 8. * A 
fireviate of our Kings whole Latin Gram- 
mar, vulgarly callt*d Lillies,* n.d. (dedication 
dated 4 July \m)). 9. * Hie Well-tun*d 
Organ ; or an extTcitation wherein this 
question is discuss'd, whether or no instru- 
mental and organick musiok }ye lawful in 
holy puhlick assiMnbliH8,M6<V),4to (Bodleian 
catalogue). 10. * Kf'bt^ls Tried and Cast, in 
thrtre Sermons, on Rom. xiii. 2, &c.,' 1661, 
12mo (Wood). Besides these Brookbank 
mentions that he had published an Abecedary 
(before 1651 ), and in 1650 he had projected a 
volume, containing the substance of a course 
of sermons at Wycombt% to be called * Nilus 
Salutaris.' 

[Wood's Atheiw Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 541; 
Walker's Sufferiiiirs of the Clergy, 1714, ii. 326; 
■works cited above.) A. G. 



BROOKE. 

Br(K)k.1 



•"Set* also Broke and 



BROOKE, SiK A irriini (1772-1843), 

li»Mit»'n;iiit-p'ii«'ral. wa< tli«' third son of Fran- 
cis I5r«)ok«* fA'i N)l»'l)r<)Mk«'. co. r«'nnanag}i, and 
the ynunir«r hrotluT of Sir Ilrnrv Hrook«s 
who, aflrr n']»r«'s«*ntiiiir I*'«TnianaLrh f<^r many 
years in tin- Hoii«<»' ol" (.'oninions, was created 
H ])arnn('t in Isi*:^. II»» »>nt»'r«'d tlie army as 
an t'n<i;:n in tlu' Uili n'LHinj'nt in 171^2, at 
tlu' v«'rv coninij'iiri'nirnt of th»» ^Tfat war, 
and n»'Vt'rl»'ft tliat n-irini»'nt until the conclu- 
sion of thf ^••♦'ntTal ])r;ic»» in Is]."). He was 
])roniott*(l li«Mit«'nant in 171>3, and s^TVPdwitli 
tlieUth in Lord Moira's division in Flanrlers 
in 1791 and 17i*5. II»' was ])roniote<l ca])tain 
in 17^5, ;ind sorv«Ml with Sir lial]>h Aber- 
(Tonihy's army in th«* reduction of the West 
Indies, when* hi^ n'Lriment remained till 
171'S. n»' was th«'n present throu^'-h the 
Fip-y])tian campai^^n of IHOI, and ])urrhased 
his majority ui 1s()l>. He purchastMl his 
lieutrnant-eolon«lcy in I SO I, and eommanded 
the41th in trarriscni in Malta from 1804 to 
181:^. In l^l.'J h»' was ])roniot«'d colonel, and 
accompanied Lord William B.'ntinck to the 
♦■ast coast of Spain. r»rook<', as senior colonel, 
at onee took the command of the brigade to 
which his regiment was assigned, and dis- 



j tinguished himself in every action against 
' Suchet, and particularly at the comM of 

■ Ordal. At the conclusion of the war with 

■ Napoleon, Brooke was gazetted a C.B., and 
' ordered to march his own and certain other 
> regiments from Lord William Bentinck's 
I army across the south of France to Bor- 
deaux, in order to embark at that port for 

' an expedition against the United States of 
America. The whole force embarked consisted 

' of three brigades, commanded by Colonels 
Brooke, Thornton, and Patterson, and the 
expedition was under the general command 
of Major-general Ross [q. v.] In the daring 
action at Bladcnsberg victory was secured 
by the flank movement of Brooke's brigade, 
which consisted of the 4th regiment, com- 
manded by his brother, Francis Bn)oke, and 
his own, the 44th. After burning the Capi- 
tol and public buildings of Washington, tlie 
expedition re-embarked at St. Benedict and 
sailed down to the mouth of the Patapsco, 
where it was arranged that the troops were 
to land and advance on Baltimore, while the 
ships' boats were to force their way up the 

■ river to co-operate. In the first skirmish 
I that took ])lace after landing, and bt^fore the 
' advance commenced, General Ross was killed. 

* By the fall of our gallant leader,' says the 
historian of the ex])edition, 'the command 
now devolved on Colonel Brooke, of the 
I 44tli, an ofUcer of decided personal coura^, 
I but perhaps better calculated to lead a bat- 
I talion than to guide an army ' (Gletg, p. 9(>). 
Brookt.' dctermineil to carry out his ]»redc- 
cessor's ]>lan, and though it was repnrt»Kl that 
Baltimore was defend»»d l)v :?0,000 men. hn 
])ushed steadily on, and defeated a powcrt'ul 
lorcc of militia on \'2 S»»])t. Baltimore was 
then at his mert\v ; but on finding that th»> 
sailors could not come up to his jL^sistance 
he quietly retired after bivouacking on the 
scene of his victory-. The fleet sailed south- 
ward, and was joined at sea by the 9oth Gor- 
don Highlanders, and by Major-gt»neral Sir 
.John K»»an»\ who superseded Bn>oke, after 
delivering to liim a mr)st eulogistic despatch 
from the commander-in-chief. At the clo>».» 
of the war Brooke returned to England, and 
was rttwardtKl by being made gx^vemor of 
Yarmouth. He was also ]>romoted major- 
g»'neral in 1817. He never again saw ser\-i(v, 
but was made cohmel of the 86tli regiment, 
gazetted a K.C.H. in I8.S3, and promoted lieu- 
tenant-gen««ral in 18.S7. He died on :?() Julv 
1843 at his residence, George Street, Port man 
Square. 

[(fleigs Campaigns of the British Army at 
"NVashinfrton and New Orleans ; Royal Militarv 
Calendar; Gent. Mag. 1843.pt. ii. 434-5; Records 
of 44th Reg.J H. M. S. 







BROOKE, Sir ARTHUR »b CAPELL 
< 1791-1858), of Oakley Hall, Nortliampton- 
_^8lupe, author of several works of travel, was 
ended from a family originally sett led in 
beehire^and wan bom In Boltoti Street, May- 
fair, 22 Oct. 1791. He was the eldest son of 
Sir Richard de Capell Brook© and Mary^ only 
liild and heiress of Major-general Richard 
7orge. Sir Richard, who wa* the first baronet, 
ul assuxaed the name Bronke in accordance 
eith his uncle*ai will^and adopted the nameDe 
"^apell in lieu of Supple by royal license. The 
3n was educat4?d at Magdalen College, Ox* 
^ford,w-here he ^aduiited B.A, 20 May 1813, 
and M.A. 5 June I8ia On 27 Nov. 1829 he 
succeeded his father in the title and estate^i. 
He entere<l the army, and in 1846 obtained 
the rank of major. Much ut his early life was 
flpent in foreign travel, es]>ecially in the north 
of Euroi>e. In 1823 he published * Travela 
through Sweden, Norway, and Fin mark to 
_ the North Pole in the Summer of 1820/ which 
ras followed in 1827 by * A Winter in Lap- 
iind and Sweden, with varioua observations 
elating to Finmark and its inhabitants made 
[•during: a residence at Hauimerfest^ near the 
l^orth Cai>e/ These volumes contained much 
l-whieh at the time had the interest of no- 
|'velty,and acompmnion volume to the la-st work 
|-was published also in 1827, cont^isting of a 
[■jminber of f?.p!endid illustrative platen from 
! by the author, and entitled ^ Winter 
Sketches in Lapland, or Illustrations of a 
Journey from Alteii, on the shores of the Polar 
Sea, in iSd^ijb' N. L,, through Norw^egian, Rus- 
sian, and Swedish I^apland to Tomea, at the 
^^ entrance t^ tbe Gulf of Bothnia, intended 
^Vt<o exhibit a complete view of the mode of 
^■travelling with reindeer, the mo.-?t <*triking in- 
^Kcidents that occu rred d ur i ng t he jour uevt and 
^^the general character of the scenery of La|> 
* land and Sweden/ In 1B37 he publisbetl, m 
I two v«>lumes, * Sketches in Spain and Mc>- 
^KrcKX^o/ He was an original member of the 
^■"TraveUera* Club, and feeling strongly that 
^■latterly many of the newly elected members 
^V^id not MuiHciently represent the s^pirit of 
^^ foreign travel, be, in 1821, originated the Ra- 
leigh Club, of which he was for many years 
I president, and which became merged in the 
[Koyal GeographiciU Society. He was deputy- 
Jieutenant of Northamptonshire, and in 1845 
Yra» chosen sheriff* of the county. He was 
ft member b<>th of the Royal Society and of 
the Royal Oeogrttphical f>ociety. Of a re- 
served and retiring disposition, he was un- 
fitted for the strife of |K)litics, but in hi;? later 
years be took an active interest In the cause 
-of temperance and in various benevolent and 
Teligiouii objects. He died at Oakley Hall 
•6 Bee. 1858. He married in 1851 the relict 

TOL, VI. 




of J, J. Eyre of EndclifTe, near Sheffield, but 
leh no heir, and was suooeeded in the title 
and estates by his brother. 

[Dubrett'tt Baronetage ; Journal Rojal Qeog;r. 
Society, xxiv. p. eximii ; Gont. Mag. 3rdier. ri. 
105; Funeral Sermon, by Rev. T. Lord, 1869; 
Oxford Graduates,] T. F. H. 

BROOKE, CH.\RLES (1777-1852), 

Jesuit, born at Exeter, 8 Aug. 1777, received 
his education at the English academy at 
' Liege and at Stonyhurst, where he entered 
j the Society of Jesuit, of which he became a 
I professed father (IK18). He was provincial 
of his order from 1826 to 1832, and subse- 
quently was made superior of the seminary 
at Stonyhurst Odllege. After filling the 
office of rector of the Lancashire district, he 
was sent with brrjken heulth to Exeter, in 
1845, to gather mnterials for a continuation 
of the history of the Englinh pmvince from 
j the year 1635, to which period Father Henry 
; More's * Historia Miswionis Anglican® Socie- 
tatis Jesu ' extends. Tbe documents and in- 
furmation he collected were afterwards of 
much service in the compilation of Brother 
Henrv* Foley's valuable * Records of the 
English Province of the Society of Jesus/ 
8 vols. Lond. 1H70'8S. Father iBrooke died 
at Exeter on 6 (Jet, lHo2. 

[Olivers Collections 8.J. 60 ; Foley's Records, 
vii. 88 ; Tablet, 16 Oct. 1852.] T. C. 

I BROOKE, CILUiLES (1804-1879), sur- 
geon and inventor, son of the well-known 
nuneralogist, Henry James Brooke [q. v.], was 
bom 80 June 1801* His early education was 
carried on at Chiswick, under Dr. Turner. 
' After this he was entered at Uugby in 1H19; 
thence he went to St. John's College, Cam- 
j bridge, where he remained live years. He 
I was twenty-third wrangler und 1?.A- 1827, 
I B.M. 1 828, and M. A. in 1853. During a part 
I of this period he studied medicine, tuad his 

Erofessional education was completed at St. 
tartholomew'a Hospital, He passed the Col- 
lege of Surgeons 3 i^ept. 1834, and became a 
, fellow of that institution 26 Aug. 1844. He 
I lectured for one or two sessions on surgery at 
Derraott's School, and afterwards held posi* 
tions on the surgical staff of the Metropolitan 
Free Hospital and the Westminster HoaBitali 
which liitter appointment he resigned in 1869. 
He is known as the inventor of the * bead 
suture,* which was a great step in advance 
in the scientific treatment of deep wounds. 
On 4 March 1847 he was elected a fellow of 
the Royal Society. He belongt*d to the Meteo- 
rological and Koyal Microscopical Societies, 
and occupied the president's chair in each 
of these todiea. lie also at various times 



I 



Brooke 



418 



Brooke 



senred on the management of the Royal In- 
stitution and on the council of the Royal 
Botanical Society. In addition to these he 
was connected with many philanthropic and 
religious societies, and was a very active 
member of the Victoria Institute and Chris- 
tian Medical Association. His public papers 
and lectures generally pertained to the de- 
partment of physics, mathematical and ex- 
perimental, and his more special work was 
the inventing or perfecting of apparatus. 
His papers date bacK to 1835, when ne wrote 
upon the * Motion of Sound in Space ; * but 
the work upon wliich his reputation mainly 
rests was published between 1846 and 1852. 
This was the invention of those self-record- 
ing instruments which have been adopted at 
the Royal Observatories of Greenwich, Paris, 
and other meteorological stations. They 
consisted of barometers, thermometers, psy- 
chrometers, and magnetometers, which re- 
gistered their variations by means of photo- 
grapliy. His method obtained the premium 
offered by the government, as well as a council 
medal from the Jurors of the Great Exhibition. 
The account of the perfecting of these appa- 
ratus will be founa detailed in the British 
Association Reports from 1846 to 1849, and 
in the * Philosophical Transactions * of 1847, 
1850, and 1852. 

Brooke also studied the theory of the 
microscope, and was the a\ithor of some in- 
vent ions Avliich facilitated the shifting of 
lenses, and improved the illumination of the 
bodies observed. He applied his improved 
methods to the investigation of some of the 
best known test-objects of tlie microscope. , 
His name is, however, most popularly known ' 
by means of the ^ Elements of Natural Phi- ! 
losophy/ orip^inally compiled by Dr. Golding 
Bird in 18*59, who alone brought out the 
second and third editions. After his death 
in 1804, Brooke edited *a fourth edition, re- 
vised and greatly enlarged,' followed by a 
fifth in 1 800. In 1 807 he entirely rewrote the 
work f( )r the sixth edition. He died at Wey- 
mouth, 17 May 1870, and his widow died at ! 
o Gordon S(juare, London, 12 Feb. 1885, 
aged 80. | 

His other publications were: * The Evi- ^ 
dence afibrded by t he Order and Adaptations j 
in Xature to the Existence of a God. A \ 
Christian Evidence lecture,' 1872, which was 
three times printed, and * A Synopsis of the 
Principal Formuhe and Results of Pure 
Mathematics,' 1829. 

[Proceedings of Royal Society of London, 
1880, XXX. pp. i-ii; Catalogue of Scientific 
Papers compiled by Royal Society, i. 653, vii. 
273 ; Medical Times and Gazette, 1879, i. 606.1 

G. C. B. 



BBOOKE, CHARLOTTE (d. 1793), au- 
thoresSy was one of the youngest of the nu- 



merous offspring of Henry Brooke, the author 
of the *Fool of Quality fq. v.1, and desig- 
nated herself * the child of his old age.' She 



was educated entirely by him, and applied 
assiduously to literature, art, and music, in 
all of which she ac<^uired high proficiency. 
During her father's life her time was mainly 
devoted to him. Among the subjects of her 
study was the Irish language, and the first 
of her productions which appeared in print 
was an anonymous translation of a poem as- 
cribed to Carolan, in ' Historical Memoirs of 
I Irish Bards,' published in 1786. Soon after 
; the death of her father Miss Brooke was 
nearly reduced to indigence through the loss 
j of money invested in the manufactory for 
: cotton established by her cousin, Captain Ro- 
, bert Brooke [q. v.] An unsuccessful effort 
j was made by some members of the then newly 
;' established Royal Irish Academy at Dublin 
I to obtain a position for her. Her letters to 
Bishop Percy on this are in Nichols's * Illus- 
trations ' ^viii. 247-62). Miss Brooke, in 
1789, published at Dublin, by subscription, 
a quarto volume entitled * Reliques of Irish 
Poetry ; consisting of heroic poems, odea, ele- 
gies, and songs, translated into English verse, 
with notes explanatory and historical, and the 
oriffinals in the Irish character.' In this she 
included * Thoughts on Irish Song,' and an 
original composition, styled * An Irish Tale.' 
In the publication of this work Miss Brooke 
was assisted by William Ilayley and others; 
hut at the time little accurate knowledge ex- 
isted of the remains of the more ancient Celtic 
literature of Ireland. In 1791 Miss Brook«> 
published the * School for Christians,* con- 
sisting of dialogues for the use of children. 
In the following year she published an edition 
of some of her fathers works, under tlie cir- 
cumstances mentioned in the notice of him. 
Through the subscriptions for that publica- 
tion and for her * Reliques of Irish Poetry/ 
in which many persons of importance int»*- 
rested themselves, Aliss Brooke was enabled 
to retrieve to a small extent the loss of pro- 
perty which she had sustained. A tragedy 
which she composed, under the title of* Be- 
lisnrius/ was submitted to Kemble, and said 
to have been approved by him, but was even- 
tually reported to have been lost throuflrh 
carelessness. In her latter years Mi.ss Broolce 
resided at Longford, where she died of ma- 
lignant fever on 29 March 1793. The pub- 
lication of a life of Miss Brooke was projected 
by Joseph C. Walker, who, however, died 
without having made progress with the work. 
Some of the papers connected with Miss 
Brooke came into the possession of Aaron 



Brooke 



Brooke 




CroBsley Seymour, wlio, in 1816, printed a 
memoir of h**t life und writings, mainly em- 
phasising her rt*ligioiiK and charitable tem- 
>er. The ' Kuliquea of Irish Poetry ' by Miaa 
ftroolte were repuWished in octavo at Dublin 
1818. 

[Archives of Royal Irish Academy, DqWid ; 
.©tt^r fmm Mr, [Robert] Brooke, '1786; An- 
bologia Hil>emiai, 179.V4; BrookianA, 1804; 
O'CUers Memoirs of H, Brooke, 1816.1 

X T. G. 

BROOKE, CHRISTOPHER (d, 162S), 
it, wa« the son of Robert Brooke, a rich 
erclijmt and aldermjin of York, who was 
ice lord mayor of that city. Woijd states 
Fastij ed. Bliss, i. 402) that^e was educated 
one of the universities. It seems probable 
,t, like his brother Samuel [q, v.J, W wwa 
member of Trinity College, Cnmhnd^e. He 
subsequently studied law at Lincoln^*! Inn, and 
was * chamber-fellow ' there to John Donne, 
rwarde dean of St, Paul's. About 1609 
le witnessed Bonnets secret marriage with 
e (laughter of Sir George More, lieutenant 
of the Tower ; the ceremony was performed 
by his brother Samuel, and the fatner of the 
bridei who opposed the match, contrived to 
commit Donne and liis two friends to prison 
immediately afterward.?. Donne was first 
ilett«ed, and secured the freedom of the 
ikeB after several weeks* imprisonment, 
ophermade his way at Lincoln's Inn ; 
beciune a bencher and summer reader 
4)» and was a benefactor of the chapel. 
at the Inns of Court he became ac- 
nainted with many literary' men, amon» 
horn were John Be hi en, Ben .tonson, Michael 
»yton^ and John Davies of Hereford. AVil- 
Browne li\ed on terms of the greate^st 
timacy with him, and to Dr. Donne he 
by wiU bis portrait of Elizabeth, coun- 
of Southampton, Brooke married Mary 
h on 18 Dec. 1610 at the eliurch of 
* Martin'p-Ln-tbe-Fields by Charing Cross, 
e lived in a house of his own in Drury 
lane^ London, and inherited from his father 
bouses at York, and other property thert' 
tnd in Essex. He was biu-ied at St. An- 
IreVft, Holbom, 7 Feb. 1627^. His wife, by 
rhom he had an only son John, died before 

Brooke*s works are: 1. An elegy on the death 
Sof Prince Henty, published with another 
Lelegy bv William Browne in a vohmie en- 
titled *Two Elegies consecrated to the never- 
flying Memorie of the most worthily admyred^ 
Qost hartily loved and generally bewailed 
prince, Ilenrj*, Prince of Wales,' London, 
1613. 2, An eclogue appended to A^'illillm 
Browne's * Shepheard's Pipe/ London, 1614. 



3. 'The Ghost of Richard the Third. Ex- 
pressing himselfe in these three parts : 1, His 
Character ; 2, His Legend ; 3, His Trage- 
die,^ London, 1614. The unique copy in 
the Bodleian Library was reprinted by Mr. 
J. P. Collier for the Shakespeare Society in 
1844, and by Dr. Groaart m 1B72. It is 
dedicated to Sir John Crompton and his 
wife Frances. Mr. Rodd, the bookseller, first 
attributed this work to Brooke at the be- 
ginning of this centiuy. The only direct clue 
lies in * C. B./ the signature of the detlication. 
George Chapman, W^illiam Brow^le, *Fr. 
Dyune Int. Temp./ George Wither, Robert 
Dftbome, and Ben Jonson contribute cjom- 
mendatory venea. Brooke was well ac- 
quainted with Shakespeare's * Richard 111/ 
aad giTes it unstinted praise (cf. Shakespeare's 
CenhiHe of Prai/se, New Shakspere Society, 
p. 109) ; but his own piece is of small lite- 
rary value; the verse is, w^ith very rare excep- 
tions, bombastic and harsh. 4, 'Epithalamium 
— ^a nuptial 1 song applied to the ceremonies 
of marriage/ which appears at the close of 
* England's Helicon/ 1614. A manuscript 
copy of this piece is in the Bodleian. 6. * A 
Funerall Poem consecrated to the Memorie 
of that ever honoured President of Soldyer- 
ship, S'' Arthure Chichester . . . written 
by Christopher Brooke, gent,/ in 1624. This 
poem, to which Wither contributes com- 
mendatory verses, waa printed ftir the first 
time by Dr Grosart in 1872. The manu- 
script had been in the possession of Bindley, 
Heber, and Corser, Corser printed selec- 
tions in his * Collectanea,* and Haslewotxl de- 
scribed it in the * British Bibliograplier/ ii. 
235. Brooke also contributed veruet to Mi- 
chael Dravlon's * Legend of the Great Crom- 
well/ 1607; to Coriat's * (McomV>ian Ban- 
quet/ IB! I ; to Lichfield s 'First Set of 
Madrigals/ 1614 (two pieces, one to the Lady 
Cheyneyand another to the author); and to 
Browne's ' Britannia^s Pastorals/ 1625. He 
also wrote (20 Dec. 1597) inscriptions for 
the tombs of Elizabeth, wife of Charles Croft 
(Stow, Surt*ey^ ed. Strype), and of the wife 
of Thomas Crompton. 

William Browne had a high opinion of 
his friend Brooke's poetic capacitv. He 
eulogises him in * Britannia's Pa^storals/ book 
ii. song 2. In the fifth eclogue of the * Shep- 
heard's Pipe/ 1(J15, which is inscril>ed to 
Brooke, Browne urges him to attemut more 
ambitious poet^ry than the pastorals which he 
had already completed. 

[Christopher Brooke*s Poems, reprinted in Dr. 
Grosftrt*!* Miscellanies of the FuJIot Worthies 
Library, 1872; Gorter's CoUectaaea Anglo- 
Poetica, pt. iii. pp. 123-8; Wood's Faati, «d» 
Bliss, i. iftl.l S. L.L. 

E B 2 



Brooke 



420 



Brooke 



BROOKE, Lady ELIZABETH (1001- 
1083), religious writer, was bom at Wigsale, 
Surrey, in January 1001. Her father was 
Thomas Colepeper ; her mother was a daugh- 
ter of Sir Stephen Slaney (Pabkhitbst, 
Faithful and Diligent Christian j p. 41) ; her 
only brother was John, afterwards created 
Lord Colepeper of Thoresway (ib, 42). Both 
parents died in Elizabeth's early youth, and 
she was brought up by Lady Slaney, her ma- 
ternal grandmother (ib, 43). In 1020 she 
married Sir Robert Brooke, knight, of the 
Cobham family, by whom she had seven 
children, two of whom died in infancy. For 
two years the young couple resided in Lon- 
don as boarders with Elizabeth's aunt, Lady 
Weld (ib. 45). In 1022 they moved to 
Langley, Hertfordshire, where Sir Robert 
bought a seat ; and in 1030, on the Brooke 
estates falling to him, they went to the 
family mansion, Cockfield Hall, Yoxford, Suf- 
folk. Lady Brooke was an indefatigable 
reader of the Scriptures, of * commentaries,' 
and of the ancient philosophers (in English 
translations); she took notes of all sermons 
she heard; she would question her family 
and servants about them; she engaged a 
divine to visit the hall once a fortnight as 
catechist, by whom she was herself cate- 
chised; and in 1(531 she began a large vo- 
lume (ib. 81) of * Collections, Observations, 
Experiences, Rules,' to^-f^tlier with * What a 
Cliristian must believe and practise.' On 
10 July KUO lier husband died (ib. 43), and 
for two years slie aV)sented lierself from Cock- i 
field Hall. She afterwards lost two daugh- | 
ters and a son ; was harassed by lawsuits I 
(thoufrh all these were eventually decided 
in her favour); and in 1009 her only sur- 
viving son, Sir Robert , was drowned in France, 
leaving her with only one child, Mary, her , 
eldest daughter. She recovered from her 
griefs sufliciently to resume her charities, ' 
but became deaf in 1075, and after a long 
decay died on 'I'l July 1 083. Nathaniel Park- 
hurst, her chaplain, and the vicar of the 
church, preached her ' Funeral Sermon,' and i 
published it (with a portrait) in the follow- 
ing year, together with an ac<!Ount of her life 
and death. The book w^as dedicated to Miss 
Mary Brooke, the sole surviving member of 
the family. Parkhurst printed with the ser- 
mon some of Lady Brooke's K)bservat ions' 
and ' Rules for Practice.' A selection from I 
the writings of Lady Brooke was published | 
as late as 1828 in the * Lady's Monitor,' pp. 
01-79. I 

[Parkhurst s Faithful and Diligent Christian, I 
&c., 1684 ; Wilford's Memorials of Eminent Per- 
sons, art. • Lady Brooke ' and appendix, p. 1 7 ; I 
Lady's Monitor, 1828.] J. H. 



I BROOKE, Mb8. FRANCES (1 724-1789), 
! authoress, was bom in 1724, being one of the 
children of the Rev. William 5UK)re by his 
second wife, a Miss Seeker (Gent, Mag, lix. 
nart ii. 823, where Edward Moore, her brother, 
bom 1714, is by error set down to be her 
father). John Duncombe, in the ' Feminiad * 
(1754), speaks of Frances Moore as a poetic 
maid, celebrated in a sonnet by Edwards in 
his * Canons of Criticism,' and herself writing 
odes and beautifying the banks of the Tliames 
by her presence at Sunbury, Chertsey, and 
thereabouts. In 1755 she appeared as an 
essayist under the pseudonym of Mary Sin- 
gleton in a weekly periodical of her own, 
called *The Old Maid' (price 2d,, of pp. 
folio). She appealed to correspondents for 
assistance in conducting her paper (after the 
'Spectator' model), and in spite of her being 
attacked by *an obscure paper, "The Con- 
noisseur," with extreme bratality ' (No. II. 
p. 10), she managed to maintain her publica- 
tion for thirty-seven weeks. The whole issue 
was reprinted in a 12mo volume nine years 
after in 1704. Her marriage took place about 
1750, the year of the publication of 'Vir- 
ginia,' a tragedy, on the title-page of which 
the authoress appears as Mrs. Brooke. The 
volume includes other poems, and Mrs. Brooke 
submits a proposal on a fly-leaf for a trans- 
lation of * 11 Pastor Fido ' (which came to no- 
thing) ; and she recounts (Preface, viii) how 
* Virginia' had been offered by her to Garrick, 
who declined to look at it' till Mr. Crisp's 
trag^edy of the same name had been published, 
and ultimately rejected it (Nichols, Lit. 
An^cd. ii. 347 ; Biog. Dram. iii. 883). Her 
husband was the liev. .lohn Brooke, D.D., 
rector of Colney, Norfolk (Biog. Dram. L 
71-2), cha])lain to the garrison of Quebec, 
attached to Norwich Cathedral as daily 
reader there, and, according to Blometield 
(Hist, of Norfolk, vol. iv.), holding much 
other preferment in the same county. SvK>n 
after tlieir marriage Dr. and ^Lrs*. Brooke 
left England for Quebec on his e^arrison du- 
ties. The * European Magazine ^ (xv. 99 et 
seq.), repeating *a newspaper anecdote,' rt^ 
latea that, at a farewell party she guve before 
taking ship for Iier voyage, Dr. Johnson had 
her called to him in a separate room that hf 
might kiss her, which he * did not chuse to do 
before so much company.' 

In 170^3 she published a novel anonjTnously, 
*The History of l^dy Julia MandevUle,' con- 
taining much description of Canadian scenery, 
which went rapidly through four edition^ 
with a fifth in 1709, a sixth in 1773, and & 
special Dublin edition in 1775. In 1704 she 
published a translation of Madame Ricco- 
boni's * Lady Juliet Catesby,' still anony- 



Brooke 



421 



Brooke 



mously ; and this work soon reached a sixth 
edition. A year or two after she published 
the * Memoirs of the Marquis de St. Forlaix/ 
4 vols. 12mo, translated into French in 1770 
{Ncuvelle BiographU GinSrcUej vii. 498), 
which is mentioned by Mrs. Barbauld (Brir 
tish Novelists) f and is advertised in the 1780 
edition of * Lady Catesby.* In 1709 she pub- 
lished * Emily Montague,' in 4 vols., with 
her name affixed, dedicated to Guy Carleton, 
ffovemor of Quebec. In 1771 she issued, 
m 4 vols., a translation of the Abb6 Milot's 
French 'History of England,' with expla- 
natory notes of her own; in 1777 she pub- 
lished the * Excursion,* a novel, 2 vols., in 
which (Jarrick is attacked (book v. pp. 20- 
30). Mrs. Brooke had meanwhile formed a 
friendship with Mrs. Yates, the actress, and 




Oarden Theatre, in which Mrs. Yates acted, 
and which ran ten nights (Bioff, Dram. iii. 
273). In 1783 Mrs. Brooke made her chief 
success by ' Rosina,' a musical entertainment 
in two acts, with Shield's settincr, the opening 
number of which, a trio, * When the rosy 
mom appearing,' has not yet disappeared 
from concert programmes. Mr. and Mrs. 
Bannister took the chief parts in * Rosina,' 
which, Mrs. Brooke said (Preface), was based 
on the story of Ruth, aided by that of Lavinia 
and Palemon in Thomson's * Seasons,' but 
which, Genest says {Hist of the Stage^ vi. 
260), was taken, with alterations, from a 
French opera, * The Reapers,' published some 
thirteen years previously. The run of * Rosina ' 
was extraordinary. There were two editions 
called for in its first year, 1783 (it was sold 
for Qd.y being used probably as * a book of 
the words'); by 1780 there were eleven edi- 
tions ; others followed in 1788 and 1 790 (after 
Mrs. Brooke's death) ; and the work was re- 
produced in numberless forms, notably in the 

* Modem British Drama,' 1811, the * British 
Drama illustrated,' 1804, and in vol. xii. of 
Dicks's * British Drama,' 1872. In 1788 Mrs. 
Brooke, again with Shield's music, produced 

* Marian' at Covent Garden Theatre, Mrs. 
Billington taking the heroine (Biog. Dram. 
vol. iii.) ; it was acted with success (i^.), and 
kept the stage till 1800, when Incledon was 
the tenor, but it never attained the popu- 
larity of * Rosina.' Mrs. Brooke's last pro- 
ductions were 'an affectionate eulogium on 
Mrs. Yates' (Nichols, Lit. Anecd. ii.347) ap- 
pearing in the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' Ivii. 
586 ; and a two-volume tale called by the * Nou- 
velle Bio|r. G6n.' (vii. 498) ' Louisa et Maria, 
ou les Illusions de la Jeunesse,' and said to 
have been translated into French in 1820. 



Mrs. Brooke died at Sleaford, Lincoln- 
shire, in 1789, on 23 Jan., according to the 
* Gentleman's Magazine ' (lix. 90), or on 20 Jan. 
according to the ' European Magazine ' (su- 
pra) and the * Biog. Dram.' (i. 71, 72). She 
was buried at Sleaford, but there does not 
appear to have been an epitaph to her 
(^Nichols, Lit. Anecd. 1815, ix. 497). The 
following entry is in the parish register : 
' Mrs. Frances Brooke, a most ingenious au- 
thoriss, set. 05 ' (private letter from incum- 
bent, 1884). Dr. Brooke died a few days 
before his wife, 21 Jan. 1789. A son, the 
Rev. John Moore Brooke, M.A., fellow of 
Trinity College, Cambridge, obtained the 
living of Helperingham, Lincolnshire, in 
1784 {Oent. Mag. vol. liv. part ii.) 

[Reed's Biog. Dram. ; Genest 's History of the 
Stage ; Gent. Mag. ; European Mag. ; Nichols's 
Literary Anecdotes, ii. 346 ; Blomefield's Hist, of 
Norfolk, vol. iv. under * Brooks, John ; ' Preface to 
Mrs. Brooke's novels, in Mrs. Barbauld's British 
Novelists, where she is said (p. ii) to have been 
' about the first who wrote in a polished style.'] 

J. H. 

BROOKE, FULKE GREVILLE, Lord. 

[See Grevillb.] 

BROOKE, GEORGE (1668-1603), con- 
spirator, the fourth and vounffest son of 
William Brooke, lord Cobham, by Frances, 
daughter of Sir John Newton, was bom at 
Cobham, Kent, 17 April 1668. He matricu- 
lated at Kin^s College, Cambridge, in 1680, 
and took his m.A. degree in 16^. He ob- 
tained a prebend in the church of York, and 
was lat«r promised the mastership of the 
hospital of St. Cross, near Winchester, by 
Queen Elizabeth. The queen, however, died 
before the vacancy was filled up, and James 
gave it instead to an agent of his own, James 
Hudson. This caused Brooke to become dis- 
afiected. He and Sir Griffin Markham per- 
I suaded themselves that if they cotild get 
! possession of the royal person they would 
j nave it in their power to remove the present 
members of the council, compel the ting to 
tolerate the Roman catholics, and secure for 
themselves the chief employments of the 
state. As part of their arrangements Brooke 
was to have been lord treasurer. From this 
scheme sprang the ' Bye ' plot, also known 
as the * treason of the priests.' To Brooke's 
connection with the Bye may be ultimately 
traced the discovery of a second plot, known 
as the * Main,' in which Sir Walter Raleigh 
and Lord Cobham [^see Brooke, Heitrt, 
d. 16191 were implicated. Brooke being 
the brother of Cobham, Cecil suspected that 
Cobham and Raleigh mifht be concerned 
in the first treason, and by acting at once 



Brooke 



422 



Brooke 



vigorously he discovered the second plot. 
Brooke was arrested and sent to the Tower 
July 1003; he was arraigned on the 15th. 
He pleaded not fi^ilty, though his confes- 
sions had gradually laid bare the whole de- 
tails of the plots. Brooke appears to have 
hoped to the last to obtain a pcuxLon by means 
of Cecil, who had married his sister. Mrs. 
Thompson, in the appendix to her * Life of 
Raleig^h,' gives a letter from Brooke to Cecil, 
in which tne former inquires * what he might 
expect after so many promises received, and 
so much conformity and accepted service per- 
formed by him to Cecil/ What these services 
were is entirely uncertain, but Tytler has 
endeavoured to build out of this a theory 
that Cecil himself employed Brooke to ar- 
ran^ the plot, and draw the minister's poli- 
ticfiJ opponents into the net, in order that 
he might be rid of them. This is to the last 
degree improbable, because Kaleigh and Cob- 
ham were not concerned in the Bye plot, and 
were not executed. Brooke, in fact, alone 
of the lay conspirators suffered on the scaf- 
fold in the castle yard at Winchester 5 Dec. 
1603. lie married Elizabeth, daughter of 
Thomas, lord Borough, and by her had a son, 
William, and two daughters. Although his 
children were restored in blood, his son was 
not allowed to succeed to the title. Brooke 
was the author of two poems, which are pre- 
served in the Ashmole MSS. 

[Dodd's Church History of England, ed. Tier- 
ney, vol. iv. ; Coopers Alheme Cuntal). ii. 359; 
Wooti's Fasti, ed. BIIfs, i. 192; Tytler's Life of 
Raleigh, Ap})endix F ; Mrs. Thompson's Life of 
Raleigh ; Gardiner's History of England, vol. i.] 

B. C. S. 

BROOKE, GUSTAVUS VAUGIIAN 

(1818-186(3), actor, is snid in a biographical 
sketch, presumably dictated by himself, to 
have been born on 25 April 1818, at llard- 
wick Place, Dublin, and to have received his 
education at a school conducted by a brother 
of Maria Edgeworth. When about fifteen 
years of age he applied to Calcraft, the 
manager of the Theatre Hoyal, Dublin, for 
an engagement. The manager, embarrassed 
by a sudden indisposition of Edmund Kean, 
allowed the youth to appear on Easter Tues- 
day 1833 as William Tell. An engagement 
followed, in course of which Brooke played 
Virginius, Douglas, Holla, and other charac- 
ters of the class, lie then travelled in the 
countr\', and was received with favour in 
Limerick, Londonderry, (Hasgow,Edinburgh, 
and other places, ifis first appearance in 
London tooK place at the Victoria as Vir- 

finius, and attracted little attention. In 
840 he accepted from Macready an engage- 



ment to appear at Drury Lane, but was dis- 
satisfied with his part, and threw up the 
enga^ment. On 3 Jan. 1848 what was 
practicaUy his d6but took place as Othello 
at the Olympic A failure at one time 
seemed imminent, but in the stronger scenes 
Brooke triumphed, and the performance ex- 
cited much interest. During this engagement 
Brooke appeared as SirCJiles Overreach, 
Richard III, Shylock, Virginius, H&mlet, 
Brutus, and in one original part, the hero 
of the 'Lords of Ellingham,' a play by 
his manager, Mr. Spicer. Refusing liberal 
offers fipom Webster for the Haymarket, 
Brooke returned into the country,' but re- 
appeared in London at the Marylebone Thea- 
tre, and subsequently under Farren at the 
I Olympic. He then went to America, and 
i playea as Othello, with unqualified success 
I on 16 Dec. 1851 at the Broad wav Theatre, 
I New York. After visiting Philadelphia, 
Boston, Washington, and Biutimore, he took 
I the Astor Place Opera House, New York, 
which he opened in May 1852. The experi- 
I ment was disastrous, and was abandoned 
I after a few weeks. A firesh tour through 
I the United States followed. On 5 Sept. 1853 
Brooke reappeared at Drury Lane, then under 
I the management of E. T. Smith. A visit to 
' Australia followed, and was at the outset 
I eminently successful. Brooke once more, in 
partnership with Coppin, went into manage- 
I ment, taking the Theatre Royal, Melbourne. 
Ruin again came upon him, and he returned 
to London practically penniless. ITpon his 
reappearance at Drury Lane as Othello he 
failed to hit the taste of the town. At the 
I beginning of 1866 he started again for Aus- 
tralia. The London, the vessel in which, 
I with his sister, he started, foundered at sea 
on 10 Jan. 1866, and Brooke, whose conduct 
throughout the shipwreck has been described 
by the few survivors as manly and even 
heroic, perished, lie married in his later 
I years Miss Avonia Jones, an actress of no 
conspicuous merit. Brooke had a fine pre- 
sence and a noble voice, both of which he 
turned at first to good account. To the in- 
fluence of these, rather than to the display 
of any eminent intellectual gifts, his success 
was attributable. His first appearance as 
Othello elicited, however, from men of judg- 
ment more favourable criticism than has 
often been passed upon any actor of secon- 
dary mark. When last he appeared in Lon- 
don, his tragic acting was little more than 
rant. Habits of dissipation interfered with 
his success. lie is said, when fortunate, to 
have ])aid in full the claims upon him con- 
tracted previous to his insolvency, for which 
he was not legally liable. 



Brooke 



Brooke 



[Tnltis's Dmmatic Magmdne, 1851 ; YnDtien- 
boflf^B Drnmatic Hemini scene ea, Loodon, 1860; 
L XiOOgm&Q's Magazme, Murch 1885^ Eth news- 
[pap«r, 21 Jhb, 186<}.] J. K. 

BROOKE; HEKKY, eighth Lord Cob- 
tUkU id. 1619)* consp^iriitor. was the son of 
, William, seventh L<:)rd Cobhuniy by Frances, 
Idattglit^r of Sir John NewtoD. His father, 
Ideioeiided through tli© female line from the 
J ancient lordB of Cobham, was a favourite of 
[ Queen Elizaljeth, and held the offices of lord 
'Warden of the Cinque Ports, constable of thui 
Tower, and lord etiamberlHin of the «|Ueen^8 
1 household, lie was also lord-lieutenant of 
I the county of Kent and knight of the Garter, 
He twice entertained Elixaljeth at Cobhain 
HftU on her progress tbr<jo^h Kent (17 July 
li^59 and 4 Sept. 157*^), and wiu? t^mj^OTed in 
diplootatio missions' abroad in iri59and (with 
Sir Fnmcia Walainj^hani in the Netherlands) 
in 1579. In loJ'J he was terapomrily confined 
in the Tower on suspicion of being concerned 
in the plot to marry Mary Stuart to the Duke 
^_ of Norfolk, He was buried at Cobham on 
^■|6 April 1597- One of his daughters (Eliza- 
^HlKith) married Sir liobert Cecil (Lonofj, li- 
^^iustratimuff uL 87 «), Henry succeeded hh 
^■father in the barony, and seciu'ed much 
of his intluence. lie wivs the intimate friend 
and political ally of his brother^ in-law Sir 
Kobert Cecil, and therefore the enemy of 
^^ Essex. Early in 1597 be defeated Essex 
^^in A contest for the po$t of wurdon of the 
^f Cinque Ports, vacant by his fathers death. 
' He waa made a knight of the Clarter in 

kl599, and entertained the queen at his Lon- 
don house in 16O0. One of the objects of 
Essex's plot of February 1600-1 was the re- 
Snoval ol Lord Cobham from court, and when 
arrested Essex made serious charges against 
Cobham *8 pohtical honesty, but he linallv ac- 
knowledged them to be untrue. The ileath 
l^of Queen Elizabeth saw the end of Cobham "s 
oaperity. In July 160.% while Cecil and 
be council were engaged in traciting out 
Valson^s well-known plot in behalf of the 
athoUcii, suspicion fell on Cobham, whose 
ther, Ge<:>rge Brooke [q, vJ, was one of 
atfion*s chief assistant 8. Bir^V alter Il^ileigh, 



but the evidence that affected him appeared 
to the government to implicate Halei^h, who 
followed Cobham to the Tower w^ithin a 
few days. Cobham thereupon declared in a 
series of confessions that Raleigh hud insti- 
gated him to communicate with ^Vremberg, 




gri 

i 



who was known to have been long on tennsof 
gTi*M intimacy with Cobham, was entrusted 
rith the tusk of obtaimng information a^inst I 
im, and vague evidence was forthcoming to | 
how that Cobham had been in negotiation ^ 
^ith Areinberg, the ambassador of the Spanish | 
archduke, to place Arabella Stuart on the 
throne, and to kill *the king and his cubs/ 
The alleged plot is usually known as Cob- 
h&m*fi or the Main Plot/ while Watson's 
conspiracy goes by the name of the Bye 
Plot, Cobham was arrested early in July, 



deposi 

formed the basis of the accusation. Haleigh 
begged to be confronted by Cobham in person, 
but the request was refused, and tinally the 
prosecution produced a very recent letter from 
Cobham, in which he statec! that since he 
had been in prison llaleigh had entreated him 
by letter to cknir him of the charge ; but all 
that be could do as an honest man was t<o 
inform their lordships anew that Raleigh 
was tlie originiil cause of his ruin. r)n the 
other liand^ Ihileigh produced a note just 
received by him from Cobliam, in which the 
writer asserted his friend*fi completes inno* 
oencA!. But the jutlge.^ were convinced of 
Raleigh's gnilt, although Cobham*s evidence, 
even if admitted to be trustworthy, failed to 
support any distinct charge of treason. On 
18 Nov. Cobham himself was tried and con- 
victed ; his defence was, as might be expected, 
cowardly and undignified. A warrant was 
issued for his execution at Winchester on 
10 Dec, (Egerton Paf>en, Oarod. Soc. 382), 
and he, together with Lord Grey and Sir 
Griffin Markliam^ wa^s led to the scaffold. 
Cobham behaved boldly on this occasion, but 
reiterated his assertion of Raleigh's guilt. 
James I had, however, no intention of having 
the full penalty iaifiieted, and Cobham was 
taken back to the Tower alive* There, like 
Raleigh, he remained till 1617, when he was 
allowed to pay a visit to Bath, on the ground 
of failing health. Hc^ w*as to return to the 
Tower in the autumn, and w^hile on his 
wav thither he was seized with paralysis at 
Odiham. lie lingered in a semi-conscious 
state for more than a year, and died on 24 Jan. 
161S-19. The story runs that he died in the 
utmost destitution, but it appears that the 
king allowed him 100/, a year, and 8/. a week 
for diet, and that these payments were regu- 
larly made up to the date of his death. He 
certainly lay imburied for some time ; but 
that was prol>ably because the crown refused 
to pay his funeral expenses, which his rela^ 
tives were anxious that it should incur. 
Osborne states in his * Traditional I Memo- 
rialist (Co^r^ of Janitn /, 1811. i. 156), on 
the authority of William, earl of Pembroke, 
that Cobham * died in a roome, ascended by 
a ladder, at a [K)ore woman*a house in the 
3Iinories» formerly his landeresse, rather of 
hunger than any more naturall disease.* Sir 





Brooke 



424 



Brooke 



Anthony TN'eldon, who describes Cobham 
as a fool, tells the same story in bis ' Court , 
of King James/ 1651. ! 

Cobham married after 1597 the widow of 
Henry, twelfth earl of Kildare, and daughter 
of the Earl of Nottingham. She abandoned 
her second husband after his disgrace, and, 
although very rich, * would not,' says Wel- 
don, ' give him the crumbs that fell nom her 
table.* She acted for a few years as gover- 
ness to the Princess Elizabeth. The crown 
apparently allowed her to occupy Cobham 
Iiall, and the king visited her there in 1622. 
Cobham had no children, and his next heir 
was William, son of his brother George. 
William was 'restored in blood' in 1610, 
but not allowed to assume his imcle's title. 
Charles I, however, in 1645, conferred the 
barony on a royalist supporter. Sir John 
Brooke, grandson of George, sixth Lord Cob- 
ham, and second cousin of Henry, the eighth 
lord. Sir John died without issue in iSsi. 

[Gardiner's Hist, of England, i. 116-89, iii. ' 
164-6 ; Winwood's Letters, i. 17, ii. 8, 1 1 ; Letters 
of Sir R. Cecil (Camd. Soc. ) ; Stew's Annals, sub . 
1603; Hasted's Kent, i. 493; Nichols's Progresses 
of Queen Elizabeth, i. 364, iii. 413; Nichols's | 
Progresses of James I, vol. i. pHssim, iii. 769-70 ; 
Spedding's Bacon, ii. and iii. ; Lugdale's Baron- 1 
age, ii. 202 ; State Trials, ii. 1-70 ; Cal. State I 
Papers, 1600-19.] S. L. L. | 

BROOKE, IlENKY (1(394-1757), school- : 
master and divine, was a fc:on of "William 
Hrooke, mcicliant, and his wife Elizabeth 
Ilolbrook, who were married at Manchester 
Church in l()7H-9. He was educated at 
Manche.<ter grammar school, and gained an 
exhibition 1715-18. He proceeded to Oriel 
College, Oxford, where he giaduated M.A. 
on 30 April 1720. He was D.C.L. in 1727. 
Brooke, then a fellow of C)riel, was made 
headma>ter of Manchester grammar school 
in September 1727. He obtained a manda- 
mus Irom the crown to elect him a fellow 
of the collegiate church, and was elected in 
1728, in spite of tor}- opposition. He appears 
to have been on good terms with John Bv- 
rom, a toi-> Jacobite, but he was unsuccessfiil 
as a master, and the feoffees of the school 
reduced his salarv from 200/. to 10/. In 
order to j>ut himself into better relations, he 
published ' The Usefulness and Necessity of 
studying the Classicks, a speech spoken at 
the breaking-up of the Free Grammar School 
in Manchester, Thursday, 18 Dec. 1744. By 
Hen. Brooke, A.M., High Master of the saill 
School. Manchester, printed by R. AVhit- 
worth, Bookseller, mdcclxiv.' (a misprint 
for 1744). This tract, now exceedinglv rare, 
is reprinted by W'hatton. Howley, the father 



of the archbishop, and one of his pupils, says 
that Brooke was 'an accurate and accom- 
plished scholar, thou^ lenient as a discipli- 
narian.' Another of nis works, * The Quack 
Doctor,' published in 1745, is described as 
very poor doggerel, with ironical laudatory 
notes, probab^ written by Robert Thyer 
or the Kev. John Clayton. A Latin tract, 
' Medicus Circumforaneus,' is perhaps a trans- 
lation of the preceding. Li 1730 he received 
the Oriel College living of Tortworth in 
Gloucestershire. Here he lived, after re- 
signing the mastership of the Manchester 
nammar school in 1749, until his death on 
21 Aug. 1757. Watt attributes to him two 
sermons 1746, and a sermon 1747. His best 
known book is ' A Practical Essay concerning 
Christian Peaceableness,' which went through 
three editions in the year 1741. The third 
edition contains some additional matter. He 
was married, and had one daughter. Brooke 
left his library for the use of ms successors 
at Tortworth. A portrait of him, as late as 
1830, was 'at Mr. Hulton's, of Blackley.' 

[Smith's Manchester Grammar School Re- 
gister, vol. i. ; Whatton's Uistoir of Manchester 
Grammar School ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Rudders 
Hist, of Gloucestershire, p. 776 ; Byrom's Re- 
mains (Chetham Society) ; Raines's Lancashiie 
MSS. vol. xl. (in Chetham*8 Library. Man- 
chester).] W. E. A. A. 

BROOBIE, HENBY (1703P-1783), au- 
thor, was son of the Kev. William Brooke, a 
protestant clergj-man, by his wife, whose 
name was Digby, AVilliam Brooke, who ap- 
pears to have been related to the family of Sir 
Basil Brooke, an 'undertaker ' in the planta- 
tion of Ulster, possessed lands at llautavan 
in Cavan, and was rector of Killinkere and 
Mullagh in that county. He married Let- 
tice, second daughter of Simon Digby, bishop 
of Elphin. Henrj' Brooke, the elder of two 
sons, was born about 1703, and is said t o have 
been educated by Swift's friend, Sheridan. 
The register of Trinitv College, Dublin, shows 
that he was entered 7 Feb. 1720, *in his 
seventeenth year,' from the school of Dr. 
Jones. He afterwards entered the Temple, 
London. On his return to Ireland Brooke 
married a youthful cousin, Catherine Meares 
of Meares Court, AVestmeath, whose guar- 
dianship had been entrusted to him. In 
1735 he published at London a poem en- 
titled * Universal Beauty/ which is stated 
to have been revised and approved of bj 
Pope. This production was supjwsed to have 
furnished the foundation for the * Botanic 
Garden ' by Darwin. Swift is said to have 
entertained a favourable opinion of Brooke's 
talents, but to have counselled him against 
devoting himself solely to literature. In Lon- 



I 
I 



I 



don Brooke was trtiatcd with much considera- 
tion by Loni Lyttellon, and bv Pofit*, near to 
whose house at Twickenham he took a tempo- 
rary residence. A tniiwlatioii by Brookti of 
tte first and st'cond books of Tasso^a * Jerusalem 
Dtjlivered ^ waa i&dned in 1738. This version 
was much commended by Iloole, who subse- 
quently tmnslated the entire poem. Brooke 
reoeivtd mimy attcntious from Fretlerick, 

Sri nee of Wales, to whom he whs intro- 
uced by Pitt^ and with whose political ud- 
berenU he became id*/ntified, in opwjsiition 
to Gteorge II. In 1739 Brooke prumiced a 
tfaj|edy Ibuiided on q portion of tlie liistory 
of Sweden, and entitled *CiQstavu* Viisu, the 
Deliverer of his Country/ The play was, 
flj^r five weeks' rehearsal, announced for 
performance at Drury Lane. 11 any hundred 
tickets had been disposed of, when the per- 
fonmince w^as unexpectedly prohibited by 
the lord chumberlain. This was ascribed to 
Sir Kobert \Valp<jle, who, it was supposed, 
was intended to be rcprewnted in the cha- 
racter of Trollia, vicej^erent of Christiern, 
kin^ of Dentuark and Norway. Nearly one 
thousand persons subscribed for the ]rublicn- 
tion of * (iust4ivuB Vasa,' and Brooke, in bis 
prefatory dedication of it to them^ slated 
that patriotism was the sincle mnrul which 
he bad in view thrt^ughout his play. Under 
the name of 'The Pntriot,' the tragedy was 
produced with success at DuMin, where some 
of the fiontiments expressed in it relative to 
Sweden w^^re construed m applicable to Ire- 
land. In cotinection with the prohibition of 
the performance at London, Samuel Johnson 
wrote a satire entitled * A Complete Vindi- 
cation of t he Licensers of the 8l a^e.' Brooke 
left London and returned to Ireland owing 
to the importunities of his wife, who fl]>- 
prehended disastrous re^uHs from his impru- 
oenl zeal in the cause of the Prince of TV'alea. 
Tn Ogle's modernised version of Chaucer, 
Brooke in 1741 contributed ' Constantia, or 
the Man of Law*a Tale.* II is ' Bet rayer of his 
Country ' was successfully acted at liubliu in 
the same year. Garrick^ during his visit to 
Dublin, recited at the theatre a prologue and 
epilogue eompo«ed for him by Brooke. In 
1^43 Brooke issued at Dublin a prf)sj)ectu8 
of a work he de^seribed a.H follows: M>gygian 
Tales; nr n curious collection of Irish Fables, 
Allegories, and Iliylories, from the relations 
of Fintane the oged, for tin* entertainment 
of Cathal Crnve Darg, diu-ing that Princes 
abode in the island of O Itrazil.' P»rooke pro- 
posetl in 1744 to print a history of Ireland 
m>m the earliest times, ^interspei-sed and il- 
lustrated \vith traditionary digressions and 
the private and atfecting histories of the 
most celebrated of the natives.' The publi- 



cation was to be comprised in four octavo 
volumes, each to contain aliout two hundred 
pages. To his prospectus he appended a 
])reface addressed * to the most noble and 
illustrious descendants of the Milesian line/ 
These projected publications were abandoned 
in consefjuence of misunderstandings as to 
the ownership of the materials of w^hich 
lirooke had intended to avail himself. To 
his studies in this dirt?ction may be ascribed 
the fragment which he named * Conrade,' 
the scene of which was laid at Emania, the 
fortress of ancient kings of Lister. The 6tyl» 
of this production closely resembled t£at 
adopted by Macphersiin in his ^ Ussian.' 
Brooke contributed some of the best pieces 
in tlnj * Fables for the Female 8ex ' puh- 
lishi^d in 1744 by Edward 3 1 mire, author of 
the ' Gamester.' During the Jacobite move- 
ment in 174o Brooke issued the VFarmer*a 
I>etters to tlie Protestants of Ireland.* These 
letters wei^ written in the character of a pro- 
test ant farmer in Ireland, with the avowed 
object of rousting his co-rehgionists there to 
make preparations against the Jacobite in- 
vasion. The peaceable demeanour of the 
Irish catholics at the time was compared 
by ilmoke to the attitude of the crocodile, 
which * seems to sleep wlien the prey ap- 
proaches.' The post of barrackmaster, worth 
about 400/. nnnuall}^, was conferred at this 
time on Brooke by Lord Chesterfield, in con* 
sideration, it w*as supposed, of these WTilinga, 
which were bigldy com mended in verse oy 
Garrick. In 174o* ' ITie Earl of Westmcn^ 
land/ a tragedy by Brooke, was produced at 
Dublin, and in 1748 bis operatic satire styled 
Mack the ftiant-Queller' was performed there. 
The dramatis personre consisted of the giants 
of Wealth, Power, Violence, and Wrong, and 
* the family of the Good.>/ comprising John, 
Dorothy, Grace, and the Princess .Tustioe, 
The rejvetition of the perfonnance was pro- 
hibited by the government on the ground of 
political allusions wdiich it was alleged to 
contain. The songs in it W'ere ]irinted in 
senarate form and had a large circulation. In 
relation to Mack theGiant-t^ueUer,* Brooke 
composed a piece in scriptural ?tyle under 
the title of' The Last Speech of John Good, 
vulgarly called Jack the Giant-Queller, who 
w^as condemned on the first of April 1745, and 
executed on the third of May following/ 
The * Earl of Essex,' a tragedy by Brooke, 
was in 1749 produced at Dublin, and subs©* 
quently at London. The tragedy originally 
contained the pa.'^sage^ 

Who ni!« o'or fre«ineQ should themnelves befree* 

which elicited Johnson e parody, 

Who drives da oxen Bhatdd himself be &L 







Brooke 



426 



Brooke 



In ITiU Brooke^ in a publication entitled 
♦The Spirit of Party, wrote once more 
againitt lue Imb catboUes, and wad in rvtum 
aereivly criticised by Cbarles O'Conor in a 
^rnpblet styled * The Cottager.' To aid tbe 
pn*j«tct of obtaining parliamentajy grant* for 
pronioiing inland uavi^tion^ Brooke in 1759 
vubliabLHl a work entitled *Tbe Interearta of 
Xraland.* Tbis ha dedicAtt'd to Jamea^ vie- 
count Cbarletnont, wbom be panegyrised alao 
in a poem entitled * Tbe Temple of Hymen.* 

I In 1700 Brooke became secretary- to an a*- 
aociation of peers and others at Dublin for 
registering proposals of national utility^ witb 
a view to baring them presented to parlia- 
ment. At this period be entered into nego- 
tiations witb some of the influential Itoman 
catholics in Ireland, and was employed bj 
tbi^m to write publicly in advocacy of their 
claims for a relaxation of the penal laws« 
Under this arrangement, and with the ma- 
teriain supplied by them to him, Brooke pro- 
duced A volume published in 1761 at Dublin, 
witb the following title : ' Tbe Tryal of tbe 

t Cause of tbe lionua Catholics ; on a special 
Commission directed to Lord Chief Justice 
Reason, Lord Chief Baron Interest, and Mr. 
Justice Clemency. Wednesday, August oth, 

tl76L Mr. Clodworthy Common-^ense, Fore- 
man of tht' Jury ; Mr. Serjeant Statute, Coun- 
cil for the Crown ; Coustantiue Candour, Esq,, 
Council for tbe Accused/ It adv^iited an 
alleviat ion of the penal lawa. Brooke, in con- 
nect ion with this subject^ publitihed * A pro- 
posal for the restoration of public wealth and 
credit by means of a loan from the Roman 
cathoUca of Ireland, in conftideration of en- 
larging their privileges.' He aiao w^rote a 
treatise on the constitutional rights and in- 
teresta of tbe people of Ireland, and again 
contemplated the production of a bij^torj* of 
that country* Brooke appears to have been 
tbe first conductor of the * Freeman's Jour- 
nal,' establisbeil at Dublin in 1763. Per- 
petually 'duped in frierid»hip as well as in 
cbarity,' Bn>oke wns necessitated to mort- 
gaf^ iiis property in Cavan» and became a 
resident in Kildttrt\ wheri^ he rented a house 
and ileniei?ue. In 1766 he commenced tbe 
publication of his remurkuble novel entitled 
^ The I'ool of i^iiiility; or, the History of 
Henrv, Earl of Moreiiind/ Tbe tirst volume 
was dedicated * to the ri^ht respectable my 
-ancient and wel!-belovH<l patron, the public,' 
witb a replv to the question, * Why don't vou 
dedicate to"Mr. Pitt l" ' The ' Fool of Quality' 
extended to five volumes, and pa^ised through 
several editions- The main etory and ita 
many episodejs are distinguished by simpli- 
city of style, close observation of human na- 
ture^ high sense of humour, and a profoundly 



religious and pbiLuithropic temper. The idea 
of the * Fool of Quality ' wm ttid to b»T« 
iK^n derived by Brooke from a namtiTe 
orally communicated to bim by hi* uncle, Ro-, 
bert Brooke, in the course of a joumev on! 
hon^ieback from KUdare to Dublin. In 177' 
Brtwke published a poem entitled *RedemL 
tion.' His last wort was ^ Juliet Grenville 
or, tbe History of tbe Human Heart/ a noTi 
in tkret! rolnmra, issued in 1774. G«rrij:k| 
who entertained a high esteam for Brooke, 
pressed bim earnestly to vrnie for the sta^, 
and offered to enter into articles with bim 
for Is, n line for all be abould write during 
life, provided that be wrote for bim akme. 
This propoaal, however^ we ar« told, wia re* 
jectea by Brooke with some degree of baugb 
tiness, for which Gnrrick never forgave him« 
From KildartT Brooke removed to a re^idenoe* 
in Cavan, near his former habitation, and, 
expressed in bis own words, continued therft 
* dreaming life away/ A visitor to Brooke 
in 1775 described bun as * dressed in a long 
blue cloak, witb a wig that fell down bis 
slioulders. He was a little man, neat as 
wax-work, witb an oval face, ruddy com- 
plexion, and large eyes full of fire/ Brooke 
sank into a state of mental depression on tbe 
deaths of bis wife and of bis children, of 
wbom tbe sole survivor (out of a family of 
twenty-two) waa his daughter Charlotte 

t^, v.], who devoted herself entirely to him* 
hsease and grief rendered bim at times inca- 
pable of mental or physical ejcertion. Witb a 
view tx> bis pecuniary advantage, some friends 
undertook, with his aasent, to public a col- 
lection of bis poetical and dramatic works. 
Four volumes of these were issued at Lon* 
don in 1778, but in them, through mismanage- 
ment, some of tbe piece* were printed from 
un re vised copies, others were omitted, and 
productions of which Brooke was not the 
author were included in tbe collection. John 
A\Valey,who had some relations with Brooke's 
friends, published in 1780 an abridged edi- 
tion of the * Fool of Quality/ In nis 
fatory observations AVesley recommen< 
tbe work or the most excellent, in its kin< 
of any that he bad seen either in Eiiglish < 
in any other language. Charlotte, Brooke'* 
daughter, eonsidert-a that the failure of her 
father's mental powers was apparent in the 
latter portions of the ' Feiol of Quality/ and 
that three volumes would amply contain ai 
that ought to remain in the five. As to ' ' 
other and last work, * Juliet Grenville/ 
is,* she i^Tote, * I feiu*, scarcely worthy of 
vision, and should l>e finally consigned t* 
oblivion/ Brooke died in a state of ment 
debility at Dobliu on 10 t)ct, 1783. Sevei 
portraits of Brooke have been engraved. The 



I 






u 




I 



eiufliest of theee appears to be that executed 
At Dublin iti 17i>l> by Miller, from a painting 
by Lewis. In the plate, wbicb id injcribea 

* The Fanner/ iiroake is r^preaented &b seftted^ 
with B pen in his hand, 'luis portTait wii» re- 
produced in 1HIS4, on a reduced scale, among I 
the illustrationi* to the work by J. C* 8mitb 
on British mezzotinto portraits. A revised i 
edition of limoke'a works waa projected by 
his daug^hter Charlotte, with tue co-opera- i 
tion of Irieiids^ but while it was in progress j 
the defective collection alne^idy notice<l was, 
without her knowledge, reprinted by a Lon- ' 
don bookseller. She^ however^ succeeded in | 
purchasing the copies, and, with ^uch eraen- 
dations and revisions as she could ertect^ 
they were issued by bur in four volumes in 
1792 as a new edition. To the first volume 
was prehxtKl a paneg^- rical but unsatisfactory 
notice of Broohe, the writer of which was 
described by his daughter as tin * old contem- 
porary and relation.* He, however, avowed 
that he knew little with certainty concerning 
Brookes career and the many busy and in- 
teresting scenes through which lie had passed. 
On this eubject iliss Brooke stated that, in 
her attempts to procure materials for a me- 
moir of her father, she had encountered 
^^reat dithculties, and as he had outlived , 
most of his contemporaries, she, his last | 
surviving child, remembered nothin|J- of them i 
before the iH^riod of his retirement from the 
outer world- fSome papers connected with 
Brooke, including a letter from Pope to him, 
were collecte<l by C. H. Wilson of the Middle 
Temple, London ^ who in 1804 issued a com* 
piktion in two small volumes entitled 

* Brookiana.' The ^ Fool of Quality ' was re- 
pubhshtrd in two volumes in 1859 by the 
Kev. Charles Kingsley, who expressed an 
opinion that, notwitli.stamling the defects of 
the Tvork, readers would learn from it more of 
that which is ]>iire| sacred, and eternal, than 
from any bi:>ok published aince Spenser's 

* Faerie Queene.* 

[Dublin journal*, 1744; unpublished letters 
of Henry Brfjoke; l«^tters by BenJMnun Victor, 
1776; Adtliologia Hiheriiicri, 1794; MLnnpirs of 
C, O'Coniir { 1797) ; Mjinuscripts of C. O'Cunor ; 
D'Olier's Memoirs of Uoury Brookt!, 1816 j Sey- 
mour's Memoirs of Miss Brook**, 1816 ; Frivata 
Cgrnj-spondrnee of iJavid Garrick, 1831 ; Hist, 
of Dublin, 1856 ; KL'p^irts of Hist. MS8, Cora- 
mission, 18K4 ; Nichols s Lit. A need. ii. 215-6 ; 
Notes and Qutries, 5th acr, i v. 1 3 L] J. T. G, 

BROOKE, TIEN UY(173S-1806;,]j)ainter, 
was bom in Dublin iu 17*38, Tie chicny prac- 
tised historical paint inj:^, and, upon comioif to 
London in 1761, trained both fame and for- 
tune by the exliibition of his pictures. Seven 



years later, in 1767, he had married and 
settled in his native city, whei-e he lost the 
whole of his savings in some foolish specu- 
lation. Thence forwartl his art was princi- 
pally displayed in the decoration of Homau 
catholic chapels, but in 1776 he sent a my- 
thological painting to the Society of Artists. 
Brooke died in Dublin in 1806. 

[Redgrave V Bictionary of Artists (1878), 
p. 67; A, Graves'a Diet, of Artista, i760-80, 
p. 3U] Q. G. 

BROOKE, HENRY JAMES (1771- 
1857)^ crj'staHojfnipher, son of a broadcloth 
raanufacturer, boru iit Exeter on ^5 Moy 
1771, studied for the bur, but went into 
business in the Spanish wool trade, South 
American mining companies^ and the London 
Life Assurance Ass<iciation succefisivelvt He 
devoted his leisure hours to mineralogy, geo- 
logy, iind Iwtany. His large Cfjllections of 
shells and of minerals were presented to the 
university of Cambridge, while a jKjrtion of 
hii* vuliiable collectio!i of engravings woa 
given by liim to tlie British Museum. He 
waa elected F.G.S. lu iHJo, F.L.S. in 1818, 
and F.R.S in 18U>. H« discovered thirteen 
new mineral s]>ecies. He died on 26 June 
1857, He pnblished a * Familiar Introduc- 
tion to Cr)*stallograpby,' liondon, 181*3 ; and 
contributed the important articles* on * Cits- 
tnllogniphy* and * Mineralogy' in the * Kn- 
cycloptedia Met rofioli tana,* in which he tirst 
introduced six primm- crystalline systems. 

[Proc Boy. Soc. ix. 41 ; Q. Journ. Gdol. Soc. 
14, xlir.] H. F. M. 

BROOKE, HUMPHREY (1017-1093), 
physician, was born in l^oudon in 1*117, He 
was educated in Merchant Taylor«' School, 
and entered St- Johu*s College, Oxford, of 
which he became a fellow. He proeeeded 
M.li. 1646, M,D, 165^, was elected fellow of 
the Ixondon College of Physicians 1674, and 
wa**« siib^etjaently several times censor. He 
died ver\' rich at his hou&e in LeadenliaU 
Street, 9 Dec. l6Ha 

Brooke was the author of * A Cottseir&toix 
of Health, comprii^ed in a Plain and Pmctlcal 
Discourse upon the Six Particulars neces- 
sary for Man s Lite/ Ixindon, IboO, and also 
a Ixwk of paternal advice, addre.^oscd to his 
children, under the title of * llie Durable 
Legacy/ London, K581, of which only fifty 
copies were printed. It ctjutains 250 pagea 
of practical, moral, and religious directiouAp 
couched in a sincere and j^impJe christian 
style, wit!i neither sectarianism nor bigotry. 

[Wood'i Fiisti Oion,(HiiaB), i. 514, ii. 9L 321 ; 
Mank's CoUeg<j of Phyt?ioi/iiis (1878), i, 308; 
Dumble Jjofg^cy, in UritiHh Mumbudi,] 

G* T. B. 




Brooke 



428 



Brooke 



I 



BBOOKE, SiB JAMES (180^-1888), 

raja of Surawak, second son of Tliomaa 
Brooke, of the Bengal civil service, wm bora 
1ft BenArefl, uid waa edueiLted at the grammar 
teliool at Norwich, under Mr. Edward Valpv, 
a brother of the famouu Dr. Vaipj of Read- 
ing. During Brooke's school days Dr. Samuel 
Parr, who at one time had been the head- 
master, was a frequent visitor at the achooi 
* Old Crome ' waft the drawing maater, while 
Sir Arcbdale Wilson, the captor of Delhi 
in 1857, and George Borrow were among 
Brooke*g achoolfellows. He was a hoj of 
marked generosity, truthfulness, and daring. 
On one occasion lie saved the life of a achool- 
fellow who had fallen into the river Wen- 
tum. Hp ended hit* school life somewhat 
abruptly by running away^ and at the age of 
sixteen waa appointed a cadet of infantrj^ 
in Bengal. Alter serving for three years 
with a native infantry regiment, he waa a]>- 
pointed to the commissariat ; and on the 
outbreiik of the tirst war with Burma, he 
formed and driiled a body of native volun- 
teer cavalry, which he commanded in an ac- 
tion ttt llangpur in Assam» receiving on that 
occasion a wound in the lungs, which led to 
his being invalided home with a wound pen- 
sion of 70/. a year. After an absence of 
upwards of four years he returned to India j 
but being unable, owing to an unusually 
long voyage, to reach Bengal within the pre- 
scrim^d period of five year», he resigned the 
East India Company's Eiervice in 1830, re- 
turning to England in the i?hlp in which he 
had gone out^ and visitin^^ in the course of 
his voyage, the Straits settlements of Penang, 
Malacca T and Singapore, China, and Bumatra, 
During thi» voyage he seem.s to have formed 
the projects whieii determined his subsequent 
career. Returning to Bath, where his family 
resided, in the latter part of 1831, he re- 
mained in England until 1834, when he pur- 
chased a small brig, and made a voyage to 
China* In the following year his father died, 
and Brooke, having inherited a fortune of 
30»000/., purchased a Bchoonerof li2 tons, in 
which, after a trip to the Mediterranean, he 
sailed on It) Dee. 18»3H for Borneo. 

Brooke*s motives in undertaking this voy- 
age appear to have been partly love of ad- 
venture^ and brjrely the desire to introduce 
comjnerce, as well us British iLscendency, intu 
Borneo. A memorandum which he wrote 
upon the subject before starting upon the 
expedition will be fuund in a compilation of 
his private letters, etiited by a friend. After 
a short halt at Singaporei Brooke proceed e^j 
in his yacht to Suniwiik, on the north-west 
coast of Bonieo, landing at Kuchinff, the chief 
J on 15 Aug. 1839. Sarawak — a tract 




of coimtry measuring at that time about ^xtj 
miles in length by fifty m breadth, but since 
considerably enlarged bv territ-orial additions 
1 made during the lifetime of Brooke— was 
; then subject to the JIalay sultan of Brunei^ 
the nominal ruler of the whole of the island^ 
except a part in the south, which had come 
into the "poasoesion of the Dutch. At the 
time of Brooke's arrival a rebelUou was in 
progress, induced by the tyranny of the otfi- 
cials of the sultan, who had recently deputed 
I his unclei Muda IIas«im, to assume the govem- 
I ment and to restore order. Brooke was cour- 
I teously received by Muda Hassim. His tirst 
visit was short ; but he seems to have then laid 
the foundations of the influence which he • | 
subsequently acquired over the inhabitants, 
including the Malav governor, Muda Hossim. 
(_hi this occasion lie surveyed 150 miles of 
coast, visited many of the rivers, and esta- 
blished a friendly intercourse with the Malay 
tribes on the coast, si>ending tendavs among 
a tribe of Dayaks, the flboriginal inLabitant^ 
of the island. In the latter pnrt of the same 
year he visited the island of Celebes. He 
there astonished the inhabit^ints, the Bujis — 
a race much addicted to field sporta— by hia 
horsemanship and skill in shooting. 

Revisiting Sarawak in the autumn of 1B40» 
Brooke took an active part in the suppressioa 
of the rebellion, whicn was still going cm- 
impressing the natives by his gallantry and 
readiness of resource, and so entirelv gain- 
ing the confidence of Muda Ha^im tliat the 
latter voluntarily oliert^l him the government 
of the country, which he a.ssumed on 24 Sept, 
I 1841. In .Tuly of the following year he re- 
^ paired to Brunei^ and obtained wm the sul- 
tan the confirmation of his appointment as 
raja of Sarawak, in which olfice he was 
formaUy installefl at Kuching on 18 Aug. 
1843. Sir Spenser St, John^s ' Life of Brooke ' 
gives a graphic account of the installation, 
which very nearly became a scene of blood- 
shed, owing to the estciteraent of some of 
the followei's of the late raja, and their ani- 
mosity towards a chief named Makota, whose^ 
, tyranny had done much to bring about the 
rebellion, and who had oWtructed Brooke in 
his efforts to reduce the country to order^ 
and to improve the administration (Spejtseb. 
St. John, Lf^fe of iiir Janhcs Brooke^ 1879, 
p. 70). 

, Brooke*s administrative reforms were very 

simple, but thoroughly well suited to the 

I people. One of the causes of the rebellion 

[ had l>een a system of forced trade, under 

! which the inhabitants were compelled to buy 

at a tLxed, and often an exorbitant, price^ 

I commodities sold to them by the chiefs. In 

default of payment their sons and daughters^ 



Brooke 



429 



Brooke 



i 



and often their parents as well, were carried 
off as slaves. Brooke eubstitiited for tlie 
forced tra<3e a aimple system of taxation in 
land, and did what he could to abolish in- 
terference with the personal liberty of the 
people. lie administered justice himself, 
witu the iiid of eome of the chief persona of 
the country ; his conrt, whicli was a long 
Toom. in his own house ^ being^ essentially an 
ofen one, while he was accessible to any one 
who wished to see him at nearly all hours of 
the day. By the Dayaka he was speedily re- 
garded with sentiments of reverence and 
Affection, Tlieir favourite saying was : * The 
son of Europe is the friend of the Dayak.* 
In the earlier years of his residence at tSara- 
wak Brooke was almost alone. His followers 
were a coloured interpreter from 5falacca, 
useful, but not very truMtworthy ; a servant 
who could neither read nor write ; a ship- 
wrecked Irishman, brave, but not otherwise 
UBeful ; and a doctor who never learnt the 
lAnguuige of the country. 

The auppresHion of piracy tn the Malayan 
Archipelago does not appear to have been 
i&mong Brooke's first objects, but it formed 
one of the main achieveroents of hi:^ useful 
life. In Borneo piracy had been the common 
pursuit of the tribes along the coast from 
time immemorial. It was resorted to in 
Borneo, not only for nurposes of plunder, but 
for the poeaession of liuman hemls, for which 
there wajs a passion among the Dayaks and 
among many of the tribes in the archipelago, 
Brooke had become aware of the practice at 
an early period of hi« residence ia Sarawak, 
and had done what he could to impress the 
chief people of the country with its enormity ; 
but it was not until 1843 that lie was in a 
position t^"* take an active part in its sup- 
pression. Early in that year ne made the ac- 
?uaiutance, at Singaport\ of Captain the Hon. 
lenrv Keppel (now (1886) Admiral the Hon. 
Sir Henry K«ppel,G.C,B.), tlien commanding 
H.M.S. Dido, with whom he speedily con- 
tracted a mutual and lasting friendship. Re- 
turning to Sarawak in the Dido, in company 
"With Keppel, he joined in an expedition 
against the most formidable of the piratical 
hordes, the Malays and Dayaks of the Seribas 
river, taking with him as a contingent a 
nnmher of war-boats manned by natives of 
Sarawak. The expedition wtia extremely 
successful. The pirates were attacked in their 
itronghcdds on the banks of the river by the 1 
l^cmt^ of the Dido and the Sarawak war-toatSj j 
and comp<41ed to undertake to abandon piracy, ' 
In the following year he was again a^ssociated 
with Keppel in an attack upon thn pirates of 
the iSakarran river, which, though inllicting 
heavy loss upon the pirat^es^ was attended 



with severe fighting and gome lose to the 
assailants. Captain Sir Edward Belcher, 
Captain Rodney Mundy, Captain Grey, and 
Captain Farquhar were' all at different timea 
employed in conjunction with Brooke in 
operations against the pirates. The last ot 
these operationsj which took place in 1849, 
and dt-alt a crushing blow to piracy in that 
part of the Bomeaa eeas, was made the 
ground of a series of charges of erne! and 
illegal conduct, preferred against Brooke in 
the Hou^e of Commons by 3Ir. Hume, and 
supported by Jlr. Cobden, and in some de- 
gree by Mr. Gladstone, who, while eulogising 
Brooke's character, voted for an inquiry int^j 
the charges, on the ground that the work of 
destruction had been promiscuous, and to 
some extent illegal. The motion for inquiry 
was discountenanced by the government of 
the day, that of Lord John Russell, and wa« 
rejected by a large majority of the house, 
Lord Palmerston declaring t hat Brooke * re- 
tired from the investigation with untamiahed 
character and unblemished honour.* The 
attacks, however, being continued, the go- 
vernment of Lord Aberdeen subsequently 
granted a commissiou of inquiry, which Bat 
at Singapore, but failed to establish any of 
the charges of inhumanity or illegality which 
had been made against Brooke. 

In 1847 Brooke revisited England, where 
lie met with a most gratifying reception. He 
was invited by the queen to Windsor, and 
was treated with great consideration by the 
leading statesmen of the day, aj* weU aa by 
various public bodies. London conferred 
upon him the freedom of the city, and Oxford 
the honorary degree of D.CL. In connection 
with his visit to Windsor, it is related that 
the queen, having Inquired how he found it 
so easy to manage bo many thousands of wild 
Borneanfj, Brooke replied : * I find it eaaier to 
govern thirty thousand Malays and Dayaks 
than to manage a dozen of your majesty's 
subjects,* On his return to ftomeo he waa 
appointed British commissioner and consul- 
general in that island, as well as governor of 
Labu&D, which the sultan of Brunei had 
ceded to the Britiah crown. He was also 
created a K.C.B. 

The commission of inquiry not only caused 
Brooke very great annoyance, hut for a time 
introduced some •"mbarrassment into his rela- 
tions with the natives under his rule, who 
not unnaturally conceived the impression 
that he had forfeited the favour of uia own 
government. The incident ia nlso ^enerallj 
regarded as having, In combination with other 
circumstances, had some connection witb a 
veij serious outbreak 00 the part of the 
Chinese unmigranta into SarawaJC| in which 




ch M 

i 



_&?ooke narrowly eacaped beingr murdered. 

Thi* outbreak occurnsd in 18o7, when the 
Chines^i baring formed a plot to kill Brooke 
and the other Engliihmeo serving tinder him, 
HttAcked the government house and other 
Eii^'lish residenccfl, and murdered several of 
t i i e English , Brooke escifped in t he darkness 
by jumping into the river, diving- under the 
bow of H Chinewe barge, and awimmiug t.o the 
other »ide. Aft^r having occupied the capital 
for u fi^w days, and destroyed a good deal of 
property, including the raja's house and his 
valuable library, the Chinese retirtKl, foHowed 
by a large body of Malays and l^ayaki^^ who 
stood by their raja, and, intercepting the 
Chinese' in their retreat, deatroynd a consi- 
dertihle niuuber of them. The attitude of 
the Malays and Dayakii on this occasion fur- 
nisht'd u signal proof of the atlef'tion and 
confidence with which Brooke had inspired 
the gn^At majority of his native subjects, 

Brooke tinally left. Sarawak in 1863. 
Shortly after his return to Kngland a wish 
long cherished by liim^ that the British go- 
vernment should recognise his territory as an 
independent state, was gratified, and a consul 
was appointed to represent Briti«ih interests. 
He died at Burrator in Devonshire in 1868, 
nt the age of sixty-five, after a series of para- 
htlc att-acks, brought on doubtless by the 
fatigues and exposure of a laborious and ad- 
venturous life, sfient, the greater part of it, 
in a tropical elimat-e. He was succeeded as 
riia by his nejphew, Mr, Charles Johnson, 
who tad previously assumed the name of 
Brooke, and under whose firm but benevo- 
lent government, based upon the principles 
introduced by his illustrious relative, Sara- 
wak, now comprising a territory of 28,000 
square miles and a jxipulfttion of a quarter of 
a million, is a flourishing settlement. Trade 
has expanded, agriculture is advancing, piracy 
and head-hunting have been rooted out, edu- 
cation is in demand^ and, as a result of the 
eiforts of christian miesionBries, Sarawak 
now numliers nearly thn e tboii.snnd native 
christians. When this stnte of things is 
compared with that which existed on the 
uortli coast of Borneo less than half a century 
ago, it will readily be admitted that among 
the benefactors of hiimanity a high place 
must be aceurded to Sir James Brooke. 

[Gertrude L. Jacob's Raja of Sarawak, 1876; 
Spenaer St. Johns Lifo of Sir James Brooke, 
1870 ; Private Letters of Sir James Brooke 

t(ediL John C, Temph^r), 1853 ; CapUio Mondy's 
l^arrative of Events in Bornoo and Celebes, 
1848; Ann. Reg. IfiSl, pp. 135, 136; Quarterly 
Heview, vols. Ixicxiit., cxi.; 8. P. G. Report, 1 884 ; 
Harriett© McDougaira Sketches of our Lifo at 
Sarawak J London.] A. J* A. 



I BROOKE, JOHN id. 1582), tmnaktor, 

I fion of John Brooke, was a native of Ash- 

I next-Sandwich and owner of Brooke House 

in that village. Though appointed BchoUr 

of T ri n i t y College , Ca rabridge, by t h e fou nda- ^ 

! tion charter of lo46, he did not proceed BJ 

until 155.^-4. He married Magdal«^n Sto 

dard of Mottingham, He died in 1582,!eavin^ 

no children, and was buried in Ash churcfi 

His works are: 1. *The Staffe of Christian 

Faith- . . . Tmnslatetl out of Fn?nch into 

English by John Brooke, of Agihe-next- 

Sandwiche,* 1577. 2. * John Gardener, his 

confession of the Christian Faith. Translated 

out of Frt^nch by John Brooke,* 1578, L>S3. 

3. * A Christian Diftcourse . . . presented to 

the Prince of Conde. Translated by J, B./ 

ir>78. 4. 'The Christian Disputati'onR, bv 

Master Peter Viret» dedicated to Edmund, 

Abp. of Canterbiirv, Tranalated out of 

i French . . . by J. B.'of Ashe," 1579. 5. *0f 

I Two Wonderful Popish MonMers, to wyt. 

Of a Popish Asse which was found in Rom#| 

I in the niier Tyl>er ( U96), and of a Moonkialr 

I Calfe, calued at Fril)erge in Misne (1528), 

... Witnessed and declared, the one by P,l 

Melancthon, the other by M. Luther. Tn 

la ted out of French ... by John Brook 

of Assh. , . . AVith two cuts of the Mo 

Hters; ir)79. 6. *A Fiiitliful and Fomilia 

I Exposition upon the Prayer of our Lordo.! 

. . . Written in French dialog^ie wise, 

Peter Virt^t* and trnnslated into English 1 

' John Brooke, Dedicated to Svr Roger Ma 

wood» kniijht, and Lorde Chiefe I^ronof t 

Queene's Maiesties Excheker/ 1582. 

I [Haateds Kent, iii. 601 ». ; Pltinrh^'s Corn* 
of Kent, 136 ; Amee's Tvpog* Antiq, (Herl^rtjj 
G6'2, 867, 1010, 1011, imO: MnunseU's Fir 

I Part of the Catalogue (1595), 24: Cooprrli 
Athenae Cantab, i. 459 ; Tunncr's Bibh Brit.1 
131.] W.H. 

^BROOKE, JOHX CILiKLES (1748- 
1 794 ) , Si )m V fse f heral tl , second so u of Wi lliam 
Brooke, M.D., and Alict% eldest daughter and 
coheireA^ of William Maw hood of Donca^er, 
I was born iit Field bend, in the parish of SLik- 
I stone, near Shetfield, in 1748. He was sent 
to the metropolis to be apprenticed to a 
I chemist in Holliorn, but he hwd already ac- 
quired a taste for genealogical research, and 
I having drawn up a pedigree of the Howapd| 
family which attracted the favourable notice 
, of the Duke of Norfolk, he thus obtained an 
I entrance into the College of Arms. He was 
appointed Rouge Croix pursuivant in 1773, 
' and WI18 promott^d to the office of Somerset 
' herald in 1777. Two years previously, in 
1775, he had been elected a fellow of the. 
Society of Antiquaries, Brooke was secret 



^■form 




» 



to the earl marshal, and, also through the 
tronftge of the Duke of Xorfnllc»ft li*?utt!nant 

the militia of the West IVuling of York- 
ire. With lionjamin Piii^o, York herald, 
id foiirieen other personR, he was cru»hetl 
Ito death on 3 Feb. 1794, in att»^m|>ting to get 
Into the pit of the Ha^-market Theatre. His 
Ijody w«s interred in tliia churcli of St. Benet, 
PaurH Wharf, where a monumental tablet waa 
erected to hiK memory, with an epitaph com- 
;^Oded by Edmund Lodge^ afterwards Cla- 
Tenceux kingnitHurnis. 

Brooke made voluminous manuscript col- 
lect ions* chiefly relating: to Yorkshire, Hi^ 
father had inherited the manuscripts of hla 
.t-uncle, the Rev. John Brooke^ rector of 

jh Hoylund in Yorkaliire, which had been 
formed as a foundation for the t/Opo^raphy of 
that county. Tliej«e came into the hanaa of John 
Charles Brooke, who greatly enlarffed them 
•bj means of hiB own researches, and by copy- 
ing the manuscript.^ of Jenyngs and Tilleyson, ! 
A CAtttlo^e of these coHectiouK will Ix* found 

Gouffh*** * British To|jOgraphy/ ii. 397, 401^ 
Brooke's coutribut ions to the * Arehe&o* 
_ ,' »» enumerated in Nichols's * BIuBtm- 
tions of Literature/ vi. 3oo. He was a cou- 
tributnr also to the * Gentleman's Majafazine,* 
and the principal authors of his day in genea- 
logy anil topojiifrii[)hy acknowledge their obli- 
gations to hira. 1 Hsiil.^ (I iristorv of York-nhire, 
ne conteiuphit^il ;i m a -Jit Inn of Sandford's 
'Genealogical HL^r«»rv of the Kizig^^ of Eng- 
land/ ft baronage atter Dngdale's method, 
and a history of all tenants in cnpite to ac- 
company Domesday, lie bequeathed his ma- 
nuscrijus to the College of Arms, but a small 
collection of Yorkshire pedigree^ by him is 
preserved in tbe British ftiusemn ( A/If /it MS. 
21184). Many of his letters on ant imiarian 
subjects are priiited in Nichols's * Illustra- 
tions of Literature.' 

A port ra i t n f 1 i rooke, en graved by T. M il ton 
from a painting by T. Jluynard, forms the 
frontispiece to Noble s * History of the Col- 
lege of Anns.' 

[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. I 68L S84, lii 263, 
vi. 142, 26i, 303; Kieholsa Ulustr. of Lit. Tl, 
3o4^42J) ; Noblu's rollege of Arms, 42a-4S4, 
440; Addit. MS, 5726 k, iirt, 3, 6864, f. 116; 
Kotesaod Queries (2nd series), it. 130. 160, 31M; 
Gent. Mag. Ltiv, iH7, 275, Ixvii. 6; Annual 
Keg. 1794, «hroiiicle o.] T. C. 

BROOKE, KALPH (1553-1625), herald, 
deecribe^ himself (itS. pene^ Coll, Arm.) as 
the sou of Geoftrey Brooke {by his wife, Jane 
Hyde) and |;rrandaon of William Brooke of 
LtAiicashire, who wni^ a cadet of th« family of 
Brooke seated at Norton in Cheshire. Jiut 
the entry of his admi^j^ion into Merchant 
Tay lore* School, on 3 July 1664, simply re- 



cords the fact that his father was Geoffrt^y, 
and a shoemaker (Ihei/isters of 3I.T.S, i. 6), 
In 157t> he was made free of the Painter 
Stainerjs* Company, and four yean? afterwards 
wa8 appointed Koujtre t-Voix pursuivant in the 
Collej^e of Arms. In March 15[*3 he becam© 
York herald, but attained to no higher rank. 
That he wm an accumte itnd painstaking 
genealogist there can be no doubt ; it seemi* 
equally clear that he was of a grat^ping and 
jealous^ nature, und much disliked by hia 
fellow-oflicer« in the Heralds' College* Iti 
1597 Camden, who was not a profea^^ional 
lienild, was made Clarencenx king-al-arms 
in rt^cogiiition of his great learning. Brooke 
took umbrof^e at his intm.sion into the col- 
lege, and published, without date or printer's 
name, whiit he termed * A Biscoverie of cer- 
taineErrours piiblisihed in print in the much- 
commended Britannia lo94, very prejudicial 1 
to the DiBcentes and Successions of the aun- 
cient Nobilitie of thi,*< lleaime.' To this 
Camden replied ; and Vincent, who had the 
college with him, 8ide<l with Camden and 
exprtsed certain mistakes into which Brooke 
himself had fal len . The cont roveriiy was long 
and iicrimoniovi.s, the only good result hiding 
that, through the re,seurcht»s of Brooke, Cam- 
den, and Vincent^ the genealogies of the no- 
biLity w^ere closely investigat^u, and the first 
attempt at a printed peerage was mride. 
Brr^ike died 15 t>et. IttL^i, iige<l 7*^, and wa« 
buried in the churcli of lleeulver, Kent. His 
quaint monument, whereon he is depicted in 
his tabartl dress, has he^n often engraved, 
but it liiiR uuliappily di>'apj>eared from the 
newly built church. In addition to the 
work already mentioned, Brooke wrote* A 
Sec*md DtPtoverv' of Errors,' which wa^s 
published from the manu.Hcript bv Anstia 
in 171^3; and two editions (1619 and 1622) 
of * A C'atalogue and 8ucces.gion of the 
Kings, Princes J Bukes, Marquisses, Earlefl, 
and ViBconnts of the Ilealme of England t^ince 
the Normnn Conquest to this present year© 
1 Hi 9. Together with their Armes, Wives and 
Chiidren, ilm times of their deaths and burials, 
with any of her memorable actionS| collected 
by Raphe Brooke, Esquire, Yorke Hcrauld, 
Discoueringnnd Reforming many errors com- 
mitted by men of other Professions and lately 
published in Print to the great wronging of 
the Nobilitv and prejudice of his Maje8tie*« 
Officers and Armes.who are onely appointed 
and swome to deale faithfully in these 
cause-s/ printed by Jaggard, 

[Dallttway% Heraldry, 1793. pp. 226-239 ; 
Noble « College of Arms ; Nichols's Herald and 
Genealogist, ii. ; fora full acoonnt orBrfM>ktt's qu&r* 
rel with Vincent and Camdeo see f^ir H. Nicola«^8 
Lif* of AugtLstind Vme«Dt (1827).] G. J. R. 




)KJ; RICHARD (1791-18*11 ),ftnti- 
4|Uary, was a native of Livwrpool, where he 
W8» bom in 1791. Hia father,, also uarued 
lliclmpcl, waa a Cheshire man, wbfi ^settled tn 
Liverpool early in life, and died there on 
15 June 1852/ at the a|?e of 91, Richard 
Bnxjke the yonn^fer practiced m a solicitor in 
LiverjKwl, and devoted hie leisure time to 
in v<5«tigHtion« into the history and ant iouities 
of hifl county, and into certain brancnea of 
natural history. One of the favourite oecu- 
pntioHK of his life w^is to visit and explore 
the several fields of battle In England^ espe- 
cially thow which were the Bcenes of conflict 
between the rival bouge.8 of York and Lan- 
eaater. The great object he had in view was 
to compare the statements of the historians 
with such relics aa had survived, and with 
the tradition* of the neiffhboiirhoods where 
the respective battles had been fought. He 
was lea to this line of research at a coropara- 
tivelv early a^e during visits lo his bmther, 
Mr, teeter Brooke, who r»3.sided near Stoke 
Pield. In 1825 he publbhed ' (Jbservations 
illuBtrative of the Account js given by the 
Ancient Historical Writers of the Battle of 
Stoke Fieltl, l>et ween King Henry the Seventh 
and John De !a Pole, Karl of Lincoln » in 
1487, the last that was fought in the Civil 
Wan of York and Lancjister; to which are 
adde<l some interesting particulars of the 
Hlustrioufl Houses of Pkntagenct and Ne- 
ville * (Liverpool, 1825, roy. Bvo). In later 
years he can'ied on his researches, and com- 
municated thii result to the Society of An- 
tiquaries, of which he was a member, and 
to the Liverpool Literary' and Philix^ophical 
Society, in papt^rs which were ("lubsequently 
publ»Kbed in a volume in 1857, entitl*^d 
* Visits to Fields of Battle in England in tbu 
Fifteenth Centllr\^ To which are added 
ftome Miscellaneous Tracts and Papers upon 
Archieological Subjects' (8ix»). The battk'^ 
fields described tm^- Shrewsbury, Blore Heath, 
Northiimptori, Wakefield, MortLmer's Cross, 
Towton, Tewkesbury, Bfjs worth, Stoke, Eve- 
sham , and Bamrt . The additional pa])ers are : 
1. * On [\if Use of Firearms by the Eng- 
lish in the 15tb Century.' 2, * The Family 
of Wyche, or De la Wvche, in Cheshire? 
3. *Wibnslow Church in Cheshire,* 4. 'Hand- 
ford Hall and Cheudle Church in Chf>shire/ 
6. * The Office of lveei>er of the Royal Mena- 
gerie in the li**ign of Edward IV.'' tj. ^Tbe 
Period of the Extinction of Wolves In Eng- 
land/ 

He was a memlier of the council of the 
Liver|M>ol Litemr> and Philosophical Society » 
and n»ad many jiapji-s at the meetings of the 
society. The following, in addition to some 
of those named above, ar^ printed in its 



j * Proceedings:' L * Upon the extraordinajy 
i and abrupt Changes of Fortune of JAijper, ewl 
I of Pembroke/ voL at, 2. * Life of Uichard 
I Neville, the Great Esrl of Warwick and 
Salisbury, called the King- Maker/ 3dL 
3. * Life and Character of Marguret of Anjou,' 
xiii. 4. * Visit to Fothering^ay Church and 
Castle/ xiii. 5. * Migrration of the Swallow/ 
' xiii. C. * On the Elephants used in War by 
the Carthag^inianB/ xiv. 7. * On the Com- 
mon or Fallow Deer of Great Britain/ xiv. 
In the ' Transactions of the Historic Society 
of Lancashire and Cheshire' he ]mblished 
I * Observations on the Inscription of the Com- 
mon Seal of Liverpool * (i. 70), besides the 
three Cheshire papers reprinted in the volume 
of * visits/ In 1853 he pubbshed * Liverpool 
as it was during the Last Quarter of the 
Eighteenth Century, 1775 to 1800* (Liver- 
pool, roy, 8vo, pn. 558). In this he bit 
gathered a body of intere^rtlng facts relating 
I to the historj' of the great port during that 
period, much of the information being de- 
rived from bis father. He died at Liver- 
' pool on 14 June 1861, in the seventietli jtwr 
of hi.«* ttge, 

[Proccetiings of the Society of AntiquanM, 
I 1862, 2nd ser. ii. 105 ; pr^facffl to Broofco'i 
j works.] C, W. S. 

j BROOKE, ROBERT (<f, 1802 P), of 
Profiperous^ county Kildare, governor of St. 
Helena from 17B7 to ItiOl, was youngest 
lion of Robert Brooke, and grandson of the 
Rev. William Brooke of Ran ta van Housei 
county Cavon ( BrBKii's Landed Gentry^ see 
Bro<:)ke of Prumvann). He entered tm ser- 
vice of the Ett^l India Company on 14 Aug. 
1764 a* enisigTi on the Bengal eatablisbment, 
became lieutenant on f?5 Aug. 1765, and 
^substantive captain on 10 Dec. 1767. He 
signidised himself on several occasions in the 
opt^rationjs ag-ainat Cosaim Ali and Soojab 
Dowlah under Lord Clive, during which 
time he served with the 8th sepoys. De- 
tached to Madra*? with two companies of 
Bengal sejjoy grenadiera, he served through 
the campaigns of 17<i8-9 against HyderiOi, 
with General Joseph Smith, and wag sub- 
sequently chief engineer of Colonel Wood^* 
force. On one occasion he was sent asenvoj 
to Hyder Ali, Returning to Bengal he was 
given command of two battalion« lent w 
guards to the Mogul. Wliile so employed 
be put down a formidable revolt in the pro- 
vince of Corah, for which senrice he was re- 
warded with the collectorahip of the province, 
together with a commission of 'ij per cent, 
on its revenues wliile in command of the 
troops on the frontier. He raided the Bengal 
native light infantry, and commanded that 
battalion in two campaigns against the hill- 



robbers about Hnjiimbiil^ m wbicb he distin- 
gmshed liimself by bi^ lenity and bumanity 
no lead thiin by the Bucct3ss of hk opemtlons. 
He also rendered pood service against tbe 
Mahrattas and in tEe Robilla war. His ser- 
▼icee were acknowledged by the court of 
liirectors on 19 April 1771, and ug'ain on 
30 March 1774, in terms almni^t unprece- 
deoted in the caj*e of an oibp+T of junior rank. 
He return etl liome on furlough in 1774, ami 
mTeeted tho fortune be had realised by bis 
oollect4iriiliip at Corah in an attempt to de- 
velope the cotton manufacture in Ireland, 
with which object be erected the LndnAtriiil 
vUlaire of Prosperous, in the barony of Olane, 
county Kildare. About the same time be 
married Mrs. Wynne, n^e Mapletoft, who 
bore him several cliildren. Tlie enterprise 
at Prosperous met with patronage and Bup- 

g)rt in distinguished quarters, and in 1771.1 
rooke received the thanks of parliament 
for his patriotic endeavours. The manufac* 
turing processes^ — cot ton-|«rin ting excepted 
— -ate stated to have been carried to some 
perfection, but in a commercial sense the 
undertaking proved a failure, and after many 
vicissitudes the works, counting some 1,400 
loomit, in 1787 bad to be given up for the 
benefit of tbi^ creditors. They were even- 
tually burned by the rebels in 1798. His 
own fortune and that of hi.s wife bavin g^ 
thus been sacrificed, and an elder brother, who 
was partner in the enterprise, and others 
having become involved in the ruin, Brooke 
applied to the court of directors to reinstate 
him in \m former rank, for, having over- 
ataved hia leave, be htid been struck off the 
rolls from 14 April 1775. The directors 
declined to accede to the request, but im- 
mediately afterwards appointed him to the 
ffovernorship of the island of St. Helena, 
in guccessioTi to Governor Corneille. There 
he displayed much energy. He improvecl 
the touLldingfl J strengthened the defences^ and 
established a code of signals. The island be- 
came a dep6t for the company's European 
troops, and during his governorship over 
12,000 recruits were drilled in its valleys* 
His spirited measures for seising the Cape 
of Good Hope with a small naval squad- 
ron cam'iiig a landing-force of 600 light in- 
fantry, blue-jackets, marines, and seamen- 
volunteers, though anfieipated by the expe- 
dition from home under General Craig and 
Admiral Keith » won for him the special 
thanks of the home gnvemment. The court 
of directors recognised his exertions by the 

gift of a diamond-hilted sword, prtssented to 
im in 17011 at St. Helena, at the head of a 
garrison purade, Brooke then holding local 
rank as colonel A serious illness compelled 

VOL, VI. 



L 



him to embark tor England on 10 March 
1801 , and he died soon after. 

Particulars and certificates of his public 
services in India and in Ireland will be found 
in the * British Museum Collection of Poll* 
tieal Tracts,' under the beagling : * Brooke, 
Kobt. — A Letter from 3lr. Brooke to an 
Hono amble Member of the House of Com- 
mons (Duhlin, 1787).' A notice of his 
gov^eniorsbip appears in the * History of 
8t. Helena/ compiled by Thomas Digby 
Brooke, wlio was for many years colonial 
secret ar)^ on the island, and was a nephew of 
Governor Brooke, being a son of the elder 
brother who was |»artner in the concern at 
Prosperous. A few mipubbshed letters to 
Warren Hastings in 1773, and from the 
Marquis Wellesley, are among * Add. MSS,/ 
Briti-sb Museum. 

[Burke's Landed Gentry ; Political Tracts, 
1787-8; Dod«wel\ and Mil&i>*8 Lista of Bengal 
Army; Warhurton's Hi»t of Dublin, ti. 071; 
Brookp'R Hist nf St. Helena (2nd ed. 1823); 
Add. Mm. 29133. 13710. and 13787.1 

H. M, C. 

BROOKE, Lord. [See Grbville.] 

BROOKE, SAMl'EL (d, 1632), master 
of Trinity i 'olleg«%Cambridge, and archdeacon 
of Coventry, was the son of li43lK!rt Brooke, 
a rich citijsen of York, and was brother of 
Christopher Brooke, the poet [q. v.] In 1696 
be was admitted t-o Trinitv College, Cam- 
bridge ; be proceeded M. A. 1604, B.D. 1607, 
aiidD.D, 1615. Shortly after wardfl he was 
sent to prison, by the agency of Sir George 
More, for secretly celebrating the marriage 
of Dr, John Donne with More'a daughter, 
but was soon afterwards released. He was 
promoted t^o the office of chaplain to Henry, 
prince of Wales, who recommended hiin 
{"26 Sept. 1612) for the divinity chair at 
(treaham College. He was afterwards chap- 
lain to both James I and Charles L He was 
elected proctor at Cambridge in 1613, and in 
1614 be wrote three Latin plays, which were 
performed before James I on his visit to the 
university in that yean The names of the 
plays appttar to have been * Scyroe,' * Adelphe,* 
and * Melanthe,* and the * Adelphe * was de- 
scribed as 00 witty * ut vel ipsi Catoni risnm 
excuteret/ On 13 June 1618 he became 
rector of St. Margarets, Lothbury^ London, 
and 10 July 1621 was incorporated B.D. at 
Oxford. lie was elected master of Trinity 
College, Cambridge, 5 Sept 1629» and on 
17 Nov* resigned bis Gresham profeseorahip. 
Prynne, in bis * Canterburie's Doome * p. 15/, 
abuses Brooke as a disciple of Laud, and 
states that in 1630 Brooke was engaged in 
^An Armiuian Treatise of Predestination.' 

'mm 



L&ud encouraged liim to complete this book, 
but afterw^anis dt-clined to sftnction its pub- 
lication on flcroiint of it* exe«?^8ive violence, 
Ou 13 May ]^^M Brooke was admitted arch- 
deacon of Coventry, and died 16 Sept. 1632. 
He was buried without monument or epitaph 
in Trinity CoU^^ ChapeL None of Brockets 
works appear to have been printed, Beaided 
the treatise already mentioned^ he wrote a 
tract on the Thirty-nine Articles^ ond a dis- 
course, dedicatetl to the Earl of Pembroke, 
entitled * De Auxilio Divinas Oratiae Exer- 
citatio theologtca^ nimirum: An poasihile 
sit duos eandem habere Grat iee MeDauram, 
et tamen unus convert atur et credat ; alter 
non : e Johan. xi. 45, 46/ The manuscript 
of this discourse is in Trinity College Lio- 
rary. 

[Ward's Lives of the Professors of Oresham Ool- 
1^, p. 53 ; Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss) i. 401-2 ; 
Coopers Memorials of Cam bridge^ ii. 2S4 ; Welch's 
Alumni Westmonast. 19-20 ; Cole's MS, Athsnse 
Cantab. ; Laud's Works, vi, 292.] S. L. L, 

BROOKE, WILLIAM HENTIY {d. 

1860), satirical draughtsman and portrait- 
painter, waa a nephew of Henrv Brooke 
(ITOa P-17831 fq. v.]f the author o'f * A Fool 
of Quality.' lie waa placed when young in a 
banker*s office, Preferrinff the studio to the 
desk, he became the pupil of Samuel Drum- 
mond, A.R.A, lie made rapid proajess, and 
fioon established himeelf as a portrait-painter 
in the Adelphi. In 1810 he first exhibited in 
the Academy. His early works, acxjording to 
Redgrave, were mere sketchea j their subjecta : 
*Ajiaereon/ * Murder of Thomaa k Becket/and 
'Muaidora.' Between 181 8 and 1828 he did not 
esthibit. In the latter year he sent three pic- 
turea, a port mi t, and two Irish landscapes 
with figun*8. In 1826 he exhibited ' Chas- 
tity/ This waa the la.st work which he sent 
to the Academy » In 1812 he undertook to 
make drawings for the * Satirist/ a monthly 
publication which changed hands several 
times in its short career, and coEapsed finally 
in 1814. There is little of style or of wit to 
redeem the pure vulgarity of Brooke's work 
as a satirist. He contributed to this paper 
till September 1813, and was then succeeded 
by George Cruikshank, His drawings for 
this periodical seem to have brought him 
some notice* and he ill us I rated a good many 
popular books of the day. Among these 
may be mentioned Moore's ^ Irish Melodies/ 
1822; Major's edition of Ixaak Walton^ to 
which he supplied some vignettes ; Keight- 
!ey*a * Greek and Roman Slythology/ 1831 ; 
*feraian and Turkish Tales;' ^Gulliver's 
Travels;' Nathaniel Cotton's * Visions in 
Verae;' and * Fables for the Female Sex/ by 



£. Moore and hia uncle, H, Brooke. The U«t 
three are undated and published by Walker. 
None of Brooke's embellishments appear to 
have had much merit. His best aesigni, 
however, are said t^ have been well drawn. 
He shows a certain feeling for grAos in hia de- 
lineation of women, though little knowledge. 
He died at Chichester 12 Jan. 1860. 

[HedgniYe^t Diet, of Artista of the En^iih 
School ; British Museum Catalogues.] £. B. 

BROOKE, ZACHARY (1716-1788), di- 
vine, the son of Zachary Brooke, of Sidney 
Sussex College, Cambridge ( B. A, 1693-1, and 
M.A. 1697), at one time vicar of Hawkatoa- 

! cum-Newton, near Cambridge, waa bom in 
1 7 1 6 at Hamerton, H anti n gdon«hire. He was 
educated at Stamford school, was admitted 
liaar of St. John^s Colleget Cambridge, 28 June 
1734, was afterwards elected a fellow, prth 
oeeded BA. in 1737, M,A. in 1741, KB. in 
1748, and D J>. in 1 753. He was elected to the 
Margaret professorship of divinity at OanK 
bridge in 1765, and was at the same time a 
candidate for the mastership of St, John'i 
College ; was chaplain to the ting ^lom 1758, 
and waa vicar or Ickleton, Cambridgeshiie^ 
and rector of Fomcett St. Mary and St, Petar, 
Suffolk. He died at Fomcett on 7 Auff. 1788. 
He married the daughter of W. Hanchet. 
He attacked Dr. MidSleton's * Free Inquiry* 
in his * Befensio miraculorum quie in eccle^ 

* Christiana facta esse perhibentur post tem- 
pora Apostolonim/ Cambridge, 1748, whicb 
appeared in English in 17^). This work 
called forth several * Letters ' in reply. Brook* 
waa also the author of a collection of set* 
mona, iasued in 1763. 

[Baker's St. John's College (ed. Mayor), 1029, 
1030, 1042; Nichols's Lit, Anecd. i. 563-4, riii* 
379; Nichols 6 Lit. ICtistr. ir. 371; Briu Mub* 
Cat.] a L L 

BKOOKES, JOSHUA (1754-18:3l>, ec- 
centric divine, was bom at Cheadle-Hultiir» 
near Stockport, and baptised on Id Mar 
1 754. Hi s tathe r , a shoemaker, who remoYe) 
soon alter his son's birth to Manchester, wi» 
a cripple of violent temper, known bv th* 
name of * Pontius Pilate, fie had, howevarr 
a genuine affection for his boy, who was 
educated at the Manchester grammar school, 
where he attracted the notice of the Rev. 
Thomas Aynscough, M.A., who obtained the 
aid which, with a school exhibition, enabled 
him to procetKi to Brasenose College, Oxford* 
where he graduated B.A. on 17 June 1778 
and M.A. on 21 June 178L In the following 
year he became curate of Churl ton Chapel, 
and in Etecember 1790 was appointed chaplain 
of the collegiate church of Mancheater,apofi- 



Brookes 



435 



Brookes 



tion wbich he retamod tmtil Ms death on 
11 Nov. 182L lie act^d for a tim© as asaia- 
taut master at tlie grammar M:hcx)t, but was 
eiceedingly unpopular witli the boys, who 
at timea eject<?a nitn from the schoolroom, 
struggling and shnekiog out «t the lotidc-^t 
■l^tch of an unmelodious voice Km imcompli- 
^EBentary opinions of them aa * blockhead^/ 
^Bpe wa^ an excellent Acholar^ and one of hh 
Hbuplb, Dr. Joseph AUen^ bishop of Ely, 
^^raukly acknowledged, ' If it had not been for 
Jo^^hua Brookes, I should never have been a 
fellow of Trinity* — ^whieh proved the ate^n 
ping-stone fo the episcopal bench. Brookea 
^^wasa book collector ; but although he brotigM 
^ftp^ther a large library, he was entirely de- 
^Bctent in the finer instincts of the biblio- 
^^Bianiac^ and nothing could be more tu.^telei»^ 
^|bi&n his fashion of illuatratiug hi^ books 
"with tawdry ami worthless engravings. His 
memory was prodigious. In his common talk 
^hiB spoke the broad dialect of the county, and 
Blib uncouthness brought him frequently into 
disputes with the townspeople. He would in- 
terrupt the service of the church to administer 
V rebuke or to box the ears of some unruly boy. 
''^ caricature appeared in which he is repre- 
1 as reading the burial BenHce at a grave 
ying, * And I heard n ^^oicefrom h+^aven 
g — ^knock that black imp off the wall ! ' 
he artist was prosecuted nod tin4<l. Bri>ijke6*a 
culiarities brought him into frequent con- 
ct with his fellow-clergymen. As chaplain 
Tthe Manchester colleginte church he bap- 
1, married ^ and burit'd more persons than 
ay clergyman in the kingdom. He i.*^ de- 
scribed m Parkinaon^s * Old Church Clock ' 
a9 the ' Rev, Joseph Rivers/ and he appears 
under his own name in the * Manchester Man * 
of Mrs. G. LinnxBus Banks. In ' Blackwood's 
MagaKine ' for March 1821 appeared a * Brief 
Sketch of the Rev. Josiah Streamlet/ and that 
Brookes read it is evident from his annotated 
copy, which is now in tht^ Manchpster Free 
Library. The article was incorrectly attri- 
buted to Mr. Jamei Crosvsley, but is properly 
assigned to Mr. Charles Wheeler. 

In appearance he was dimmiitive and 

corpulent ; he had bushy, meeting brows 

(Parr styled him *the gentleman with the 

fttraw-coloured eyebrows ')» a shrill voice, and 

rapid utterance. He was careless and shabby 

^in his dress, except on Sundays, when he was 

^terupulously cle^in and neat' His portrait, 

^V^m a drawing taken by Minasi a few weeks 

before his death, ha-' been engraved. His 

itfeneml appearance gaim^d him the nickname 

■pf t he ' Knave of Clubs/ though he was usually 

Hlyled * St. Crispin/ 

' [Frot? Thoughts on many Subjects, by a Man- 

cheat^r Man (the Bev. Robtjrt Lamb), London, 




laae, p. 122; Parldnsoa's Old Charch Clock, 
5tli oditioa, with biogr.iphical 8k<?tch by John 
Evans, Maochester, 1880; Churton's Life of 
Nowell, pp. 200. 225 ; Booker a Hint, of Chorltoa 
Chapel (Chetham Socirty); aa article by Joha 
Harland in Chambers's Book of Days, ii. 568 ; 
Smiths ManchesUr Grammar School Registor 
(Chetham Stjciety), i. 109 ; Songs of the Wysoiis, 
edited by Harl;md. Manchester, 1865 ; Bamford't 
Early Days. p. 292 ; Banks's Muaehe«ter Man. 
1876, vol iii. Appendix; Hariand'H Collectanea 
(Chetham Society J.] W. E. A* A. 

BROOKES, JOSHUA (1701-1833), ana- 
tomist, was bom on 24 ^'ov. 1 761, and studied 
anatomy and surgery in London under Wil- 
liam tfiinter, Hew8on, Andrew Marshall, 
and Sheldon* afterwards attending the prac- 
tice of Portal and other eminent surgeons at 
the Holel-Dieu, Peris, Returning to London 
he commenced to teach anatomy and form a 
museum. He was an accurate anatomist 
and excellent dissector, and prepared very 
many of the specimens in his museum. H!b 
invented a very useful method of yreserviag 
subjects for hia lectures and class dissections, 
BO ixa to preserve a healthy colour and arrest 
decomposition* For this he was elected 
F- R. S. His success hjs a teacher was so great 
that in the course of forty years more than 
five thousand pupils passed under his tuition 
in anatomy and physiology. He was very 
devoted to the tormation of bis museum, 
which &om first to hifit cost him 30,000/., 
and was second only to that oi John Hiuiter. 
It included a vast collt^ction of specimeiia 
illustrating human and comparative anatomy, 
morbid and normal- His brother kept thw cele- 
brated menagerie in Exeter Change, and thus 
Brookes easily obtained specimens. In 1826, 
owing to ill-health brought on by constant 
presence in the atmosphere of the disset^ting- 
room, he was compeUed to leave off teaching ; 
and at a dinner presided over by Dr. Pet- 
tigrew he received fifom the hands of the 
Duke of Sussex a marble bust of himself, sub- 
scribed for by his pupils, Ai'ter vainly en- 
deavouring to dispose of his museum entire, 
he was compelled to sell it piecemeal The 
final sale took place on I March 1830 and 
twenty-two following days; but very little 
was realised for Brookes^s support in bis old 
age. He died 10 Jan. 1833, in Great Portland 
Street, London. 

His published writings include * Lectures 
on the Anatomy of the Ostrich ' (* Lancet,' 
vol. xii.) ; ^ Brookeaian Museum,* \ B27 ; * Cata- 
logue of Zootomical Collection/ 1828 ; * Ad- 
dress to the Zoological Club of tbe Linnean 
Society/ 1828 ; 'Thoughts on Cholera/ 1831, 
proposing most useful hygienic precautiona, 
especially ta to the cleansing of the alum&\ 

Y ^ '^ 




Brooking 



^ 



ftnd n deftcription of a new genua of Eodentiji 
(Trans. Linn, Soc*, 1829). 

[^MtiBcnm Hrookcsuutuin, D«0Cfiptiv« and His- 
tonCAl CiiUloguo, 1880 ; Lancirt, 10 Jjui., SI Aug., 
and U Dec. 1833; Memorials of J. F. South, 
18»4, pp. 103-6.] O. T. B. 

BROOKES, RICHARD (/. 17m\ phy- 
sician ami tiutbor^ ha» left but slight momo- 
riaU of iiii< life, except nnmc-rona compilatinns 
and trau>lation!ion medicine, surgery, natural 
liiMory, and gi^»gTaphy, most of which went 
through several editions*. H« was at one time 
a mrftl prnotitioner in Surrey (Il^ication of 
Art of Anglinp). At Prime time pr«yioua to 
1762 he had travelltHl l)oth in America and 
Africa (Preface to Natural ^iVfory). He 
waa an indngtrious compiler, especially from 
continental writt^rs, and bii* * Genenl Qaxet- 
t«er * supplied a manifest want. It haa gone 
through a great numh<?r of editions, the prin- 
cijial recent editor being A. G. Findlay. 

The following are Brookea's chief writings r 
L * History of th« most remarkable Pesti- 
lential Distempers,* 1721, 2. *The Art of 
Angling, liock and Sea Fiahing, with the 
Natural History of River, Pnnd, and Sea 
Fish; 1740. 3>Tlie Oenernl Practice of 
Physic/ 17ol . 4. * An IntriKhtetinn to Physic 
and Surgm / 2 vols. 1754. 5. * Tlte General 
Gazetteer," l^cmdon, 1762. 6. * A System of 
Natural History/ 6 vols. 1763. Jlis prin- 
cipal translfttions are * The Natural History 
of Chot'olate,* from the Fnmch of Qu6lus, 
2nd ed, I7:i0, and Duhalde's *Hi*Htorv of 
China,* 4 vols. 1730. 

[Brookes's works as al>ove.] G. T. B. 

BROOKFIELD, WIXLLVM HENRY 
(180&-1874I, divine, was the son of Charles 
Brookfield, a solicitor at Sheffield, where 
he was bom on 31 Aug. 1809. In 1827 he 
was articled to a solicitor at I^eeds, hut 
left this position to enter Trinity College, 
CanibrtHi^p, in (Jctober 1829 (RA. 1833, 
and M.A. 18;i(i). In 1834 he became tutor 
to George William (afterwards fourth Lord) 
Lyttelton ( 1817-1876), In Decemb^*r 1834 
he was ordained to the curacy of Maltby in 
Lincolnshire, He was ftft:erwards curate at 
Southampton, in 1840 of St. James's, Picca- 
dilly, and in 1841 of St, Luke's, Berwick 
Street, In 1841 he mflrried Jnne Octavia, 
the youngest daugliter of Sir Charles Elton 
of Clevedon. The wife of Hallam the his- 
torian was Sir C. Elton's sister. In 1848 
Brookfield was appointed inspector of schools 
by Lord Lansdowne, He held the post for 
seven ti^^en years, during part of which time 
he wa-s morning preacher at Berkeley Chapel, 
Mavfair. On resigning hie in>i>ectorship he 
hecame rector of Somerby-cum-IIumbvi near 



Grantham. He wma slao reader at the Roll* 
Chapel, and oontmtied to reside chiefly in 
London. In 1 860 he was appointed boooniT 
chaplain to the t^ueen, and became aiterwaidj 
chaplain-in*urdinary. He died on 12 July 

11874. 

I Brookfield was on imprciasiye preacher, 
and attracted many cultivated hearers. Hi* 
aennonSf which aliow no special theological 
biaa, have conaideimble literary merit. He 
had an original vein of humour, which made 
even his reports as a school inspector un- 
usually amusing. He bad extraordinarj 
powers of elocution and mimicry. Aa a 

I reader he was unaurpaasable, and his coUefe 
friends describe his powera of amusing anec- 
dote as astonishing. Dr, Thompson says that 
he has seen a whole audience at one of tbcM 
displays stretched upon their hacks by iiiKK* 
tinguiahable Laughter. He had the meUs- 
choly temperament of^en associated with 

I humour, and suffered from ill-health, which 

I in 1861 necessitated a voyage to Ma<lei». 

• He was known to all the most eminent me« 
of letters of his time, some of whom.especiallT 

I Lord Tennyson and Arthur Hallam, hti 

' been his college friends. He was deacnl)ed 
by his friend Thackeray as * Frank White- 
stock* in the * Curate*s Walk/ and Lord 
Tennyson contributes a sonnet to his memory 

I in the ' Memoir,* In the same memoir, writtea 

i by his old pupil and friend Lord Lytteltoa, 
will he found letters from Carlyle, Sir HeafT 

, Taylor, Mr. Ivinglake, James Speddin^, Dr. 

I Thompson (master of Trinity CoUege), Un> 
Ritchie, and others. 

I [S^nnoas with Memoir, by Lord Lytteltea. 
1874.] 

BROOKING, CHARLES (1723^1759). 

marine painter, was * bred in some depiTt- 
I ment in the dock>'ard at Deptfortl, but piac^ 
j tised as a ship painter, in which he certainlj 
I excelled all his countr\Tnen/ This is lk^ 
accoimt given by Edwards of a painter of 
whom now there is little to be known. He 
\VH^^ a friend of Dominic Serres. An anec* 
j dott' told by that artist to Edwards show^ 
that Brooking, like many paintens then aiiH 
now, was in the hands of dealers. Ther 
would not allow him to si^n his works, aaj 
through that proliibition it happened that H* 
' found a private patron only when patrons^ 
could do him no good. * He painted sea* 
I views and sea-fights, which showed on ex- 
tensive knowledge of naval tactics; hi? 
' colour was bright and clear, his water peW 
lucid, his manner broad and spiritiHi.' By hi 
death, according to the opinion of his tiro*', 
ft painter was lost who promistnl to stand in 
the highest rank. In the Foundling HospitJtl 



a fine picture of his is preserved, Clt)dfrej, 
Ravenet, Canot^ and Boydell have enpfraved 
bis works. He owed lus death to his doctor^ 
and was slainr in lii.^ tliirty-sixth yenr, by 
•injudicious medical advice, given to r*3niove 
a perfM'tufll Iieadaclie/ He left his family 
^_^ destitute, 

^H [Edwards's Anecdotes of Paintan ; Works of 
^K£award Dttjee; Redgrave's Ditrt. of Arttats of 
^VBng. School; Brvao'a Diet, of Paioterp, &X. 
^■Omvea.] E, R. 

W ^ 



^ 






BROOKS, CHARLES WILLIAM 
SHIRLEY (1816-1874), editor of ' Paucb/ 
wad the aon of William Brooks, architect, 
•who died on II Dec. 1867, aged 80, by his 
"wife Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of Wil- 
liam Sabine of Islinetcm, He was born at 
52 Doughty Street, London, 29 April 1810, 
and after hij* earlier education was articled, 
on 24 April 1832, to bis uncle, Mr. Charles 
Sabine of Oswestry, for the term of iive 
jea-rs, and passed live Incorporated Law 
•Society's examination in November 1BS8, 
Il)ut there m no record of his ever having 
me a solicitor; for the natural bent of 
18 genius impelled him, like Dickens and 
liaraeli, to lighter studies, and he forsook 
law for literature. 

Daring five sessions he occupietl a aeat in 
reporters' galln-rT of the House of Com- 
is, a« the writer of the parliiunentary 
y in the *■ Morning Cnronicle.* In 
863 he was sent by that journal as special 
iinmissioner to inquire into the questions 
»nnected with the guhject of lalK>ur and 
he poor in Russia, Syria, and E^^it. His 
^kleaaani letters from these countries were 
ifterwards collected and puhlii^hed in tlie 
xth volume nf the * Travellers' Library/ 
der the title of the * Rusaians of the Soutli,' 
In early times, 1842, he signed his articles 
"Wbich wer»3 appearing in * Ainsworth*8 Maga- 
iine' Charles W. Brooks, His second lite- 
Tary sipiature was C. Shirley Brooks, and 
finally he became Shirley Brooks, His full 
christian names were Charles William Shir- 
by, the hitter being an old name in the 
Jkmilv. His tirst magazine papers, among 
which were * A Lounge in the fEil de 
Boeuf,' *An Excursion of some English 
Actors to China,' * Cousin Emily,' and * The 
Slirift on the Rail/ brought him into com- 
plication with Harrison Ainsworth, Laman 
lanchard, and other well-known men, and 
lie soon became the centre of a strong muster 
of literary friends, who found pleasure in his 
it and social qaalities. As a dramatist 
> fipequently achieved considerable success, 
'without, however, once making any ambi- 
tious ellbrt — such, for example, aa producing 



a five-act comedy. His original drama, * Tlie 
Creole, or Love's Fetters,' was prod need at the 
Lyceiun 8 AprO 1847 with marked applause. 
A lighter piece, entitled * Anything fur a 
Change,' was brought out at the samt- house 
7 June 1848. Two years afterwards, 5 Aug. 
1850, his two-act drama, the * Daughter of the 
Stars,* was acted at the New Strand Tlieatre. 
The exhibition of iHTil gave occasion tor his 
writing ' The Exposition : a Scandinavian 
Sketch, contnining as much irrelevant matter 
as possible in one act,' which was produced 
at the Strand on 28 April in that year. 

In association with John Oxenford, he sup- 
plied to theUlympic, 26l}eQ. 1861, an extra- 
vaganza, which had the sensational heading 

* Tiraour the Tart.ar, or the Iron Master of 
Samarkand,^ the explanatory letterpress sig- 
nificantly stating that a triflbig lapse be- 
tween the year 1361 and the year 1h61 occa- 
sionally occurs. Amongst his other dramatic 
pieces may be mentioned the ' Guardian 
Angel,' a farce, tlie * Lowt!ier Arcade,' 

* Honours and Tricks,' and * Uur New Go* 
vemesa/ 

Brooks was in his earlier days a contribu- 
tor to many of the best periodicals. He was 
n lender writer on the * Illustrated London 
News/ to which journal at a later period he 
furnished a weekly article under the name 
of * Nothing in the Papers/ He conducted 
the * Literary Gazette l8o8-9, and edited 

* Home News * after the death of Robert Bell 
i n 1 8<T7. To a vol ume ed i ted by A I be r t Sm i th 
in 184^, called * Gavarni in London,' he fur- 
nislied three .^ketches^' The Opera,* * The 
Coulisse/ and * The Foreign Gentleman ; * and 
in companionship with Angus B. Reach he 
published * A Story with a Vengeance * in 
1 8.>2. At thirty-eight years of age he began to 
assert his claim to consideration as a popular 
novelist by writing ' Aspen Court : a Story 
of our own Time. Coascioos, as he must 
have bet»n, of his first success of a substan- 
tial kind as an imaginative writer, he never- 
theless allowed five years to elapse before he 
made his second venture as a novehst. He 
did so then as the author of a new serial 
fiction, the * Gordian Knot/ in January 18**18; 
but this work, although illustrated' by J. 
Tenniel, and consisting of twelve num'bere 
only, remained unfinished for upwards of 
two years. 

The most important and interesting event 
in Shirley Brooks's life was his connection 
with * Punch/ which took place in 186 L He 
made use of the name * Epicurus Hotundus' 
OS the signature to his articles. From thbi 
period to his decease he was a conlrihut-or 
to the columns of that periodical, and in 1870 
he succeeded Mark Lemon us editor. One of 



J 



his be&t known series of articles waa *The 
Eseieiice of Parliamptil / a style of writing for 
whicli he waa peculiarly fitted by liis nrevioiis 
Training in conn«?ction with the *3loniing 
Chronicle/ 

On 14 March 1872 Brook* was elected a 
fellow of t he Societ y of A nt iqiiariea. He waa 
ft I ways a hard ancf industrious worker, and 
the fouryeapft during which he acted as editor 
of * Punch ' formed no execution to the rule. 
Death found him in the midst of his hooka 



George Bickhatn/ London, 1741. Theee 
elegantly executed plates (nine in all ) coo- 
fiist of lio. 29, * Idleness:* 33, •DiscreUon;' 
38, * Modesty f 06/ Musick ; * No. 2 after 68, 
*To the Author of the Tragedy of Cftto^ 
68, * Painting ; ' No. 1 after 68, * On Sculp- 
ture' (signed a. D, 1737): one unnuoibered, 
* Liberty ; ' and one on * Credit ' in the second 
part of the work relating to merchandiae and 
trade. 



Trinidad. She was granted a civil list pension 
of 100/. on 19 June 1876, and died on 14 May 
1880. 

The works by Brooke not already men- 
tioned are: 1. 'Amusing Poetry,^ 1867, 
2. *Tlie Silver Cord, a Story,' 1861, 3 vols. 
8* * Follies of thu Year,' by J. Leech, with 
notea by S, Brooks, 1866. 4. * Sooner or 
Later/ with illustrations by G. Du Maurier, 
1866-68, 3 vols. 5. *The Naggletons and 
Misa Violet, and her Offer,' 1B75. 6. ' Wit 
and Humour, Poems from " Punch/' * edited 
by hia eon, Reginald Shirley Brooks, 1875, 

[Jlluijtmted Review (1872), iii. 646-50, with 
portrait ; Cartoon Portraitu of Men of the Pay, 
1873, pp. riS-33, with portrait ; Gent. Mflg. 
(1874), xii. 561-9, by Blanchard Jerrold ; Il- 
lustrated London Kewa (1874), Uiv. 223, 225, 
with portrait; Graphic (1874), ijt. 218, 229, 
with portrait; Yates** Becol lection 8 (1884), i. 
L58, 11. lU-9,] G, C, B, 

BROOKS, FEBDmAND, [SeeGREEir, 

IIUOM.] 

BROOKS^ GABI^II':L (1 704-1741 ), calli- 
graphiT, lx>rn in 1704, was apprenticed to 
Dennis Smith, a \\Titinjj-m!iFt(T * in Castle 
Street in thn Park, Snurhwiirk/ and kept a 
day school in Burr Street, Whipping:, until 
his death in 174L Dennis ]?mith*8 widow 
nmrried a i=iipp*i>;ed relation of his, William 
Brooks, who in 1717, when only tw^'nty-on*' 
years old, puhli^hed a work entitled * A iJe- 
lightfiil RwTeution.' \ery little remains of 
Brooka's skill in penniiiiishi|j — only a few 
plates scattertni thrnu^rh that rare folio work 
on ca]li|?Taphy entitk*d 'The Universal Pen- 
man, or the Art of \\'ritin|?' mude useful . * . 
written with the assistance of several of 
the moat eminent Musters, and Engraved by 



[MnMnfB Origin of Letter* ; Moore's Inren- 
nnd papers workinfi;' chef'rfulljr amongst his ! tion of WritiBg; Bickhaias Unirersal Penman.] 
fnmily. Two articles, ♦Election Epigrams* J. W.-G. 

and ^The iSituation/ were written on his 

dealh-b*'d, and before they were published he BROOKS, JAMES (1612-1560), biehty 
was dead. of Gloucester, bom in Hampshire in MaylSlS, 

He died at (1 Kent Terrace, Regent's Park, " was admitted a !>cholar of Corpus Chiisti 
London, on 23 Feb. 1874, and waa buried in College, Oxford, in 1528, and a fellow ia 
Norwood Green cemetery on 28 Feb» January 1631-2, being then B-A. After 

He married Emily Margaret, daughter of graduating MA. he studied divinity and 
l>r. William Walkinshaw of Naparima, was created DJi in 1546. In the following 

year he became master of Balliol College, 
iHe wa8 chaplain and almoner to Bishop 
Gardiner (Strite, Cranmtr^ 310, 374. foL), 
and after Queen Mary*8 accession he wi* 
elected hii^hop of Gloucester, in sucee«fiioa 
to John Hooper, at whose trial he a«9i5t«d 
( Strtpe, licc/. M&moriah, Ui. 180, fol.) H«* 
was consecrated in St. Saviours ChurcliT 
Southwark, on 1 April, and received fwti- 
tution of the temporalitie* on 8 Moy 1654 
I Le Ke^'e, Ffuti^ ed. Hardy, i, 437). In 1555 
he was delegated bv the pope to examine 
and try Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer; and 
in 1667-8 Cardinal Pole appointed him hi^ 
comroiHaioner to visit the univer^tity of C»i- 
ford (Stktpe, BccL MemoriaU, iii. 391, foil 
On Queen Elizabeth's acce.ssion he wa» d»^- 
prived of hi5 see for refusing to take the oath 
of supremacy, and was committed to prison, 
where he died in the beginning of Februaiy 
Ip5o9'60 (Dodb, Chttreli HiM, i. 499). Hew» 
buried in Gloucester Cathedral, but no mnna- 
ment was erected to his memory. Wood de- 
scribes him a« * a per:^on ver>' learned in thi* 
time he lived, an eloquent preacher, and a 
jtealous maintainer of the Roman catholic pp- 
lipion * {Athene^ Oxim, ed. Blias, i 316), but 
Bishop Jewel says he was * a beaat of mort 
impure life, and vet more impure conscience 
{Leftrr to Pfter Martyr, 20 March 1559-60 U 
His works are: L *A Sermon, vety 
notjible, fruictefull» and godlie., made Bl 
Pauley Crosse, I he xii. dale of Nouembre in 
the first yere of Queue Marie,' Lond. 155S, 
8vo, * newly imprinted and somewhat a«^ 
mented,' 1554. His text was Matt. ix. IH, 
• Lord, my daughter is even now deceased.' 
These words he applied to the kingdom and 
church of England, upon their late defectioa 
from the pope, but the protestants censnsed 



the Bermoii, savhig tliiit he had muda himself 
to be JairuK, Eiig^land hm daughter, and the 
queen Chri^ (Sirype» EccL MemormU^ iii. 
I rf4» foL) "2. Unition in St. Marja Church, 
Oxford, on li' March 1555, addre.s&ed to Arch- 
bishop Cranmer. 3. Oration at the close of 
Aj^h bishop Cranmer'a examination^ Theee 
two orations lire printed in Foxe'a 'Acts and 
Monuments.' 

[Ame^'BT^pogr. Antiq, (Herbert), 829 ; Cotton. 
MS* Vesptman, A, xxv. 13; Cratimor'A Works 
(Cox), ii, 2!2, 214, 22o, 383, 446, 447. 454, 466, 

1466, 641; Dmid's Cliurdi Hiat, i. 498; Foie's 
Acta iind Monutjient>; Omliriri, De Pra?«tdihua 
^Bichard«>n), 552 ; JtiwoU'« Works (Ayre), iv, 
1199, 1201 ; Liinfttl M8. 980, f. 260 ; Ldtimer's 
"WorksCi'orrie), ii/i83 ; Le Nevoa Fasti (Hardy), 
i. 437. i'i. oiO; Machyns Diary, 58; Philpot*s 
£jiaminationK and Wntiugs (EdenV p. xxviii ; 
Kldley's Worki* (Chrisrmiis)^ pp, xd, 265, 283, 
427; Radder's Gloaccstershire, 156; Rymer'ii 
Pffidom (I7l3).xv. 3«9, 489 ; St ry pes Works (see 
general index) ; Wood's Annals (iJutch), li. 130- 
131; Wood's Arbena?Oxon, (Bliss), i. 314, ii. 791; , 
^Zurich Lotttrs, i. 12.1 T. C. 

K BROOKS, JOHN (jf. 1 7 o5), engraver, was 
^Bj^ native of Ireland, and his tirst known work 
^^^as executed in line-engraving at Dublin in 
17dO. The skill and industry of Brooks in his 
early years appeared in ii copy which he made 
in pen and ink from a plate of Kichard III 
bj Hogarthf who is eaid to have ml^^taken 
it for his own engraving. The earliest en- 
|rniYed portrait of Mrs. Woliington is that 
jPy BrooKS, and bears the date of June 1740. 

tween 1741 and 1746 Brooks produced at . 
Dublin several mejosotinto portraits and en- 
gravings. About 1747 he settled in Lon- 
don, and engaged in the management of a 
manufactory at Battersea for the enamelling 
of china in colours by a process which be ' 
had devieed. Tlie articles produced were or- I 
namented with subjects chiefly from Homer 
and Ovid, and were greatly admired for the 
beauty of the designs and the elegance and : 
novelty of the style in which they were exe- | 
cuted. The manufactory was for a time sue- 
cesfiful, but led eventuaUy to the bankruptcy 
of its chief proprietor, Stephen Theodore 
Janssen, lord mayor of London for 1754-5, 
Brooks continued in London as an engraver 
and enamelter of eliina. He is said to have ; 
spent much of his later years in disaipation, 
and there are no reL-ordn of his works during 
that period, or of t lie date of his death. Some 
of the pupils of lirooks highly' distinguished 
themselves as engravers m mezzotinto. 
Among them was James MacArdell, one of 
the most eminent masters of that art. A 
catalogue of the works of Brooks was for 
the first lime published some years since by 



~Du 



¥ 



the writer of the present notice, and to it 
some additions were made in 1878 in the 
Tvork by J. C. Smith on British mexzotinto 
portraits, 

[Dublin Journal, 1742-6; AnthoIugJa Hibar* 
nica. 1793 ; Hist, of Dtibhn, 1856.] J. T. tj. 

BROOKS, THOiiLiS (160S-1680), puri- 
tan divine, was probably of a pious puritan 
family settled in some rural district. He 
matriculated as pensioner of Emmanuel on 
7 July 1625. lie was doubtless licensed or 
ordained as a preaclier of the gospel about 
1 (i40. In 1 G48 he was preacher at St. Thomas 
Apostle. At an earlier date Brcxiks appears 
to have been chaplain to Rains l>oro ugh, the 
admiral of the parliamentary fleet ; be wa^ 
afterwards chaplain to the admiral's own 
son, Colonel Thomas Rams borough, whose 
funeral sermon be preached in November 
1 648. In t h e same year (26 Doc.) he preached 
a sermon before the House of Commons, and 
a second sermon to the Commons on 8 Oct. 
1650. In 1B52-3 be was transferred to St. 
Margaret's, Fish-«treet Hill. There lie met 
with some opposition, which occasioned his 
tract, * Cases considered and resiilved ; . . . 
or Pills to purge MaliCTants,' 1653, and in 
the same year he published his * Precious 
Remedies.' In 1662 he was one of the ejected, 
Afler preaching his farewell sermon (an 
analysis of which is in Palmer s * Memorial *) 
in 1662, he continued his ministry in a build- 
ing in Moorfields. In the plagtie year he was 
at bis post, and published bis * Heavenly Cor- 
dial * wr such as had escaped. The extreme 
rarity of this little volume is said to be owinff 
to the great fire of London, w*hich deatroyea 
the entire stock of so many books. His 
thoughts on this *■ fiery dispensation ' are re- 
corded in his ^ London's Lamentations/ pub- 
lished in 1670. Baxter mentions Brooka 
respectfully as one of the independent minis' 
tera who held their meetings more publicly 
after the foe of London than before. About 
1876 bis first wife died, and be published an 
account of her * experiences,' with a funeral 
sermon preached by a friend- Shortly after- 
w^ards he marrieil a young woman named 
Cartwright. His will is datetl 20 March 1680. 
He died on 27 Sept., aged 72. A copy of his 
funeral sermon^ by John Reeve, dated 1680, 
is in Dr. Williams's library. 

More than fifty editions of several of his 
booki^ have been published. The Religious 
Tract Society long continued Xq reprint som^ 
of Brooks's writings ; tbe greatoir part of bia 
smaller pieces were abo constantly kept in 
stock by the Book Society. I>r» Gmaart^s 
notes on the early editions contain much in- 
formation. The firBt editions are as follows : 




1 , * The Glorious Day of the Saint*,' a funeral 
sermon for C'olonel Kaiuaborough, 1648. 

2. • Ot>d*s Delight in the Upright » a aermon 
To the House of Commonj=i, l<5-i8-9. 8. * The 
Hypocrite detected,' thanksgiving sermon 
for victory at Dunbar, 1650. 4, *A Be- 
liever's Laftt Day his Beat Diiy/ a funeral 
aennon for Martha liandalli 1661-2. 5, * Pre- 
cious Remedies against Satan's Devic*^,' 
1652. 6. 'Oa0«a oonaidered and re«olved,* 
166:J-3. 7, 'Heaven on Earth' (on assur- 
ance), 1654. 8. * UnseaTchable Riches of 
Christ,' 160^, 9. * Apples of Gold,' funeral 
aennon for Jo, Wood, 1657. 10. * String of 

1 Pearls,* funeral sermon for Mary Blake, l6o7, 
H. *The Silent Soul, or Mute Christian 
under the 8m»trtiug Hod,' 16159. 12. * An 
Arke for all God's Noahi*; !6<^2. 13. *The 
Crown and Glory of Christ ianitv,' 1662. 

14. *The Privie'Key of Heaven,' 166.5. 

15, * A Heavenlv Cordial,' for the plague, 
166J5. 16. *A Cabinet of Clioice Jewels,' 
1 669. 1 7. ' I jr)ndon's Lamentat tons ' (on i be 
great fire), 1670. 18. * A Golden Key ' and 
• l*aniHi«e opened,* 1675. Besides thetse 
Brooks wrot« epistles tir*?fixed to Susannali 
Itell'a * Legacy of a Dyiiifir Mother,* 167.^ ; to 
Dr. Everard's * Gospel Treasurv/ 1652; to 
the wnrkn of Dr. Thomas Tnvlof, 1655 ; and 
to John Diirant's * Altiim Silentiirm/ 1659 ; 
also the * Experiences of Mrs. Martha Brooks/ 
wife to Thomas Brooks, appended to her 
fonend sermon by J. C. (Dr. John Collinses, 
of Norwich F), 1676. To this Brooks added 
not«s. Some select works of Brooks were 
publislied under the editorship of the Rev. 
Charles Bradley in 1B24 ; the ' Unsearchable 
Riches' wa.^ included in Ward's Standard 
Librarv, The ht'st of his sayings have been 
printeil in * Smooth Stones taken Irom An- 
cient Brooks,' by the Rev. C. H. 8pur^>n. 
The complete wurks of Thomas Brooks, 
edited with a memoir bv the Rev, A, B. 
Grosart, were printed at tldinbujr^h in 1866 
in six volumes octavo. In his ' Descri]ative 
List ' John Brown reserves a select place for 
Brooks's works, as among the best of the 
nonconformists* writings. His works abound J 
in classical q notations in Hebrew, Greek, [ 
and LatLUr It is said there was a printed | 
catalogue of Brooks's library issued tor the 
sale, but no copy of it can be traced. j 

[Calaiaj's NouconformiKts' Memorial, vol. i., | 
1802; Rpevee's Funpral 8»»rmon for Thomns I 
BrookH. 1 680 ; DeseHptivf^ Lipt of Religious Books, ' 
by John Brown of AVliitlmrn, 1827; Grosart/s j 
Memoir aad Notea in lirooks s Collect-ed WurkB» 
1866.1 J. fl, T. I 

BROOKSHAW, RICHAKD (fi, 1804), 
meisotint engraver, was for some years chiefly- 



employed at low remuneration m engrav- 
ing reduced copies &om popular prints bv 
MacArdell, Watson, and other»; then going 
to Paris he established himself in the * Rue 
de Toumon, vis-^-vis THotel de Nivemoi%J 
ches le Bourrelier/ and in 177>« published flH 
nair of ^>ortraits of the dauphir^ ai^erwara^l 
Louis XVI, and Marie- Antoinette. The«e 
proved so popular that Brookshaw made at 
least five repetitions of them of diferent sites. 
His talents were highly appreciated in France, 
and during his residence there h« producsed 
some excellent plates, wliich are n.>w scarce. 
Whether he returned, at any t Ime, to England 
is not known, neither is the place or date 
of his death ; the latest record of him are 
some plates in the * Pomona Britaniiica,' pul^* 
lished in 1 804. His best works publkhtd in 
I France were the above-mentioned po*tfait*, 
' and those of the Duke of Orleans, the ?oun* 
: tess d'Artois, and the Count4:-*i8 de Province, 
I Among those engraved in England are * Clri^t 
on the Cross,' Ster A. van Dyck <177l): 
* Thunderst^irm at Sea,' after H. Kob«ll 
(1770) ; * The Jovial Gamestara,* after A. van 
Ostade; portraits of Miss Greenfield |17^) 
and Miss Emma Oewe and her sister, after 
Sir Josliua lti-»ynolds. 

[Rodgtave's Diet, of Artists, 1878.] LF. 

BROOM, HERBERT( 1815^1882), writer 
on law, born at Kidderminster in 1«15, ww 
educated at Trinity College, Cambridire, 
w*here he graduated as a wrangler in I8S7. 
He proceeded LL.D. in 1864. li. '1.4 

to the bar at the Inner Te mpl e i n i ^ 

terra 1840^ and practised on the huim- « unLuiL 
For a considerable period be occupied the 
post of readier of common law at the Inner 
Temple. He died at the Priory, Orpingtoti, 
Kent, on 2 May 1882. He waa the author 
of several works on different branches of law« 
among which ' I^egal Maxims/ first publi^ed 
in 1845, obtained a wide circulation as an 
established text-book for students, A fifti 
edttinn apjxeared in 1870. Of his other wi 
the principal are : 1. * Practical Rules for 
termining Parties t o Actions,' 1843. 2, * Prac- 
tice of Su|>erior Comrta,* I80O. 3. * Practice 
of County Courts,' 1852. 4. 'Commentaries 
on the Common Law,' 1866. 5. 'Constitu- 
tional Law viewed in relation to Common 
Law and exemplified by Cases,' 1st edition 
1866; 2nd edition 1885. 6. * Commeni-ane^ 
on the Law.s of England' (with E. Hadley), 
1869. 7. * I'hilosophy of Law ; Not^s of 
Lectures,* 1876-8. tie was alsw? the author 
of two novels, * The Missing Will/ 1877, and 
*The Unjust Steward,' I87d. 

[Law Journal, xvii. 260 ; Soliciton^ Journal, 
xxvi. 463.] T. F. H, 



I 



I 
I 



I 



BROOMH WILLIAM (1089-1745), 
the Bon of a poor farnier, waa born at Has- 
lington in Cheshire, where lie was bap- 
tised on 3 May ir»89. He was educated at 
Eton, and is said to have been captain of 
the school for a whole year, vainly waiting 
for ft scholarship to take him to King'^s Col- 
lege, Cambridge. At last, in 1708^ he was 
ftomitted a subsizar of St. John's CoUege, 
being sent by the kindness of friends. At 
college he obtained a small ejdiibition. 
Among hiH Cambridge contemporaries he 
associated with Cornelius Ford and with 
the Hon, Charles Cornwallis, both of them 
trainable friend» whom he retained through 
life. The former has related that Broome 
was very shy and ciuiosy as an undergra- 
duate, but tfiat he versified so readily that 
be became known in collt^ge as * the Poet,' 
At the age of twenty-three Broome ap- 
peared belore the worfd as a writer. He 
contributed some very poor verses, mcxlelled 
on Pope's pieces, to *Lintot'^ Miscellany' 
in 171"-!, and in the same year was published 
the prose translation of the * Iliad ^ by Ozellt 
Oldisworth, and Broome. It was as an ex- 
cellent Greek scholar, as a translator of 
Homer, and as a great admirer of Pope, that 
he ivas introduced to the latter in 1714, at 
the house of Sir John Cotton, at Madingley, 
near Cambridge, Pope at once perceived 
that Broome was a man ealcalated to be of 
service to him in his Homeric undertaking, 
and on returning to London he began that 
coFrespondence with him which lasted with- 
out intermission for fourteen years, and with 
intervals for more than twenty. Broome 
would be entirely forgotten were it not for 
his connection with Pope^s * Homer/ Hie 
first lalxjur which Pope set him was to read 
and condense the notes of Eustathius, an 
archbishop of Thessalonica, who had anno- 
tated Homer In the eleventJi centurj*. The 
crabbed Greek of this commentator battled 
Pope, who was far inferior to Broome as 
a scholar. In November 1714 Pope set 
Broome on this work, which proved ex- 
ceedingly tedious, hot was admirably car- 
ried out by him» There had been no terms 
agreed upon for these notes, and when 
Pope Approached the .subject of payment, 
Broome t who was pleased to put the poet 
under an obligation, refused to be paid. He 
was, in fact, well-to-do, having hud the ex- 
cellent living of fStiircit(jn in Suilblk given to 
him by his iriend Cbrnwallis. He married I 
Mrs, Elizabeth Clarke, a wealtliy widow, on || 
"22 July 1726, and for the rest of his life he 
enjoyed something like opulence. He had 
now become acquainted with Elijah Fenton, 
amim somewhat older than htmself, of simi* 



lar tastes and perhaps equal talents, in- 
fatuated like hLm.self with admiration for 
Pope. Accnrding to one story, Broome and 
Fenton had been encouraged by the success 
of Pope's * Iliad ' lo begin a verse-translation 
of the 'Odvssey;' hut it seems more pro- 
bftble that the latter scheme waa 6t«rtea 1^ 
Pope. At all events, there is no doubt that in 
17^2 Pope proposed to the two friends to join 
him in this work as joumejTnen labonrers. 
The history of this famous co-ope raf ion, the 
close of which was marked by Broome's 
poetical epistle to Pope appended in 17:*6to 
the final note in the* Odyssey,' is to be found 
at length in the correspondence of Pope, 
Broome was embittered by the scandalous 
re|)ort8 which were published on the subject, 
and was easily persuaded that the o70/- 
which he had himself received for bis share 
of the work was an insufKcient sum. 

In the meantime Broome had been active 
as a writer. In 17l^^ he published a * Coro- 
nation Sermon," and a prologue to Fenton*s 
tragedy of * Mariamne,' and in 17-6 he col- 
lected his 'Poems on Several Uccasiona * 
(March 1727), a second edition of which ap- 
peared in 1730. For the copyriglit of tins 
volume Lintot was persuadeJi by Pope to 
l^ive Broome '15/, Broome was unfortunate 
m his children. His eldest daughter, Anne 
{^. 1 Oct. 1718), died in October 1723, and 
he dedicated to her memorj^ the ode entitled 
* Melancholy,' certain lines of which seem to 
have been noticed by Gray. His other 
daughter died at the age of two years in 
March 1725. Broome was left ehil<fless and 
in deep dejection, but on 16 March 1726 he 
was cheered by the birth of a son^ Charles 
John, who survived him. 

In 1 728 Bronnies anger aga inst Pope became 
somneh embittered that he almost ceased to 
write to him. He ceased at the same time 
to make any effort in literature, for, as he 
said in 1785, when he again made advances 
to Pope, * you were my poetical sun, and 
since your influence haa been intercepted by 
the interposition of some dark body, 1 have 
never thought the soil worth cultivating, 
but resigned it up to sterility/ To this he 
was doiibtless further impelled by the death 
of bis most intimate literary friends, Fenton 
in 1730 and Ford in 1731, both of whom had 
been his frequent guests in the remote par- 
sonage of Sturston. In April 1728 he had 
been made LL.D.j on occasion of the kin^*i 
visit to Cambridge, and in September of the 
same year he was presented to the living of 
Pnlhiun in Nortblk, which he held with 
Sturaton, He aften»'ards received from his 
lo3'al patron, now become the first earl Com- 
waUis, two Suffolk livingSi the rectory of 




Broome 



442 



Brothers 



Oakley Magna ftncl the vicerage of Eye, 
whereupon he reaigned Stureton and Piilham, 
Ho waa aUo chaplain to I^ord Cornwallis, 
who attempted, but without succeM, to ob- 
tiiin him promotion in the church. 

Pop«? had b€ien annoyed hy popular exag- 
geration of the part Broome had enjoyed in 
the preparation of the * Odysfley.' Henley 
had given expression to this scandal in a 
stinging couplet : 

Pop* came off clean with Homer; hut they aay 
Broome went heforc, and kindly nrept the way. 

Pop© thought that Broome should have posi- 
tively denied this vague indictment of Pope s 
originality f and when he was silent he re- 
venged himself meanly by a line in the 
* Dunciad : * 

Hibernian politics, O Swift, thy doom. 
And Pope's, trunahiting four whole years with 
Broome. 

After several editions of the 'Dunciad' had 
appeared^ Broome, in September 1735, broke 
hiS long silence by writing an obsequious 
letter to Pope, not menlioiiing the im|>t;!rti- 
uent line, but intended to suggest that by- 
gones should be bygones. Pope altered tne 
line to 

thy fats, 
And Fops^s, ten years to comment and tr^slate. 

Pope, however, found Broome exacting and 
tiresome, and allowed the correspondence to 
lapse once more. Broome only appeared in 
public on one more occasion, with an * Assize 
Sermon ' in 1737. In bis later years he 
amused himself by translating Anacreon for 
the * Gentleman's Magazine. He died at 
liath on lf> Nov. 174i5, and was buried in 
the abbey church. He was exactly a year 
younger than Pope, and he outlived him 
about the same length of time. His only 
son, Charles John Broarae, died at Cam- 
bridge, as an undergraduate, in December 
1747, and, in accordance with the poet's will, 
his property reverted to Lord Corn wall is. 

Broome was a smooth versitier, without a 
spark of originality. His style was founded 
nj>on Pope^s so closely that some of what he 
thought were his original pieces are mere 
centos of Pope. He was therefore able, like 
Fenton, but even to a greater extent, to re- 
produce the style of Pope with maneUous 
exactitude in translating the * Odyssey.* Of 
that work the eighth, eleventh, twelfth, six- 
teenth, eighteen til, and twenty-third books, 
as well as all the notes, are Bro^ime s. His 
earh' nidenesa of manner gave way to a style 
of almost obsequious suavity, and his letters, 
though in^nious and graceful, do not give 
an impreesion of sincerity. Of his own poems 



I not one has remained in the memory of the , 
I most industrious reader, and he owes 
I survival of his name entirely to his ooUabo^ 
I ration with Pope, 

I [Dr. Johnson wrote a memoir of Broome in 
his Lives of ths Poets. A short lifo was 
I lished by T. W, fiarlow. In Elwin and i 
hope's Pope's Corrcsspondence will be found a ' 
minut« account of Broome's relations with the 
poet, and the text of the letters which passed 
betwden them.] £* G. 

BBGOMFIELI), MATTHEW iJl.UnO\ 
was a Welnh poet. His p:>ems are preserve" 
in manuscript in the collections of the Cviiiai-I 
rodorion Society and of the Welsh School, j 
bith in the Hritish Museum. 

[Tanner'^ Bibl. Brit.; Williams's DicUoDaij « 
Emiat'Dt Welshmen ; Dept. of M3S., BritiBh Ma* 
■eum.] A. M. 

BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)^ 
enthusiast, wiis bom on 2ii Deo, 1757 at] 
Plac^ntta, Newfoundland. His father wa«f 

I a gunner. He had several brothers and fl^ 
lister BtlU living in Newfoundland in IS'26. 
At the time of his public appearance he had, 

I according to his own statement, no relativ 
in England. He eiune to England who 
young, and was partly educnted at Wool- 
-wich. At the age of fourteen he entered th*? 
royal navy as mi uahipm&n on board t he Ocean; 
as master's mate he served under Ad 
Keppel in the engagement off Ushaut. Ne 
year he was transferred to the Union, t 
in 1781 to the St. Albans, a 64-gun ship^l 
despatehed in June 1781 to the West lndie%l 
where he was in the engagement betweelli 
Admiral Rodney and Comte de Ora&se. '* 
l>ecame lieutenant with seniority of 3 Ja 
ITSti, and was discharged to half-pay (o4^| 
a year) from the St. Albans on 28 J nly 17 lE 
at Portsmouth. After leavinsr the aei 
he visited France, Spain, ana Italy. 
6 June 1786 he married, at Wrenbury, ] 
Naritwich, Elizabeth Hassall. He 
ceased to live with her. The story curreat 
among the representatives of his friend Fin- 
layson is that he joined his ship on his way 
from church after the ceremony, and, return^ 
ing a few years later, found his fiiithless wife 
already the mother of children. In September 
1 787 Brothers came t^ London. Here ne lived 
very quietly on a vegetarian diet, and wor- 
shipped at L*ing Acre chapel or at a baptistj 
chapel in the Adelphi, He continued to oral 
his half- pay till 1789. An objection to thtl 
oath required as a qualification for receiving 
pay led him to address, on 9 Sept, 1790, a 
letter to Philip Stephens (afterwards Sir P. 
Stephens) ofthe admiralty, which appearwdat 
t he t ime in t he ^ Public Advertiser/ brothers 



J 



Brothers 



443 



Brothers 



argued so forcibly against the word * volun- 
tarily ' occurring in a compulsory oath, that 
Pitt had it removed from the form. But 
the entire exemption from the oath, sought 
by Brothers, was not granted. In January 

1791 he lived in the open country for eight 
days. On Thursday, 26 Aug. 1791, his land- 
lady, Mrs. S. Green of Dartmouth Street, 
Westminster, came before the governors of 
the poor for the parishes of St. Margaret 
and St. John the Evangelist, and said her 
lodger would not take the oath and draw his 
pay, and hence owed her about 38/. Brothers 
was examined before the board on 1 Sept., 
and stated that two years before he had re- 
signed his majesty's service on the ground 
that a military life is totall;^ repugnant to 
Christianity. He was taken into the work- 
house, ana an arrangement made by which, 
without his making oath, his pay was re- 
ceived by the governors as his agents. The 
idea that he was charged with a commission 
from the Almighty grew upon him. About 
the end of February 1792 ne left the house 
and took a lodging in Soho. On 12 May 

1792 he wrote to the king, the ministry, and 
the speaker, saying that God commanded 
him to go to the House of Commons on the 
17th and inform the members that the time 
was come for the fulfilment of Dan. vii. He 
followed this up in July by letters to the 
king, queen, and ministry, containing pro- 
phecies with some hits and some misses; his 
oest guesses at this time being his predic- 
tions of the violent deaths of the king of 
Sweden and Louis XVI. He got into unesh 
difficulties through not drawing his pay. He 
was eig:ht days in a spongin^-house, ana eight 
weeks in Newgate, from failure to meet his 
note of hand for 70/. to his Soho landlady. 
At length he signed a power of attorney for 
his pay, striking out the words * our sove- 
reign lord ' the King, as blasphemous. Get- 
ting free at the latter end of November 1792, 
he made up his mind to resist his call. He 
tells how he started at eight o'clock from 
Hyde Park Comer, carrying a rod cut from 
a wild-rose bush by divine command some 
months before, and meaning to walk to 
Bristol, ' and from thence leave England for 
ever; with a firm resolution also never to 
have anything to do with prophesying.' He 
walked some sixteen miles on the Bristol 
Road, and then flung away his rod, wishing 
never to behold it again. "When he had got 
about ten miles further, he felt himself sud- 
denly turned round and bidden to return and 
wait the Almighty's time. On his way back 
he was forcibly led to the rejected rod, * and 
made take it up.' In 1793 he described him- 
self as ' nephew of the Almighty,' a relation- 



ship which seems obscure ; but Halhed sub- 
sequently explained it as meaning a descent 
from one of the brethren or sisters of our 
Lord. Towards the end of 1794 he be^^an to 
print his interpretations of prophecy, his first 
production being * A Revealed Knowledge of 
the Prophecies and Times,' in two successive 
books. His mind was exercised upon the 
problem of the fate of the Jews of the dis- 

Sersion, whom he believed to be largely hid- 
en among the various nations of Europe. 
Brothers believed himself to be a descendant 
of David; on 19 Nov. 1795 he was to be* re- 
vealed ' as prince of the Hebrews and ruler 
of the world ; in 1798 the rebuilding of Jeru- 
salem was to begin. On Wednesday, 4 March 
1796, Brothers was arrested at 67 Padding- 
ton Street, by two king's messengers, with a 
warrant, dated 2 March, from the Duke of 
Portland, for treasonable practices. He was 
examined next day before the privy council. 
He testifies to the courtesy of his examiners, 
but bitterly complains that after three weeks' 
confinement he was ' surreptitiously con- 
demned ' on 27 March, without hearing evi- 
dence in his favour, as a criminal lunatic 
Gillray brought out a remarkable caricature 
on the very day of his examination (5 March), 
identifying Brothers with the whig party; 
and another on 4 June, not so well known. 
The press teemed with the * testimonies ' of 
disciples. In the House of Commons Natha- 
niel Brassey Halhed, M.P. for Lymington, 
an oriental traveller and scholar, moved on 
Tueaday, 31 March, that Brothers' * Revealed 
Knowledge ' be laid before the house. Bro- 
thers had claimed that immediately on his 
being ^ revealed in London to the Hebrews 
as their prince,' Kinff George must deliver up 
his crown to him. No one seconded the mo- 
tion. Halhed, on Tuesday, 21 April, moved 
that a copy of the warrant for apprehending 
Brothers be laid before the house. This 
likewise was not seconded; but on 4 May 
Brothers was removed from confinement as 
a criminal lunatic, and placed, b}r order from 
Lord-chancellor Loughborough, in a private 
asylum under Dr. Simmons at Fisher House, 
Islington. Here he employed himself in 
writing prophetic pamphlets. Among his 
disciples. Brothers set most store by the tes- 
timonies of John Wright and William Bryan, 
a Bristol druggist, at one time a Quaker; 
but he had rained over Halhed (wnom he 
offered to make * governor of India or presi- 
dent of the board of controul ') as early as 
the beginning of January 1796. William 
Sharp, the engraver, was so fully persuaded 
of the claims of Brothers that in 1796 he 
engraved two plates of his portrait ; each 
plate bears an inscription : ' Folly belieTing 



I 



I 



this to be the Man wham God ha^ appointed, 
I tingraTij his likeness. William Shaqj/ 
Hbarp came afterwards to discredit 13rvan as 
a dtHjeiver, and eventually attached himaelf 
to Joanna Bouthcott. The flush of admiring 
pamphlet,^ naturally ceased when 1795 came 
to an end. Even flalhed seems to have de- 
serted his prolog §. But Brothers continued 
to write ut iut4?rvals. Apart from his leading 
erase there id not much mterest in his wTtt^ 
ings. It may be noted as an odd coinci- 
dence that ht; follows Servetus in applying 
to himself Dun. xii. 1. His doctrine of the 
tuner light Ia ee^entially that of the early 
Quakers. In the spring of 1797 Frances 
Uott, daughter of an Essex clergyman^ waa 
placed in the Islington asylum. She was 
not there long^ but long enough for poor 
Brothers to fall in love with her. A fort- 
night after her removal it was revealed to 
him that this young lady was his destined 
queen. Unfortunately, w^ithin a year she 
married some one else. Brothers ow^ed his 
release from the asylum to the persistent 
exertions of the most faithful of all his dis- 
ciples^ John Finluyson [q. v.], who ot Bro- 
thers s suggestion sjjelledhijs name Finleyson, 
a Scotch writer, originally of Cupar-Fifei and 
afterwards of Edinburgh. In the summer of 
1707 the report of Brothers s j^ievance* acted 
on him as a divine summons to give up what 
he calk *an exteiii^ive and lucrative practice 
of the law at oue of the bars of the Scotch 
courts.' Early iu the following,' year he 
repaired to London. Here he contrived to 
enter into * a secret corrt*spon(lence ' with 
Brothers, who(se writings in continement he 
saw through the pre*^ ; and when Han chett, 
a drttught**man, declined to prepare Brothers's 
plans fur the New Jerusalem, Finlayson, 
* though totally unucquainted with the art/ 
executtni the work^ and jtfot the plans en- 
graved * at an expense of upwards *)f 1/2CX)/.* 
When Pitt died {23 Jan, 18(Xi) Finlayson 
thought the moment opportune for the re- 
lease of Brothers, He besieged the autho- 
rities, and waiting upon Grenville, the new 
prime minij^ler, he got tlie warrant for high 
treosim withdrawn, A petition for his libe- 
ration, backed by seven atiidavits of his sanity, 
was lieanl liefore Lord-chancellor Ere^kine 
on 14 April 1806. Er.skine ordertid his im- 
mediate release^ but would not supersede the 
verdict of lunacy^ begging Finlayson^ ^ as 
his cotmtn'uian/ not to press liim on that 
point, as there were * still some .scruples in 
a hl^U quarter' (the king), A^ Brother.^, 
with the verdict unremoved^ could not draw 
his half-pay, Erskine promised him (so Fin- 
layson says) 300/. a year for life from the 
government. But, owing to the change of 



Brothers 

administration early in the following year^ 
Brothers got no part of this allowance, though 
his pay was applied to his wife** maintenance 
* on the express and written ^roumls that 
government provided for him/ BrothersUved 
for some time in the house of a well-to-do 
friend, one Busby, and from 1^15 Finlayson 
took him into his own family. In Iiis later 
ye-an Brothers occupied him*jelf with astro- 
nomical dreams. Bartholomew Prescot, a 
Liverpool star-gaier, who had published in 
1803 * A Defence of the Divine Syatem of 
the World/ on geocentric principles, entered 
into a correspondence with Brothers in 1806, 
and was received into favour. Prescot pub- 
lished the * Inverted Scheme of Copernicus, 
book 1.,' 1822, and followed it up by the 
•System of the Universe,* 1823* When this 
latter reached Brothers's bands in June 1823, 
the Almighty told him it * would not do.* 
On Sunday, 25 Jan. 1824, Finlayson r^nd to 
Brothers from the Sunday paper a favourable 
review of Prescot's work. Brothers bade 
Finlayson write against Prescot, and de- 
scribed himself as * seized with the cholera 
morbus and hectic fever/ That night, about 
ten o^clock, he died in Finlay son's house, 
Upper Baker Street, Marylebone. One who 
saw him * a few days before his death ' de- 
scribes him as * very pale, very thin — a mere 
skeleton, very weak, could hardly walk,' and 
adds that he * died of a consumption/ He 
was interred at St, John's Wood, in a grave 
at the opposite side of the cemetety to that 
of Joanna Southcott. He died intestate, 
leaving a wHdow and married daughter. Ad- 
ministration was granted to his wndow in 
February 1824; but Finlays^on, by a chancery 
order, prevented her from getting the pro- 
perty (4o0/., in 3 per cent. CJonsols). xSjter 
his de^th Finlayson pestered the government 
with aclaim for Brothers's maintenance,which 
( with interest and law expenses) amounted to 
5,710/., was subseq,uently run up by Finlay- 
son to 20^000/., and is now estimated bv his 
descendants at 8O,<30O/. On 4 March 1830 
Finlayson got 270/.* the unappropriated 
balance of Brothers s pay. The believers in 
Brothers are not vet extinct, and those who 
adopt the Anglo-Israel theorv regard him as 
the earliest writer on their siae. Besides the 
prints of Gillray and Sharp, there is a carica- 
ture of Brothers, bearing no resembl&noe to 
him, by Thomas Landseer, dated 1 Jan. 1881, 
in * Ten Etchings illustrative of the Devil's 
Walk/ 1831, fol. Alao a fair likeness by 
Cndkshank, accompanied by a clever de- 
scription, in Bowman Tiller's* Frank Heart- 
well' (see (rEORUE CRriKSHAJTE's Otfinibii*^ 
ed. by Lam an Blanchard, 1842, 8vo, plate 6, 
and pp. 144-7). 



H ^^a 



Brothers printed: L * Letter to Philip 
Stephens, Eisq/ (see above; reprinted sepa- 
rately ? with the answer and other matter, 
1795, 8vo, and in Ilnlhed'^ * Calculation of 
the Millennium *), 2. * A Eevealed Know- 
ledge of the Propheeies and Times. Book 
the First. Wrote under the direction of the 
Lord God, and published by His sacred com- 
mand . . . ; 1794, 8vo- 3, 'Ditto Book the 
Second^ containing Mhe sudden and per- 
petviftl Fall of the Turkish, German, and 
Russian Empires/ &c», 1794, 8vo (to these 
two books* Brotliers and his dificiples con- 
stantly refer as *■ God's two witnesses : ' two 
editions of each were published in 1794; 
they were reprinted at tne end of Febniiiry 
1795, with ndditlon.H; ali%o Dublin, 1795; 
and a Frf^nch translation^ *Prnph^'ties de 
JacqurB i^r) Brother?, ou la Cnnnai&sance 
E6v^l6e,'&c,. Paris An iv. ri79fi], 8vo, two 
T>art«). 4, * Letter to rialhed ' (dated 28 Jan, 
1795, and prefixed to Halbed'ti * Testimony/ 
1795, 8vo). 5. ' Wrote in Confinement. An 
Exposition of the Trinity. With a farther 
elucidation of t he twelfth chapter of Daniel : 
one I/etter to the Kinj?; and two to Mr. 
Pitt/ &c., 1795, 8vo (a tiecond edition, with 
supplement, waj!^ published on 18 April 1796, 
8vo). 6. * Notes on the Etymoloi^' of a few 
Antique Words,' 1796, 8v'n. 7, *A Letter 
to Miss Cott, the recorded daughter of King 
David. . . * With an Address to the Mem- 
bers of his Britannic Majesty^s Council, and 
through them to all Goveriimentsand People 
on Earth/ 1798, 8vo (two editions, same 
year), 8. * A Description of the New Jeru- 
salem, with the Garden of Eden in the centre 
. . . / IHOL Hvo iMnS edition, 1802, Bvo). 
9. *A Letter to Samuel Foarl Simmons, M.D./ 
4to ^ dated 28 Jan. 1802). 10. * A l^tt^ir to 
His Majesty, and one to Her Majesty,* and 
other pieces, 18<>2, 8vo (all in verse except 
one). IL * Wisdom and Duty^ written m 
support of all Governments.' 1805, 8vo 
(written on 1 Jan. 1801). 12- 'A Letter to 
the Subscribers for enp-avinir the Plans of 
Jenisalem/ kc, 1805, 8vo. la * The Ruins 
of Balbec and Palmyra, from the plates of 
Robert W^ood, Esq., &c., proved to be the 
palaces of Solomon/ 1815, Kvo. 14. * A cor- 
rect Account of the Invasion and Conquest 
of this Island by the Saxons, <^c*, necessary 
to be known by the English nation, the de- 
scendant $> of the greater part of the Ten 
Tribes/ &c., 1822, 8vo. 15. (posthumous) 
*The New Covenant between God and bis 
People/ Sec, 1 RS<1, lar^e 4to (coloured prints ; 
edited by Finlayson). 

Besides anonymous testimonies, tracts were 
written in favour of Brothers by %^'illiam 
Bryan, O. Coggan, J, Crease, Sorafj Flazmer, 



Mrs. a Gre^n, N, B. Halhed, H. R Offlev, 
W. Sales, H. Sj^ncer, T. Taylor, 0. F. 
Treibner, G. Tiiraer, W. Wetherell, and J. 
Wright, Bryan's * Tegtimony of the Spirit ' 
contains a narrative of Brothers's life, and of 
his journey to Avignon in 1788. A catch- 
penny imitation of the genuine testimonies 

IS * Additional Testimony, &c,, by Earl 

of / 

On the other side appeared, besides anony- 
mous pamphlets, trncts by * George Home, 
D.D./ prol>ftbly a pseudonym, W, Hunting- 
don, D. Levi, and *M. Gomez Pereira/ pro- 
bably a pseudonym. Nearly all the publica- 
tions on both 8ides appeared in 1795, For 
Finlayson *s publications see FlNLATSOK, 
John! 

[Rieban's mtimiscript memoir of Brothers, 1 796 
(in possession of Rev. W. Begley ; Riidwiu was 
Brf>thertt*s iiuMtsher) ; Moser's Anecdotes of R. 
Broth(>rs in 1791-2, 1795; Gillray's Crtrieatures; 
Hfllhed's Speech EH ; Brothi-ra^s Revealed Know- 
ledge and Exposition ; Finlayson'e L«fit Trumpet; 
Monthly Review. 1796; most of the trticts d^ 
scribed a!>ove, in a private collection; Biog* 
Diet, of Living Authors, 1816; Watt's BibL 
Brit. 1824, vol. iii. (art. 'Brothers. R.'); Chr, 
Reformer. 1826, pp. 380, 439; Evans's Sketch 
(ed. BranabyX 1841, p. 287; Anmiol Registar, 
1 824 (art. * Sharp, W/) ; Chambers's Eneyclop., 
186L ii. 276: Knigbft Biography (English 
Cyclop.), i. 938, v. 451 ; British 'Israel and 
Jadab's Prophetic Meeeenger, 1883, iv, 171 sq, ; 
Tcborpnkoff^s Les Foub Litt^raireB, Moscow, 
1883; ndmindty book's in the Record Offiee; 
informstion from the lords c-immjssi oners of the 
admiralty; aIpo from H, Hod son Rugg, MJ3. 
(Finlay son's fon-in-hiw) ; respecting Brothera*« 
marriaire, parish register, Wrenbtiry, per Rev. 
X W, Norwood ; tombstono at St. John*s Wood.] 

A. G. 

BEOTHEETON, EDWAKD (1814- 

1866)» Swedenborgjftn^ was bom at Man- 
chester in 1814. and in early life was engaged 
in the silk trade, but, foreseeing that the coni- 
mercial treaty with France was likely to 
bring to an end the prosperity of bis business, 
he retired "wHth a competence. After a year 
of continental travel he devoted himself to the 
work of popular education. The letters of 
*E. B/ in the Manchester newspapers excited 
great attention^ and led to the formation of 
the Education Aid Society, which gave aid 
to all parents too poor to pay for the educa- 
tion of their children. The experiment upon 
the voluntary system tended to prove the ne- 
cessity of compulsion. This demonstration, 
which Mr. IT. A. Bruce, afterwards Lord 
Aberdare, called the thunderrbm from Man- 
chester, paved the wav for the Ecuicntion Act 
of 1870. Brotherton^g zeal in the CJiuse was 
unbounded j he had patiefice, a winning grace 



! 



Brotherton 



446 



Brotherton 



^ 



^of nmnner, and a candour onlT too mre in 

titrovensy. In the courae of Di» viaitationii 
anioiig T bo poor he caught a fever, of which 
he dm\, after a few days' illneASf at Corn- 
brook, Manche«ter^ 23 March 1866, and waa 
buried at the Wealeyan oemeteiy, Obeetham 
Htll. There is a portrait of him in the Man^ 
Chester town halL Besidea many contribu- 
tions to periodicals he wrote : L * Mormon- 
Ism ; itj» Ilitue and Progress, and the Prophet 
Joseph Smith/ Manchester, 1846. Brotherton 
had taken part in lH40ineXTK>sinfra Mormon 
i.*M«^r, James Ma lone, who claimed to posN?sis 
the miraculous * g^ift of tongues/ 2, *Spiri-l 
tualijim, Swedenborg, and the New Church,* , 
London, 18*50. This pamphlet has reference I 
to the t'laima of the lltiv, Thomas Lake Harris 1 
to a ^leershin ^milar to that of Swedenborg 1 
— claims whicli were vehemently denied by I 
many members of the * New Church signified ' 
by the New Jenutalem in the Revelation,' a.s 
the Swedenborgiancongregationi* areofficiftlly 
Btyled, Brotherton prints a letter from Dn 
J, J. (Tiirih Wilkinson as to identity of the 
phi-nomenft of respiration in Swedenborg and 
Harrts- From this tract it will be seen that 
Bn^therton was a diaci^le of Swedenborg, 
with a tendency to belief in spiritualistic 

Ebennmena. 3, *The Present State of Popu- 
iT Education in Matu'hester iind Salford^ the 
aubfltanoa of ecTen letters repriut«!d from the 
** Manchester Guardian,*' by E. B./ Man- 1 
cheaten 1864. He was the editor and chief 
writer of the first volume of a monthly pe- 
riodical* ' The Diiwn * ( Manchester, 1861^^). 
He wrote frequ^^Qily as * Libra * and as ' Pil- 
grim * in Swedenborgian periodicals. His 
chief contributions were the * Outlines of my 
Mental History/ which appeared in the * In- 
tellectual Repository ' for 1849, 

[Manchester Guarilian. March 1866^ The Re- 
cipient, April 1860; priv!it« iaftjrmation.] 

W. E. A. A, 

BROTHERTON, JOSEPH (1783 ia57), 
parliivm^^ijtary reformer, wft« bom 22 May 
1783 at Whittington, Chesterfield. Hia 
father. John Brotlinpton, who had been a 
schoolmaster and an exciseman, moved to 
Manche.ster in 1789, and aoon afterwards set 
up a cotton mill. About 1802 Joseph became 
his father's partner, and in 1819 rt^ired from 
business with a cora|ietency* In 1805 he 
ioined the Bible Christian church, and In 
18<>6 married his cousin, Martha Harvey. As 
Bilde! Cliristians they were vegetarians and 
total abstainers. Mrs. Brotherton published 
anonymously * Vegetable Cxiokery ' in num- 
bers, first collected into book form in 182L 
About 181 R Brotherton became pa>^tor of his 
church. He was a vigorous local politician, 



and subscribed to the sufferers at the Peterlooj 
massacre. He became membpr for Solibfi 
on the passing of the Reform Bill, and 
re-elec^d till his death, his eirpenaes I 
paid by his constituent*. He continued to 
act as pastor dunncr the parliamentary re^ 
oessea. He was a free-trader and r^i^tbrmer. 
His good temper secured him general r&-l 
spect ; and he was chainiian of the private 
biUs committee. He became famous for the 
persistence with which he mored the ad- 
journment of the house at midnif^ht, in spiti 
of much ridicule and frequent disturb 
In F'ebruary 1842, in answer to an at 
by Mr. W, B. Ferrand, who had spoken 
his * enormous fortune * amassed by the laetor 
system, he replied that his ' ricliee oou 
not BO much in the largenees of his ] 
as in the fewness of his wants/ a phrase in^ 
scribed (with verbal alteration) upon his 
statue in the Peel Park, Salford. The speech 
in which the phrase occurs wu - - ^ 1 -epa* 
rately, and many thousands ^ < ited* j 

He wrote the e^^ays on abstuir ^i. t- muiu in- 
toxicating liquors and animal food which 
appeared in * Letters on Relis^itjus Subject^ 

S noted at Salford about 18 j 9, and imme-J 
lately reprinted at Philadelphia. The firsfrj 
of these is regarded, in its separate form, 1 
the earliest tract in advocacy of • teetotalism.* 
He died suddenly in an omnibus on 7 JatL 
1857. A public subscription was applied to 
form a fund for purchasing book» fur local 
institutions, the monument in the Salford I 
cemetery, and a statue by Matthew Noble j 
in Peel Park, which was inaugurated on * 
ti Aug. 18')8. Brotherton had helped to 
found the library attached to the Peel P^irk 
Museum. A portrait by West-cott is in the 
Peel Park Museum ; one by W. Bradley in 
the Salford town hall ; and a third Is in the 
Manchester town hall. His widow died 
25 Jan. 1661, aged 79. 

[Book-Loro, August 188«S (by the writer of 
' this article) ; Maochest-er papers, 1857 ; Meinoir , 
of Rev. W. Metcalfe (Phikdelphia, 1866); 
I Prince's Poetical Works (1880), ii. 363 ; Bmn-J 
\ ford fr Homely Rhymes, 1864, p. 126 ; Law Time% | 
I 13 June 1871; Edwards's Free Libnirids; ia<» 
I formation from Miss Helao Brotherton.] 
I W. K A. A. 

BROTHERTON, Sra THOMAS WIL- 

i LIAM ( ITtto-lSllS), general, entered the 2nd 

or Coldstream guards hj< ensijc^n in 1800, waa 

promoted lieutenant and captain in 1801, 

and transferred to the 3rd or Scots fusilier 

' guards in 1803. With the guards he served 

I under Abercromby in Egypt in 1801, and in 

Hanover under Lord Gatncart in 1806. On 

I 4 June 1807 he exchanged into the 14th light 



I 



I 



dngoons. TVtth it be aerred fthnost con- 
tinnoaslT in the PeniasuU from 180B to 1814. 
H* was in Sir Jobn Moore's retreat to Co- 
numa: lie was present at Talareni, at the 
actions on tbeCoa, at Bu^aco, Fuentes d'OnoT, 
Salam&nca, wbere lie was wounded, Vittoria, 
the Pyrenees, tlie NiTelle, and the Ntre, 
where he waa flerer^y wounded and taken 
priioiier. Wellington ipeaks of Brotherton** 
anploTment in the Estrella {DegpateMes, it, 
014), of hia valuable reports (v. 79), his con- 
duet at the Coa (v, 2d3>« and tbe doke 
WMJaaged hta exchange after tbe battle of 
the Nive (viL 23^7), He wag made major by 
hfcrret on Wellington's special recommenda- 
ttOD on 28 XoT. 1811, promoted major in bia 
Rgiment 2« Mar 1812, lieutenant-ooloael by 
brevet and C.B."in 1814. In 1817 he became 
lieutenant-colonel of the 16th lanoerB, and 
heid his command for fourteen years: in 
1830 he was made aide-de-camp to the king 
u»d coloiiel, in 1841 major-general, in 1844 
mspector-ffeneral of cavalry, in ISId colonel 
of the 15tn hussars, in 1850 Ueutenant-gene- 
rml^ and in 1855 KC.B. In 1850 be became 
colonel of the Ut dragoon guarda, in 1880 
m general, and in 1861 G.C.B, In 1865, at 
the a«t* of eightr, he was married to his 
second wife, the daughter of the Rev. Wal- 
ter Hare, and died on 20 Jan. 1868, at the 
MgB of eightv-three, at his aon*8 house near 
Eaber. 

[BotbI Military CSalendar; Wellingtoti Dea- 
patdbfea; 6«Bt.]lUg. Mareh 186S.] H. M. S, 

BROUOH, ROBERT BARNABAS 
(1838-1860), writer, was bom in l^ndon 
lO April 18^ He was educated at a pri- 
vate school at Newport, Monmouthshire, in 
which town his father commenoed business 
•a a brewer and failed, it is said, through 
political caiiaea. Broogb began active iQe | 
in Manchester as a clerk. He was fond of ' 
art, drew pretty well, and is said to have 
practised as a portrait-painter. Subsequently 
he removed to liverpool, where, while still 
under age, he started a weekly satirical 
tonnial entitled * The Liverpool Lion/ A ,| 
biirietiiiie on the subject of the * Tern* j 
pest,* written in conjunction with William 
Brough [q. v.], who had joined him in Liver- ' 
pool, and entitlod *Tlie Enchanted Isle," 
produced at the Amphitheatre in that city, 
was the first dramatic essay of the brotfaera. i 
It was seen and approved by Benjamin Weh> 
flter, who, on 20 Nov. 1848, transferred it | 
to the Adelphi. This led to the establish- 
ment of the brothers Brough in London, 
I where they became constant and well-known 
[contributors to the press. Before lea^-tng 
lliverpool they had manied sisters. EUsa- 




beth Romer, the wife of Robert Brough, was 
, at one time a member of the Haymarket 
company . Alone or in conjunction with his 
brotner, Robert wrote a series of bozlesques, 
which were played at the Adelphi^ Lyceum, 
Olympic, and other theatres, together with 
' some adaptations from the French. His 
labours in otber branches of literature were 
incessant. In the first volume of the * Wel- 
come Guest,' which he edited^ appeared his 
novel ' Miss Brown,* and many short storiea, 
poema, and essays. * Marston Lynch,' re- 
printed 1860, with a memoir by Mr. G. A. 
Sala, saw the light in tbe ' Train,' 1856-7, to 
which also he contributed translations of the 
poems of Victor Hugo. He wrote in such 
comic papers as the ' Man in the Moon * and 
* Diogenes,' was for a short time editor of the 
' Atlaa,^ and was the Brus^ls correspondent of 
the ' Sunday Times.^ His republisned works 
are : * Cracker Bon - Bona for Christmas 
Parties,' 1851, * Life of Sir John Falstaff,* 
with illustrations by Oeoige Cruikshank, 
1 858, ' Shadow and Substance,' 1859, « Songs 
of the GoTemingClaases,' 1 859, ' Miss Brawn,' 
1860, ' Marston Lynch, his Life and Times,' 
1860, *mf the MinstieV I860, *\^liich U 
\^liich P ' (a romance), 1860. He also tnui»- 
lated ' La FamOle Alain' of Alpbonae Earr. 
His best known burlesqoM written in con- 
junction with his brother «*: ^Camaral^ 
man and Badoura,* * The Sphinx,* and * Ivan- 
hoe/ and of those he wrote alone * Medea,' to 
which the performance of Robson gave much 
celebrity, * Masaniello,' and *The Siege of 
Troy.* He died at Manchester in the house 
of his brother-in-law, Mr. William Chilton^ 
26 June 1860, on his way to North Wales^ 
whither he had been ordered for his health. 
He left a widow and three children, two of 
whom are living and are known on the stage, 
Thr«>e of his brothers, William Brough Tq.v.], 
John CargUl Brough, a writer, and Mr. Lionel 
Brough, the comedian, are well known. 
Brough s verses are of their epochs They 
have neatness of execution and happiness of 
fancy, but are without t he kind of finian sooght 
in modem days. His bttrleaqties were amoQf 
the best of a not verr important class, am 
his essays are bright and hnmoiroiis. The 
' Soi^ of the Oovemin^ Oaases ' constat of 
satirical poems written m>m a radicaal point 
of view. Some of his works are raie and 
are priced very high in bookjeUen^ cata- 
lognes. In the world of journalism Brough 
was popular, and references to him are abun- 
dant in Mr. Yates's ' BeooHeetions and Ex- 
perieoces ' and in * RenuniaoeDces of an old 
B<ihemiaju* A benefit peffonBaiice for his 
widow and children was giren tn July 1860 
by five companies for which he ha«i written 



borkeques. Hit health wns bud, ftod his earl j 
death had long been Anticipated. 

[HAinoir by G. A. SaIii in the Welcome Guest, 
ii, 1 1, 848-50 , Era Almannek ; Thti Tmiii ; works 
mentioned; prirfrt« infortnution.] J. K* 

BKOUOH, WILLIAM (d. 1671), dean 
of OlouceMer, was educnted at Christ's Col- 
lege, Cambridge, where he prucetnled B.D. 
1027, and D.D. 6 Feb. 16:35-5. He wns pro- 
eenttvd to the rectory of St. Michael, Comhill, 
abijut 16:30, waa an ardent supporter of Laud 
and hiA Arminian view^^f was made chaplain 
t^ the kingf and waa iniitalled canon of \\ ind- 
aof, I Feb. 1637-8. At the beginning: of the 
civil wars he was removed from his bene- 
fice by the parliamentary commission, * was 
alao plundered^ and his wife and children 
tuni€Kl out of doors ' (Walker). His wife 
ia said to have died of grief soon afterwards, 
and Hrough joined the king at Oxford. On 
16 Aug« 1643 he was nominated dean of 
Qloucaater^but was not installed till 20 Nov. 
1644. He returned to Oxford in 1645, and 
on ^6 Aug. of that yt^r was created D,D. by 
the king fi order. Little is heard of him from 
this date till the Heatoration. He then was 
reappointed to the deanery, and died 6 July 
167L He was hiiried in St. Georpe^a Chapel^ 
Windsor. He was the author of * The Holy 
Feasts and Faste of the Church, with Medi- 
tations and Prayers proper for Sacraments 
and other occaaions leading to Christian life 
and death/ London 1657; and of ^Siicred 
Principles, Services, and Soliloquies; or a 
Manual of Devotion,' 1659, 1671. 

|l«rood'8 Faati (Bliss), ii. Ho ; Wntltw'a Suf- 
farings* ii* 33 ; L© Nevo'e Fasti, i. 444, iii. 40 L| 

S. L. L, 

BBOUGH, WILLIAM (1826-1870), 
writer, elder brother of Robert Barnabas 
Brough [q. v.], wiiA horn in I^ondon on 
28 April lSll6. He "was eduprtte<i at New- 
port, Monm out h^hins and Hpprenticed to a 
printer at Brecon. To the * Liverpool Lion/ 
the venturt* of his brt^th«^r Kobert, whom he 
joined in Liverpo<">l, William Brougli contri- 
buted his first literaiy effort, n series of 
papers called *Hint,^ u|>on Heraldry.* He 
married Miss Ann Komer, known as a singer, 
who died a year after ber marriage, leaving 
him one child. He subsequentlv remarried, 
and died on LI March 1870, leavinp: a widow 
and aix children. Like \m brother, whose 
reputation has overshfldowed Ids o\\ti, Broiip-h 
wrote in many periodica! publications. His 
dramatic works, chiefly burlej'ques, were seen 
at many of the London theatres. He ahio 
wrote the first of the qnasi'-dramatic entei^ 



tatnmenta giTen by Mr. and Mir. (Sciniiaa 
Keed. 
[Era Almanack ; private inldmiatioii.] 




J.K. 

BROUGHAM, HEXRY (1665-16981, 
divine, was one of the tweU^e children of 
Henry Dmugham of Scales Hall, Cumber- 
land, sheriff for the county in the 6th of 
AViUiam III, by Yim marringe with * fair Miss 
Slee, daughter of Mr, 8lee of Carlisle, a jovial 

rtleman/ who was a merchant in that c* 
Midijununer term, 1681, w^hen sixt^ 
years old, Henry Brougham *■ became a 
sening-child of Queen's College,* Oxford 
I He proceeded B.-A, in 1685, M.A. in 1689, 
I being afterwards tabarder and fellow, C>ii 
I 29 Sept. 1691 he was collated, and on 30 Sect, 
waa installed prebend of Asgarby in the 
I church of Lincoln. He was. w*ith William 
, ()iHey, domestic chaplain to Thomas Barlow, 
the bishop. On Barlow's death in the s&mt 
year he Ijequeathed his Greek, Latin, and 
I English Bibles, and his own original manu* 
, scripts, to Brougham and Ofliey. A condi- 
tion of the gift was that Brougham and Offley 
were not to make public any of his ^-ritin^ 
after his decease ; and in 1692, on Sir Peter 
Pett publishing what he called the bishopV 
'Genuine Renmins/ the two legatees * deUv'd 
no time ' in issuing a vindication, calling Sir 
Peter Pett and the vicar of Buckden (where 
the bishop had died) *confederMf-' Tu.l1.r4/ 
The title of this vindication of r r 

was * Keflections to ( #»c) a late Br.. „ . . .1 
The Genuine Remains of Dr. Tho* Ikrlow, 
late Bishop of Lincoln, Falsely pretended to 
be published from his lordsliip's Origiaal 
Papers/ It was written by Henry Bronjrham, 
and was published in 1694, with a It^t of 
I Socinian >^Titers (Latin), declared to be the 
. bishop's real list, annexed. 

From 161K3 to 1695 Brougham acted as 
proctor for the university ; and on 29 M 
1698, aged 33, he died "at Oxford, and 
buried in Queen's College chapeL 

[W.:Mxl'a Athena* Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 3*41, 5519, 
a40 ; HutehiuEon's Cumberland, i. f^u I U 

^-^on and Bum's Cumberland and We^ i 

3&d-l&; Cat. Grad. Oxon, p. 89 ; KoLt clkjuv cvc 
pp. 7, 10 ; Offley's Epistle Dedicatory to same, 
not paged ; Le Neve's Fasti (H«rdv),'ii. 108.1 

J. BL 

BEOUGHAM, HENRY PETER, Bas^k 

Beouoham ajtd Vafi (1778-IB6S), lord 
chancellor^ eldest son of Henry Broughain 
and Eleanor, daughter of Mrs. Syme, widow 
of James Syme, a minister of Alloi '»' 
BiBter of Dr. W. Robertson, the hi- 
was bom in a house at the comer l.. 
West Bow and the Cowgate, Edinburgh, 



be the 





Brougham 



Brougham 



on 19 Sept. 1778. Althou^U in after life 
he ct Aimed to be descended from the De 
jBut^hams, the ancient lorda of Brougham 
i«ue, and from the barons of Vftubc, hia 
il^ree cannot be traced with certainty be- 
ad Henry Brougham described in 1665 as 
pf Scales Hall» Cumberhind, gentleman^ 
fwhoae eldest 6on John in 1726 purchased a 
tion of the manor of Brougham, We«t- 
niordaod. This estate descended to the 
pujrchAaer*e great^nephew Henry, the father 
I of the chancellor (Nicholson and Burn, 
Mist on/ of Cutnhrrlatid and Wejitmorlaiid^ i. 
306 ; Lord Campbell, Lives of the Chancel- 
hrs, viii. 214-18). When barely seven years 
old Brougham was sent to the high school at 
Edinbarph ; he rose to the head of the school 
and left m August 179L The next year he 
.spent with his parents under the care of a 
tutor at Brouffham Hall, and in October 
1792 entered the university of Edinburgh. 
^^He delighted in the study of mathematics 
^HUid physics, and at the age of eighteen sent 
^Ha paper to the Royal Society on ^ Experi- 
^Bne&ts and Observations on , , . Light/ 
^Iwliieb waa read and printed in the societ/s 
■ * Transactions/ This was followt^d by another 
on the same subject, and m 1798 by one on 
* Vorisms^i PAitosopkicalTramtiftiom, Ixxxvi. 
227; Ixxxvii. 352; IxxxTiii. 378). He also 
^^distinguished himself in the debating aocie- 
^Hties of the university. After finishing the four 
^^years* course of humanity and philosophy in 
1795, he began to read law, A« a atuaent 
I'lie often indulged in riotous sportSf and took 
art in twisting oft' knockers as eagerly as 
iphilosophicaldi8Cu$sions( L*)rd BrouffiMfn's 
Life and Titne^^ i. 87). He spent hia vaca- 
tions in making walking tours, and in Sep- 
'^ember 1799 visited Denmark, Sweden, and 
Norway (ib. 547). HttTing passed advocate 
on 1 June 1800, he went the southern cir- 
cuit, and for the sake of practice acted as 
counsel for the poor prisoners* During the 
circuit he behaved in a boisterous and eccen- 
tric fas liion, and unmercifully tormented old 
Lord EskgTO%^e, the judge of assize. He 
■ "aliked the profession of law. With an 
ttraordinarilv wide range of knowledge, 
" ', an excellent memory, a ready wit, and 
unbounded iielf-confidence, he aimed at out- 
liining others in ev^^rything. In 1802 he 
oined the small company engaged in set ting 
, foot the ' Edinburgh Review/ He had 
' attained a high place in the literary 
' of Edinburgh, and it was expected he 
shortly * push his way into public 
(OoCKBimN, Life of Jf^rey^ L 138). 
U|| number of the * Review ' was uub- 
Tfte following October, and Broi^jham 
contributed three of its twenty-nine articles, 

VOL. VI. 



raith ! 



Ireadv « 



In ia03 he brought out his * Colonial Policy 
I of European Nations,' a work which did not 
. meet with any great success. On 14 Oct. 
of that year he was admitt^ed a member of 
Lincoln's Inn, though he continued to reside 
I in Edinburgh for about two years longer. 
He took a warm interest in the movement 
for the abolition of slavery, and in 1804 went 
to Holland to gain information on the sub- 
ject, extending kis tour to Italy and other 
, parts of the continent. In this vear t(» iio 
organised a volunteer corps at tldinburgh, 
but the government slight**d its offer of ser- 
vice, ana the corps was dissolved. His early 
articles in the * Review' were generally 
scientific ; he now wrote much on political 
and economical subject^s with the avowed 
intention of adopting a political career (Aff- 
fnoirs of F. Horner ^ i. 2< 4, 279). 

In 1805 Brougham settled in London. 
There he read English law and supported 
himseK mainly by writing for the * Edin- 
burgh Review/ His versatility and his 
' power of dasfpatch were extraordinary. He 
I never considered any subject out of lus line, 
I In the first twenty numbers of the ^ Review * 
he had at* many as eighty articles. Eager 
to write everything himself, he was so 
' jealous of new contributors that the editor, 
Jeffrey, took care not to let him know or 
any addition to the staff (Nafieii, Corn^ 
I tpondence^ 3), His reviews were slashinff, 
I but his work was often superficial and his cn- 
I ticisma were sometime^ ^cundaloualy unjust. 
His contemptuous notice of the experiments 
' by which Dr. Young arrived at the theorv 
I of undulation is a famous instance of his 
unfairness (Edin. Rev. ii. 450, 457, ix, 97 ; 
! Dk. Yotjyo, a^orkSf i. 195-215 ; Peacock, 
\ Life of I>r. Vounfff 174; Caupbell, Zi/c, 
viii. 247). Brougham was soon introduced 
, to Lord Holland, and became a frequent 
visitor at Holland House. The service he 
j was able to render the whig.s with his pen, 
his witty conversation, and his agreeable 
' manners secured him a grood position in so- 
ciety. In 180tt he was appointed secretary 
to Lords Rosfilyn and St. Vincent on the»r 
mission to the court of Lisbon, and although 
on his return at the end of the year he found 
himself considerably out of pocket, his able 
conduct in Portugal increased his n?puta- 
tion. He was further brought into notice 
by his sympathy with the anti-slavery agi- 
tation, which secured him the good opinion 
of Wilberforce and the partv he led. When 
in March 1807 the Grenville ministry was 
I forced to resign, the whig press was in 
Brougham's hands, and in the course of ten 
days, with some slight help from Lord Hol- 
I load and one or two others, he produced * a 



Brougham 



4SO 



Brougham 



prodigious number' of articles, pamphlets, 
and handbills, appealing chiefly to the dis- 
senters to uphold the whigs in the impending 
election (liOBD HoLLAin), Memoirs of the 
Wldg Party, ii. 229). On the defeat of the 
whigs Brougham turned to legal study and 
becajne the pupil of Mr. (afterwards chief 
justice) Tindal. In July 1808 he applied for a 
special call to the bar to enable him to go j 
the ensuing circuit, and the benchers were \ 
willing to grrant his petition. In order, how- , 
ever, to avenge their party, the attorney- ! 
general and solicitor-general came down and j 
procured its rejection. On the following 
22 Nov. he was called in the ordinary course 
and joined the northern circuit. Although 
his study of ci\il law in Scotland had to 
some extent ' legalised his mind,' he was not 
and never became master of the subtleties of 
English law, and he had little success in the 
courts until he had made his mark in poli- 
tics (Campbell, Life, 233, 264). His first 
triumph as a barrister was political rather 
than legal. As counsel for the Liverpool 
merchants who petitioned against the orders 
in council he was heard before both houses 
of parliament on many successive days, and 
though the petition was dismissed his powers 
as an advocate were imiversally acknow- 
ledged, and the case may be said to have 
made his fortune. 

Through the influence of Lord Holland, 
the T)uko of Bedford offered Brougham a 
seat for (^amolford, and he was returned to 
parliament on .') Feb. IHIO. Ilis first speech, 
delivered on 5 March, in support of the vote 
of censure on tlie Karl of C-hathara, was not 
a success, tliough lie was not dissatisfied 
with it (Prt/7. Debates, If), 7** : Life and 
Times, i. oCX); ('amphkll, Life, 262). Dur- 
ing the course of the session he spoke re- 
peatodly, almost usurping- Ponsonby's place 
jis leader of tlie opposition in the commons ; 
nor was he thought to ])e taking too much 
upon himself when only four months after 
he entered the house he moved an address 
to the crown on the subjt^ct of slavery 
{(^unrterhf lierieir, cxxvi. 4z). Ilis reputa- 
tion as an advocate was increased by his 
triumphant defence of J. and J. L. Hunt on 
22 Jan. 1811. The defendants were indicted 
for libel for publishing an article in the 
* Examiner ' on militarv flogging, and the 
case was especially suited to Brougham's 
peculiar power (Speer/ies, i. 15). Three 
w«H»ks later he failed to procure the acquit- 
tal of the proprietor of a country newspaper 
who was indicted on a similar charge at 
Lincoln, and on 8 Dec. 1812 unsuccessfully 
defended the Hunts when indicted for a. 
libel on the prince regent. These and other 



like cases in which Brougham was retained 
for the defence were of great public import- 
ance, and his success was aeclared ^moie 
rapid than that of any barrister since Erskine ^ 
(Memoirs of F. Homer, ii. 123). Following 
the line he had already adopted as an advo- 
cate. Brougham on 3 March 1812 moved for 
a select committee with reference to the 
orders in council, and carried on his attack 
with such vigour that on 16 June Castlfr- 
reagh announced that the orders would at 
once be withdrawn. This victory gained 
him immense popularity, especially with the 
commercial interest, which had sufieied 
severely from the orders (Bentham, Works, 
z. 471). In the arrangements made hf 
Lords Grey and Grenville in view of their 
possible return to office he was to have been 
president of the board of trade. As Gamel- 
ford had passed into other hands, he was, 
at the dissolution on 29 Sept., forced to seek 
for a seat elsewhere, and the good service he 
had done to commerce led to an invitation 
to stand for Liverpool. He was, however, 
forced to retire from the polljon 16 Oct., and, 
after making an imsuccessful efibrt to secure 
a seat for tne Inverkeithing burghs, found 
himself shut out from the house. He was 
very sore at this exclusion, he declared that 
he 'was thrown overboard to lighten the 
ship,' and he wrote bitterly of Liady Hol- 
land {Life and Time^, ii. 92, 101). It would 
of course have been easy enough for the whigs 
to find him a seat, and his exclusion was 
caused partly by jealousy and partly by dis- 
I trust. This distrust was not without foun- 
I dation, for liis letters to Lord Grey at this 
period show want of ballast and pohtical 
I insight. At last Lord Darlington offered 
; him a seat for Winchelsea, and he n^tumed 
i to the house on 21 Julv 1815. Although 
I not acknowledged as tlie leader he soon 
I became the most prominent member of the 
I opposition in the commons. He attacked 
I the Holy Alliance; in March 1816 he suc- 
I ceeded in defeating Vansittart's income-tai 
bill ; and on 9 April, in moving for a com- 
I mitt^3e, made a powerfid speech on the cha- 
I racter and causes of the agricultural dis- 
! tress — one cause of the distress, he declared, 
I was that the area of cultivation had been 
' extended unduly. In a speech on the de- 
pression in trade delivered on 23 March 1817 
I lie severely blamed the foreigfn policy of the 
ministry, and pointed out the evils ot restric- 
tion and prohibition. He made another st- 
I tack on the ministry on 11 June in the fonn 
of a motion for an address to the prince 
I regent on the state of the nation, whicn wm 
defeated by only thirty-seven votes, a defeit 
j which was reckoned a triumph (lAfi tad 




net 



Times, iL 312). He constantly advocated 
letrenchment and a sound commercial policy, 
ajid he vigoroui^lj opposed the repreacive 
neasuTes known as the Six Acts. At the 
time he looked on the radicals with 
He, and in a letter to Lord Grey of 
Not. 1819 urged that the whigs should 
P^eclare their separation &om them {I^e and 
" Timesy iu S51), He did good service both 
in drawing attention to the importance of 
popular education and in devising- means for 
Its attainment. Having obtained the re- 
anpointment of the education committee in 
^hIoIS, he instituted an inquiry into charity 
^HftbuseSf which he ext^ended to the univehBities 
^^^nd to £t<)n and Wtnchesti^r. Some scanda* 
^Klous revelations were made, and the governing 
^" Ijodies bitterly resented the inquis^ition. In 
1819 Brougham was kept from the house for 
I weeks by s dangerous illness. On his 
on 23 June Peel made an attack on 
^conduct of the committee, which he 
; with a full defence { Speeches ^ iii, 180). 
June 1820 he brought in two bills pro- 
riding for the compulsory building, the go- 
vernment, and the maintenance of parochial 
ok. His proposals were disliked bv the 
aters and fell through. After the aeath 
\ Hither in 1810^ Brougham when not Ln 
made his home at Brougham Hall. 
1821 he married Mary Anne, daughter of 
Thomas Eden^ and widow of John Spalding. 
L Syherhehad two daughters; the elder died 
tin infancy* the yoimg-er in 1839. 

From 1811 and perhaps from an earlier 
ste Brougham was constantly consulted 
- the Prmcoss of Wales* His statement 
i he was also the conMant adviser of the 
Charlotte is certainly exaggerated 
Li/e and Tttnts^ iL 145). He seams^ how- 
ever, to have given her some prudent ad- 
^ tn 1813 (i^. 174), and to have been con- 
lied by her, through Lady Charlotte Lind- 
a^i J99^ectmg her murriage i n 1 8 1 4 . Wlien 
hfi princess escaped from Warwick House 
i her mother's residence in Connau^t Place 
1 the evening of 1 1 July, the Princess of 
I Wales sent for Brougham, who helped to 
ersuade her to return (Autobioffraph^ nf 
iis9 Knight, u 307, 309). The dramatic 
L story he tells of his leading the young prin- 
k cess to a window and showing her the crowds 
leathering for a Wt>ftrainster election (Edin, 
\jiet\ April lM38,lvii. at; Lift and Tim^^, ii. 
[230) has been denied and ridiculed by an- 
f other Edinburgh reviewer, on the ground 
that * on the day in question there was 
^©either a Westminster election nor nomi- 
stion ' (Edin, Rev. April 1869, cxxlx. 583). 
I story may or may not be true, but that 
Ion that day Sir Francis Buxdett nominated 



Lord Cochrane as member for Westminster 
before * a very numerous meeting in Palace 
Yard' is beyond question (Times^ 12 July 
1614), and the circumstances of Cochrane a 
candidature are sufficient to acC'Ount for the 
excitement to which Brougham 



popular 
reiera. 



He strongly advised the Prineeli^s of W^alea 
not to go abroad. In July 1819 he proposed 
acting on her belmlf, though in tnis case 
without authoritv from her, that she should 
re^de permanently abruad, sliauld consent to 
a separation, and not use her Imsband's title 
on condition that her allowance (35,000/,), 
then dependent on the king's life, should he 
secured to her (Yokob, Life *]f I^rd Liver' 
pool^ ii. 16). WTien the priucf.***« became 
queen, she Appointed Brougham ber attiimey- 
general, and he was accordingly called within 
the bar on 22 April 1820. ' A few days 
before he receivea a proposal from hnrd 
Liverpool offering the queen 50,000/. a year 
on the same conditions that Brougham had 
named the year before. This propoeal \i» 
did not make known to the queen, who was 
then at Geneva. On 4 June he and Lord 
Hutchinson, who acted far the king, met 
her at St. Omer, being sent to propose terma 
of separation and to warn her against com- 
ing to England. It was then too lat-^'t and t fie 
queen crossed to Lkrver the next day. Even 
when at St. Omer, Brougham forbore to in- 
form her of the propoml made by the minister 
the preceding Apnl^ nor did Lord Liverpool 
become aware that his proposal had been 
withheld from her until 10 June (ih, 53- 
62). Had Brougham delivered the message 
with which he was ent runted, the whole 
scandal of the queen^s trial would probably 
have been avoided. In that case, however, 
he would have lost the opportunity of play- 
ing the most oonapicuous part in a fiknious 
icene. He never gave any satisfoctory eac- 
planation of his conduct. Brougham was 
called before the lords in the matter of the 
bill of degradation and divorce on 21 Aug. 
when he exposed the untrustworthine^s of 
Majocchi, tne principal initness for the 
crown. His speech for the defence took up 
S and 4 Oct. ; the jieroration, so he told 
Macaulay, he had written over sev^i times. 
The result of the trial brought him an ex- 
traordinary amoimt of popularity, and the 
* Brougham's Head ' became a common tavern 
sign, (^n 3 and 4 Julv 1821 he unsuccess^ 
fully argued the queen's right to coronation 
before the priw council, and tried in vain 
to prevent her rrom attempting to force her 
way into the abbey. He attended her fune- 
ral in August. The next month he obtained 
tba conviction of one Blaoow, a clerg3rman, 

GO 2 



Brougham 



452 



Brougham 



for libeUing her, and in JuiUAry 1B22 de- 
livered Ilia apeech on the Durham disrgy, the 
finest specimen of hid powers of Barcasm and 
inyective, in defence of a printer aocujsed of 
libelling thtsm in eome reflections on their 
conduct on the queen's death. Brougham 
bad now lost h'\s official rank^ and owing to 
the king's personal spite against him he was 
debarred from reoeiring a patent of nrece- 
denoe* This persecution did him no harm, 
for in one jear he made 7,000/. in a stuff 
gown. 

When in 1622 the death of Lord London- 
derry made it seem poe^ihlp that the whigs 
might come into ofhce, Lord Grey proposed 
tliati should the admini^tmtinn hta changed, 
Brougham 8Lould be * rt»ally and effectively 
if not nomi Daily ' leader of the house and a 
memlH?r of the govemment {Lifi nnd Times, 
ii, 453). This and other negotiations were 
brought to an end when the king a4:cepted 
Cann ing as foreign secretary. With Canning 
Brougl^jn was far more at one as regards 
foreign affairs than he had been with Castle- 
leagh. Nevertheless, on 23 April 1823 he 
made a violent attack upon him for refosing 
to press the catholic claims. Canning de- 
clared he spoke falselTy and a motion was 
made that both the aisputants should be 
committed to t he custody of the seijeantHit- 
arms. The diBpute^ however^ was at last 
composed ( Pari. Dfh. new series, viii. 1089- 
1102). On 3 Feb, 1824 Brougham made a 
remarkable speech urging the government 
to resist the aictation of the Holy Alliance 
in Europe, dwelling on the iniquity of the 
French mvasion of 8pain and the tyranny of 
the Austrians in Italy. This speech, which 
excelled all his former political efforts in 
bitterness of sarcasm and severity of attack, 
was received with immense applause (t&. x, 
53-70; Staplbton's L^e 0/ Canning, i. 2961 
On the news of the condemnation and death 
of the missionary Smith » ho proposed a vote 
of censure on the goveniment of Demerara, 
and his speech of 10 Junw forms an epoch 
in the history of the abolition of slavery 
(Sperc/iefi^ n, 42-128). In the course of this 
session he was violently assaulted in the 
lobby of the house by a lunatic named 
Gourley. Having been elected lord rector 
of Glasgow University in 1825» Brougham 
on his way thither visited Edinburgh on 
6 April. A bancjuet was given in his honour* 
at which he made several violent and ex- 
travagant speeches {Speeches . , . on 5 Aprii 
1825; Napier, Corrfjtpojidence, 42). Wlien 
in 1827 Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool, 
Brougham, feelinp himself generally in accord 
with ihe new minister's principles, left the 
opposition benches and on 1 May took his 



place on the ministerial side of the house. 
He brought over with him a body of mods* 
rate whi^s, who thus for a time sepanted 
themselves from Grey. Canning nad no 
wish to be overridden, and offered Broughim 
the post of lord chief baron, which would 
have removed him &om the house. Brougham, 
however, objected to being * shelved,^ and re- 
fused the oner. He now at last obtained s 
patent of precedence, and on yoing circuit 
was greeted with much rejoicing by his 
brother barristersy among whom he wis 
popular. His reappearance in ' silk * brought 
fiim a large number of cases. Thi§ influx, 
however, did not last long. He wss ' defi- 
cient in nisi prius tact,* was apt to treat 
juries with impatiencei and seemed to think 
more of displaying his own powers than of 
getting verdicts for his clients. During the 
short time that he continued at the barhiB 
practice declined (Gam fbbll ; Law Magmxnty 
new series, L 177). 

As early as 8 May 1816 Brougham first 
attempted an improvement in the law; in 
bringing forward a bill for securing the liberty 
of the presSf he proposed an amendment ^ 
the hiw of libel On 7 Feb. 1828 he brought 
forward a great scheme of law reform. In a 
speech of six hours^ length he dealt exhaus- 
tively with the anomalies and defects in the 
law of real property and in proceedings at 
common law. His extracrdinafy effort bore 
ample fimit, for it caused a vast improvement 
in our system of common law procedure, and 
overthrew the cumbrous and antiquated ma- 
chi nery of fines and recoveries. The acoesaon 
of the Duke of Wellington to oflice in the 
January of this year sent Brougham back to 
the opposition ; for while, in c^smmon with 
his party, he cordially upheld the duke and 
Peel in carrying the Catiiolic Emancipatioii 
Bill of 1829, he wss not prepared to accord 
them his general 5Upport. As Lord Cleve- 
land (Darlington) went over to the toriss, 
Brougham felt bound in 1830 to vacate hii 
seat for Winchelsea, and accordingly so- 
cepted the offer of the Duke of Devonshire 
to return him for Knarcsborough. At the 
same time he by no means relished sitting 
for a dose constituency ; it consorted ifl 
with his desire to be known as a popular 
politician, and it kept him back from taking 
part in the movement for parliamentary 
reform. While sitting for VfinchelN**, he 
had made imsuccassful attempts 111 1818, 
1820, and 1826 to gain a seat for Westmore* 
land. Now, however, a speech he made on 
IS July, on bringing forward a mot ion against 
slavery, gained him an invitation to stand 
for Yorkshire. He was triumphantly elected, 
and in the parliament of 1820 took his seat 



Irougham 



453 



Brougham 



for the county instead of for Knaresborougli, j 
(wbeTe be wad also return ed. In tlie course 
* tlie election he pledged himself to reform , 
{QmrUrlif Heiiew.X^rW 18;31,xl\M^8l). He , 
' & acbeme of reform which gave the 
achise to all hotiseholders, leaseholders, 
ad copyholders, and took one member from | 
I of the rotten horoug-hd { Roebctck, Whig 
imUtry of \%m, I 4l^0), and on 16 Nov. I 
ftve notice that he would lay it before the 
On that day Lord Grey received the 
fa command to form a ministry. The I 
: leaders would have Jieen glad to leave | 
Brougham out of the cabmet. On the 17th , 
jhe was invited to become attorney-general. , 
^^e indignantly declined^ and the next night 
Dtnouneed, with nn implied threat, his in- 
ation of proceeding with hia motion. This 
' 5 him to ^me extent maater of the situa- , 
He wished for the rolbt for he did not 
vant to leave the commons. The king, how- 
rer, wou^d not hear of this, for he knew that 
ougham^s presence would render Lord Al- 
liorp s leadership impotent (Croe:er» ii. 80). 
le waa therefore offered the chancellorship, 
le received the great seal on 22 Nov., was 
Jevated to the peerage with the title of 
, Brougham and Vaux on 23rd ^ and on 
L waa awoTD aa chancellor, 
e worked with extraordinary energy in 
fciia new office. He had often, and especially 
l1^5| reproached Lord Eldon for the delays 
VHybtjOntrt, and he waa determined to bring 
i B wliolly new system. At the rising of 
be court lor the long vacation be was able 
announce that he had not left a single 
pen I unbeurd. While he did much, and cer- 
amly far mon^» than uny other cliancellor had 
one» to ex|iedite proceedings in chancery, he 
ftve some offence by boasting publicly and re- 
atedly of achievem^'ntfi that be had not per- 
ormed, and that w^ere indeed beyond mortal 
ower. Moreover, both now and at other 
, he was singuliirly negligent of profes* 
iional courtesy (tjLUPBELL). Pursuing the 
firork of law reform, he was the means of 
ting coDaiderable improvements in the 
ourt of chftncery, the abolition of the court 
delegates, the aubstitution for it of the 
iudicial committee of the privy council, and 
? institution of the central criminal court, 
foundation of theae two courta alone 
Id entitle him to be remembered %b a 
at legal reformer. He brought in a bank- 
Iruptcy bill, which eventually l>ecame the 
[basis of a <(tfttute ; and though hi^ Local 
' Courts Bill of 18.30 fell through, it prepared 
the way for the pre^^ient system of county 
courts. Since 1820 the subject of education 
had occupied much of his attention. In con- 
junction with Dr. Birkbeck, be helped to set 




on foot various mechanics^ institutee. In 
1825 he published his * Obsenations on the 
Education of the People,^ which before the 
end of the year reached its twentieth edition. 
In this pamphlet {Spetches^ iii. 103) he pro- 
posed a plan for the publication of cheap and 
useful w^orks, which he carried out by the 
formation of the Society for the Diffusion of 
Useful Knowledge, Tlie first committ ee of this 
society was formed in April 1 825. After some 
delays it recommenced its work November 
1626, and publiBht/d its introductory volume, 
written bv Brougham, in March 1827 {Edin. 
liev, June 1827, xlvi. 22o), The ' Observa- 
tions' also contain a reference to the need of 
^\ en 1 1 fie ed uca ti on for the upper cUaaes (151). 
Brougham sougbt to supplv this need by the 
foundation of the London t^niversity, a work 
which he brought to a succe^ful conclusion 
in 1828. He took the leading pArt in the de- 
bates on education in 1833, and on 14 March 
announced that he saw reason for abandon- 
ing the plan of a compul8*:>ry rate he had 
hitherto advocated. On 23 March 1836 he 
moved that parliament should vote grants 
for education, and that a board of commis- 
sioners should be appoint^ed to control the 
application of the money granted, and on 
1 Dec. 1837 brought forward two bills further 
developing the system of national education. 
In April 1831 the defeat of the ministry ne- 
cessitated a dissolution, and political circum- 
stances made it equally necesaars' that the 
dissolution shoidd be immediate, and that the 
prorogation should be pronounced by the king 
m person. The extraordinair account that 
Brougham has given through Roebuck {Ilut» 
of the Hliig Minktry^n. 148-52) of his saving 
the country by taking on himself to order the 
attendance of the troops and the Uke, and of 
his almost compelling the king to go down to 
the house, and the whole story of what passed 
in the interview he and Grey had with the 
kiuff on 22 April, are apocryphal. In the 
exciting scene m the House ot Lords which 
followed the announcement of the king's ar- 
rival, the chancellor's self-Importance cauaed 
him to lose his head {Qre^ Correfpondeneef 
I 234-6 ; GreviUe Memoirs, Ist aer. ii. 135-7). 
On 7 Oct. Brougham made a speech on the 
aeoond reading of the Keform Bill that has 
been held to be his masterpiece : it is full of 
sarcasm on the tory lords. As in most of 
his great speeches, the peroration is studied 
and unnatural. Brougham ended with a 
prayer ; be fell on his knees, and remained 
tneeling. Ue bad kept up hia energv with 
draughts of mulled port, and his friends, who 
thought thut he was unable to rise, picked him 
up iind 8et him on the woolsack (Spteche^, iii, 
559; Caupbcll, Life, 398). In the criaia 



Brougham 



454 



Brougham 



which followed the victory of the opposition 
on 17 May 1832, Brougham represents him- 
self as playing the most important part. This 
is by no means borne out oy other evidence. 
Lord Grey was not a man to allow the chan- 
cellor to take his place, and William IV cer- 
tainly never forgot what was due to him as 
his first minister (Roebuck, History ^ ii. 331 ; 
Life and TimeSy iii. 192-201, with which 
compare Orey Correspondencef i. 422-44 ; 
Edin. Bev. cxxv. 646). 

In June 1834 Lord Grey retired from office. 
His retirement is said by Brougham to have 
been caused by the indiscretion of Littleton, 
the Irish secretary. It was at least as much 
Brougham's own work. Without Grey's 
knowledge he persuaded Lord Wellesley, the 
lord-lieutenant of Ireland, to withdraw from 
his recommendation that certain clauses of 
the Coercion Bill should be retained. This 
underhand proceeding led to complications 
both with 0*Connell and between the whig 
leaders in the two houses. Brougham had 
not the honesty to acknowledge what he had 
done when he might have cleared Littleton 
from O'Oonnell's charges, and he has dis- 
ffuised the truth in his autobiography. Grey 
felt he had been ill used. Brougham knew 
that he wished to resign office, and seems to 
have schemed to separate him from his fol- 
lowers, in order that he himself and the party 
generally might retain office — for himself he 
probably hoped for the treasury, after Grey 
had gone out {Letter of Ht-ni-y^ E(irl Grey^ 
July \^7\,Edin. Rev. exxxiv. 291-302; Pari. 
Deb. xxiv. 1019, 1308, xxv. 119; Lord Ila- 
rmrton (LittU'ton), Memoir of 1834, p. 85, 
and passim ). Brougham continued chancellor 
when Lord Melljounie took office. Up to 
this time his po])ularityand his success were 
imabated. It was during his chancellorship 
that he used to drive about in a little carriaf^e 
specially built for him by Robinson, the 
coachmaker, which excited much wonder by 
its unusual shape, 'an old little sort of garden 
chair,' Moore the poet called it {Diary y 
vi. 1 96) ; it was tlu; ancestor of all broughams. 
For years the * Times' had flattered him out- 
rageously, and he was accused of using the 
* Edinburgh Review * as a means of puffing 
himself and his projects (Napier, 110. The 
extraordinary tyranny Brougham exercised 
over the mniiagenient of the ' Edinburgh Re- 
view' is constantly illustrated by incidental 
passages in the corresj)ondence of Macvey 
P^apier, the editor ; it was grievously, though 
for the most part vainly, complained of, and 
was bitterly resented by Macaulay). Now, 
however, the * Times ' changed its tone, and 
attacked him. In August he made a tour 
in Scotland. He displeased the king by 



taking the great seal across the border, and 
made matters worse by indulging in eztraTa- 
gances that excited the disgust of all sensible 
persons (Gfrevilie Memoirs, Ist ser. iiL 133; 
Cahpbbll). The ministers were dismissed 
on 1 1 Nov. That evening Melbourne, under a 
promise of secrecy, told Brougham the result 
of his interview with the ki^. Brougham 
at once sent the news to the * Times/ and his 
brief communication, ending with the words, 
' The queen has done it all,* appeared in the 
issue of the next morning. The king declared 
that he had been 'insulted and betrayed' 

SOBSBirs, Memoirs of Melbourne, ii. 43, 44). 
though Brougham knew that Scarlett was 
to succ^ Lyndhurst as chief baron of the 
exchequer, he offered to take the judgeship 
without any pay beyond his ex-cliancellor^ 
pension, lliis offer brought him into con- 
tempt, and he retreaited to the continent 
(ib. 51 ; Greville Memoirs, 1st ser. iii. 157, 
158). He visited Cannes, then a mere villa^, 
and on 3 Jan. 1835 bought land there to build 
a house (H. Retoubnat). 

Although Melbourne returned to office in 
April 1835, he, and indeed the proposed minis- 
ters generally, were determined not to have 
Brougham among them again after the follies 
of which he had oeen guilty, and in order to 
conciliate him the great seal was put in com- 
mission. He gave the government an inde- 
pendent support, and was especially useful in 
enabling them to carry the Municipal Reform 
Bill. His activity in parliament was extra- 
ordinary. In the course of this session he 
delivered 221 speeches that are reported in 

* Hansard ' (Pari. Deb. xxx. Index quoted by 
Campbell). The appointment of Pepys (Lord 
Cottenham) as cnancellor early m 1836 
wounded him deeply. He considered, pro- 
bably not without reason, that Melbourne 
had deceived him (ToRREXS, ii. 174 ; NjLPIER, 
251, 816). His health was shaken by his 
vexation, and he spent a year in retirement 
at Brougham Hall. During the early years 
of Queen Victoria's reign, Brougham, though 
sitting on the ministerial side of the house, 
often opposed the government. Adopting 
a radical tone, he stigmatised his former col- 
leagues as courtiers, and on 11 Dec. 1837, 
when criticising the allowance to the Duchess 
of Kent, engaged in a sharp altercation with 
Melboume {Greville Meinoirx^ 2nd ser. i. 33). 
During the next year he did much literary 
work, editing the four volumes of his 

* Sp^H'ches ' and writing books, re^news, and 
other articles. At the same time he continued 
to make his presence felt in parliament. On 
20 Feb., in a speech of great eloquence, he 
moved resolutions recommending the imme- 
diate abolition of slavery. Of his work during 



^ 
^ 

^ 
^ 

^ 



thti session Mo^atilay, on old eDemy of hie, 
wrote: * A mt^re tongue, wirbout a party and 
without a charactftr, m an unfriendly aaciienee 
and with an unfriendly press, never did half as 
much before (Napieii, 270). In the debate 
of 21 May 1839 on the bedchamber ^ju est ion 
be made a violent attack on the wliigs and 
«poke somewhat disrespectfully of the queen 
as ' an inexperieoced person/ " After the re- 
^etabltskment of the Melbourne ministry he 
virtually led the opporiition in the lordt*, and 
on 6 Aug. succeeded in carrying five reaolu- 
tioni^ csensnring the iroverament policy in 
Ireland. On 21 t>ct,, while he was at 
Brouffhum Hall, it wm reported and gene- 
rally t>elievKd in London that he had met hiB 
^eath by a eamnge accident. All the news- 
papers of the 22nd except the * Times ^ con- 
tamed obituary notieei* of his career, one or 
two of them of an uncomplimentary cha- 
racter. It soon became known that the 
report was false, and Broughara wa» ac- 
cused, not without reason, of having set it 
abroad himfielf. It was true that he and 
two frienda were thrown from a carriage on 
the 19th, but none of the three was in- 
jured (Campbell, 605- 11; Napier, 31 2, SI *J). 
The loss of his only surviving daughter on 
30 Nov. of this year caused him deep grief. 
He named the house he built lor himself at 
Cannes the Chateau Eleanor Louise, in me- 
mory of her. From 1840 onwards he ajient 
some months in each year at Cannes. Hm 
liabit was to go lo Bnjugham Hall as soon 
as parliament was prorogued, and at the ajj- 
proach of winter to visit iPftriF, where he t(X>k 
the opportunity of attending the meetings of 
the Institute — ^he had been elected an asso- 
ciate by the Academy of Moml and Political 
Science in 1833 — and thence to proceed to 
Cannes, where he staved until the next aes- 
«ion recalled him to London. 

Although on the deteat of Melbourne*8 
ministry Brougham clianged his seat to the 
opposition side of the house, he nevertheless 
gave PeeFs government considerable supjiort^ 
and when the Anhburton treaty, concerning 
the Maine boundary, wm attacked by his 
former colleagues, he brought forward a mo- 
tion on 7 April 1843 e.\presging approval of 
it «ind thankinij Lord Ashburton tor his ser^ 
Yicea. He was in favour of free trad^, though 
•ftt the eiime time he disliked the Anti-Com- 
law League, for he k>oked with suspicion on ' 
all movements outside parliament. Although 
he tried to avert the disruption of the Scotch 
kirk, he has been accused of, in the end* sacri- 
ficing the cause to the interests of the tory 
ft>veniment by yielding to l^rd Aberdeen 
CocKBURN, Journal^ u. 44). In this year 
ft member of the family of Bird, the former 



owners of Brougham Hall, set up a claim 
to the estate. The case, which wa.«i one of 
trespass, was heard at Appleby assises on 
1 1 Sept., and the verdict ousted Bird's claim. 
Brougham was never happier than when 
acting as judge ; he sat constantly in the su- 
preme court of ap^iil, and in the judicial 
committee of the privy council, the court he 
had himself fountied, and over which he de- 
aired to hold permanent sway. In the hope 
of acquiring the judicial headship of this court 
he constantly, and especially in the spring of 
1844, endeavoured to obtain the appointment 
of a vice-president, who should be a judge 
{Oremlle Meifioirs, 2nd ser. ii. 225). lie 
continued to press the subject of law reform 
as president of the Law Amendment Associa- 
tion and director of its organ, the * Law Ke- 
view,* as well on in parliament. (_>n 19 May 
1845 he made a long speech on this subject, 
rehearsing, as his custom was, all he had 
eti'ected during the seventeen years that had 
passed since hi.s motion of 1828, urging the 
t'Stablishment of 'courts of conciliation,' a 
scheme he had propounded in his bill of 
18^), and «)f other local courts, and recom- 
mending that additional fucilitieit should be 
provided for the sale and transfer of land by 
tlie use of a formula of conveyance and by a 
system of registration ; and as regards crimi- 
nal law, that more frefjuent commissions of 
oyer and terminer should be held. He ended 
by laying nine bills on the table {ParL Deb* 
rSrd sen Ixxx. 493-516). Old as he now waa, 
and notwithstanding the position he had 
achieved and the good work ne had done, hia 
constant thirst for admiration led him * to 
desire to flourish away among silly and dis- 
solute jjeople of fashion.' Ever anxious to 
impress others with a t^ense of his superior 
ability, * he had no idea how to converse or live 
at ease ' ( Grevillf Mernoirs^ 2nd ser. ii. 235). 
When the French provisional government 
of 1848 summeuied the National Assemblyi 
Brougham was seized with a d&^ire to be r^ 
tunied as a deputy, and applied t<) the minister 
of justice for a certificate of natundisatioiu 
After some difficulty he was made to under- 
Btand that if he became a French citizen he 
would lose his Iilnglish citizenship, and with 
it his rank, offices, and emoluments, and he ac- 
cordingly wit hdrew hi.s request . On 1 1 April, 
while this matter was §till |>ending, he mode a 
long *«peech in the house on foreign ailkirs, at- 
tacking Charles Albert, the king of 8ardiuiay 
for having promised to help the Milane^p 
and the pope for his concessions to the liherala, 
and severely blaming the conduct of the 
French provisional government. He found, 
however, that his extraordinary proposal had 
not escaped notice, and Lord Lanadownd 




Brougham 



Brougham 



an^wor^ him with a aitn^a^tie remark (l^rL 
J>6. xcviii, 138). On th«? acce«»ioii of the 
vfhigf^ to office under Ijird John Rusfiell, 
liroughnra rem a in ed on the opposition side of i 
the house, and in the session of 1849 strenu- 
Qu»]y opfiosed the rpj»eiil of the navigation 
acU, On '20 July he again reviewed the I 
iUtc of affairs^ on the continent, and, no 
longer moved with the evntimente he had I 
expresstnl in 18124, hlamed the government 
for pympathising with Victor Emmanuel, 
spoke Ht rongly against t he revolutionarv party I 
in llnivr defended the action of the t^rench, | 
and complained of prejudice against Austria 
and of unfair dealings with the King of Italy j 
(Pari Dfh. vvil 616). | 

Although Brougham gradually withdrew ' 
from politics,he con t inued active in the catueof 
law reform, iirginfjhisflchemea in parUament, 
in the * Law Review/ and through the Law 
Amendment Society. He took a large share 
in hearing appeals, and Lord-chancel lor Truro 
left the admiiiist ration of the appellate juris- 
diction of the lords in his hands. This caused 
considerable dissatiataction, and on 5 Aug. 
I8r>0 Brougham comjdained of the comments 
of the ' Daily News ' as a breacli of jirivilege 
and a libel on himself. Tlie experiment of 
reinforcing the law lonli^ by creating a peer 
for life brought him in haste from Cannes in 
lH56, and he greatly contributed to the defeat 
of Lord Wensleydale s claim. He took the 
Gp]>nri unity of moving for rettjnis to state 
Ills opLninn on the movement for further par^ 
liamentary reform on 3 Aug. 1857. In 18o0 
he ngain tunied to M-ientific studies. He 
reJid a paper on experiments in light before 
the French Institute, and in later years con- 
tributed vnrious other papers on kindred sub- 
jects ( ChmpUs 7^*'«f/iM, Nois. 30, ;U, 36, 44, 46). 
He wos also constantly busy WTiting, arrang- 
ing, and editing literar\" work oi various 
kinds. The wide and indefinite area which 
the Social Science Association pTopn.<ied to 
occupy greatly pleased him. The comnaittee 
held their firwt formal meeting at his house 
in Grafton Street on 29 July 18^*7 ; he w*as 
chosen president for the year, and on 12 Oct. 
delivered the inaugural address at the first 
congress at Birmingham. For some years 
the meetings of the associution were held to 
be events of no Kmall imiKirtance, and the 
prominent part Brougham took in the pro- 
ceedings brought him great fame. He wn^ 
again chosen pri'sident in 1860, and held the 
office during the five succeeding years. He 
waa entertained at a public banquet at Edin- 
burgh in October 1859, and two day*? after- 
w a rds w as elect ed ch an c ellor o f t he uni vers i ty . 
He delivered his iustallation addre&s on 
18 May 1860. In that year he received a 



second patent of peerage with remainder to 
hifl younger brother William and his heirs 
male, an honour conferred on him in recogni- 
tion of his eminent eenricee in the cftuee of 
education and in the suppreasion of slaveiy. 
Lady Brougham died at Brighton on 12 Jan. 
1865. Brougham attended the meeting of 
the Social Science Ageociation held at Mi 
Chester in 186tS, The next year his mental 
powers, which had been g^dually failings 
gave way altogether. He died quietly at 
his chiteau at Cannes on 7 May 1868, ' He 
w^aa an honorary D.C.L. of Oxford, and a 
fellow of the Royal Society. In spite of ft 
gaunt ungainly figure and an nngraceful 
habit of action he was a remarkably s^uccew- 
ful speaker. Hia memory was excellent, and 
hia aelf-pofiseiBsion not easily disturbed, Hi» 
worda came readily, he had great powers of 
sarcasm, and an unfailing store ot humour. 
Eloquent^ however, ae many of his speeches 
are, li is perorations often bear the 
overn^aref id preparat ion, Al though his 
was never strong, his power of appl' 
waa extraordinarv', ana even when he a] 
peared to be utterly w*om out he was alwa; 
able to call up a fresh supply of energy 
meet any new demand upon him. His st 
of writing was slovenly, and, netting 
his si|ieeche8, notliing that he wrote can n« 
l>e read with much pleasure except his private 
letters and pome of his * Sketches of Stateirmeu.* 
His attainments were maniibld, and he wrote 
and sjH)ke aa a teacher on almost everr sub- 
ject under the sun. His mind rang!»d over 
so wide an area that be never acquired a 
thorough knowledge of any particulardivisicn 
of learning. It haa been said of him that ^ 
he had known a little law he would ha 
known a little of everything. Neverthel 
he has left hLs abiding tnark in the impro 
ment of our legal gy«tem, and bis work in 
judicial conmnttee of the privy council 
of considerable importance both in uphol 
liWral principles In ecclesiastical matte 
and in creating a body of prt^cedents w' ' 
have served as a kind of foundation of In 
law {Enryciop. Brit,, art * Brougham *). 
almost all public nuestionn — his speeches 
foreign politics in 1848 and 1849 excepted — 
he upheld the cause of humanity and freedom ; 
yet he had little moral influence; such weight 
as he had was simply due to his intellectual 
powers. Genial in society, with great power 
of enjoyment^ a keen perception of what wis 
ludicrous, and a ready wit, he was at the same 
time an unamiahle man, a bitter enemy, and 
a jealous coDeague. H is temper was irritable, 
he was easily excited, and from w^hatevercauM 
his excitement arose it led him to speak and 
act imadTisedlj. Brougham was buried in 



t 



Brougham 



457 



Brougham 



I 
I 

I 



^ 



the cemetery of Cannes. Ilis residence there 
and the interest he took in the welfare of the 
place raised it from a mere fisliing^ Tillage to 
Its present position. The inhabitants were not 
uagpratefuL Tlie hundredth anniversary of 
liii hirth was kept with munj mark» of re- 
ject ^ and the found alion of a fitatue to him 
was laid on 19 Dec. 187^ (RETorKNAY). 

Lord Brougham's brother William (bom 
26 vSept. 1795) succeeded to the title as 
Becond baron. He waa educated at Jesus 
College, Cambridge (B.A. 1819 b was M.P. 
for *Southwark 1831^, and a master in chan- 
cery 18;i5-40. He died 3 Jan. }i^B% and was 
succeeded bv his eldest son, Henry (.*harles 
{Times, o .Un, 18S6). | 

A bibliographical list, describing 1S3 of 
Brougham's literary production.^, has been ' 
drawn up by Mr, Kalplv Thomas, and will be 
found at the end of the eleventh volume of the 
Becond collected edition of his works. Only 
his larger and more important Ixjoks will 
therefore he mentioned lie re. His critical^ 
historical, and miscellaneous works were pul>- 
lifihed under his own direction in a collected 
edition, 1 1 vols. 8vo, 18rjrj-61, a second edi- 
tion 1872-3. His chief productions, many of 
which are in eluded in the collected editions, 
are : 1. * An Enquir}' into the Colonial Policy 
of European Powers,' 2 voU. 1803, 2, ' Prac- i 
tical Observations on the Education of the 
Peonle, edits. 1-20, 1825, at Boston, U.S., 

1826, * Praktische Bern erkun gen,* Berlin, 

1827, 3. * A Discourse on Natural Theo 
logy/ witli an edition of Paley's work, 1835, 
1845. 4. * Select Cases decided bv Lord 
Brougham in the Court of Chancery/ edited 
by C. P. Cooper, 1836. 5. * Speches upon 
Questions relating to Public Itif^^hts/ 4 vols. | 
1838, 184*'>, with intr^>ductionB which, though j 
written in tht^ third person, are reallv 
Brougham s own work (Cocebukw, LHary^ L 
190). 6. * Historical Sketches of Statesmen . . . 
in the time of (Jeorge 111,' 1839, second series 
1831*, third series 1843, in 6 vols. 12mo, 1845, 
*Ea<iuis8e» Hiatoriques . . . tmduites , . . 
par U. Legeay,' Lyon, 1847, 7. * HEPI TOY 
2TE«I».\N0V/ * Demosthenes upon the Crown, 
translated,' with notes, 1840, a most unfor- 
tunate product ion, was nmde tlie subject of a 
eevere review in the 'Times,* 21 and 28 March, 
and 3 and 4 April, which was reprinted in a 
separate form, and on w^hich see * Gent. Ma||,, 
March 1841, p. 265, 8. ' Political Philosophy/ 
and other essays published by the Society tor 
the D illusion of IJsefid Knowledge, 2 volw. 
1842, 3 vok. no date ; to the ill-success of this 
publication Lord Campbell a.«!Cribes the break- 
up of the society; for a contradiction of this 
statement see * TS otes and Queries,' 4th series, 
ix. 489. 9. * Albert Lunel ; or, the Chateau of 




Languedoc/ 3 vols. 12mo. 1844, described by 
Brougham as a philosophical romance, written 

1 * as a kind of monument to her I had lost * 
(his daughter, who is made the heroine); 
it was not published, and, after a few copies 
had been distributed, waw suppressed by the 
author; it is not included in the 'bibliogra- 
phical lifit/ but the authorship is now certain 
1 Brougham, Ltttfin to Fomjth, 69-71, 73^ 
80 ; NvUit and Quei-ie?^ 4th series, vii. 277), 
it was reprinted and published, 3 vols, 8vo, 
1872. 10, * Lives ot Men of Letters and 
Science ... in the time of (teorge IH/ 
184*1, second serie-s 1846; some of these lives 
are translated into French. 11, ' History of 
Englund and France under the House of 
LanciJSler/ 1852 anon., 18(31 with name, 
12. ^Contribution.^ to the Edinburgh Review/ 
3 vols. 1856, contains merely a select ion from 
Brougham's numerous articles. 13. * I^ord 
Brrjuglmm and Law Reform,* acts and bilb 
introduced by him since 1811, edited by Sir 
J, E. Eardlev Wilmot, 1860^ contniiis forty 
fs tat utes carried and tilty bills introduced, on 
which, however, see CampbelFs * Life,' 587. 
14, ' Tracts, Mathematical and Physical/ col- 
lected edition 1860, 15, * Life and Times of 
Henry, Lord Brougham,* written by himself, 
3 vols, iw)sthumoU3, 1871, 

[Heftreace^ to special passages in moit of tha 
authoritifs here numed are given in the text. 
Broughiims Life and Times of Henry, Lord 
Brougham, 3 rob., must be read with cautioa, 
and its stutemeuts compared with other authort^ 
tit'ii; it h chiefly vnluaUts for the iettem it con- 
tains ; ft>r autictiff of some carious ttiiifstutemcnta 
in these volumes, besides those mputioDcd in the 
a Love iirticlp, see the Times for 12 Jnn. 1871,iiDd 
Notes aod QueritiS, 4th her. vii, 277 ; Brougham's 
Speeches, 4 vols, ; BrouglmntV Letters tu W. 
Forsyth, privately printed; Lord CampboirH Lifi& 
of Bnjughiini, id Lives of the Chancellors, \\\u 
21^S96. is to be read with due allowance for 
its spiteful tone— compare Lord St, Leonards on 
Some I^lisrepreseutatiouis in Lord CHmpbelPs 
Lives; F. A. M, Mifsnct has an able summary of 
Broagham's Life nnd Work in hio Nouveaux 
filoges Historiques, 1877. 165^237 ; Nicholson 
and Bum 8 Bistory of Cumljerland nnd Westmor- 
land, i. 396 ; Hutchinson's Histoiy of Wc«trooP- 
laud, i. 301 ,- Memoirs and Correspondence of 
Fninda Horner, ed. L. Horner, 2 vols, 2nd *^L j 
SelectioDB fn^m tlie Correspondence of Miievey 
Kupier; Lonl Cockbnm'a Life of Lord Jeffrey^ 

2 Tols. ; Coekburn's Joumnl, 2 vols.; G, Peai- 
cock's Life of Dr, Youn^;, p. 174 ; Lord Botlaod'e 
Memoirs of the Whig Psirty, 2 vols, ; Ilptiini of 
Members of Pari iam eat ; Parlijimcnlary Debates, 
XVI, -3rd »er. cxlrii. passim ; Jeremy Bentham'a 
works contain a few notices, especially in th0 
correspondence, x. and li, : Sir O. C. Lewis's 
Administnitions erf Great Britain 17BS.lSdO, 
pp. 344, 361 ; Aaiobiognph^ of Mim E. Comalia 



I 



Brougham 



4S« 



Brougham 



Knight p 2 vols, ; C. D. Yonge's Lif« and AUmink- 
tmtioa of Robert, siMxiiid Lord LirerpooL, 3 roU. ; 
Hoport of the Speeches at the Ediobnrgh dinoer, 
d April 1826; A. G. Stapleton'ft Political Life 
of Gmnmg. I 2M, 377-383, iii. 348 ; Roebuck'B 
Historj of the Whig Ministij of I830i 2 vola., 
wm largely inapiPBd by Broagham, mid for tha^ 
ami other reoaoiui mwst not be tmplieitly triist^; 
Biper« of J . WiSftoa Croker, ud, JeQoiii|?8. S vola. ; 
Correspondence of Ei*rl Grej and William IV, 
od. Henry Enrl Grey, 2 roLs. ; Lord Hmneiton'i 
MittfT 1 1 1 i r an il rrii*r^«yM>n « h n <»«^ r*^1 ftt in*?! a Jtme And 
July 1834; the Greville Memoirs, ed. H. Reeve, 
l8t.and 2nd ser. ; W. M. Torrens's Memoir of Lord 
Melbourne, 2 vols. ; Edinburgh Review, xlvi. 225, 
zlWi. 35, zlviii. 34, cxxv. 546, cxxix. 583, cxzxiv. 
291 ; Quarterly Review, xlv. 281, cxxvi. 91 ; 
Times, 11 May 1868; Law Magazine and Law 
Review, August 1868, new series, I. 177 ; Horace 
Retoumay's Lord Brougham et le centenaire. 
Of the many squibs written on Brougham the 
most famous is T. L. Peacock's description of 
him in Crotchet Castle, where he figures as ' the 
learned friend.'] W. H. 

BROUaHAM, JOHN (1814-1880), actor 
and dramatist, was bom in Dublin on 9 May 
1814, and, after having for some time attended 
Trinity College, began life as a student of 
flurgery, and lor several months walked the 
Peter Street Hospital; but an uncle from 
whom he had prospects falling into adversity, 
lie was thrown upon his own resources, and 
thereupon went to London. A chance en- 
counter witli an old acquaintance led to his 
engagement at the Tottenham Street Theatre 
(a house long afterwards known as the Prince 
of Wules's), and there, in July 1830, acting 
six characters iu the old play of ^Tom and 
Jerry,' he madt? his first appearance on the 
public stage. In 1831 he was a member of 
the company organised by Madame Vestris 
for the Olympic Theatre. His first play was 
written at this time, and was a burlesque, 
prepared for William Evans Burton, who was 
then acting at the Pavilion Theatre. When 
Madame Vestris removed from the Olympic 
to Covent (Jarden, J^rougham followed her 
thither, and there remained as long as she 
and Charles Mathews were at the head of 
the theatre, and it was while there that he 
wrote 'London Assurance' in conjunction 
with Dion Boucicault. There has been much 
discussion about the authorship of this popu- 
lar piece. Brougham stated in 18(58 that he 
brought an action against Boucicault, whose 
legal adviser suggested the payment of half 
the purchase-money in preference to proceed- 
ing with the case. In 1840 he became manager 
of the Lyceum Theatre, which he conducted 
during summer seasons, and for which he 
wrote ' Life in the Clouds,' ' Love's Livery,' 
* Enthusiasm,' * Tom Thumb the Second,' and, 



m conoectloii with Mark Lemon. 'The Demom 

Gift./ 

Leaving England he arriTed in Americs 

in October 1M2, and opened at the Park 
Theatre^ New York, as O^GalWliaii in the 
farce ' His Lait Legs.' A little later he was 
in the etDplojment of W, B. Biurton in New 
York, ana wrot« for him * Buiisby*s Wedding,' 
'The Confidence Man/ ^Don C»sar de 
Bassoon,' * Vanity Fair/ and other piec^. 
Still later he managed Niblo*s Garden, pro- 
ducing there his £ury tale called * Home/ 
and the play of 'Ambrose G^ermain.* He 
opened a new theatre in Broadway, near the 
south-west comer of Broome Street, called 
Brougham's Lyceum, 16 Oct. 1850, and whUe 
there he wrote * The World's Fair,' < Faustus,' 

* The Spirit of Air,* a dramatisation of ' David 
Copperneld,* and a new version of 'The 
Actress of Padua.* The Lyceum was at first 
a success, but the demolition of the building 
next to it made it appear to be unsafe, and the 
business ^rradually declined, leaving him bur- 
dened with debts, all of which, however, he 
subsequently paid. His next speculation was . 
at the Bowery Theatre, of which he became 
lessee on 7 July 1856, and produced 'King 
John * with superb scenery and a fine com- 
pany, but this not proving to be to the taste 
of his audiences, he wrote and brought out 
a series of sensational dramas, among which 
were * The Pirates of the Mississippi,* ' Tom 
and Jerry in America,' and ' The Miller of 
New Jersey.' In September 1 860 he returned 
to London, where lie remained five years. 
While playing at the Lyceum he adapted 
from the French, for Charles A. Fechter, 

* The Duke's Motto * and * Bel L^emonio,' and 
wrote for Miss Louisa Herbert dramatic ver- 
sions of * Lady Audley's Secret ' and * Only 
a Clod.' He also wrote the words of three 
operas, * Blanche de Nevers,' ^ The Demon 
Lovers,' and ' The Bride of Venice.' His re- 
appearance in America took place on 10 Oct. 
1865 at the W'inter Garden Theatre, and he 
never afterwards left America. He opened 
Brougham's Theatre on 25 Jan. 1869, with a 
comedy by himself, called * Better Late than 
Never,' but this theatre was taken out of liis 
hands by James Fisk, junior, under circum- 
stances which caused much sympathy on his 
behalf. On 4 April a banquet in his honour 
was given at the Astor House, and on 18 May 
he received a farewell benefit. The attempt 
to establish lirougham's Theatre was his final 
efibrt in management. After that time he 
was connected with various stock companies, 
but chiefly with Daly's Theatre ana with 
Wallack's. In 1852 he edited a bright comic 
pai)er in New York, called * The Lantern,' 
and he published two collections of his mi*- 



Brougham 



Broughton 



cellanetiua writing, entitied *A Basket of 
CWpa ' and ' The Bunsbj Papers/ On 17 Jan, 
1878 he received a testimonial benefit iit the 
Academy of Music, at which t!ie aum of 
10,278 doUara was received, and this fund, 
after the payment of incidental ex jjenses, was 
settled on him in an annuity which expired 
at hie death, Hi« last work was a dramai 
entitled * Home Rule,' and his lust flppear- 
ance on the stage was made ag Felix (jil« illy 
the detective in Boucicault 's play of ' Ur^n ii^.d/ 
at Booth's Theatre, New^ York, on 25 Oct. 
1879. Ilia rank among actors it is difficult 
to assign. He excelled in humour rather 
than in pat hoe or jsentiment, and was at his 
Ijeat in tne expression of comically eccentric 
characters* Amonff the parts that will live 
in memory tkB a^ociaied with his name are: 
Stout in * Money/ Dennis Brulgrnddery 
in * John Bull/ Sir Lucius OTrigger, Micaw- 
ber^ Captain Cuttle, Bag«tock, 0*Grady in 
* Arrah-na-Pog^ue/ DazrJe in ' London As* 
aurance,* and < rCallapfhan in * IIib La^t 
Legs/ He was tlve autlior of over si'vcmty- 
five dramatic pieces, many of which will long- 
endure in literature to tetitify to the solidity 
and sparkle of his intellect ual powers. He 
died at 60 East Ninth Street, New^ York, 
on 7 June 1880, and was huried in Grt*enwood 
eemetery on 9 June, 1 le is said to have l>een 
the original of Harry Lorrequer in Charles 
Lever's novel which hears that name. 

He married first, in ISiJS, Miss Emma 
Williams, an act ress who liad ]3layed at the 
St. James's Tlieatre, London, in 1836, and 
afterwards at Covent Garden, where 8he w^as 
the originai representative of the Empress 
in *Love/ In 1845 she left America for 
England, and remained away for sex en years. 
On her return she appeared at the Broadway 
Tlieatre on 16 Feb. 1852, and played a short 
♦engagement; again, in 185?>, she went to 
Americn, being tlien known as Mrs. Brougham 
KobiTtson, She died in New York on 
iO June 1865. John Brougham married 
* 4000tidly, in 1844, Annette Hawley, dauffhter 
0f Captain Nelson, R.N., and widow of Mr. 
Hoilges, She had been on the London stage 
in IHIR), and made her American debut at 
New i Orleans as the Fairy Queen in ' Cin- 
derella* in 1833, At one firae she had the 
direction of the Richmond Theatre, which 
then went by the name of Mi^s Nelson's 
Theatre, and she was afterwards at Wallack's 
Natiouul, where she appeared as Telemaclius. 
.Sbt death took place at New Y'^ork on 3 May 
^M^O, the twenty-sLxth anniversary of her 
wedding-day. 

[Life, Stories, an-l Potms of John Brougham, 
editt^d by William Winter. Boston. United ^States 
of America (ItJSl), with portrait ; Appletun's 




Annual Cyclopaediri, 18S0, p. 66; Ireland's 
Record* of the Now York Stag© (1866-^67)* ii, 
178. 210, 384, 594, 655.] G. C, B. 

BROUGHTOK, jVETHUR (rf. 1803?), 
botanist, took the degree of doctor in me- 
dicine at Edinburgh in 1770, then jiublished 
a volume of brief diagnoses of British plants 
anonymously, and subsequently isettled in 
Jamaica, wliere he died in I80ii,jiidgingfrom 
certain notes in W ilea's edition nf the * Hor- 
tiis Eastensis/ Hi2* name is pret^en^ed in the 
genuB of orchids named Uroiu/htoma by lio- 
bert Brown. 

Tlie ffilhiwing is a list of his works: 
1 , * Diss. M«d. de Vennibus Intestinorum/ 
Edinburgh, 1779, 8vo- 2. * Enchiridion Bo- 
tanicum/ London, 1782, 8vo. 3. ' Hortua 
EuslGnsis; or a catalogue of Exotic Plants in 
the garden of H in ton Enst, EtM|., in the 
mountains of Liguanea, at the time of his 
decease/ Kingston, 17P2, 4to; new edition 
by J. AViles, Jamaica, 1806, 4to. 4. * Cata- 
logue of t he more valuable and rare Plants 
in the pidjiic botanic garden in the mountains 
of Ligoaneii, &c.' (St. Jago de la Vega), 
1794, 4to. 

[The works cited.] B* D, J. 

BROUGHTON^ HUGH (1549^1612), 
divine and rubbiniwil scholar, was born in 
1549 at Owlburvt a mansion in the parish of 
Bishop's Castle, Shropshire. In the immedi- 
ate vicinity are two tarmlandfi, called Upper 
and Lower Broughton. His ancestry w^as old 
and of large estate (the family bore owls as 
their coat of arms) ; he had a brother a judge. 
He calls himself a Cambrian, and it is probable 
that he had a good deal of Welsh blood in 
his veins. His preparation for the university 
he got from Bernard tlilpin, at Hough ton- 
le-Spring. Gilpin*8 biographers say that he 
picked up Broughton while the lad was mak- 
ing his way on foot to Oxford, trained hLm, and 
sent him to Cambridge. They accuse Brough- 
ton of base ingratitude in endeavouring, at 
a subse*]uent period, to ■supplant Gilpin* in his 
living. Although this story must be received 
with cAution, the later relations Ijetween 
Bnnighton and his earliest benefactor were 
probnlilv somewhat strained. Gilpin's will 
(he diedon 4 March 1584) shows that Brough- 
ton had borrtjwed some of his bookj, and 
adds : * 1 1 rust he will withhold none of them/ 
Brouffhton waj$ entered At Magdalene College^ 
Cambridge, in 1569. The fotindAtion of oib 
Hebrew learning was laid, in his first year 
at Cambridge, by Km attendance on the lec- 
tures of the French scholar, Antoine Ro 
dolphe Chcvallier [q. v.], of w^hom he gives 
a particular account, without mentioning 
his name. He graduated B.A. in 1570, and 



« 




Broughton 



became follow of St. John*8 and afterwards 
of Christ's. He had no lack of patronage at 
the univensily; Sir Walter MLldmay made 
him an allowance for a private lectureship in 
Greek, and the Earl of Hunting^don still 
moTv liberally i^upplied him with means for 
study. He was elected one of the taxers of 
the univereity, and obtained a prebend and 
a readership in divinity at Durham. On the 
ground of his holding a prebend, he waa de^ 
prived of his fellowi^hip m 1579, but was re- 
instated in 1581, at the instance of Lord 
Burghley, the chancellor, who, moved by the j 
representations of the Bishop of Durham | 
(Richard Barnes) and the Earls of Hunting- ' 
don and Essex, overcame the opposition of 
Hatcher, the vice-chnncellor, and Hawford, ' 
maiiter of Christ's, He resigned the office of 
taxer, and does not seem to have n'tumed 
to the university. He caipe to London, 
where he gp^nt from twelve to sixteen hours 
a day in Mtudy, and diatingui»ihed him^self as 
a preacher of puritan sentiments in theology. 
He is said to have predicted, in one of ma 
sermons 0588), the scsttering of the armada. 
He found frlendfi among the citizens, eapeci- 
ally in the familv of the Cottons, with wnom 
he lived, and wfiom he taught to be enthu- 
siastic Hebrew scholars. In 1588 appeared 
his first work, * A Concent of Scripture/ de- 
dicated to the queen. John Speed, the his- 
torian, saw the book through the press. In 
this * little book of great pains,' as Broughton 
Mmself calls it, he attempts to settle the 
scripture chronology, and to correct profane 
writers by it. The work is interesting, writ- 
ten in a lively style, full of learning and in- 
genuity, but removing all dilHculties with a 
quaint oracular dogmntifem/which entertains 
rather than convinces. He hold« the abso- 
lute incomiptness of the text of both testa- 
ments, including the Hebrew points. Indeed, 
he goes so for in a later work as to maintaiuj 
respecting the k^thibh and the qVi\ tluit * both 
of them are of God, and of equid uuthorttv.* 
The * Concent ' was attncked in their public 
prelections by John Rainohb ut Oxford, 
and Edward Lively at Cambridge, Brougli- 
ton appealed to the queen (to whom he pre- 
^■^ gen ted n specitil copy of the book on 17 Nov. 
^^1 1589), to Whitgift, and to Aylmer, bishop of 
^^^ Liondon, asking to Imve the points in dispute 

■ between IlainoldH and himsi elf determined by 

■ the authority of the archbishops and the two 
I universities. He began weekly lectures in 
^ his own defence to an audience of bf^tween 
^L 80 and 100 scholars, n^ing the * Concent ' aa 
H a text-book. The privy council allowed him 
H to deliver his lectures (as Chevallier had 
H done before) at the east end of St. Paul's, 
V until some of the bishops complained of his 



audiences as * danger«>us conventicles/ He 
then removed his lecture to a ro»>m in Cheap- 
side, and thence to Mark Lane, and else- 
where. It is said that he was in fear of the 
high commission, and therefore aniious to 
leave the country*. It is probable that he 
left for (lermany at the end of 1589 
ginning of 159<J, taking with him a 
Alexander Top, a young country gen 
Broughton on hU travels was a valianfi 

putant a^ainfit popery (even at the taa^ 

his fast friend, the Archbishop of Maintx' 
and engaged in religious discussion wit! 
several Jews. At Frankfort, early in 1< 
he disputed in the synagogue with Rabl 
Elias. He was at \N'orms in 1590» and r 
turned next year to England. His lettefj 
of 27 March 'l590 (prob^ly 1591 ) to Loi 
Burgh] ey asks pennisaton to go abroa 
with a special view to make use of Kin^^ 
Casimir^s library. But he remained in Lt>ii- 
don, where he met Rainolds, and agreed 
with him to refer their differing ^-ie 
about the harmony of scripture chironoli _ 
to the arbitration of Whitgift and Aylmer. 
Brough ton's letter to these prelates is dat " 
4 Nov. 159 L Nothing cam** of the referen* 
and though Whitgift acknowledged the i 
I dustry and dextenty which Broughton h 
I displaced in the 'Concent,* the arcibishi _^ 
was his enemy with Elizabeth. In 1592 wi' 
find Broughton again in Germany, and, ao- 
I cording to Lightfoot, he probably remaini ' 
abroad till the death of Elizabeth. B 
Bnxik prints (from Baker's copy, Harl. M* 
7031, p. 94) a letter from Broughton to Lo! 
! Burghley, dated * London, May 16, 1595,' 
: which he applies for the archbishopric 
Tomon (Tuam), * worth not above 200/.,* ai 
asks for ft meeting to be arranged between hii 
and Rainolds* On the continent he made the 
acquftintonceof many learned men, including 
Scaliger, who calls him * furiosus et - -*"^- 
cus.* It is said that he was tempi 
the offer of acardinaFs hat; catholic 
treated liim with more respect than forei 
protestants. He wrote against Beza in 
fiercest Greek. Puritanical as he was in his 
I theolocy, he held the episcopal polity to be 
apoBtoIic. His dispute witti Rabbi Elias 
brought him, in 1596, a letter from Rabbi 
I AbraTiam Reuben, written at Constanti- 
nople, This was addressed to him in Lon- 
don, but in a cursive Hebrew charact' 
which puzzled * divers scholars,' till T( 
managed to make out whom it was intendi 
for, and sent it off to Germany. Broug^ht< 
woa sanguine as to the good effecta of 
discussions with Jews in their mother tongue, 
and often Bpeaksof his disputations with one 
Rabbi David Farrar, While at Middlebuig 




[>^i 
^^^ 




Broughton 



Broughton 



I 



I 



lie printed * An Epistle to the kamed No- 
bilitie of England, touching translating the 
Bible fiom the Origtmi; 1597, 4ta. The 
project of assisting in a bettJ?r version of the 
Bible WBB one which he had long cherished, 
and he had already addressed the queen 
on the subject, Hia plan, as given in n 
letter dated 21 June 1593 (though addressed 
to * Sir William Cecil,' who became Lord 
Biugliley in 1571), w&» to do the work in 
Gonj unction with five other scholars. Only 
necesitarj changes were to be made, but the 
principle of harmonising the sR'ripture was to 
prevaii, and there were to l>e short notes. 
Though his scheme was backed up by * sundry 
lords, and amongst them some bishops/ his 
application for the meana of carrying it out 
was unsuccessful. In a letter to Burgbley, of 
11 June 1597* he blamos Whitgift for hinder- 
ing hii? proposed new translation. In 1^99 he 
printed nie * Explication ' of the article respect- 
ing Christ's descent into hell- It was a topic he 
had touched upon before, maintaining with his 
usual vigour (against the Augustinian view, 
eapouaed by most Anglican divines) that hades 
never meant tlie place of torment, but the 
state of departed souls. A philolog}^ more 
ingenious tnan iiccurate enabled him to pa- 
^Uel * hell* with Jihe*ji^ as *that which hnleth 
all hence.* With this discussion, which he 
first brought prominently forward among 
English sclioliirs, his tiame is chiefly iisso- 
ciated at the present day. He returned to 
England, to the surprise of his friends, at a 
moment when Lrmdon was atflieted with the 
plague, of which he showed no fear. In 1 603 ^ 
ne preached before Prince Henry, at Oat lands, I 
on the Lord's Pniver. He soon returned 
to Middlt^burg, and became preacher there 
to the Englisli congregation. Bn>ok prints 
(here corrected from Jlarl. MtS, 787, pp. 94, 
96) the f[ill owing tart petition, addressed, 
without effect, to James I : * Host gracious 
soveraigne, your majestVs most hmnble sub- 
ject, Hugh Broughton, having suflered many 
yeara d&nger for pubOyliing of vour right and 
Oods truth, by your unleametj bishops that 
spent two impressions of libel Is to disgrace 
the Scottish mist : which libells now the sta- 
cioners deny that ever they sold. He requesteth 
your majesty's favour for a pension fitt for his 
fige, studye, and t ranells past, hearing all way es 
amo^t dutifuU heart unt o your majesty. From 
Middleburgh, Aug: ItMM. Your raajestT's 
most humble subject, 11, Broughton.' Tois 
was writ ten in the month following the king's 
letter (22 July) appointing fifty-four learned 
men for the revision of the translation of the 
Bible. Broughtou's old adversary, Kjiinolds, 
had been more successful than he in pressing 
upon the authorities the need of a revision, 



K upon the a 



and when the translators were appointed, 
Broughton, to his intense chamn, was not in- 
cluded amonp them. Light wot conaidera his 
exclusion unjust. Subsequently he criticised 
the new translation unsparingly, after hia 
manner ; his corrections would have carried 
more weight if they had not been generally 
accepted as the outpourings of a disappointea 
man. Of his own versions of the prophet* 
it must be said that, while marked bv all hia 
peculiarities, they have a nuMesty of exprea- 
sion which entitles them to he blotter known 
than they are. His bitter pamphlet againat 
Bancroft certainly did not improve hischancea 
of obtaining due recognition of his merita 
as a scholar, Ben Jonson satirised him 
in * Volpone' (1605), and e8]>ecially in the 
* Alchemist ' (1610), He continued to write 
and publish assiduously. His translation of 
Job (1610) he dedicated to the king. But 
he now fell into a consumption, and he made 
his last vo3^age to England, arriving at Gravea- 
end in November 161 1. He told his friends 
he had come to die, and wished to die in 
Shropshire, where, it appears, his pupil, now 
Sir Rowland Cotton, had a seat. His strength, 
however, was nnt equal to the journey. He 
wintered in Lfjudon, tind in the spring re- 
moved to Tnttenham. Here he lingered till 
autumn, in the hnuee of Benet, a Cbeapside 
linendraper. Ilia deiitli occurred on 4 Aug. 
1612* lie was buried in Ixindon, at SL An- 
tholin's, on 7 Aug,, James Speght preaching 
his fimeral sermon. He had married a niece 
of his pupil, Alexander Top, named Lingen, 
a lady of good estate. Broughton's portrait 
is engraved by "V'an Hove. He is described as 
grace fid and comely, and of a * sweet, affable, 
and loving carriage* among his friends; at 
table he was bright and genial. His pupils 
almost adored him. H[» reputation for ar- 
rogance ia not undeser\^ed. lie was sharp, 
but not acumloua ; had he st^xwl with a 
party, his language would have aeemed tem- 
perate enough according to the faahlon of 
his day, hut he always fought for his own 
hand. Thomas Morton, anerwiuxia biahop 
of Durham, who was with him in Germany, 
took bim in the right Tvay : * I pray you, 
whatsoever dolts and dullards I am to be 
called, call me so before we begin, that yoixr 
discourse and mine attention be not inter- 
runted thereby/ Broughton accepted the 
exportation with perfect good-humour. He 
was easily provoked, and lamented on hia 
death-beJ his inhrmitien of temner. Some 
incidents in his life may give tne imprea- 
sion that he was of a grasping nature. He 
expected his friends to do a great deal for 
him, and made warm and public acknow- 
ledgment of their willing kindnesa. It mast 



d 




B rough ton 




be remembeTed that hid ptirsuite imd hispub- 
lioatioiiii involved con^iaentble outliij. lliere 
is no *'videiice that he enriched himst^f; in 
1690 he "took a little ftoil* n<?Ar Tuarn^ or 
fiomewhere wise in Ireland; poasibly this waa 
liis wif»?*» prop«?rtj. Light foot allows that 
hia style is ' curt and something harsh and 
l>b«cure/yet maintiiind that his writings * do 

I^Darry in them a kind of holy and happy fasci- 
nation/ 

Lightfoot collected his works under the 
strange title, *The Works of the Great Al- 
bionean Pivine, renowned in many Nations 
for Yinrv SkiU in Saleras and Athens Tongues, 
and Familiar Acquaintance with all Rabbi- 
nical Learning, Mr. Hugh B rough ton/ lfc{62* 
foK The volume is arranged in four sections 
or * tomeji ; * prefixed is his life ; 8|>eght'8 

ifiinenil sermon is given in the fourth tome ; 
appended is an elegy by W. l^rimrose, of 
which the finest puaage, descriptive of the 
many languiige* Known to Brought on, is 
borrowed (and not improved) from some 
noble lines in the comedy of *- Lingua/ printed 
in 16(J7, and very doubtfully assigned to 
Anthony Brewer [q. v.], A few tracts are 
omitteii from the collection. According to 
Bohn's • Lowndes/ i. 285, the * Concent * con- 
tains * specimens, by W^Rogf^rfl.of the earUest 

\ copperplate-engraving in England/ Brough- 
ton s * Sinai-Sight/ 1592, was wholly * en- 
graven in brass/ at an expense of about lOO 
marks. The genealogical tables, prefixed to 
oM l>ibl«^s, and assigned to Speedy were really 
(according to Light foot) Broughton^s work, 
but * the bishops would not endure to have 
Mr. Brought on'** name* to them; his owl 
may^ however, be seen upon them. Of 
Brought on's manuscripts the British Museum 
possesses a quarto volume (Sloane MS. 3088), 
containing thirty-iive pieces, many referring 
to the new translation of the Bible ; and hia 
* Ftarmonie of the Bible,' a chronological work 
(HarL MS. 1525). Neither of these volumes 
ia in autogniph, with the exception of a small 
part of the ' llarmonie/ See also the 'Cat* 
of Lansdowne MSS./ 1807, pp. 220, 331, 332. 
[Life, by Lichtfoot, prefixed to Works. 1662 
(abridged in Cmrk*s Lires, 1683, p, 1 «oq., pijiv 
tmit) ; Bayle. art. * Broughton, Hugues; ' Gilpin*a 
Liffi of R (Jilpm, 1751, pp. :-!51, 271; Biog. 
Brit. (Kippis),ii, 604 seq. ; Brook s Livee of the 
iHiritanft, 1813, ii- 215 »eq.; Wood's Athen» 
Oion. (Bliss), ii. 308 seq. ; Hunt s R^li^ious 
Thought in Engknd. 1870, i. 126 seq. ; Notes 
and Qucricfl, 5th aeriefi^ \y, 48 ; CoWs MS. 
Athens Cantab. ; Bnker MSS. iv. 93, 04.1 

A. G. 

BTIOUGHTON, JOJIN (1705-1789), 
pugilist, wflfl horn in 1705^ hut there is no 
record of hia birthplacei although it may be 



assumed to have been London, Am m boT he 
was apprenticeil to a Thame» waterroan, 
and, when at work on his own account, he 
generally plied at Hungerford Stairs. 

He ia usually considered a« the father of 
British pugilism, combats, previow* to hi* 
appearance, haying been chienv decided either 
by ba<jk^fword or quart erstaff on a ra^iaed 
stage. Accident settled his future career. 
Having had a ditferencjp with a brother 
waterman* they fought it out ; and he showed 
so much aptitude for the profession which he 
afterwards adopted, that ne gave up his boat 
and turned public bruif^er, for which his 
height (5 ft. 11 in.) and weight (about 14 
stone) j*eciiliarly fitted him. 

He attached himself to Geofg© Taylor's 
booth in Tottenham Court Hoad, and re- 
mained there till 174^2, patronised by the 
ilite of gociety, and even royalty it«elf m 
the pi^rson of the Duke of Cumberland^ who 
procured him a place, which he held until 
his death, among the yeomen of the guard. 
But the duke ultiraBtely de.sert«i him. 
Broughton fought Slack on 1 1 April 1750, 
and the duke backed hisprof^the cnampion, 
it is said, for 10,000/, Broughton lost th« 
fight, having been blinded by his adveraaiy, 
and the duke never forgave hiin for being the 
cause of his loss of money. After this little 
Broughton's career as a pugilist was end«d. 

In 1742 he qunrrelled with Taylor, and 
built a theatre for boxing, ^c,^ for himself 
in Hanwny Street, fJxford Street, There he 
performed unt il hii? retirement, when he i 
to live at Watcot Plare, I^mbeth. He reaida 
there until his death, on 8 Jan^ 17^ 
amassed considerable property, t^me 7,00( 
and dying intestate, it went to his nie 
He was buried on 21 Jan, 1789 in Lambetl 
Church, his pall-bearers being, by his own i 

?uest, Humphries, Mendoza, Big Ben, Ward, 
ivan, and Johnston, all noted pugilists. Hii 
epitaph waa as follows : — 

Hie jacet 

lohannas Broughton « 

Ptigil Bbvi sui pneatantis^mua. 

Obiit 

Die Octai-o lannariit 

Anno Salutis 1789, 

^'Etatis nmt 85. 

[Capt. CrodfreyV Trfuitise upon thts I'l 
Science of S<elf-I)efenee, 17*7; Pugilistti 
Boxiana i Fietiana ; Moraing Poet, Jaaa 
1789,] J. A/ 

BROUGHTON, JOHN CAIN HOI 

HOUSE, Lord. [See IloBKotTBE.] 

BROUGHTON, RICHAED (rf, 16U% 
catholic historian, waa born at Great Sti 
ley I Huntingdonshire, towards the close 



B rough ton 



463 



Broughton 



Jueen Marys m|fn. In bis preface to the I the Antient Monasterieg, BeHgious Riiles^ 

F»Monjtsticon Britannicunr he claims descent And Orders of Great Brittaine* 5, *An 

^from the ancient fninily of Broughton of Apologetic Epistle in ftiiswer to a Book that 

Broughton Towera in Liincashire. ' undertakes to prove that Catholics cannot 

After studying for a time wt Oxford, where be good Subjects,* 6. ' A Continuation of 

however he was not entered ae. a atudent, the Catholic Apology taken from Christian 



1^ 
Ant 
iie 



Broughton proceeded to the English col- 

* \ee at Kheims. Here he devoted himself 

eflj to the study of Hebrew and English 



AntkmitieD, and theology. On t?4 Feb. 1592 the See of Wewtminster. 1878 ; Wooii'e Fiwti 



d 



Authors.' 

[Recordfl of the EnglLsh CftthoHcs under 
the Penal Laws, chiefly fnim tho Archiyiss of 




iie w«« admitted into deacon's orders, and 
was ordained priest on 4 IMaj 15^3, Ibe same 
year in which the English college quitted 
KheLma and returned to their old borne at 
■Douny after an absence of fifteen years. 
Soon after this he was sent to Engbmd for 
the purpose of mitking converts to the Koraan 
catholic church, and of furthering the poli- 
tical schemes of the Jesuits. John Pits, a 
eontemporary of his, speiUcs of him as being 
:, diligent in gathering fruit into the 
.ry of Christ,' and the same writer, al- 
^dUng to his literary ncquirements, says that 
he was * no less familiar with literature than 
learned in Greek am! Hebrew,' Dodd, writ- 
ing of him a century later, says * he was 
in great esteem amonjf lus brethren, an as- 
sistant to the archpnest, a canon of the 
chapter, and vicor-gt?neral to Dr. Smith, 
bishop of Ottlcedon/ At one time be was 
secretary to the Ducbei«? of Buckins^tham, 
and it is to her and her motlitTp the Countess 
of Rutland, that his * EcclL'siasticall His- 
torie' ii4 dedicated. Tu 16"i6 we find bim 
* sojourner ' at Oxford* He dipd on 15 Feb. 
16S4, and was buried by the side of his 
fftther and mother at Oreat Stukeley, as 
tleiirn from his epitaph: 'Quo cum mat re ^ 
tre sub saxo conditnr uno/ 
As a writer he was dull, painstaking, 
laborioust inaccurate, and creaolous to a 
degree rare even for thf^ age in wliieli he 
lived. Among his principal workfi are: 
1. * A New Manual of Old Cathohc Medita- 
tions,' 1617. 2. *The Judgment of the 
Apostles/ Douavt 16-H2, dedi fated to Queim 
Marie, wife of Charles I. These two works 
are published under the initials * R. B/ The 
latter elicited an indigimnt pamphlet from 
one * P. H.,* entitled * A Detection or Dis- 
covery of a Notable Fraud committed by 
R, B., a Seminarie Priest,' in which Brough- 
ton 's manner of treating Nos, 2t3 and 36 of 
theThirtv*nine Articles is strongly assailed. 
8. * The fecclesiastical Historie of Great Brit- 
taine,' Douay, Wi^. 4. *A True Memorial 
of the Ancient, most Holy, and Rehgious 
State of Great Britaine/ 1650* In a later 
edition (1664), the title runs * Monasticon 
J Britannicum^ or a Historical Narration of 
^K the first Founding and Flourishing State of 



^ 



(Blisf), i. 428 ; Wood's History and Antiquities 
of the Univer^ty of Oxford ; Dodd'.s Church 
History ; Fullers Worthies ; Pits, De RebuB An- 
glicis, 1619; Histtoire da College de Douav, 
1672 ; Foley's Records, vi. 181.] N. O." 

BROXJGHTON, SAMUEL DANIEL 
(1787-1837), army surgeon, was son of the 
Rev, Tliomas Broughton, M,A., who became 
rector of St. Peter\^, Bristol, in 178L He 
was bom in Bri-stol in July 1787, and waa 
educated at tiie grammar school there, under 
the care of the Rev. S. Seyer, author of 
* iMemorials of Bristol/ After studying at 
St. Ge6rge's Hospiinl be became ai?^iftt ant- 
surgeon of the Dornet shirt- militia, and in Oc- 
tober 1812 was appointed assistant-surgeon of 
the 2nd life giuiras, of which Mr. J. Cnrrick 
Moore, elder brother of tlie late General Sir 
John Mf>on\ was then surgeon. Immediately 
afterwards Broughton was appointed addi- 
tional sturgeon with temporary rank, and 
placed in medical charge of the stiTvioe 
squatlrons of the regiment ordere<l abnuwl^ 
with which he was present in tht* Peninsula 
and south of France to the end of tht war. 
His campaigning experiences from Lisbon to 
Boulogne he related in a volume (jf * letter* 
from Portugal, Spain, and France in 1812, 
1813, and 1814' (London, 8vo, 1816). He 
was also with bi« n^giment at the battle 
of Waterloo, In July 1821 be succetsled. 
to the surgeoncy of the regiment on the 
resignation of Mn Moore » who had juat 
been grant wl a wnsion of 1 ,000/. a year in 
recognition of the distinguished set^^ices of 
his latt^ brnther. Residing constantly in 
London with his regiment, Broughton de- 
voted himself with great assiduity to pro- 
f^'ssinnul and scientiiic studies. A Ibt of 
original papers, chiefly relating to physio* 
logieftl re«t»arch» contributed by bim tovnrioua 
scientific journals, will Ix* found in the Royal 
Sociwty's * Catalogue of Scientific Pn|»e'ni,* 
1800-63, vol i. In conjunction with Mr 
Wilcox, barrister-at-law, he pr<iduced and 
delivered »ome valuable It^cturea on forensic 
medicine and toxicology. He waa elected 
a fellow of the Royal S(»cietv and of the 
Geological Society. In 1836 Broughton re- 
ceived an injury in the leg, caused by a fall, 
which refiulted in diseaBe of the aaldo^ioint. 



Broughton 



464 



Broughton 



reutuallj rendered ftmpiitation neces- 
The operation was p^rformeil by tlie 
anient surgeon Liston, but terminated fa- 
\\y on the tenth day. The eircuaiHtanciia 
F^re ni>lated in fuller (let ail in * Gent. Mag,* 
T^.S. viii. 432. Brouj^hton'tt death occufred 
at Regent's Park barracks on 20 Aug. 1837, 
He was interred at Kensal Green cemetery. 

[0«nt. Mag. new eer. riii. 432 ; Rop**9 Now 

iog. Diet. ToL V. (many of the detaila giwn ap- 

»ar to be iaeorrect) ; Army Lti^ts ; R. 80c. Cat. 

cientiflc Pnpers, 1800-63, voL i. ; Brit. Mus. 

On. ; Index Brit. Aaaoe. Beporta,] H. M, C. 

BROUOHTON, THOMAS (1704-1774), 
divine, biogTapher, and miscellaneous writer, 
bom in London on 5 July 1704, was the aon 
nf the rector of St. Andrew^ Holboni. Ho 
was educated at Eton, and, being superan- 
niinted on that foundation, went about 1772 
to Cambridge, where * for the sake of a 
echolfirship he entered himself of Gonville 
and CaiuM C'ollej^.' In 17:27, after taking 
B.A., he was admitted to deacon*a orders^ 
ajid ill 1728 he wa« ordained priest, and pro- 

fceeded to the M.A. He fserve^l for seveml 
years im curat© of OMey, Hertfordshire, and 
in 1739 became rector of Stepin^ton, Hunt- 
ingdonshire; the patron, the Duke of Bedford, 

L also appoi nt i ng h i tn one of his chaplaina. As 
Testier to thta Temple, to which he was choaen 
804:m afterwards, lie won the favour of the 
master, Bishop Sherlock, who in 1744 pre- 
sented him to the vicarage of Bed minister, 
near Bristol, with the chapeU of St. Mary 
Redcliffe^ St. Thomas, and Abbot's Leigh an- 
nexed. To the same influence he owed a 
prebend in Salisbury Cathedral, and on re- 
ceiving this he ^emove^:l from Ljiidon to 
Bristol, where he died on 1*1 Dec. 1774, He 
was fin indu^^trioiir* writer in many kinds of 
corapnsition. He piibli.<hed (174i) an * Hi»- 
tnrical Dictionary of all Ileligions from the 
Creation of the World to the Present Times,' 
a husi^M work in two vnlianeti fnlin ; he trans- 
lated Voltaire H * Temple of Ta^te,' and part of 
Bayle's * Dictionary ;* vindicated ortnodox 
Christianity against Tindal; converted a Ro- 
man catholic bf>ok {* Dorrel on the Epistles 
and Gospels *) to proteatant uses ; editea Dry- 
den ; wrote in deience of the immortality of 
the fioul J and contributed the livas marked 
* T * in the original edition of the * Biographia 
Britannica.* Hawkins^ in his * Life of John- 
son/ cretlits Broughton with being the real 
translator of Jarvta'c* * Don Quixote/ * The 
fact is that Jarvis laboured at it many year.^, 
but could make but little progress, for being 
a painter by profession, he had not been ac- 
ciL^tomed to write, and had nn style, Mr. 
Touaoni the bookseller, seeing thisj suggested 




j the thought of employing Mr, Broughton . . . 

! who sat himself down to study the Spoxush 
language, and in a few month.^^ acquired, as 

I w*a8 pretended, sufficient knowledge thereof 
to give to the world a translation of "Don 
Quixote** in the true spirit of the original, 

, and t/> which is prefixea the name of Jarvis.' 

, Broughton was a lover of music, and ac- 
quainted with Handel, whom he furnished 
with words for some of his comp^^-^'^'^^^- H- 
eluding the drama of * Hercules.' i 

at the Haymarket in 1745. In \j ..Le 

he was of a mild and amiable di.-^po^ition, but 
in controversty, though not di*coun»?«'>u» ac- 
cording to the standard of his time^ he wafi 
very economical in his concessions to his op- 
ponents^ and he has been characterised m 
some respects as a weak and credulous 
writer, 

[Biog, Brit, (Kippts), ii, pref. ix-« ; Ototb's 
Diet, of Masic, i. 730 ; Hawkios's Life of ~ 
Johnson, 1787. p. 216; Lowndies'a British 
brarian, 1839-42, p. 1250.] J, M. S, 

BROUGHTON, THOM.IS (1712^17771, 
divine, the son of Thomas Broughton, who 
is suid to have bet^n at one time oommis- 
sioner of excise at Edinburgh, was born at 
Oxford, When he matriculated at University 
College, X ford, on 1 3 Dec, 1 73 1 , his father was 
described as of * Carfax in Oxford/ He was 
elected Petreian fellow at Exeter College 
&} June 1733, and l>ecame full fellow on 
14 July I7i54. taking his degree of RA. on 
22 March 1 737. Soon af^er becoming an under- 
graduate he joined the little band of young 
men who were known as * Methodista,' ana 
remained a sympathiser with the Wesleys for 
several years, until difference** of opinion on 
the Moravian doctrines led to their separation. 
Broughtou*8 first clerical duty was at Cow- 
lev, near Uxbridge, and he was curate at t" 
Tower of Lrindou in 1 736. Through AMii 
fields influence he obtained the lectu 
at St, Helenas, Bishopsgate Within, but 
some of the parishioners obiected to Whii 
field's preachmg from its pulpit he withdrew 
from the post. He visited the prisoners 
Newgate and was indefatigable in doing 
good. In 1741 he was appointed lecturer at 
AUhallows, Lombard Street, and two yeus 
later was elected secretary to the Society for 
Promoting Christian Knowledge, a position 
-which he retained until his death. His only 
other preferment was the living of W^ottoa 
in Surrey", which he held from 175i? to 1777. 
He died at the society *s house in Hat 
Garden, London, 2\ Dec. 1777. He held 
fellowship at Exeter College until July 17 
In 1742 he married Miss Capel^ by whom he 
had fifteen children, five of them dying yo^ 



N 





B rough ton 



B rough ton 



A portrait of Rroui^Uton hangs in the boaH- 
Toom of f hii S, P. tl K. Two v<3rv outspoken 



sermons of his attained great popnlantv 
*Thfi Cliristian Saldier, or tlie Duties of a 
lloliginua Life r^'ommencled to tliti Army/ 
which Wtt§ preached in 17li7, printed in 17riB, 
and reached it^ twelfth edition in 1H18» a 
Wels!i tran«iLation having appeared in 1797; 
and * A iSerioiwand AtTectionattt Warning to 
Servants,' occasioned by the lirutal mnnler of 
a mistrft*fl by her male servant aged only 19, 
4iiid uisudd in 1746, ninth edition 1818, 

[Tjermnn's Oxford MetlioJistJ, 331-60; Mao- 
ning find Bra/s Surrey, ii. 158; IJoaWs Eiteter 
College, 98,] W. P. C. 

BROUGHTON, THOMAS DtFER 
(1778-18^0)^ writer on India^ was son of tbe 
Rev.Thomiij^Brnnghton, rector of St, Peter a^ 
Bristol. He was educated at Eton, and went 
to India in 1797* a^ a cadet on tho Bengal es- 
tablishment. He was actively engaged at the 
Liiege ofSeringiipatam in 1799, and was after- 
pwards appointed comranndant of the cadet 
corps, and in ISO'2 military resident with the 
Maarattas. For a short time previous to 
the restoration of Java to the Dutch he held 
the command of that island. He be dime a 
lieutenant on the Madras establishment in 
1797, and, pasaing through the intermediate 
grades, l>ecame colonel in 1829, His death 
took place in Dorset Square, London, on 
16 Nov, 1815. He published: 1. ^Edward 
and Laura,* a novel, freely translated from 
the French. 2. * Letters written in a Mah- 
ratta Camp during the year IBO^jdeiacriptive 
of the chiiracter, inannera, domestic habits, 
and ndigious ceremonies of the Mahrattas,* 
London, 1813, 4to. *1 * Selections from the 
Popular Poetry of the Hindoos,' London, 
1814, 8vo. 

[Gtsnt. MiX' N.S. v. 203 ; Cat, of ^PrintM 
Books in Brit, Mus.] T. C, 

BROUGHTON, WILLIAM GRANT, 
gp.D, (1788-1853), metropolitan of Austral- 
biia^ was the eldest son of Grant Droughton^ 
oy his wife Pbcebe Ann, daughter of John 
Rumbiill of Bamet, Hertfordshire. He was 
born in Brldj^fe Street, Westminster^ on 22 May 
1788, and educated at Bamet grammar school, 
but was removed in January 1797 to the 
Kings School, Canterbury^ where in the 
following BecemlxT he was admitted to a 
King's scholarsliip. From 1807 to 1812 he 
was clerk in the East India House, At last 
being able to follow the bent of big own in- 
clinations, be became a resident member of 
Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in October 1814, 
was sixth wrangler and B.A. in January 1818, 
proceeded MAl in 1823, and B.D. and D,D. 

VOL. TI. 



per mi turn m lHii&. He was ordained dea- 
c-on in 1818 and admitted to priest's orders 
during the same year. The curacy to which 
he was ortlained was that of Hartley Weapall, 
Hampshire, where he remained from I8l8t4> 
1 827. While here he published in 1823 ' An 
Examination of the H\^thesis advanced in a 
Recent Publication entitled ^'PaLeoromaica," 
by J. Black, that the text of the Elzevir 
Greek Testament is not a Translation from 
the Latin.' This work w,is dedimit*Hl by 
Broughton to his diocesan. Bishop Toniline, 
who in 1827 removed him to the curacy of 
Farnham. The vicinity of hts firnt curacy 
to Strathlieldsaye led to his introduction to 
the Duke of Wellington, by whom he woa 
appointed to the chaplaincy of the Tower of 
London on 6 Oct. 1828. 

Subseq^uently, on 7 Dec. 1828, at the ex- 
press desire of his grace, he was induced to 
accept the arduous office of archdeacon of 
New South Wales. He arrived in Sydney 
on 13 Sept. 1829. Hts jurisdiction extended 
over the whole of Australia, Van Diemen's 
Land» and the adjoining islands. He visited 
all the settlements in these latitudes con- 
nected with his archdeaconry, and endea- 
voured to excite the settler* and the govern- 
ment to the erection of churches and schools ; 
but bv IS'H he had come to the conclusion 
that tlie only way to succeed was to appt*al to 
the mother country for the urgently needed 
assistance. In answer to his application to the 
Societies for Promoting Christian Knowledge 
and for the Propagation of the Gospel m 
[ Foreign Parts, and to private individuals, a 
I sum of about 1 3,000/, was placed at his dia- 
' posal, and the number of clergy was forth- 
I with doubled. Arrangements were also made 
I for establistiing a bishopric, and on 14 Feb. 
! 1836 Archdeacon Bronghton was consecrated 
' bishop of Australia in the chapel of Lam- 
j beth Palace. On his return to Australia on 
2 June he found himself involved in contro- 
versy respecting the education of the people, 
and his ©iTort^s were to a great extent suo 
cessful in injuring a church education for the 
children belonging to the church establiah- 
meiit. It was not long before he viidted, for 
the purposes of confirmation and ordination, 
New Zealand, Van Diemen's Land, Nor- 
folk Island, and Port Phillip (since known 
as Victoria), as well as the settlements in 
New South Wales. Interesting accounts of 
his missionary tours are to be found in the 
second and third volumes of * The Church in 
theColonies' published by the Society for Pro- 
moting Christian Knowledge. On 16 March 
1837 the comer-5toue of St. Andrew^s Cathe- 
. dral, Sydney, was laid by Sir Richard Bourke, 
K,C.B,, the governor. The subdivision of the 

H fi 



Broughton 



466 



Broughton 



imm^ii^ diocfriA of Australia took place in 
1847. At th^ HUDe time SydneT wa£ made 
a metrr/political see, and the Bishop of An*- 
tralia tbencefortb bore tbe title of Bifbop of 
Sydnev and Metropolitan of Aaetralasia. On 
9'Marcb 1M3 tbe Ker. Jobn Bede Folding 
airiyed in Sydney bearing an appointment 
from tbe pope witb tbe title of Arcbbisbop 
of Sydney. Brongbton tbougbt it bis duty 
to make a public and solemn protest against 
tbe aftsumption of tbis title. Desiring once 
more to confer witb tbe cburcb at bome on tbe 
state of tbe cburcbes in tbe colonies, be, after 
a mofct tryinpyoyage in a feyer 8bip,arriyed in 
England on 'J() Soy. 1 852. Tbe fatigues and 
anxieties of tbat voyage, boweyer, weakened 
bis conhtituti^m, and be succumbed to an at- 
tack of broncbit is wbile staying at 11 Cbester 
Street, Belgraye Square, London, tbe resi- 
dence of Lady Gipns, the relict of bis old 
friend and bcboolfellow and a late goTemor 
of New South Wales, on 20 Feb. 1853, and 
was buried in tbe south aisle of Canterbury 
Cathedral on 26 Feb. He had married in 
tbe same cathedral, on 13 July 1818, Sarah, 
eldest daughter of the Rey. John Francis, 
rector of St. Mildred's, Canterbury ; she died 
at Sydney on 16 Sept. 1849. Broughton 
was warmly attached to tbe principles of 
tbe English reformation and to the doctrines 
contained in the liturgy and articles of the 
church of England. A residence of twenty- 
five years in the Antipodes had withdrawn 
him from ohsonation at home: but from 
time to time came tidings of his noble labours 
and exemplan*- fulfilment of the lofty func- 
tions of a christian bishop. Some of bis 
publications were : 1 . * A Letter to a Friend 
toucbin^^ t he question, who was tbe Author of 
*^KiK(i)v li(i(Ti><iKr},^ ascribing it to J. Gauden, 
IVisbop of Worcester,' ]^'26. 2. ^Additional 
Reasons in Confirmation of the ()j)inion tbat 
Dr. Oawh-n was tbe Author,' 1^29. 3. * A 
Let ter to II. Osbom on the Propriety and Ne- 
cessity of Colb-cting at tbe Oilertorv/ 1848. 
4. *A letter to N. AViseman by tbe Bishop of 
Sydney, to^'^-tber witb the Bishop's Protest, 
25 ^larcb 1S4*>, against tbe assumptions of 
tbe Church of Pome,' 1852. Other works com- 
prised printed charges, sermons, and speeches. 

[Semioiis 1a- the Right Rev. "W. G. Broughton, 
ed. with a I'refatorj' Memoir by Benjamin Har- j 
rison (18;57), ]<p. ix-xliv ; Gent. Map. xxxix. 
431-G (1853) ; Beatrjn's Australian Dictionary 
of Ditcb (1879). p. 26, and part ii. p. 56.] 

G. C. B. 

BROUGHTON, WILLIAM BOBERT 

(1762-1821), captain in tbe royal navy, after 
sen'ingas a midshipman on the coast of North 
America and in the East Indies, and as lieu- 



trnant in the Burford, in the seTenl engtge- 
ments between Hii^e» and Suffiren, was in 
ITGOappointedtocommand the Chatham brig, 
to accompany Vancouver in his Toyaee of dtf- 
coTery. He was for some time employed on 
the snr^'ey of the Columbia river and the 
coasts adjacent. In 1793. he trarelled to 
Vera Cruz, overland frc>m San Bias, on his 
way to England with despatches. On his 
arrival in this country he was made com- 
mander. 3 Oct., of the Providence, a small 
vessel of 400 tons burden, and was again sent 
out to the north-west coast of North Ame- 
rica. On arriving on the station he found 
Vancouver gone ; and crossing over to the 
other side, he commenced, and during the next 
four years carried out, a close survey of the 
coast' of Asia, from lat. 52*^ N. to 36** K., in 
encouragement of which important work he 
was advanced to post rank on 28 Jan. 1797. 
On 16 May 1797 the Providence struck on a 
coral reef near the coast of Formosa, and was 
totally lost. The men, however, were all 
saved and taken to Macao in the tender, in 
which Broughton afterwards continued the 
8ur\'ey tiU May 1798, when he was dis- 
charged at Trincomalee for a passa^ to Eng- 
land, where he arrived in the following Febru- 
ary. The history of this voyage and the 
geographical results he published in 1804, 
under the title, which is itself a summaiy 
of the work of the expedition, 'Voyage 
of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, m 
which the coast of Asia from tbe latitude of 
3o° N. to the latitude of 52° N., the island 
of Insu Ccommonly known under the name 
of the land of Jesso), tbe north, south, and 
east coasts of Japan, tbe Lieuxchieux and 
the adjacent isles, as well as tbe coast of 
Corea, have been examined and surveyed, 
peribrmed in 11. M. sloop Providence and her 
tender in the years 1795-6-7-8.' Tbe origi- 
nal journals from which this work was ela- 
borated, as well as that of the journey frc«m 
San Bias to Vera Cruz, are now m the library 
of the Royal United Service Institution, and 
contain many interesting personal notices. 
After holding some other commands Brough- 
ton, in 1809, commanded the Illustrious in 
tbe exj)edition under Lord Gambier, and at 
the court-martial gave evidence which, so far 
as it went, implied a general agreement \\rith 
the charges made by Lord Cf>chrane [see Coch- 
rane, Thomas, Earl or Dfndgnald]. In 
1810, still in the Illustrious, be went out to 
tbe East Indies, and was present at the re- 
duction of tbe Mauritius m December [see 
Bertie, Albemarle] . In the following spring 
he bad charge of tbe expedition against 
Java, which assembled at Malacca and sailed 
thence on II June. The passage was long 



Broun 



Broun 



ejad ledioMSf and Bn>iig^htoti, in tli« opinion 
of mnny, was and aly cautious (Ijnnl Minto in 
India: Life and Letters of GHhert Elliot , 
first Exrfof Minto, 180744, edited by liis 
.grandniece, tlie OoutiUi.s^ of Minto, 280). It 
wa« the beginning of Augii^Ht bi'lnrt? r hp \ roopH 
were landed in tlie nQighl>oar!ii>od of Biitavirv. 

On 9 Aug. the squadran was joined by ll'^ar- 
Admiral the Hon. Robert St>i|»ford, who had 
ome on to take the commiind, Urou;^'htna 
was annoyed, and applied for a conrt -martial 
on the rear-admiral * for behaving in a cruel, 
opproasive, and fraudulent mmner, iinbe- 
COHLing the character of anotEcer^ in depriving 
me of the command of the squadron/ On the 
other hand, Lord Minto wrote in bis private 
letters; * The little commodore s brief hour of 
Authority came to an end^ to tFie great relief 
of all in the deet and army ' (ibid, 'l&I), Vq&- 
fiibly this opinion reached the admiralty; at 
any rate^ they did not think tit to grant 
^ Uroughton's request, and in fact approved of 
theeourse taken by Stopfortl. In I8la Brough- 
tOQ returned to England. He wa^ mad6ad.B. 
%t the pence, and during his later years re- 
■tded at Flf>r(mcej where be died auddenly on 
"li March 1821, IL^ married his cousin Je- 

aima, youngest daughter of Rev. Sir Thomiw 

' iviss Brought^^n, bart., of Doddin^ton Hall, 
leihire, by whom he had three daugbtera, 

ad one son, William, afterwards* a captain 
f n the navy. 

[Offi.'ial lettori in the Ptiblic Rarord Office ; 
^GeaL M*^. (18il) ilSu i. 376, 649.] J. K. L. 

BROUN. [8-e Browx and Bbowite.] 

BROUN, JOHN^ ALLAN (1817-1879), 
magnetician rinl ni^jteorologi^t, wa^ b>rn on 
11 Sept. 1817 at Ddmtriwd, where bis father 
kept a preparatory school for the navy. He 
ntered the univer^jity of Edinburgh on his 
at her a d*?atb (af^^ut 1837). There hia turn 
i>r physical science attracted the friendi^bip of 
:*roieA^or J. D. Forbes. Through hia recom- 
nendatiou be was appoint^sd in April 18i2 
lirector of the migaetic observatory founded 
llvSirTbomis Bri.shaue at Maker.stouii, and, 
tor a short preparatory cuir-ie of tnviningat 
enwichi etitered up m his ta.^k with an en- 
am which quickly widened its scope, and 
t to the eitabli*5bm'*nt a high rank among 
engaged in Htmultaneous observations 
I thtt plan advocated by Humboldt, Through- 
at thtt years 1844-5 ob^rvatious with all 
I magnetic and meteorological tn^trnmenta 
re mide hourly (except on Sundays); and 
lougb the term originally fixed for the ex- 
ended activity of the observatory expired in 
|846, a limited aeries of observations wa9 
DtttinuiKi for threes yeiiw longer under Broun*s 



direction, and after his departure until 1855. 
The preparation of the results fnr the preaa 
I coat him much angniteful toil in devidoping 
and testing new methods of correction, wnich 
have been generally adopted, and entitle him 
' to a place among the founders of the new ob- 
servational science of terrestrial magnetism, 
' The data thu.^ laboriously provided, which 
were of permanent and standard value, ap- 
peared under bis editorship as volumes xvii. to 
xix. of the * Tranniu'tion^ of the Royal Society 
of Edinburgh * (1845-50), with an appendix, 
edited by Professor Balfour Stewart (supple- 
ment to vol. XX ii. 186<J). 

Broun left Makerstoun in the autumn of 
1849, and spent the winter in Edinburgh 
engaged in completing the reduction of hia 
observations with the aid of his friend and 
assistant, Mr. John Welsh, afterwards di- 
rector of the Kew Observatory. In 1850 he 
went to Paris, where he married Isaline Val- 
louy, daughter of a clergyman of Huguenot ex- 
traction in the Canton du Vaud, by whom he 
had three son^ and tw<i daughters. In the fol- 
lowiugyear he was nominated, al the instance 
of Ojlonel Sykes, director of the Trevandrum 
Magnetic Observatorv, founded by the Raj&b 
of Travancore in 18^1, and entered upon his 
arduous duties there in January l8oi*. Nor 
did he limit himself to those otfiiually com- 
mitted to him, but aimed at pro mooting the 
general welfare of the province. He esta- 
blished a museum^ ii9^ued an amended almaimCf 
attempted a reform of weights and measureay 
planned and superintended the construction 
of public gurdens, a road to the mi^untains, 
and a sanatorium. Renewing in 1855 an ex- 
periment partially carried out on the Cheviot 
bills in the summer of 1817 (Report Brit, 
A^oc. 1847, ii. 19 ; 18 >0, ii. 7), he built an ob- 
servatory ou the .\gustia Mai ley, the highest 
peak of the Trav^ancore Ghat^, Ci,20U feet above 
the sea. The diCBcidtie.^ in the way were very 
great, owing to the wild nature of tV* ountryi 
the presenw of wild beasts, the su^ierstitiotin 
fears and bodilvsutfu rings of the natives; and 
Brouii himself caught a chill from the sud- 
den transition of temperature, inducing a 
permanent deafness, for which be vainly 
sought medieal assistance in Europe in 1860. 
On his return after two years be found the 
Agustia observatory in ruin^, and rebuilt it 
in 1883 for the purpose of making a tiual set 
of observations with new instruments. The 
resultj^ went to show that both magnetic and 
barometrical o-jci Hat ions remain uncliauged 
in character at a height of 6,203 feet, butT>©- 
Ci>m3 during the daytime reduced in amoant 
by one half tPi-oc. R. Stye, xl 298). 

In April 1865 Broun left India definitively* 
and during a residenco of aomQ years, tirst At 



Broun 



468 



Broun 



Lausanne, then at Stuttgart, devoted liis en- 
tire energies to preparing for publication 
the copious materials at his disposal. His 
sole recreation was an hour's music with his 
family in the evenings; for he played the 
violin well, and was an ardent admirer of 
Beethoven. His insufficient private resources 
were meantime supplemented by a small 
pension from the Kaiah of Travancore, in 
whose service he had oeen a loser in point of 
interest upon sums advanced for scientific 

Surposes. In 1873 he came to live in Lon- 
on, where in the year following he issued a 
quarto volume entitled * Obsenations of Mag- 
netic Declination made at Trevandrum and 
A^stia MaUey in the Observatories of his 
Highness the Maharajah of Travancore in the 
years 1852 to 1869.' It contains an exhaus- 
tive and highly valuable discussion of the 
various modes of solar and lunar action on 
magnetic declination, of which element alone 
upwards of 800,000 reduced observations 
were available from the thirteen years of his 
administration. The publication, however, 
went no further, and llroun had the mortifi- 
cation of seeing his life's work left incom- 
plete, and the fruits of his anxious toils I 
lying, for the most part, useless. He had ' 
never been a prosperous, and he was hence- I 



forth a disappointed man. A devoted adhe- 



rent of the Free church of Scotland, his ; 
scruj)les about subscription had debarred him 
from professional employment in his native 
count IT, and his (leatne!-s liindend his pro- 
motion in the I ninch be had made peculiarly 
his own. He did nd, hovvever, sinlv into in- 
action. Aided by a prant from the Iioyal 
S(XMety, he underto(>k to com])lete the rtdnc- 
tion (^f the magnetic (^1 servaticns made at 
the various C(^lonial stations, Tlie ta^k was 
one of vast and nnd» fined extent, and his 
sense of re>]M)nsiliility for quarterly naynu-nts 
added anxiety to his lafour. 1 1 is health 
began to give isay, and in 1^7j^ he had a 
ner\oiis attack, fn m which he never >atis- 
fact<»rily recovered. A trip to Switzerland 
produced a partial rally, l.iit on '2'J Nov. 1^79 
he died sudaenly, at tlie age <^f sixty-two. 

His character was a peculiarly estimable 
one. lie united amiability and social charm 
with rigid integrity and a sensitivenos of 
conscience ill fitted to advance his material 
interc-its. His scientific merits did not re- 
ceive the cordial rei'c^giiition they dtservtd. 
He took a ])rominent ]>art in a.-ct rtainingtlio 
laws oi terrestrial magnt ti.-m. 1 he discover^' 
is entirely due to him that the earth h-M-s or 
pains magnetic intensity as a whole — in other 
words, that the changes in the daily mean 
horizontal force are nearly the same all 
over the glole. This conclusion, arrived at 



through a laborious investi^tion, was first 
publisned in a letter to Sir David Brew- 
ster, written from Trevandrum on 21 Dec 
1857 (PhU. Mag, xvi. 81, August 1858). In 
the same communication the existence of a 
magnetic period of twenty-eix days, attri- 
buted to the sun's rotation, was announced, 
and the e\'idence on both points was detailed 
in a paper read before the Royal Society of 
Edinburgh on 4 Feb. 1861 ( Trans. R. Soc. Ed. 
xxii. pt. lii. 611). Independently of, though 
subseouently to Kreil, Broun deduced from 
the Makerstoun obser\ations the fact of a 
lunar-diurnal influence on the declination- 
needle (Bcport Brit Assoc. 1846, ii. 32), a 
prolonged study of which showed him that it 
varied in character with the position of the 
sun (Proc. M. Soc. x. 484, xvi. 59), and in 
amount inversely as the cube of the distance 
of the moon ( Trans. B. Soc. Ed. xxvi. 750). 
He early defined the annual period of mag- 
netic intensity as consisting of a maximum 
near each solstice, with minima at the equi- 
noxes (Beport Brit. Assoc. 1846, ii. 16); gave 
the first complete account of the daily varia- 
tions of the needle at the magnetic equator 
(f^. 1860, ii. 21), and reached, in the course 
of these discussions, the remarkable conclu- 
sion that great magnetic disturbances pro- 
ceed from particular solar meridians. 

His researches contributed largely to esta- 
blish meteorology on a scientific liasis. He 
discovered the L^6-day period of atmospheric 
]>ressure, showed the wide range of simul- 
taneous ban metrical fiuctuaticns, initiated 
the systematic study of variously elevated 
cloud-strata, and indicated the connection l>e- 
tween atmospheric movements and isobarie 
lines ( iVoe. H. «S<>r. xxv. 515). But he lacked 
the p(^wer of jilacing his ideas in a striking" 
light, and the indejendence of his character 
did nr't ] eimit him to purchase ap]dause for 
himsell" iy flattering the opinions of ethers. 
The IJoyal Society admitted him as a meml+'r 
in 185o. and awarded him a royal medal in 
1^7^<. Hiscrmmunications to the Koyal So- 
ciety of Edinlnrgh were honoured with the 
Keith prize in lht)l. 

The Iioyal Sixiety's 'Catalogue of Scien- 
tific Papt^rs * enumerates (vols. i. and vii.) 
fit'ty-^ lie (»!" his j>roducti(>ns, besides which he 
contributed to the * rhilrs<i]>bical Transac- 
tions* a pa] er * On the Variations oi the 
Daily Mean Horizontal Foree of the Kartb's 
Magneti-m } nxluced hy the Sun's Rotation, 
and the ^loon's Synodical and Trojucal llevi>- 
lutions' (clxvi. i>7, 1^76): to the * Trans- 
actions of the Ivuyal Society of Edinburgh* 
an elaborate treatise * ()n the Decennial 
Period in the Eange and l)i.-turlance of the 
Diurnal O^'illaticns of the Magnetic Needle, 



and in tlie Sun^t Areft/ assigning as the 
length of tlxat period 10-45 years ( xxvii. 663, 
1876), with a * Note on the Bifilar Magneto- 
meter* (xiviiiL 41). He wrote frequently 
in * Nature/ Hus * Reports * on the Makers- 
toun and Travaiicore oWiratories were pub- 
liahed respectivelv at Edinburgh in IBTiO, and 
al Trevandrum in 1857. He exhiljited at 
the Loan Exhibition of Scientific Instru- 
ments in 1876 a * gravimoter* of hia own in- 
dention, deficribc'd by Major J. llerschel in 
* ProceedingTi of the Royal Bo<;iety/ xxxii, 
607. 

[Nature, xai. 112 (Balfour Stewart); Proc, 
B. Soe. xjtviii. 65, xxx. iii,] A. M. C. 

BROUN, BtB PJCHARD (1801^1868), 
miscellaneouB writer, was the eldest mn of 
Sir James Broun of Ooalaton Park, Loch- 
mabenp Dumfriesshire, who rtjaumetl the ba- 
ronetcy in 18lH1 (liuRKB*8 Peerage J Baronet- 
dffe, &c., title * Broun.* Doubts have been 
thrown on the correctness of part* of thispedi- 
gree, aee British American Agmdation and 
ji^ovit Scotia Baronet4ff Edinburgh^ 1840, and 
Ifot^4 and Qti^ries, various notes under title 
^Brotm' in 3rd and 5th series). He waa 
burn at Lochmaljen !22 A]]ril 1801^ and euc- 
eeeded to the title on the death of his father 
80 Nov. 1844. Before 1834 he was resident 
m London, and there, till his death at Sphinx 
Lodge, Chelsea, 10 Dec. 1858, he was busily 
engaged in the projection of a number of 
schemes, most of them of a somewhat fan- 
tastic nature, and m the compilation of vari- 
ous pami>hlets, articles, and letters regarding 
them. He dei?cribe,s himself in 1 850 as 'The 
Honourahle Sir Richard Broun, Knight, and 
(t'ighth baronet) of Scotland and Nova Scotia^ : 
feudal baron of Colstoun, Haddingtoiu«bire, 
andehief of his race in Norlh Britain; author 
nf various works on heraldry, agriculture, co- 
lonisation, sanitation, &e.' His chief scheroea , 
were a plan for a * ^ine of direct elemental in- | 
tercourse between Europe and Aala by route | 
of the British North American possessions, 
and the systematic colonisation of thevac44nt \ 
crown territories over which it will pai*s' i 
(l83t3) ; a plan for an * An>^b»-Citnadiiin Com- 
pany, which should outrival in the we^^t the 
I'^st India Company* (Ji'nV**^^ and American 
/w/ercoMr*!*, London, 1 851?) ; attemT)tstore\'ive 
certain supposi^d privileges of the baronets, in 
connection with which he was from 1835 
honorary secretarj^ of the Committee of the 
Buronetage for Privileges^ and wrote the fol- 
lowing works : * Dignity, Precedence, i%c.,of 
the Honourable the Baronetteases of the 
Realm' (1839); and * The Bai-onetage' for 
1841, 1842, 1843, and 1844. He was ako 
engaged in an eflbrt to revive the * illustrious 



and sovereign order of Knlghte Hospitallers 
of St, John of Jerusalem and of the Vene- 
rable Langue of England/ and he held various 
offices in the reconstituted Mangite' (synojj- 
ticaJ sketch of the ortler, London, 185<|), He 
rendered, however, real service by his projec- 
tion in 1849 of ' The London Necropolis and 
National Mausoleum at Woking.' In con- 
nection with this scheme and with the gene- 
ral i\K\H»\ ion of extramural intemienf she>\Tt)te 
* Extramural Buriul,' 1850; * Extramural Se- 
p 1 d t y re , ' 1 850 ; 'Ext ram u ra 1 Sepu 1 1 ure , Sy n- 
opsis<jf the London NecrojKdis,* 1851; *Ex- 
trumural Interment and the Metropolitan 
Sanitary Aasociation/ 1852; 'Metropolitan 
Interments/ 1852; * Metro|>olitan Extramural 
Interments, Memorial to the Ixird Mayor/ 
&c,, 1852 ; * Statement as to Progress of Ne- 
cropjiis Undertaking/ 1863; vanous Letters 
on the Necropolis Undertaking, 1853-5. 

[British American Asi^ociation ; Scots Maga- 
sdne for I80U Ixiii. 300 (Edinburgh, 1801); 
DnmiVieB and Galloway Courier, 21 Dec, 1858 
(Dumfries, 1858); Foster's Peerage and Baro- 
netage, p. 682, and the anthoriti«« ther«) cited.] 

F. W-T, 

BROUNCKEB or BROUNKER, WTL- 
LL\31, second VitjcousT Bkounckkr, of 
Castle Lyons, in the Irie>h petTage (1620?'- 
168-1), first president of the Hoyal Society, 
was born about 1020. His lather, Sir Wil- 
liam Brouncker (bom in 1585), was commis- 
sary-general of the musters in the expedition 
against the Scots in 1639; was afkerwaids 
one of the privy chamber to Charles I, and 
vice-chamberlain to Prince Charles; was 
created doctor of civil law at Oxford on 
1 Nov. 1642; was made Viscount Brouncker, 
of Castle Lyons, in the Irish peerage, 12 Sept. 
1645 ; died at Wadham College, Oxford, in 
November 1642, and was buried on 20 Nov. 
in Christ Church Cathedral. Pe^ys says that 
he gave 1^200/. to be made an Iriah lord, and 
swore the same day that he had not 12*i, 
left to pay for his dinner. Brouncker*s 
mother was Winifred, d&nghter of W^illiam 
Leigh of Ne wen ham, Warwickshire, who 
died on 20 July 1649, and waa buried by her 
husband. An elaborate monument was after- 
wards erected above their grave. Brouncker s 
grandfather was Sir Henry Brouncker, presi- 
dent of Munster, who dietl on 3 June 1607, 
and was buried at St. Mary*a, Cork, having 
married Anne, daughter of Parker, lord 
Morley. Tlie family is traced back to a 
Henry Brouncker, at one time M.P. for De- 
vi^^s, and the purchaser of the estate of 
Melksham, Wiltshire, in 1544. A young 
branch changed the family nam© to Brano 
ker [see BitijrcKBfi, Thomas]. The ot\\ * 





Brouncker 



470 



Brouncker 



livtiich iaalBo kiu>wn M Bronkaidf firounkudy 
ftiid Bninkud. 

Young Bfounckar Btndied niftthftinrtiffi in 
his jowk ftt Oxford, and became proficient 
in many languagea. On 28 Feb. 1646-7 he 
was created doctor of medicine at Oxfooed. 
In April 1660 he subicribed the dedantion 
acknowledging General Monk the restorer of 
the laws and privileges of the nation. 

Broancker chiefly employed himself during 
the Oommonwealui in literaiy work. In 
1668 he published, under the pseudonTm of 
* A Person of Honour,' a translation ol Des- 
cartes's 'Musical Compendium,' with criti-. 
cisms of his own (cL Phftb's I>itfry, 26 Dec. 
1668). He prspigced a new division of the 
' diapason by sixteen mean proportionsls into 
seventeen equal semitones^ the method of 
which is exhibited by him m an idgebraical 
process, and also in logarithms' (HiWKnra, 
Mutiny qf Muaie. iv. 181). Descartes de- 
clined to accept this scheme. In 1657 and 
1658 BiounokiBr was corresponding on ma- 
thematical topics with Dr. John Wallis, who 
printed the letters in 1658 in < Oommercium 
rlpistolicum.' Brouncker made two mathe- 
matical discoveries of importance. He was 
the first to introduce continued firactions, 
and to give a series for the quadrature of a 
portion of the equilateral hyperbola. 

After the Restoration Brouncker took part 



MeUiHonj and Sttvik CbrrMpamiemee, Gamd. 
Soc. ^ 266). Pepys has much to say of him 
iu this office, and appears to have lived on 
terms of great intimacy with him. In 1681 
Bfoimcker became^ after much litigation with 
Sir Robert Ad^ns, master of St. OaUierine*s 
Hbs^tal, near the Tower of London. He 
died at his house, in St. James's Street, 
Westminster, on 5 Ajpril 1684, and waa 
buried nine days later m the chapel of St. 
Oatherine's HospitaL 

Brouncker was the author of the following 
scientific papers: 'Experiments of the Recoil 
ingof Forces' (QvRkTttHktoryqf the JRoyal 
6oekiy.2SS et seq.); 'An Algebraical Paper 
uwm the Squaring of the Hyperbola,' and 
< ^ the Proportion of a Curved Line of a 
Paraboloid to a Straight Line, and of the 
FindW a Straight Line equal to that of a 
Cyddd ' (PU/^fa»iUi»/ TVon^^ 
vm.649). 

A series of letters from Brouncker to 
Archlmdbop Usaher are printed at the dose 
of Ptar^s 'iMd of Ussher.' Sir Peter Lely 
painted Brouncker's portrait, ^v^iich is still in 
the possession of the Royal Society. 

Brouncker was succeeded in the peentfe 
by bis brother HBHBT,coflforer to Charles U, 
andgentieman of the bedchamber to the Duke 
of York, who was created doctor of medicine 
at Oxford on 28 June 1646, took part in the 



in the meetings of scientific students in eiege of Coldiester in 1648, was one of the 
London oat of which sprang the Royal So- I commissioners of trade and plantations in 
ciety. The association was incorporated ' 1671, and died on 4 Jan. 1687-8. He lived 
under royal charter, first on 15 July 1662, at Sheen Abbey, and was buried at Richmond, 
and again on 15 April 1663. From the date Surrey. Evelyn says of him that he * was ever 
of the society's first incorporation till 30 Nov. noted for a hard, covetous, vicious man ; but 
1677, when he resided, and was succeeded for his worldly craft and skill in gaining few 
by Sir Joseph Williamson, Brouncker held | exceeded him. Pepys's friend, Captain Cocke, 
the office of president, to which he was , described him as * one of the shrewdest fel- 
elected annually. John Evelyn, the diarist. 



was his intimate friend, and the two 
discussed scientific questions with Charles II. 
In August 1062 Brouncker huilt a yacht for ; 
the king, * which Mr. Pitt,' says Pepys, 'cries 
up mightily* (Diary, 14 Aug. and 3 Sept. 
1662). He was president of Gresham Col- 
lege from 1664 to 1667. Brouncker, Boyle, 
and Sir K. Murray, Evelyn writes, * were the 
persons to whom the world stands obliged 
for the promoting of that generous and real 
knowledge which gave the ferment that has 
ever since obtained and surmounted all those 
many discouragements which it at first en- 
countered' (Evelyn to Mr. Wotton, 30 March 
1696, in Diary, edited by Bray and Wheatley, 
iii. 481). 

Brouncker was appointed chancellor of 
Queen Catherine on 18 April 1662, and was 
commissioner for executing the ofiice of lord 
high admiral from 12 Nov. 1664 (Luttbell, 



arist, j lows for parts in England, and a dangerous 
often I man ' (Duin/y 17 Feb. 1667-8). It is certain 

TT .1 ^ i-\ Tj J J. 11 aV-. Tk.,!,^ ^^ V^«l,»« 



that hepandered to all the Duke of York's 
vices. H^ presumed so much on his intimacy 
with the duke that in August 1667 he was 
dismissed the court, to the delight (according 
to Pepys) of all honest men. The Comte de 
Grammont describes him in his * M6moires ' 
(chap, xii.) as * le premier ioueur d'6chec8 du 
royaume.* He married Rebecca Kodway, 
widow of Thomas Jermyn, brother to the 
Earl of St. Albans. With his death the title 
became extinct. 

[Biog. Brit. (Kippis) ; Wood's Fasti Oxon. 
(Bliss) ; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. xi. 344 ; 
Pepys's Diary, passim ; Kennott's Register ; 
Birch's Hist. Royal Society; Burke's Extinct 
Peerage ; Weld's Hist. Royal Society ; Hutton s 
Mathematical Dictionary ; Evelyn's Diary ; 
Luttrell's Relation of State Papers, s. v. * Brun- 
kard.'] S. L. L. 



Browell 



471 



Browell 



BBOWELL, WILLIAM (1759-1831), 
captain in the royal nayy, son of William 
Browell, formerly midshipman of the Cen- 
turion under Commodore Anson, entered the 
navy in 1771 on board the Merliia sloop, and, 
after serving on various ships, was moved 
shortly before the engagement off Ushant into 
the Victory. On 10 Nov. 1778 he was made 
lieutenant, and was with Captain Macbride 
in the Artois at the hard-fought battle on 
the Doggerbank, 5 Aug. 1781. In the ar- 
mament of 1790 he was for a short time in 
the Canada, and, on that ship being paid off, 
was appointed to the Alcide, and in the 
spring of 1793 to the Leviathan. In the 
Leviathan he was present at the opera- 
tions against Toulon under Lord Hood. On 
25 May 1794 he was officially discharged 
£rom the Leviathan on promotion ; but as 
the ship was then with the fleet under Lord 
Howe, and in daily expectation of a battle, 
it woidd appear probable that he continued 
in her as a volunteer, and was present in 
the action of 1 June. On 29 Nov. he was 

rted into the Princess Augusta yacht. 
June 1795 Lord Hugh Seymour, now a 
rear-admiral, hoisted his flag in the Sans- 
pareil, and selected Browell as his flag-cap- 



tain. He thus had a distinguished share 
in the battle off Lorient on §3 June 1795, 
and continued in the Sanspareil during the 
next two years, including the critical time of 
the mutiny at Spit head. The squadron under 
Lord Hugh's immediate command was, how- 
ever, cruising when the mutiny broke out, 
and did not come into port until the ships at 
Spithead had returned to their obedience. 
In June the Sanspareil was one of a squa- 
dron under Sir Roger Curtis, sent for a few 
weeks into the North Sea. On its return 
to Spithead, and while the ship was re- 
fitting, Captain Browell, being on shore at 
Gosport, was severely crushed by a bale of 
wool falling from a height. Tlie injury to 
his back was such that for some time his 
life was despaired of; and though, after a 
long illness, he partially recovered, he was 
never again fit for active service. In 1805 
he was appointed one of the captains of 
Greenwich Hospital, and in 1809 was ad- 
vanced to be lieutenant-governor, a position 
which he held till his death, 22 July 1831. 

[Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biog. iii. (vol. ii.), 92 ; 
Annual Biography and Obituary (1832), xvi. 
106; official documeuts in tho Public Record 
Office.] J. K. L. 



END OF THE SIXTH VOLUME. 



^ 



INDEX 



TO 



THE SIXTH VOLUME. 



PAOR 

Bottomlev, Joseph {fl. 1820) .... 1 
Bouch, Sir Thomas (1822-1880) . . . 1 
Boucher, John (1777-1818) .... 2 
Boucher, John (1810-1878) .... 2 
Boucher, Jonathan (1788-1804) ... 8 
Bouchery, Weyman (1688-1712) ... 4 
Bouchier, Barton (1794-1865) .... 4 
Bouchier or Bourchier, G«orge {d. 1648) 4 

Bough, Samuel (1822-1878) .... 4 
Boughen, Edward (1587-1660?) ... 5 
Boughton, Joan (d. 1494) .... 6 
Boult, Swinton (1809-1876) .... 6 
Boultbee, Thomas Pownall (1818-1884) . 6 

Boulter, Hugh (1672-1742) .... 7 
Boulton, Matthew (1728-1809) ... 8 
Boulton, Richard (fl. 1697-1724) ... 9 
Bound, Nicholas (d. 1618). See Bownde. 
Bouquet, Henry (1719-1766) .... 
Bouquett, Philip (1669-1748) .... 
Bourchier, G^rge (d. 1648). See Bouchier. 
Bourchier, Henry, first Earl of Essex {d. 1488) 
Bourchier, Henry, second Earl of Essex [d. 

1589) 

Bourchier or Boussier, John de {d. 1880 ?) 
Bourchier, John, second Baron Bemers (1467- 

1588) 

Bourchier, Sir John {d, 1660) . 

Bourchier or Boussier, Robert {d. 1849) 

Bourchier, Thomas (1404 ?-1486) . 

Bourchier, Thomas {d. 1686 ?) 

Bourdieu, Isaac du (1597?-1692?). See Du 

Bourdieu. 
Bourdieu, Jean du (1642 ?-1720). See Du 

Bourdieu. 
Bourdillon, James Dewar (1811-1888) . 
Bourgeois, Sir Peter Francis (1766-1811) 
Bourke, Sir Richard (1777-1866) . 
Bourke, Richard Southwell, sixth Earl of 

Mayo (1822-1872) 

Bourman, Robert {d. 1676). See Boreman. 
Bourn, Nicol (fi. 1681). See Bnme. 
Bourn, Samuel, the elder (1648-1719) . 
Bourn, Samuel, the younger (1689-1754) 
Bourn, Samuel (1714-1796) .... 
Bourn, Thomas (1771-1882) .... 
Bourn, William (d. 1588). See Bourne. 
Bourne, Gilbert (rf. 1669) .... 
Bourne, Henry (1696-^ ''88) .... 
Bourne, Hugh (1772-1862) .... 
Bourne, Immanuel (16^(^-1672) 
Bourne, Nehemiah {fl. 1649-1662) . 

TOL. VI. 



19 
19 
20 

21 



PAOR 

Bourne, Reuben {fl. 1692) .81 

Bourne, Robert (1761-1829) .... 82 

Bourne, Vincent (1695-1747) .... 82 

Bourne or Bourn, William {d. 1688) . 8ft 

Boume,WilliamSturges- (1769-1845) . . 84 

Boutel, Mrs. (/?. 1668-1696) .... 86 

Boutell, Charles (1812-1877) .... 86 

Boutflower, Henry Crewe (1796-1868) . . 86 
Bouverie, Edward Pleydell- (1818-1889). See 

PleydeU. 
Bouverie, Sir Henry Frederick (1788-1862) . 86 
Bouverie, William Pleydell-, third Earl Rad- 
nor (1779-1869) 86 

Bouyer, Reynold Gideon {d, 1826) ... 87 

Bovey or Boevey,Catharina( 1669-1726) . 87 

BoviU, Sir William (1814-1878) ... 88 
Bovillus {d. 1626). See Bullock, Henry. 

Bowack, John (/. 1787) 89 

Bowater, Sir Edward (1787-1861) ... 89 

Bowden, John (rf. 1750) 40 

Bowden, John William (1798-1844) . 41 

Bowden, Samuel (/1. 1788-1761) ... 41 

Bowdich, Thomas Edward (1791-1824) . . 41 

Bowdler, Henrietta Maria (1764-1880) . . 48 

Bowdler, Jane (1748-1784) .... 48 

Bowdler, John, the elder (1746-1828) . 48 

Bowdler, John, the younger (1788-1816) . 44 

Bowdler, Thomas (1754-1826) . ... 44 

Bowdler, Thomas, the vounger (1782-1856) . 46 

Bowen, James id. 1774) 46 

Bowen, James (1761-1885) .... 46 

Bowen, John (1756-1882) .... 47 

Bowen, John (1816-1869) .... 47 
Bowen, Thomas {d. 1790) .48 

Bower, Alexander (/?. 1804-1880) ... 48 

Bower, Archibald (1686-1766) . ... 48 

BowerorBowers, George (/. 1681) . 61 

Bower or Bowmaker, Walter (d. 1449) . . 62 

Bowerbank, James Scott (1797-1877) . . 58 

Bowers, George Hull (1794-1872) ... 64 

Bowes, Elizabeth (1502 ?-1568) ... 66 

Bowes, Sir George (1617-1666) ... 66 

Bowes, Sir George (1627-1680) ... 66 
Bowes, Sir Jerome (d. 1616) . .67 

Bowes, John (1690-1767 > 58 

Bowes, John (1804-1874) 58 

Bowes, Marmaduke (d. 1686) .... 69 
Bowes, Sir Martin (1600 ?-1566) ... 69 
Bowes, Mary Eleanor, Countess of Strath- 
more (1749-1800) 60 

Bowes, Paul (<7. 1702) .61 

II 



474 



Index to Volume VI. 



PAOK 

Bowes, Sir Robert (1496 ?-1654) ... 61 
Bowes, Robert (1585 ?-1697) .... 62 
Bowes, Thomas {fl. 1586) .62 

Bowes, Sir Wmiain(1889>1460?) ... 68 

Bowet, Henry {d. 1428) 68 

Bowie, James {d. 1858) 65 

Bowlby, Thomas William (1817-1860) . . 65 
Bowie or Bowles, John {d. 1687) . . 66 

Bowie, John (1725-1788) 66 

Bowler, Thomas William (d. 1869) . . .67 
Bowles, Caroline Anne (1786-18.''.4). See 

Southej. 
Bowles, Edward (1618-1662) .... 67 
Bowles, Sir George (1787-1876) ... 68 
Bowles, John (d. 1687). See Bowie. 
Bowles, Phineas {d. 1722) .... 
Bowles, Phineas (d. 1749). See under Bowles, 

Phineas (d. 1722). 
Bowles, William (1705-1780) . 
Bowles, William Lisle (1762-1850) . 
Bowley, Robert Kanzow (1818-1870) 
Bowly, Samnel (1802-1884) . 
Bowman, Eddowes (1810-1869) 
Bowman, Henry [fi. 1677) 
Bowman, Henry (1814-1888). See under 

Bowman, John Eddowes, the elder. 
Bowman, John Eddowes, the elder (1785-1841) 
Bowman, John Eddowes, the younger (1819- 

1854) 

Bowman, Walter {d. 1782) 

Bownas, Samuel (1676-1758) . 

Bownde or Bound, Nicholas {d. 1618) 

Bowne, Peter (1575-1624 ?) . 

Bowness, William (1809-1867) 

Bowring, Sir John (1792-1872) 

Bowtell, John (1758-1818) 

Bowyer, Sir George (1740 ?-1800) . 

Bowyer, Sir George (1811-1883) 

Bowver, Robert (1758-1884) . 

Bowver, William, the elder (1663-1737) 

Bowyer, William, the younger (1009-1777) 

Boxfdl, John {d. 1571) . 

Boxall, Sir WiUiam (1800-1879) . 

Boxer, Edward (1784-1855) . 

Boyce, Samuel {d. 1775) . 

Bovcc, Thomas id. 171)3 1 . 

BoVce, William (1710-1779) . 

Boyd, Archibald (1803-18831 . 

Boyd, Benjamin (1796-1851) . 

Boyd, Henry [d. 1832) . 

Boyd, Hugh (1740-1794) . 

Bovd, Hugh Stuart 1 1781-181 H 

Boyd, James (1795-185r)) 

Boyd, Mark (1805 ?-1879) 

Bovd, Mark Alexander (15()3-1(»01) 

Boyd, Robert, first Lord Boyd {d. 1409?) 

Boyd, Robert, fourtli Lord Boyd {d. 1590) 

Boyd, Robert, of Trochrig (1578-10271 

Boyd, Sir Robert (1710-1794) . 

Boyd, Robert {d. 1883) . . 

Boyd, Walter (1754 ?-1837) . 

Boyd, William, fourth Earl of Kilmarnock 

(1704-1746) 

Boyd, William id. 1772) . 
Boyd, Zachary( 1585 ?-1653) . 
Bovdell, John (1719-1804) 
Bovdell, Josiab (1752-1817; . 
Bover, Abel (1007-1729) . 
Boyes, John Frederick (1811-1879) 
Boyle, Charles, fourtli Earl of Orrerj' in Ire- 
land, and first Baron MarRf^n of 3Ii 

in Somersetshire ( 1676-1731) 



68 



72 

78 
78 
78 

74 
76 
75 
76 
80 
81 
81 
82 
82 
88 
86 
87 
87 
88 
88 
88 
90 
91 
91 
92 
92 
93 
93 
94 
95 
96 
98 
99 
100 
100 

101 
102 
103 
104 
100 
107 
108 



116 



117 
118 



Earl 



See 



128 
126 



109 



PAGE 

Boyle, David, Lord Boyle (1772-1858) . . 109 

Boyle, Henry, Baron Carleton {d. 1725) . . 110 

Boyle, Henry, Earl of Shannon (1682-1764) . 110 

Boyle, John (1568 ?-1620) .111 

Boyle, John, filth Earl of Cork, fifth Earl of 
Orrery, and second Baron Marston (1707- 
1762) Ill 

Boyle, Michael, the elder (1580 ?-1685) . . 112 

Boyle, Ifichael, the younger (1609 ?-1702) . 112 

Boyle, Murragh, Visooont Blessingrton. See 
under Boyle, Michael (1609 ?-1702). 

Boyle, Richard, first Earl of Cork (1566-1648) 118 

Boyle, Richard (d. 1644) 116 

Boyle, Richard, first Earl of Burlington and 
second Earl of Cork (1612-1697) . 

Boyle, Richard, third Earl of Burlington and 
fourth Earl of Cork (1695-1753) . 

Boyle, Hon. Robert (1627-1691) 

Boyle, Roger, Baron Broghill and first 
of Orrery (1621-1679) . ... 

Boyle, Roger (1617 ?-1687) . 

B(mie, first Viscount (1689-1728). 
Hamilton, Gustavus. 

Boyne, John {d. 1810) 

Boys or Boschus, David {d. 1451) . 

Boys, Edward (1599-1667) 

Boys, Edward (1785-1866) 

Boys, John (1571-1625) . 

Boys, John (1561-1644). See Bois. 

Boys, John ( 1614 ?-1661) . 

Boys, Sir John (1607-1664) 

Boys, John (1749-1824) . 

Boys, Thomas (1792-1880) 

Boys, Thomas Shotter (1808-1874) . 

Boys, William (1785-1808) 

Boyse, Joseph (1660-1728) 

Boyse, Samuel (1708-1749) 

Brabazon, Roger le (d. 1817) . 

Brabazon, Sir William {d. 1552) 

Braboume, Thcophilus i h. 1590) 

Bracegirdle, Anne (1603 ?-1748) 

Bracegirdle, John id. 1613-14) 

Bracken, Henry (1697-1764) . 

Brackenbury, Sir Edward (1785-1864) 

Brackenbury, Joseph (1788-1864) . 

Braokley, Viscounts. See Egerton, Sir Tho- 
mas, first Viscount, 1540?-1017; Egerton, 
John, second Viscount, 1579-1649. 

Bracton, Bratton, or Bretton, Henry de [d. 
1208) ' . . 

Bradberry, sometimes called Bnwlbury, David 
(1736-1803) .... 

Bra«:lbridge or Brodebridge, William (1501- 
1578) 

Bradburn, Samuel (1751-1810) 

Bradbury, George id. 1696) .... 

Bradbury, Henry (1831-1860) .... 

Bradbury, Thomas (1077-1759) 

Braddock, Edward (1695-1755) 

Broddocke, John (1656-1719) .... 

Braddon, ].iaurence [d. 1724) .... 

Bnwle, James (1795 ?-l 860). See Braid. 

Brade, William f /f. 1015) .... 

Bradfield, Henn'"Joseph Steele (1805-18.52) . 

Bradford, first Earl of (1019-1708). See New- 
port, Francis. 

Bradford, Barons of. See Newport, Richard, 
first Baron, 1587-1051 ; Newport, Francis, 
second Baron, 1()19-1708. 

Bradford, John (1510 ?-1555) .... 

Bradford, John {d. 1780) 

Bradford, John (1750-1805) .... 



127 
127 
127 
128 
128 

129 
180 
181 
181 
182 
182 
188 
185 
187 
188 
139 
141 
142 
142 
143 
144 



144 

. 147 

147 
140 
149 
1.50 
150 
1.53 
155 
155 

l.'ie 
156 



157 
159 
160 



findfofd, Samuel (1653-1781) . IfiO 

Bi»dforf,SirThomaft(1777-ia>:l • 1«1 

Bndford. Williiuii(l«00-1657i .Ml 

Bndford, William a36a'l75'2 . Itti 

Bi»aick,WiJter (1706-17911 , IBr. 

Bradley, Ch4rle!^(17«9- 1871 . l«r» 

Bndlej, George (181tV-lH(Ki| ,106 

Bttdl©y,JiiiiJcs(lfiy!l-1702j .100 

Bi»dley, B«lph{1717-17«8i . 171 

Bimdley, Richard {d. IU\L\ . 172 

Bndley, Thomaii (1597-1670 . 173 

Bfiidl«y,Thonia4i 1 1751-1818 » . .173 

Bndlev, William (1801-1857) , . ,178 

Brmdock, Thomas {/i. 1570-1004) . , .178 
Bndjihugh,Bichard(100l~ia(}9). See Bftrtoti. 
BfBdahaw, Ann M Aria 41801-1802 « 
BxidBhaw. George (1801-1858; 
BBMUhAW, Henry (d. 1518) .... 
BtadsfaAw, Jiunea (1086 ?-l 70*2) 
Bndshaw, J&mes ( 1717-1710 j . . . , 
Bt»dBhAw, John (1576-1018). Se« \Vliit«. 
BimdBhaw, John (1609-10511) .... 
Bimdehaw, John (/, 1070) .... 
BfBdahAw, Lncri^tia {fi, 1714). See under 

FoUces, Martin. 
Bcadfthaw, Richard {/i, 1650^ . 
Bradahaw, ThoitiAs (/, 1591f . 
Bradahaw, William (ir»7I-10I8i 
Bradfthaw, Williftm ( /7. 1700) . 
Bradahaw, William 11671-1782) 
Bisdabawe, NicholaB i ff. Ioa.>) 
Bndfltreet, Anne (161'J-ir»7*2) . 
BndalTeefct Dudley (ITll-lTO^t 
BrAdstreet, Robert ( 1706-1880 1 
Bradfitraei, Sir Saraael (1735 ?-1701) 
Bradwardine, Thomaa (ia90?-1349\ 

monly called Doctor Frofundua . 
Brady, Sir AnUmio \ 1811-1881) 
Brady, John ff?, 1811) 
Brady» Sir Maziure (1796-187 1 1 
Brady, NicholuH (1059-1 7<iO) 
Brady, Robert itf, 1700) . 
Brady. ThomiiM (1752 ?-1827) , 
Bragg, Philip (fi. 175{) I . 
Bragge, Wmiam a82^5-t884) . 
Braham, Franoen Elixabeih Anne (I8S1- 

1870), afterwordB GounteBit Waldegrare. 

See Waldegrave. 
Braham, John(1774?^1850l .... 
Braham, Robert (j?. 1566) .... 
Braid, James (1795 ?-180n) 
Braidley, Benjamin (1792-I84r> 
Brai d wood, James y 1 800- 180 1 ) 
Bnudwood.Thonmst 1715-1800) . 
Brailflford, John, the elder (/. 17ia-17»Dl . 
Brailsford, John, the younger (d. 1775) . 
Braithwaite^ John (/f. 1600) .... 
Braithwaito, John (1700'/ -1768?) . 
Braithwoite, John, the elder (rf. 181 R) 
Braithikvnite, John, the younger 1 1797-1S70II . 
Braitbwaite, Riohard (1588?-1078). See 

Brathwaite. 
Bralcelond, Jooeliu de {/t. 1200). See Jocehn. 
Biamah, Joseph (1748-1814) . 
Bramhall, John (1594-1603) . 
Braznia or BromiA, John (14th cent.) 
Bramaion, Francis (if. 1683) . 
Btamston, Jameft (1694 ?-l 744) 
Bcftmaton, Jajnes Yorkc (l76.Vi8«fl) 
BeamBton, Sir John, the elder (1577-1654) 
BramBtonf Sir John, t)ir vounger (1011- 

1700) . . . . .210 



174 
174 

175 
176 
170 

176 
1^1 



181 

182 
18a 
IH5 
185 
180 
186 
187 
187 
188 

188 
IW 
191 
101 
192 

im 

198 
194 
194 



19;; 

197 
198 

iini 

190 
190 
300 

aoo 
soo 
aoi 

mi 

9€1 



2oa 

208 

20<; 

206 
207 
W7 
208 



Brancaatre 

1218) . . . . . . ail 

Branch, Thomas I /. 17581 . .211 

Bmncker or Branker, Thomas i 1088-1676) . 211 
Brand, Barbarlna, Lady Dacre (1768-18541 . 212 
Brand, Hannah |f^. 1821] 212 

Brand, John < 1668?- 1738) .218 

Brand, John 1744-1806) . 213 

Brand, John {d. 1808) . .214 

Brand, Thomiis (1685-1601) .215 

Bnuidard, Robert (1805-1803! . . 210 

Brands, WilUAiu Thonins (1788-1966) . .216 
Brander^Gubtairu 3 11720-1787) . . .218 
Brandon, Charlea, Urst Doke of Soffolk (ef. 

1545) 218 

Brandon, Henry (1535-1561) and ChitrleR 

(15a7?-1551), Mwond and tJiird Dukes of 

Suffolk ........ 892 

Brandon, John (/, 1687) 222 

Brandon, John Raphael i 1817-1877 1 . . 223 
Brandon, Joshua Arthur (180^1847). See 

under Brandon, John Raphael. 
Brandon, Richard {d. 1649) 
Brandon, Samuel 1 16th cent.) . 
Brandon, Sir ThomaB {d. 1509^ 
Braudreth, Jeremiali, otherwise styled 

miah Coke [d. 1817) . 
BrandreUi, Joseph 1 1746-1815^ 
Brandreth, Thoraa* Shaw (1788-1878) , 
Brandt, Francift Frederick (1819-1874 J , 
Bnifidwood, Jamea (1789-1826J 
Braiikcr, Thomas (1638-1676). See Braneker. 
Bransby, Jatnea Hews (1788-1847) . 
Branaton, Allen Robert (1778-1827) 
Branthwaite, William {d. 1U20) 
Branwhite, Charles (1817-1880) 
Branwbite, Nathan (/f. 1825) . 
Bran white, Peregrine 1 1745-1705 ?) 
Braose, Philip de (/. 1172) 



I 



1498) 



223 
224 
224 

984 
225 
225 
226 
926 

827 

287 
228 
228 
228 
299 
328 
289 
281 
231 
2B1 
ti81 
282 
238 



Braoae, WLUlam de {d. 1211) 

Braabridge, Joseph ( 1 748-1882 

Brasbridge, Thomai {/, 1590) 

Brasbrigg or Braoebngge, John ( ft. 

Brass or Braaae, John (1790-1888) . 

Brafisey, Thomaa (1805-1870) 

Brathwaito, Richard (1588 ?-1678J . 

BrATonias id, 1207). See Seiiattis. 

Braxfield, Lord (1729-1799). See Macqneen, 
Robert. 

Bray, Anna Eliza (1790-1883) 

Bray, Charles (1811-1884) . 

Bray, Edward Atkyna (1778-1857) 

Bray, John (/. 1377) . . 

Bray, Sir Reginald (d. 1508) 

Bray, Thomas (1656-1730> 

Bray, Thomas (1759-1820) 

Bray, William {d. 1644) . 

Bray, William {1786-1882) 

Braybroc, Henry de \d. 1281 ?) . . . 

Braybroke, Robert de id. 14041 

Bravbrooke, Barons of. See (rri^in, John 
Griffin, Hrrit Baron, 1719-1797; Neville, 
Richard Aldworth GnfRn . ^i?cond Baro«i» 
1750-1825; Neville, I mn, third 

Baron, 1783-18S8; N rl Cora- 

wftllitt, fourth Baron, i -v. ..v,.. 

Bray ley, Edward Wedlake, the elder (tT73» 
1854) 844 

Brayley, Edward WiUianLj the younger 1 1802- 
1870) 846 

Breadalbane, aecond Marquis (1796-1862). 
See Campbell, John. 



1 



234 
•i8E 

im 

'2:J7 
287 
■JH9 
241 

-a 

242 
248 
248 



1 




476 



Index to Volume VI. 



BreadttlbaTiej Eaj'la, See C&mpbell, Johiif 
first Eofl, l«a5-1716; Cwnpbell, John, 
third Earlt ICU^lTSfl; Campbell, John, 

fifOi Earl, nae-ieti2. 

Bre&k^pe&r, Nicholafi(cl. 1159)* See* Adiian IV. 
BreftrcliAe, John [16O0?-16&3]. 8ed Brier- 

Brenuti, Fftlk*?B 4e {d 1336) . . . .3*7 

BFechin, Sir David (d. 1321) . . . , Sol 

Brae, ttobert (1759-1830) . . . ,353 

Breeka, James WiUdnaoD (1830-1372) . . 3^3 

Brten, James (19a6-18©6) . , , - aeu 

Bregwin or Brcgowine (d, 705) , , . 355 

Br^kel], Joltn (1697-1709) . , . , 264 

Brembr«, Bir Nicholafl (>i isas) , . - 355 
Brainer, Sir Jajnea John Gordon (17fi€-lSfiO; 350 

Bremoer, James 11784-1856^ . * . .857 

Bremnor, Robert [d. 1789) . . . .367 

Bf^nan. — {fi. 1756) . . . , . HES 

Brerutn, John (1768 7-iaSO) . . , ,358 

Bf«ndan or Breaaiim, Saint (490 ?-579) * . 959 

Brondikn or Bjronainn, S^int (4S4--577) - . 359 

Brent, Ch&rlotte {d. 1893) . . . , Ml 

Breat, John (1908-1883) . . . . .361 

Brent, Sir Nathaniel (1573?-lfl5a) , . .3^3 
Brentford, Earl of (1573 ?-1651), See Ruth^ 

veti, Pfttriflk. 

Brentoa, Ed\f&rd Pelhuja (1774-18^9) . . 364 

Brenton, Sir Jahleel (1770-1844) . . .365 
Brereky, John {fi. 1634). See Anderton, 

James. 
Br^reley or Brierlej, Roger (1586-1637) 
Br^reton, John {fi. 1808J 
BrCTeton, Owen Sftluibury (1715-1 798) 
Brereton, Thoau^a [ 1 691-1723 ) 
Breretoti, Thomas H 783-1833) 
Br«reton, HIir Williunn (16(14-1661) . 
Brereton, Sir Wilham (1789-1864) , 
Brer^wood or Bryerwooci, Erlwivrd (1565?- 

1618) 

Brttrewood, ^h Kobcrt (158&-Iri54j 

Breruwood, Thom^H {ih 1748) . 

Bretiand, Joseph (17 13-lSltl) . 

Bretnor, Thomafl ( /i. 1607-1618) . 

Breton, John !e iff. 1375) , 

Breton, N tchoUa (1 545 ?-1636 ?) . 

Br©ton» Witliam {d. 135ti). Sets Briton. 

Brett, Arthur \d. Ifi77 ?) . 

Brett, Hetiry (d. 1734) . 

Brett J George |16SO-1630). See Keynefln 

Brett, John \d. 1785) , . . . . 3S2 

Brett, John Watkine (1865-16163) . . . 383 

Brett, Sir Peircv (1700-1781) , . . , 2m 

Brett, Ridmrd (1560 ?-lC4J7) - . . . 3Si 

Brett, Hobert [Itt08-1B74) . . , . 2i4 

Brett, Tlioman flBG7-174a) .... 26?* 

BretUrgb, Katharine 1 1579-1001) , , . 2M 

Brettell, Jacob [1793- 1863 f . . . .287 

Brettinghajn, Matthew, the ^Ider (169i?"176B) 287 

Brettingham, Matthew^ the yonnger {ITl't- 

1803). See ander Bn.'ttiagham, Mattlicw, 

the elder. 

Brettingharn, Robert Furze (17BO-lB0fi ?) . 388 

Breval, Job n D uran t (1 080 ?- 1738 ) . . . 389 

BrcA-int or.Brevin, Daniel ( 161 6-160.1 ) . . 390 

Brewer, Antony {fi. lOAnj . . , , 303 

Br ower, George (6, 1706). . , , .303 

Brewtsr, JtuneK Norrirt f /f. 1799-1830) . - 303 

Brewer, Jehoiada(17.Vi?-l«17) . . . ao» 
Brewer, John [1744-1823) .... 294 

Brewer, John Sherren (1810-1870) - . 394 
Brewer, Samuel {d. 1743 '?) .... 395 



^6 
267 
368 
369 
369 
371 
373 

378 
. 374 
. 374 
. 374 
, 375 
. 375 
. 275 

. 981 

. 382 



F40B 

Brewer, Thomaa \ft. 1634) . . , .1296 
Brewer, Thom*a {b. 1611* . . ,297 

Brewer, Briwere, or Bmer, William (d. 1936) 397 
Brewster, Abraham (1796-1874) . . .399 
Brewttter, Sir Daifid (1 781-1 S«i8) , . .899 
Br« water, Sir Francis {fl. ie74-I7<M) . . 908 
Brewster, John 11753-1843) . . . . SOS 
Brewster, Patrick (1788-1859). , ,804 

Brewster, Thomn^ {h. 1705) . . , .804 
Brewster, William (1560?-1644) . . ,804 

Bnius (936-1914) 806 

Brijmt. See Bryun. 

Briant, Alofftoder (1553-1581) 

Brice, Andrew (1690-1776) 

Brice or Bryce, Edward (1569 ?-1638) 

Briee, Thomau (d. 1670) . 

Brieie, Briciui^, or Brixius {d. 1233) 

BntirnorR, Brichemore, or Brygemoore, H 

(II th oent.), sumamed Sopluata ♦ 
Bride, Saint (453-533). St>e BrigiW 
Bridell, Frederick Li^c? (1831-1868) . 
Bridecake, Ralph (1616-1678) , 
Bridferth {fi. 1009). Se^ Byrhtferth. 
Bridge, Bewick (1767-1833 f . 
Bridge or Bridge B, Eichud {fi. 1760) 
Bridge, William ( 1600 P-1670) . 
BridgemsJij Henry (1015-1683) 
Bridgeman, John (1577-1653) . 
Bridgeman, Sir Orlando ( 1006 ?-l 674) 
Bridg«8. Bee also Brydges. 
Bridges, Charles (1794-1869) . 
Bridgen, John {d, 1618 1 . 
Bri dge a, John ( 1666-1 724 ) 
Bridges, Ko«h (/. 1661) , 
Bridges, Thomas { fi. 1759^1775) , 
Bridget, Saint (453-533). See Brigit 
Bridge tower, George Aague-tns Pol^rrieen (1779- 

1840?) , . . . . 

Bridgewater, third Ditk« of (1736-1803). See 

E^erton, Francii*, 

Bridge water, Earlii of. See Egerton, John, 

first Earl, 1570-1649 1 Egerton, John, fiocond 

Eari, ]nJ3-Ui86; Egerton, John, third Earl, 

1646-1701^ Egerton, Francis, siith Earl, 

17;16-1803 ; Egerton, Franeia Henry, eighth 

Eiiil, iT'FT-iHiO. 

iijil. V. ,[rr, J^ihn (1B32?-1596?), latinised 

ff'nii, .\4^i]epEintanus , . . . , 

Bridgman, Richard Whalley (1761 ?-1820) . 

Bridlington, John of, Saint {d. 1379). See 

J oh IK 

Eriil^jort, Vi&count (1727-'1&14). See Hood, 

Alijiandej?. 
Erid^»ort or Bridleaford, Giles of {d. 1363) 
Briercliffe or Brearcliffe, John (1609?-1682) . 
Brierlev, Roger (1586-1637). See Br^reley* 
Bng^e,' Henry (1561-1630) 
BriggK, Henry Perronel [1791 ?^1844) 
BriggH, Joh till 7B8-1 861 ) 
BriggH, John (1785-1875) . 
Brings, Jolm Jo^efth 1 1819-1876) 
Brii^gfl, Sir John Thomas (1781-1865) 
Briggs, William (1643-1704) . 
Brigham, Nichohifl id. 1558) . 
Bright, Henry (lflU-lH73} 
Bright, Henry Afthur (1830-1884) . 
Bright, Sir John (1619-1688) . 
Bright, John (1783-1870) . 
Bright, Mynors (1818-1883) . 
Bright, Richard (1789-1858) . 
Bright, Timothy (16S1 ?-1615)* 
Brightman, Thomas (1563-1607) . 



809 
810 
810 
811 
812 

fil2 

818 
818 

814 
815 
815 
816 
817 
818 

330 
820 
821 
822 
828 



328 



334 
325 



325 
825 

326 
327 
327 
826 
328 
329 
329 
S30 
331 
381 
333 
333 
833 
334 
837 
839 



Index to Volume VI. 



477 



PAOB 

Brlfhtwell, Cecilia Lucj (iail'l«75) . . 840 
Bngit^ S&inL of KiJdiLce (45^60^} . . . 840 
BHgstooke, Thombi (1 809-1 B«l) , . .842 

Brihtnolh id. 091} 842 

BrihtHo {(L mih See Buorhtrit, 
Briiitw«*ia(05O?-78l) .848 

Brihtwold {d. 104n} , .... 844 
Brimley, George (l8liKl»fi7j . .844 

Brind, HicliftrJ(i/, 1718). . .844 

Bfindley, Jamea(17U^177a) . .845 

Briiie, John (1708-176fiJ 846 

Briiikeloiv, Henry (d. 154fl) - .846 

Briaklty, John (170,'*-1WJB) . .847 

Briuknell or Bryukn^ll, Thomaii id. 158))?) . 848 
Brinaley, John (^. ItSflg] . . .848 

Brinslej, John (l{iOO-16d&) . .849 

Brinton or Bmntonf Thomiui (d. la^Oj . . 860 
BnnUiti, WillJiLmil8Ji8-18e7). . . .860 
Briot, Nieholiia 11679-1040) . .861 

BriHbvie, Sir Cbarldi (1769 ?-1339J . . 862 
Brisbane, Sir Jiune^(l774-le3«} . .868 

Brisbane, John {d. 17 70? J , . . .868 
Brisbane, Sir Thomas Makdongall- (1778- 

1880) 868 

Bristol^ EaxH of. See Digby, Jobn^ firat Earl^ 
1680-1 $54; Digbf, GeoTga, second Earl, 
16ia-1677 ; Henrey, John, tir:it Eari of the 
second cnjatioo, 1055-1751 ; Hi^rvoy, AugUfl- 
tua John, third E»Jrl, 1734-1 77 SJ ; Hen'ey, 
Frederick A uguatutt, fourth Eurl, 1730-1803. 
Bristol, RflJph de id. 1232) . . .866 

Briht<jw, Edmund {17^7-18701. - . .866 
Brifitow, Richard H5W8-1581) , . . .867 
Brit, Brytte, or Brithun, Waller {fi. IBWJ) . 868 
Brithwald {Uii'MU}. See Bribtwald. 
Brilhwold {d.Wibl ^e^ Brihtwold* 
Brito or Le Breton, Raniilfih {d. mm - ■ 868 
Briton or Breton, WilJiam {d, 1350) , . 869 
Brittain, Thomas (1806-1884) . . . .869 
Britkti], John id. 137S). See Breton. 
Britton, John (1771-1867) . . . . 860 
Britton, Thomae (1664?-17l4l - . ,861 
Briwere, William {d. 1326). See Brewer. 
Brixiu» ((L 1222). See Bricie. 
Broadbcnt, William (l7&B~ie27) * .868 

Broadfoot, George (1807-1845) . , .864 
Broadwood, John (1732-18121 . . .864 

Biocafi, Sir Bernard 11380 7-1896) , . .866 
Brochniael, Yisgythrawg [/{. 684) . .866 

Brock, Daniel Do LiaJe (1763-1842) . . 866 
Brock, t^ijTlBaac ( 17«9-1813) - . .867 

Brock, Willi a^m i 1807- 1876) , . .868 

Brock, WI ] 1 i lua J ohn U @17 ?-l B<i3 9 .869 

Brockedon, William il7S7-16&4) . . -869 
Brockets, John Trotter (1788-1842) . . 872 
Brockie, Mftriannsi 1087-1766) . . .878 
BrockleBby, Richard (lrta&-l 71 4) . . ,878 
BR?ckl<?«by, Richard <1 722-1 797) , . .874 
BiYKUty, Charles (1807-1866) . , .876 

Broderic, Alan, Lord Midleton Ua60?-I79e). 

Seo Brnrlrtrlf. 
Broderip, Frances Freeling (1880-1878) . . 876 
Broderip, John(£2. 1771?) .876 

Broderip, Roberii {d. 1808) . .876 

Broderip, William (1688-1726) .876 

Broderip, William John (1789-1869) . 877 

Brodie, Alexander (1617-1680) . .877 

Brodie, Alexander (1880-18671 .878 

Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, the elder (1788- 

1862) 878 

Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, the younger 
(1817-1880) 880 



PAOB 

Brodie, David il7(H»?-l 787) . . . . 880 
Brodie, George ( 1780 ?-l867) . . . .881 
Brodie, Peter Bellingur (1778-1854) . . 881 
Brodie, William id. 1788) . . .382 

Brodie, WilHiim n8l5^188l) .... 888 
Brodrick, Alan, l^ord Midlt'ton (10fi0?-1728) . 888 
Brodrick, Thomas {d. 1769) . . .884 

BroghiU, Baron (1621-1679). See Boyle, 

Roger. 
Brogrftve, Sir John {d 1618) . . . .886 
Broke. B^o al^ Brook and Brooke. 
Broke or Brooke, .\rthar \d. 1503) . . .886 
Broke, Sir Philip Bowes Vero (177(i-1841) . 886 
Broke or Brooke, Sir Richard {d. lfi2W) . . 888 
Broke or Brooke, Bif Robert (J. 1668) . . 889 
Brok*? or Brook, Tbonma (/. 1550) , . .890 
Bruk^&by or BrookesbuVp Francis (1(187-1714) 891 
Bromi.^ Adaio de uMB32) . . . .892 
Brouie, Alexander 1 1020-1600) , , .892 

Brome, Jamea [d. 1719) . . . . . 898 
Brtinie, Richard (d. 1663 ?) . . . .398 
Brome, Thomas (d. 1880) . . . .897 

Bromfldd, Edmund de (eL 1898) . , .897 
Bromfield, WUlhLin (1712-1T93) . . .898 
Bromfield, WdU^m ArnoM (1801-1851) . . 898 
BromhaU, Andrew Ji. 1659) . . .899 

Bromley, Henry {ft. 1798). See Wilson, An- 
thony. 
Bromley, Jarae« (180(3-1888) . . .899 

Bromley, John (tl 1717) 899 

Bromley, ^- \r Til 1 lard M adox (1818-1866) . 899 
Bromley, Sir Thomaa frf. l.'iSS ?) .400 

Bromley, Sir Thomas ir.a()-l587) . . .400 
Bromley, Vul-nimr Wult.T il848-l877^ . . 408 
Bromley, William (l!;o 1-1732) .408 

Bromley, William (1699 ?-1787) . .404 

Bromley, Waiiam (1769-1842) . . .404 

Bromi^ton, John (/?. 14S0) , . . .406 
Brompton, Rieliard {d. 1782) . . .406 

Bromngrore, Richard {d. 1485) . . 405 

Bromyarde, John dc {Jl. 1890] . . .406 

Brontt, Anne (1830-1849)- Sea nnder Bronte, 

Omilotte. 
Bronbt?, Charlotte (1816-1866), afterwards 

Nithollfl 406 

Bronii^, Emily Jane (1818-1848). See under 

Bronte, Chu^lotte. 
Broiit;:, patri^rk Branwell (1817-1848). See 

under Bronli^, Charlotte. 
Brook, isee albo Broke and Brooke. 
Bruuk, Abraham ( fi. 1789) . - ^ .418 
Brook, Sir Basil ( 1 57<J-1046 ? i . , * . 418 
Brook, Bttnjamin (1776^1848) . . * .414 
Brook, Chiirlett {1814-1872) . . .414 

Broqk, David (rf.l 558 ^ , , . . .414 
Brookbauk, Brooktibankj or Brookesbauke, 

Joseph (&. 1012) ...**. 416 
Brooke. Bee alao Broke and Brook. 
Brooke, Barons. See GroviUe, Sir Fulke, 

first Baron, 1554-1628; Greville, Bobert, 

Heoond Baron, 1808-1648. 
Brooke, Sir Arthnr (1772-184^) . . .416 
Brooke, Sir Arthnr de Ciipell (1791-1858) . 417 
Brooke, Ch(irles(lT77-l 8^*2 J . . . .417 
Brooke, Chark-8( 1804-1879) * . - .417 
BnMke, Charlott^i id. 1703) . . .418 

Brooke, Christopher I i/. 1038) - . .419 

Brooke, Lady Eli^sabeth (1001-1688) . . 420 
Brooke, Mn^. Frances (1724-1780) . . .420 
Brooke, George (1668-1603) .... 421 
Brooke, Gustavas Va^ghan (1818-1866) . . 422 
Brooke, Henry, eighth Lord Cobhani {d. 1619) 428 



478 



Index to Volume VI. 



PAQB 

. 414 

. 494 
. 4S7 
. 487 
. 497 
. 498 
. 480 
. 480 
. 481 
. 489 



BnMk0,Heiif7 (1694-1767) . 

BnMke, Henry (17W?'1788) . 

Bioofa, Henry (1788-1800) 

BnMke, Henry James (1771-1887) 

Biooke, Hnmplaiey (1617-1088) 

Biooke, Sir James (1808-1868) 

Biooke, John (li. 1688) . 

Brooke, John Chsries a748-t794) 

Brooke, Ralph (1668-1096) 

Brooke, Bichard (1791-1861) . 

Brooke, Bobert (d. 1809?) 

Brooke, Baions. BeeOxeTflle,8irFalke,6nl 

Baron, 1664-1698; OreviUe, Bobert, aeoond 

Baron, 1608-1648. 
Brooke, Samuel {d, 1689) .... 488 
Brooke, William Henry {d, 1860) . .484 

Brooke, Zaehary (1716-1788) .... 484 
Brookes, Joshua (1764-1891) . . . . 484 
Brookes, Joshoa (1761-1888) .... 486 
Brookes, Biohard {fi, 1760) .... 486 
BrookficOd, WiUiam Henry (1800-1874) . . 486 
Bkooking, Charles (1798-1769) .486 

Brooks, Charles William Shirley (1816- 

1874) 487 

Brodks. Ferdinand (1684 T-1649). See Green, 

Hugh. 
Brooks, Oabriel (1704-1741) .... 488 
Brooks, James (1619-1660) .... 488 

Brooks, John (/. 1766) 489 

Brooks, Thomas (1608-1680) .... 489 
Biookshaw, Biohard {fi, 1804) .440 

Broom, Herbert (1816-1889) .... 440 
Broome, William (1680-1746) . .441 



(>t 1660) . , .< 
Brothers, Bichaid ^787-1894) ,< 

Brofcherkm, Edward (1814-1866) . ,i 

Brofcherkm, Joseph (1788-1867) ,i 

Brotherkm, Thomas of, Barl of Norfolk and 
Marshal of England (1800-1888). SeeTho- 

Brotherton, Sir Thomas William (1786-1868} 
Bcough, Bobert Barnabas (1898-1860) . 
Bnragh, 'iniliam (li 1671) . . . . 
Broagh, William (1896-1870) .... 
Bron^iam, Henry (1666-1886) 
Brmmam, Henry Peter, Baton Bronghsm 

and Vanz (1778-1868) 

Brougham, John (1814-1880) .... 
Bronghton, Baron (1786-1880). See Hbb- 

hoose, John Cam. 
Bronghton, Arthur ((2. 1808 ?) . 
BrooghtoQ, Hogh (1640-1619) . 
Bronghton, John (1706-1780) .... 
Bronghton, Bichard {0, 1684) .... 
Bron^ton, Samnel Daniel (1787-1887) . 
Bronghton, Thomas (1704-1774) . 
Bronghton, Thomas (1719-1777) 
Bronghton, Thomas Dner (1778-1886) . 
Bronghton, William Oraat (1788-1868) . 
Bronghton, William Bobert (1769-1891) 
Bronn. Bee Brown and Browne. 
Bronn, John Allan (1817-1879) 
Bronn, Sir Biohard (1801-1868) 
Bronnoker or Bronnker, William, second Yls- 

conntBronnoker(1690r-1684) . 
Browdl, William (1768-1881) .... 



4cr 



464 



487 



471 



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